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4.4.1.2 IGCC Plant Performance As can be seen from Figure 33 and the description above, in order to enhance the plant efficiency, the steam cycle of the HRSG in an IGCC plant is very much integrated with other plant components such as the gasifier. For such plant, in general, overall cycle efficiencies of around 43% can be achieved. The efficiency of an IGCC plant is however still essentially lower than that of a typical gas fired combined cycle plant. In addition to the loss of chemical energy from the removal of sulphur and other combustible contaminants, the hot gas leaving the gasifier must be cooled in order to allow effective chemical and ash removal. Therefore the combination from both gasification and the gas cooling are responsible for the lower overall cycle efficiency [69] . Since the 1950’s there have been 24 IGCC plants constructed or planned for construction throughout the world. These are based on several different variations of the gasification process. Of these 24, some 3 are dismantled, 17 are in operation and the remaining are either at the planning, engineering or construction stage. In recent years the numbers of large Utility IGCC plants have been growing and in both the USA and Europe IGCC plant have reached the commercialisation stage. In Europe three large scale IGCC (>250MWe) plants based on combining state-of-the-art gasifier technology and a high degree of HRSG process steam integration have been constructed and successfully operated during the last few years. Two of these, Buggenum (Netherlands) and Puertollano (Spain) employ coal as the main fuel source whilst Priola Gargallo (Italy) utilises refinery residues. In both coal based plants dry feed entrainedflow gasifiers were selected and in the case of the refinery residues-based plant the wet feed entrained-flow gasifier process was chosen. In the USA there are currently two IGCC units generating electricity commercially - the United States Tampa Electric unit at Polk Power (250 MWe) station and the Cinergy owned (260 MWe) plant at Wabash River. Characteristics of these key plants [69] are outlined in Table 6 alongside those of other IGCC plant world-wide. (94)
Plant Country Start Fuel Process MWe Status Steag F.R. Germany 1952 Coal Lurgi 50 Dismantled Steag F.R. Germany 1959 Coal Lurgi 150 Dismantled Coolwater USA, Cal. 1984 Coal Texaco 100 Dismantled Plaquemine USA, La 1986 Coal Destec 220 Operating Demkolec Netherlands 1993 Coal Shell 250 Operating Tampa,Polk USA, Florida 1996 Coal Texaco 250 Operating Eldorado USA, Kansas 1996 Coke Texaco 40 Operating Wabash USA, Indiana 1996 Coal Destec 262 Operating Schwarze- Pumpe F.R. Germany 1996 Coal/Oil Shell 40 Operating Pernis Netherlands 1997 Heavy Shell 127 Operating Oil Pinon Pines USA, Nevada 1998 Coal KRW 80 Operating Puertallano Spain 1998 Coal Prenflo 300 Operating I.S.A.B Italy 1998 Asphalt Texaco 540 Operating Saras Italy 1999 Tar Texaco 550 Operating Star USA, Del. 1999 Coke Texaco 240 Operating A.P.I. Italy 1999 Tar Texaco 250 Operating Fife Power UK, Scotland 1999 Coal BGL 120 Operating I.B.I.L India 2000 Lignite Tampella 60 Operating G.S.K Japan 2000 Tar Texaco 540 Operating Fife Power UK, Scotland 2000 Coal/Rdf BGL 400 Operating Zuv Czec Rep. 2000 Coal HTW 400 Planning S.P.C.C. China, Yantai 2003/4 - - 2x400 Planning K.P.E USA, 2003/4 - - - Planning Global Energy Kentucky USA, Ohio 2003/4 - - 580 Planning Table 6: IGCC plants world-wide. Two main disadvantages which are usually associated with IGCC are the reliability / availability of these combined cycles and the initial significant capital outlay [70] . Whilst the reliability/availability factor is believed to be improving as is illustrated from the efficient running of the Pernis plant in the Netherlands [71] , the cost of an IGCC plant still remains relatively higher than a PF plant with a flue gas desulphurisation system installed. However, the main benefit of an IGCC plant is its ability to allow coal to be fired in a clean and efficient manner. The removal of contaminants during the gas clean up results in a process which is potentially the cleanest type of coalfired power plant in operation. Whilst coal remains the largest unused source of fossil fuel in the world, it makes environmental sense to develop technologies that allow it to compete with its “naturally cleaner” counterparts and therefore reduce the rate of consumption of premium liquid and gaseous fuels. 4.4.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification – Combined Cycle Biomass IGCC applications tend to be sized at the industrial rather than the utility scale due to the logistics of fuel supply. They are unlikely to reach utility scale, even once the technology is mature, due to the low energy density (95)
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