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6.6.4 Environmental Emission Controls With China being a developing country, the standards relating to environmental protection are still much lower compared to those in fully industrialised countries. The regulations on emissions from thermal power plants, for example, are not so stringent. This situation does not put enough pressure on industry to create a demand for cleaner coal technology hardware and services. In addition, the implementation of these standards is sometimes, and in some places, poor and inconsistent. The lack of enforcement and monitoring therefore also has a negative influence on environmental investment. Environmental protection, however, is one of China’s basic national policies for sustainable development. With the rapid economic development and improvement of living conditions environmental policy is being given a higher priority and becoming more stringent. 6.6.5 Financial Issues Lack of finance is often an important barrier to cleaner coal technology transfer. The following measures will enhance the possibilities for technology transfer: (i) Both government and international organisations will devise more favourable policies and offer concessional finance for the introduction of advanced cleaner coal technologies in the form of soft loans, capital subsidies or grants. (ii) Cleaner coal projects will become economic if the issue of pollution costs is addressed. This issue is linked to the reform of the pollution levy system. (iii) The cost of cleaner coal equipment manufactured in China is much lower than the cost of imported equipment. Hence, there is a strong economic and financial incentive to maximise the local manufacture of equipment. This can only be realised with technology transfer. 6.6.6 Maturity of the Technology As end users, power companies will only employ mature technologies. It is generally deemed to be crucial that at least two reference plants of the same or comparable size should be operating. For newly developed technologies a demonstration project of relevant size and parameters is important. 6.6.7 Issue of Intellectual Property Gradually, the move to commercialise state-owned industries is strengthening respect for intellectual property rights. Furthermore, the move to a competitive market will eventually bring about a situation in which companies in China will have less incentive to share information with each other. 6.6.8 Long-Term Collaboration Joint ventures between Chinese and foreign firms or involving technology licensing agreements can potentially facilitate the transfer of the wider (116)
knowledge, expertise and experience necessary for managing technological change. Joint ventures in particular have one important feature which can help collaborative relationships in China to be successful: a relationship that gives both sides a stake in the future success of the product or service concerned, and allows the build up of trust. 6.7 Conclusions • Whilst the utility scale HRSG market has been healthy in recent years, there is a predicted sharp downturn in the HRSG market in the shortmedium term due to plant over capacity. The situation is not expected to pick up again until around 2007-2011. Key future HRSG markets are seen as the USA and China (via IGCC). Non technical barriers in these two markets include the price/availability of gas in the USA and administrative/financial issues in China. • For industrial scale HRSGs, the European market is depressed due to falling electricity prices and rising gas prices. However potential markets include Russia, Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, Turkey and the Middle East. In the USA, despite problems on the utility scale, there are still opportunities for development of CHP schemes on industrial sites, largely driven by security of price and supply issues in the volatile deregulated electricity market. • The current surplus of generating capacity in the UK and fluctuations in the price of natural gas have led to a low requirement to build large scale power generation plant within the UK. The only plus side is that with the effects of flexible operation becoming more apparent, plant performance upgrade opportunities are present. • The combination of NETA and a high natural gas price has dramatically reduced the UK market for CHP and the climate change levy is not seen as being an adequate incentive to invest in new HRSGs / CHP schemes. Enhanced government support for CHP is required if the target of 10 GWe by 2010 is to be met. (117)
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