Head First HTML with CSS

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more about markup and tags Q: So HTML is just a bunch of tags that I put around my text? A: For starters. Remember that HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, so HTML gives you a way to “mark up” your text with tags that tell the browser how your text is structured. But there is also the HyperText aspect of HTML, which we’ll talk about a little later in the book. Q: How does the browser decide how to display the HTML? A: HTML tells your browser about the structure of your document: where the headings are, where the paragraphs are, what text needs emphasis, and so on. Given this information, browsers have builtin default rules for how to display each of these elements. But, you don’t have to settle for the default settings. You can add your own style and formatting rules with CSS that determine font, colors, size, and a lot of other characteristics of your page. We’ll get back to CSS later in the chapter. Q: The HTML for the Head First Lounge has all kinds of indentation and spacing, and yet I don’t see that when it is displayed in the browser. How come? A: Correct, and good catch. Browsers ignore tabs, returns, and most spaces in HTML documents. Instead, they rely on your markup to determine where line and 6 Chapter 1 there are no Dumb Questions paragraph breaks occur. So why did we insert our own formatting if the browser is just going to ignore it? To help us more easily read the document when we’re editing the HTML. As your HTML documents become more complicated, you’ll find a few spaces, returns, and tabs here and there really help to improve the readability of the HTML. Q: So there are two levels of headings, and a subheading ? A: Actually there are six, through , which the browser typically displays in successively smaller font sizes. Unless you are creating a complex and large document, you typically won’t use headings beyond . Q: Why do I need the tag? Isn’t it obvious this is a HTML document? A: The tag tells the browser your document is actually HTML. While some browsers will forgive you if you omit it, some won’t, and as we move toward “industrial strength HTML” later in the book, you’ll see it is quite important to include this tag. Q: What makes a file an HTML file? A: Basically an HTML file is a simple text file. Unlike a word processing file, there is no special formatting embedded in it. By convention we add a “.html” or “.htm” (on systems that only support three letter file extensions) to the end of the file name to give the operating system a better idea of what the file is. But, as you’ve seen, what really matters is what we put inside the file. Q: Markup seems silly. What-yousee-is-what-you-get applications have been around since, what, the ‘70s? Why isn’t the Web based on a format like Microsoft Word or a similar application? A: The Web is created out of text files without any special formatting characters. This enables any browser in any part of the world to retrieve a Web page and understand its contents. You’ll see that on the Web, in many ways HTML is more powerful than using a proprietary document format. Q: Is there any way to put comments to myself in HTML? A: Yes, if you place your comments in between the browser will totally ignore them. Say you wanted to write a comment “Here’s the beginning of the lounge content”. You’d do that like this: Notice that you can put comments on multiple lines. Keep in mind anything you put between the “”, even HTML, will be ignored by the browser.
Sharpen your pencil You’re closer to learning HTML than you think... getting to know html Here’s the HTML for the Head First Lounge again. Take a look at the tags and see if you can guess what they tell the browser about the content. Write your answers in the space on the right; we’ve already done the first couple for you. Tells the browser this is the start of HTML.. Starts the page “head” (more about this later). Head First Lounge Welcome to the Head First Lounge Join us any evening for refreshing elixirs, conversation and maybe a game or two of Dance Dance Revolution. Wireless access is always provided; BYOWS (Bring your own web server). Directions You’ll find us right in the center of downtown Webville. Come join us! you are here 7
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Page 4 and 5: More Praise for Head First HTML wit
Page 6 and 7: Other related books from O’Reilly
Page 8 and 9: Head First HTML with CSS and XHTML
Page 10 and 11: the authors Authors of Head First H
Page 12 and 13: table of contents x 1 The No pressu
Page 14 and 15: table of contents xii h2 img h2 h2
Page 16 and 17: table of contents xiv Here’s a lo
Page 18 and 19: table of contents xvi 7 Putting I l
Page 20 and 21: table of contents 1 0 3 2 xviii 4 5
Page 22 and 23: table of contents xx Weekly Elixir
Page 24 and 25: table of contents xxii 13 tables an
Page 26 and 27: table of contents xxiv 15 The i Ind
Page 28 and 29: how to use this book Who is this bo
Page 30 and 31: how to use this book xxviii intro W
Page 32 and 33: how to use this book Here’s what
Page 34 and 35: how to use this book Read Me This i
Page 36 and 37: the review team Tech Reviewers Lous
Page 39 and 40: 1 getting to know HTML The Language
Page 41 and 42: What does the Web server do? Web se
Page 43: What the browser creates... When th
Page 47 and 48: Your big break at Starbuzz Coffee S
Page 49 and 50: Creating the Starbuzz Web page Of c
Page 51 and 52: Step four: Change your TextEdit Pre
Page 53 and 54: Step two: Open Notepad Once you’v
Page 55 and 56: Meanwhile, back at Starbuzz Coffee.
Page 57 and 58: Opening your Web page in a browser
Page 59 and 60: Starbuzz Coffee Beverages House
Page 61 and 62: Are we there yet? You have an HTML
Page 63 and 64: Tags dissected... Okay, you’ve se
Page 65 and 66: Exercise Starbuzz Coffee’s Missio
Page 67 and 68: Meet the style element To add style
Page 69 and 70: Cruisin’ with style... It’s tim
Page 71 and 72: Exercise Now that you’ve put a li
Page 73 and 74: HTML CSS Right. In fact we’re tot
Page 75 and 76: 6 6 15 6 6 15 14 Across HTMLcross I
Page 77 and 78: Starbuzz Coffee Beverage
Page 79 and 80: Exercise Solutions Starbuzz Coffe
Page 81 and 82: 2 going further, with hypertext Mee
Page 83 and 84: elixir.html A page listing some ref
Page 85 and 86: 2 3 Edit lounge.html Open “lounge
Page 87 and 88: What does the browser do? 1 First,
Page 89 and 90: Understanding attributes Attributes
Page 91 and 92: Attributes Exposed This week’s in
Page 93 and 94: Label Destination What you write in
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Organizing the lounge... Let’s gi
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I think the problem is that the bro
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3 4 Trace a path from the source to
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Going the other way; linking up int
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Q: What’s a parent folder? If I h
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Finding the path from “elixir.htm
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BULLET POINTS When you want to lin
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It’s time for the competition to
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Exercise Solutions Head First Lou
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Sharpen your pencil Solution “abo
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3 building blocks We better find so
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From Journal to Web site, at 12mph
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From a sketch to an outline Now tha
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Don’t forget, you always need the
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Adding some new elements You have t
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Wait a sec... you removed the doubl
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Five-Minute Mystery The Case of the
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Adding a Let’s get a into Tony
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Solved: The Case of the Elements Se
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there are no Dumb Questions Q: I th
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Inline Block Well, a lot of people
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Exercise Here’s what the changes
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Q: So, the only purpose of is to i
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Remember, it’s important to use t
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Step Two: Enclose your list items w
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Exercise Here’s another list from
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Putting one element inside anoth
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Using nesting to make sure your tag
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A bunch of HTML elements, in full c
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Q: Wow, I never knew the browser co
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BULLET POINTS n n n Rockin’ page.
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Exercise Solutions Here’s the rew
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Top 100 Top 100 Dark Side of the
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Exercise Solutions 9 L 7 B Across 4
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getting on the web Getting Starbuzz
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what’s the goal A Web Detour HELL
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what’s the goal A Web Detour Movi
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what’s the goal A Web Detour As m
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A Web Detour Q: My hosting company
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uniform resource locators Mainstree
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absolute paths to your files What
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easier urls 140 Chapter 4 I’d lik
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142 Chapter 4 Earl needs a little h
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linking to other web pages How do w
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testing those links And now for the
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time for a little mystery Five-Minu
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est practices for your links The ti
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creating destinations Using the el
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linking to a destination anchor Now
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case solved, its all about relative
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targeting windows Opening a new win
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a little brain crossover 160 Chapte
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exercise solutions Sharpen your pen
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exercise solutions Exercise Solutio
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images in your html How the browser
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how browsers load images 3 4 Having
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differences between gif and jpeg He
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when to use gif or jpeg 172 Chapter
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using urls with images : it’s not
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use the alt attribute for accessibi
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a fan site for ipods Creating the u
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inserting an image Sharpen your pen
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all about image sizes Q: What’s w
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choosing a photo editor 184 Chapter
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esizing an image Resizing the image
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using save for web As you can see,
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image saving and quality Save the i
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comparing image settings d 192 Chap
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viewing mypod with resized images T
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using thumbnail images Create the t
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images and layout Take myPod for an
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adding individual image pages Creat
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adding links to images Add the imag
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adding a logo 204 Chapter 5 The myP
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choosing between gif and jpeg What
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creating a transparent gif Save the
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setting a matte color Set the matte
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testing the transparent gif And now
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eview using images with html 214 Ch
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exercise solutions 216 Chapter 5 Ex
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6 standards, compliance, and all th
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standards, compliance, and all that
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HTML 4.01 Ah, the good life. HTML 4
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We can’t have your pages putting
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Okay, I think we’ve got it now. L
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See, piece of cake. The DOCTYPE is
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Validating the Head First Lounge We
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Fixing that error Okay, this looks
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See, we’re getting this error mes
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Making the validator (and more than
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Okay, it’s been more than a “fe
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I think we’ve been pretty darn st
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Do we have validation? standards, c
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Fixing the nesting problem So it lo
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Q: Okay, I think I get all this, an
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Webville Guide to Strict HTML 4.01
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there are no Dumb Questions Q: That
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Transitional Strict So, you’re ju
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Webville Forecast standards, com
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BULLET POINTS n HTML 4.01 is the HT
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Exercise Solutions standards, co
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7 moving to XHTML Putting an ‘X
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What is XML? Okay, we’re going to
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I don’t get it. We changed the DO
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XHTML is becoming the language of c
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If my HTML is transitional 4.01, an
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3 All empty tags should end in “
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Validation: it’s not just for HTM
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XHTML sounds like a good thing. Is
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HTML XHTML You’re forgetting a fe
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Across Micro XHTMLcross It’s been
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8 getting started with CSS Don’t
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getting started with css you are he
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Using CSS with XHTML We’re sure C
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Getting CSS into your XHTML Okay, y
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Cruising with style: the test drive
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Let’s put a line under the welcom
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Q: So how does that work when you h
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getting started with css Head F
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Sharpen your pencil Color in the el
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Getting the Lounge style into the e
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Linking from “lounge.html” to t
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Test driving the entire lounge... S
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Sharpen your pencil Now that you’
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It’s time to talk about your inhe
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Test drive your new CSS As usual, g
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Test drive Add a rule for the elem
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Adding a class to “elixir.html”
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A greentea test drive Save, and the
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Cool! Yes, that works. One more que
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And if we still don’t have a clea
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CSS XHTML You have to admit XHTML i
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If you have errors in your CSS, usu
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Making sure the Lounge CSS validate
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BULLET POINTS n n n CSS contains si
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Markup Magnets Solution Remember dr
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ody { } font-family: sans-serif; h1
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Who gets the inheritance? h1 and h2
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Exercise Solutions 2 S 11 L E R 3 1
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common text properties Text and fon
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overview of font families What is a
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develop your sense of fonts Bainbri
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improving tony’s journal Dusting
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some fonts questions Test driving T
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how to specify font sizes Adjusting
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using keywords for size 354 Chapter
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setting up tony’s font sizes Let
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some more questions on font size Q:
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using normal weight Test drive the
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using a font style Styling Tony’s
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overview of web colors How do Web c
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the color names 366 Chapter 9 Why d
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using rgb values Specify color in r
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understanding hex codes The two min
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using a photo editor for web colors
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put your hex skills to the test 374
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testing and more hex colors Test dr
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using a border instead of an underl
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a crossword on color 380 Chapter 9
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exercise solutions 382 Chapter 9 Cr
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10 the box model Getting Intimate w
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The music CDs and artists are style
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A very quick test drive Let’s do
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Getting ready for some major renova
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What is the border? Elements can ha
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Padding Margins Our guarantee: at t
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Meanwhile back at the lounge... We
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Creating the guarantee style Let’
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Padding, border, and margins for th
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A test drive with the margin When y
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Wait a sec, it seems like we have t
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Fixing the background image By defa
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Are we there yet? Make sure you sav
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Border Width The border-width prope
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Congratulations! Bravo! You’ve ta
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Head First: An id attribute? I thou
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But how do I use id in CSS? You sel
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Step Three: save your changes and r
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Using multiple style sheets So how
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Q: That’s pretty cool. So I can s
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XHTMLcross the box model You’re r
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Sharpen your pencil Solution Left m
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11 divs and spans Advanced Web Cons
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A close look at the elixirs XHTML A
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Let’s explore how we can divide a
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? brain power On a referral from th
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Q: So, a acts like a container tha
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Taking the for a test drive That w
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Adding some real style to the elixi
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Test driving the width Next, save t
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Well then how do we specify the wid
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Adding the basic styles to the elix
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That’s interesting because I noti
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We’re almost there... We’re clo
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What we need is a way to select des
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Changing the color of the elixir he
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Look what you’ve accomplished...
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But there’s more... Here’s anot
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there are no Dumb Questions Q: Shou
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Jim I was thinking we could just wr
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Step three: styling the s Before we
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Hey guys, I know you think you’re
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How can you style elements based on
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Putting those pseudo-classes to wor
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Isn’t it about time we talk about
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The cascade For this exercise, you
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Q: What makes a specificity number
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Step five: Finally, sort any confli
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Super brain power ?This is a specia
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Sharpen your pencil Solution h1 Her
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Sharpen your pencil Solution Your j
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12 layout and positioning Arranging
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Use the flow, Luke The Flow is what
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What about inline elements? So you
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One more thing you should know abou
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How to float an element Let’s ste
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Behind the scenes at the lounge Now
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The new Starbuzz Let’s take a qui
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layout and positioning from at
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a:link { color: #b76666; text-decor
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I have an idea. In the future, why
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Fixing the two-column problem Are y
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Test drive As usual, save your “s
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Back to clearing up the overlap pro
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Q: Do margins collapse on floated e
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Step One: start with the sidebar We
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Liquid and Frozen Designs All the d
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Test driving with a tank of jello A
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Another example of absolute positio
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Using absolute positioning We’re
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Time for the absolute test drive Ma
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One tradeoff you can make to fix th
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Positioning the award We want the a
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Float Absolute layout and positioni
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Sharpen your pencil Time to put all
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How does fixed positioning work? Co
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Putting the coupon on the page Add
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Getting relative This is it, the la
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To three-columns and beyond... Whil
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XHTMLcross layout and positioning T
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Exercise Solutions Sharpen your pen
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Solution 12 F 5 J 1 V 2 F 3 Z 4 C I
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something new from tony 550 Chapter
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an xhtml table How to create a tabl
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tables up close Tables dissected Yo
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testing you on tables Artist Album
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checking out the unstyled table Tes
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tables and style Now let’s style
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cells and the box model 562 Chapter
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dealing with table borders Getting
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coloring cells How about some color
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using table spans Another look at T
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testing your table knowledge 570 Ch
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we need a nested table Four out of
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testing and improvements Test drivi
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how to override nested styles Overr
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ack to styling lists Giving the lis
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some finer points about styling lis
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some left brain action 582 Chapter
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exercise solutions Sharpen your pen
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exercise solutions 588 Chapter 13 J
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exercise solutions 1 S 590 Chapter
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owsers and forms How forms work If
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how to write a form What you write
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the form element How the form eleme
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overview of form elements What can
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more form elements What can go in a
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the bean machine Here’s what the
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creating the form Getting ready to
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form element names How form element
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adding input elements Back to getti
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using a select Adding the element
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providing choices ? brain power Cha
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adding checkboxes Exercise 614 Chap
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successful submission The final tes
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match the form names Your informat
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form methods: get and post POST GET
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test yourself, get and post Sharpen
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tabular versus presentation 624 Cha
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deciding how to style forms To Tabl
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the xhtml, continued Ship to: N
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styling the form Styling the form a
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other form elements What more could
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eview of forms 634 Chapter 14 BULLE
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exercise solutions 636 Chapter 14 S
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the end 638 Chapter 14 Congratulati
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specialized selectors #1 More Selec
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splitting your pages #2 Frames HTML
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web tools #4 Tools for Creating Web
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generating pages #6 Server-side Scr
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etter printing with css #8 More abo
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etter looking blogs #10 Blogs Weblo
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the index block elements flow 488-4
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the index CSS (continued) using wit
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the index forms (continued) picking
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the index images (continued) users
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the index No Dumb Questions !import
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the index passwords in forms 633 PD
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the index spanning rows and columns
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the index text, font size (continue
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