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OR/11/013 4.6 CONCLUSIONS FOR PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE METABOLITES The following conclusions are drawn: some parent compounds and many metabolites are probably present but undetected in groundwater due to a lack of analysis or a suitably sensitive analytical method data required to make an assessment of the risk of pesticides and metabolites entering the aquatic environment are: usage, soil sorption and persistence in soil or groundwater pesticides may also pose a risk to drinking water and thus to the environment due to incomplete removal by water treatment a simple risk assessment using usage, sorption and persistence suggests that 2,4-D, clopyralid, dicamba, florasulam, imazaquin, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, MCPA, and quinmerac pose the greatest risk followed by amidosulfuron, bentazone, fosthiazate, maleic hydrazide, MCPP-P, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, oxamyl and triclopyr a similar assessment can be made for metabolites although the required data can be sparse. A number of different approaches indicate that the metabolites of chlorothalonil, cyanazine, diflufenican, flufenacet, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, metaldehyde, metazachlor and metsulfuron-methyl are likely to pose the greatest risk to drinking water. In many cases these metabolites are derived from parents which have a lesser risk metabolites from parent compounds with low perceived risk can be persistent, mobile and toxic few of the compounds assessed as posing risk to groundwater were new and would therefore not be considered as emerging contaminants, although for some compounds there were insufficient data available to make an assessment 26
OR/11/013 5 Urban and industrial organic micropollutants in depth 5.1 POTENTIAL URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL SOURCE TERMS Potential source terms include wastewater, derived from domestic, industrial or hospital premises and waste disposal sites (Stangroom et al., 1998). The presence of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater has been long established (BGS et al., 1998). The pollutants comprise polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans, chlorinated solvents and benzene derivatives. To these could be added plasticisers and detergent breakdown products. Landfill leachates contain short- and long-chain fatty acids, and can also contain caffeine, nicotine, phenols, sterols, PAH, chlorinated solvents and phthalates (Stuart and Klinck, 1998). See Chapter 3 for more information on types of urban and industrial emerging contaminants. 5.1.1 Pharmaceuticals The primary sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment are human excretion and disposal of unused products. Verlicchi et al. (2010) surveyed hospital wastewater and found a wide range of organic micropollutants, including disinfectants and musks, as well as trace metals, and iodised contrast media (Table 5.1). Watkinson et al. (2009) also provide a list of antibiotics found in hospital effluents. Table 5.1 Main classes of organic micropollutants used in hospitals Class Examples Antibiotics cefazolin, chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, coprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, lincomycin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim Analgesics and antiinflammatories Cytostatics 5-fluorouracil, ifosfamide Anaesthetics propofol Disinfectants glutaraldehyde, triclosan codeine, diclofenac, dipyrone, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, efenamic acid, naproxen, paracetamol, propyphenazone, salicylic acid Psychiatric drugs carbamazepine, gabapentin, phenytoin, valproic acid Antihistamines cimetidine, ranitidine Antihypertensives diltiazem Antidiabetics glibenclamide β-blockers atenolol, metroprolol, propanolol, solatolol Hormones -oestradiol, oestriol, oestrone, ethinyloestradiol Diuretics furosemide, hydrochlorotiazide Lipid regulators atorvastatina, bezafibrate, clofibric acid, gemfibrozil, pravastatin Stimulants Caffeine Musks and fragrances galaxolide, tonalide 27
Page 1: Emerging contaminants in groundwate
Page 4 and 5: BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full
Page 6 and 7: OR/11/013 Contents Foreword i Ackno
Page 8 and 9: OR/11/013 FIGURES Figure 2.1 Concen
Page 10 and 11: OR/11/013 Table 4.4 Compounds with
Page 12 and 13: OR/11/013 carbamazepine, galaxolide
Page 14 and 15: OR/11/013 2 Overview of source-path
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Page 82 and 83: OR/11/013 9 Conclusions and recomme
Page 84 and 85: OR/11/013 References ABE, A. 1999.
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OR/11/013 HEKSTER, F M, LAANE, R W
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OR/11/013 LAM, M, YOUNG, C, BRAIN,
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OR/11/013 USEPA. 2006. 2006 Edition
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OR/11/013 Glossary of acronyms Acro
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OR/11/013 Glossary of symbols Symbo
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OR/11/013 Parent Metabolite Methioc
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OR/11/013 Table A3 Key metabolites
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OR/11/013 Appendix 2 Summary of com
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OR/11/013 Table A2.3 Pharmaceutical
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OR/11/013 Table A2.7 Alkyl phosphat
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OR/11/013 A3.7 SPECIFIC CONTAMINANT
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