Emerging contaminants in groundwater - NERC Open Research ...

OR/11/013
Figure 5.13 Numbers of detections of polar persistent pollutants in European groundwater
exceeding the 0.1µg/L pesticide limit (from Loos et al. 2010) ........................ 46
Figure 5.14 Numbers of detections of polar persistent pollutants in European groundwater
exceeding a concentration of 10 ng/L (from Loos et al. 2010) ........................ 46
Figure 5.15 Distribution of groundwater monitoring for perfluorinated chemicals, showing
maximum total of detected perfluorinated compounds (PFXmax) per site
(Environment Agency, 2008a) ......................................................................... 47
Figure 5.16 Distribution of pharmaceuticals in groundwater with depth below sewer.
Concentrations given in the key are average values recorded in raw sewage
effluent within the overlying trunk sewer (after Ellis et al., 2006) .................. 48
Figure 5.17 Microorganics in septage and groundwater , Cape Cod (Swartz et al. 2006) . 49
Figure 5.18 Structure of carbamazepine .............................................................................. 52
Figure 6.1 Pathways into the environment for veterinary medicines (after Boxall et al.
2003) ................................................................................................................. 54
Figure 7.1 The top 30 most frequently detected compounds in the Environment Agency
groundwater organic micropollutant database (excluding sulphur) ................. 56
Figure 7.2 The top 30 compounds selected by maximum concentration in the
Environment Agency groundwater organic micropollutant database .............. 56
Figure 7.3 Distribution of mean concentrations of atrazine and its metabolites in the
Environment Agency groundwater organic micropollutant database .............. 57
Figure 7.4 Distribution of mean concentrations of chloroform in the Environment Agency
groundwater organic micropollutant database ................................................. 58
Figure 7.5 Distribution of mean concentrations of fluoranthene in the Environment
Agency groundwater organic micropollutant database .................................... 59
Figure 7.6 Distribution of mean concentrations of ethyl benzene in the Environment
Agency groundwater organic micropollutant database .................................... 60
Figure 7.7 Distribution of mean concentrations of caffeine in the Environment Agency
groundwater organic micropollutant database ................................................. 61
Figure 7.8 Hotspot of DEET detections in the Shrewsbury area ....................................... 64
Figure 7.9 Hotspot of bisphenol A detections in the Waveney catchment, East Anglia ... 64
Figure 7.10 Hotspots of caffeine detections in north London and the Lea Valley .............. 65
Figure 7.11 Hotspots of paraben detections in Hampshire .................................................. 65
TABLES
Table 4.1 Processes controlling pesticide mobility and persistence ................................ 14
Table 4.2 Leaching hazard tests using pesticide properties ............................................. 16
Table 4.3 Results of leaching hazard tests using the criteria shown in Table 4.2.
Compounds denoted with * are shown on the database as having a high affinity
to particles. Compounds denoted in bold have Kow less than or equal to that of
metaldehyde (0.12). .......................................................................................... 18
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