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Terrestrial and Celestial Globes. times asserted, is hardly probable. It is rather to be assumed that according to his idea the earth has the form of a cylinder, and that it moves within a hollow sphere, an idea upheld by Anaximander, his disciple and successor, to whom reference has been made above. It was the Pythagorean to have first transferred to the philosophers who appear earth that which had already been accepted as a theory rela- tive to the heavens, including the imaginary circles and the circular or spherical form, apparently arguing that the earth is a sphere because that is the most perfect form, that it is located in the center of the universe because that is the place of honor, and that it is at rest because rest is more dignified than motion.'° It however was Aristotle who undertook, in the manner of a philosopher, an elaborate defense of the Pythagorean doctrine of a globular earth, supporting his arguments, first, through a reference to such positive proof as may be found in gravitation or "the tendency of all particles of matter to form themselves about the middle and thus make a sphere," and secondly, through a reference to the appearance of the earth's shadow cast during an eclipse of the moon.^^ A third proof, so familiar to us today, that distant objects as we approach them gradually reveal themselves above the horizon, seems not to have occurred to Aristotle, but was first employed by Strabo. "It is evident," says the latter, "that, when persons on shipboard are unable to see at a distance lights which are on a level with the eye, the cause of this is the curvature of the sea; for if those lights are raised to a higher level, they become visible, even though the distance is increased; and in like manner, if the beholder attains a greater elevation he sees what was previously hidden. . . . Again, when men are approaching the land from the sea, the parts nearest the shore-line come more and more into view, and objects which at first appeared low attain a greater elevation. "^^ After the attempt had been made to determine the cir- cumference of the earth, as was done by [ 6 ] www.24grammata.com Eratosthenes with
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Page 5 and 6: TERRESTRIAL AND CELESTIAL GLOBES ww
Page 7 and 8: PUBLICATIONS OF THE HISPANIC SOCIET
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Page 15 and 16: AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO MY WIFE
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Page 21 and 22: List of Illustrations Frontispiece.
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Page 31 and 32: Foreword. trial globes, were constr
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Globes in the Christian Middle Ages
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Fig. 18. Hereford World Map, ca. 12
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Fig. 19. The Earth Pictured as a Sp
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"^'.-T^T'. Fig. 20. The Constellati
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Fig. 21. Globe of Martin Behaim, 14
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Early Years of Great Geographical D
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3-Kirt'^^ Sy /• Fig. 22. Portrait
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Fig. 24. Lorenzo Lotto Portrait of
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Fig. 25. Portrait of Sebastian Cabo
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Chapter VI Globes of the Early Sixt
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Globes of the Early Sixteenth Centu
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Fig. 28. Holbein's Ambassadors, ca.
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Fig. 34. Lenox Globe, 1510. Fig. 35
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Fig. 36. Jagellonicus Globe, 1510.
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Fig. 38. The Green Globe, 1515. www
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Fig. 39. Liechtenstein Globe Gores,
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Fig. 41. Portrait of Magellan. www.
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Fig. 44. Western Hemisphere of Joha
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Second Quarter of the Sixteenth Cen
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-i>V", fcif^ *''^^w—^—-^ Fig. 4
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Fig. 51. Portrait of Gemma Frisius.
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Fig* 53- Terrestrial Globe of Rober
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Fig. 54. Schoner's Terrestrial Glob
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Fig. 54a. Schoner's Celestial Globe
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Fig. ^^. Paris Wooden Globe, 1535.
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Fig. 56. Vopel Globe, 1543. www.24g
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Fig. 57. Terrestrial Globe of Euphr
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Fig. 62. Terrestrial Globe of Gerha
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Third Quarter of the Sixteenth Cent
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Fig. 67. Globe of Christian Heyden,
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Fig. 68. Globe of Johannes Praetori
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Fig. 69. Terrestrial Globe of Mario
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Last Quarter of the Sixteenth Centu
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Fig. 70. Strassburg Clock and Globe
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Fig. 71. Portrait of Peter Apianus.
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Fig. 72. Globes of Philip Apianus,
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Fig. 73. Silver-Gilt Globe of Gerha
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Fig. 74. Globe of George Roll and J
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Fig. 76. Interior of Tycho Brahe's
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GLOBVS MAGNVS ORL C H A L C 1 C U S
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Fig. 78. T.'Ecuy Terrestrial Globe,
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Fig. 79. Terrestrial Globe of Emery
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Fig. 80. Anonymous Terrestrial Glob
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Fig. 82. Gold Globe-Goblet, ca. 157
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Fig. 83. Ivory Terrestrial Globe of
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Fig. 84. South Polar Region on Glob
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Fig. 85. Terrestrial Globe of \'an
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Fig. 86. Armillary Sphere of Antoni
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Fig. 87. Celestial Globe of B. F.,
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