2006 ที่น้องแอนทำ.pmd - Mahidol University

Mahidol University Abstract of International Publications 2006 

No.1 

Author(s) : Abe K, Li T – C, Ding X, Win KM, Shrestha PK, Quang VX, Ngoc TT, Taltavull TC, 

Smirnov AV, Uchaikin VF, Luengrojanakul P, Gu H, El – Zayadi AR, Prince AM, 

Kikuchi K, Masaki N, Inui A, Sata T, Takeda N. 

Title : International collaborative survey on epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in 11 countries. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (1): 90 – 95, 2006 

(Jan). 

Document Type : Review. 

Keywords : – 

Abstract : We conducted seroepidemiological studies on antibody prevalence to hepatitis E virus 

(HEV) in 5,233 sera from 11 countries to ascertain the present state of HEV infection 

on a global basis. The prevalence of anti – HEV IgG increased with age in these tested 

countries, but the rate of antibody positivity was over 20% in the 16 – 30 year – old 

group in most of the participating countries, except for Japan, the USA, and Spain. Of 

patients with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology from Nepal, 56% (14/25) were 

positive for the IgM class of anti – HEV antibody. In addition, HEV RNAs in the serum 

from 3 Nepali patients who had the IgM antibody were detected by nested PCR and all 

of the HEV genes isolated belonged to genotype 1. Our results indicate that HEV is 

spreading worldwide, not only in developing countries, but also in more industrialized 

countries than previously thought. 

No.2 

Author(s) : Achayuthakan P, Suphantharika M, Rao MA. 

Title : Yield stress components of waxy corn starch – xanthan mixtures: Effect of xanthan 

concentration and different starches. 

Source : Carbohydrate Polymers. 65 (4): 469 – 478, 2006 (Sep). 

Document Type : Article. 

Keywords : Starch, Xanthan gum, Vane yield stress, Components of yield stress. 

Abstract : Yield stress of 6% (w/w) waxy maize (WXM), cross – linked waxy maize (CLWM), and 

cold water swelling (CWS) starches in xanthan gum dispersions: 0%, 0.35%, 0.50%, 

0.70%, and 1.0% was measured with the vane method at an apparent shear rate of 

0.05 s(–1). The intrinsic viscosity of the xanthan gum was determined to be: 112.3 dL/ 

g in distilled water at 25 degrees C. Values of the static (sigma (0s)) and dynamic 

(sigma (0d)) yield stress of each dispersion were measured before and after breaking 

down its structure under continuous shear, respectively. The WXM and CWS starches 

exhibited synergistic behavior, whereas the CLWM starch showed antagonistic effect 

with xanthan gum. The difference (sigma (0s) – sigma (0d)) was the stress required 

to break the inter – particle bonding (sigma (b)). The contributions of the viscous 

(sigma (v)) and network (sigma (n)) components were estimated from an energy 

balance model. In general, values of sigma (b) of the starch – xanthan glum dispersions 

decreased and those of sigma (n) increased with increase in xanthan gum 

concentration. 

No.3 

Author(s) : Aekplakorn W, Bunnag P, Woodward M, Sritara P, Cheepudomwit S, Yamwong S, 

Yipintsoi T, Rajatanavin R. 

Title : A risk score for predicting incident diabetes in the Thai population. 

Source : Diabetes Care. 29 (8): 1872 – 1877, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Impaired glucose – tolerance, Coronary – heart – disease, Cardiovascular – disease, 

Life – style, Type – 2, Identification, Intervention, Prevalence, Mellitus, Asia. 

Abstract : Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a risk score to 

predict people at high risk of diabetes in Thailand. Research design snd methods: A 

Thai cohort of 2,677 individuals, aged 35 – 55 years, without diabetes at baseline, was 

resurveyed after 12 years. Logistic regression models were used to identify baseline 

risk factors that predicted the incidence of diabetes; a simple model that included only 

those risk factors as significant (P < 0.05) when adjusted for each other was developed. 

The coefficients from this model were transformed into components of a diabetes 

score. This score was tested in a Thai validation cohort of a different 2,420 individuals. 

Results: A total of 361 individuals developed type 2 diabetes in the exploratory cohort 

during the follow – up period. The significant predictive variables in the simple model 

were age, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, and history of diabetes in parents 

or siblings A cutoff score of 6 of 17 produced the optimal sum of sensitivity (77%) and 

specificity (60%). The area under the receiver – operating characteristic curve (AUC) 

was 0.74. Adding impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance status to the 

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model slightly increased the AUC to 0.78; adding low HDL cholesterol and/or high 

triglycerides barely improved the model. The validation cohort demonstrated similar 

results. Conclusions: A simple diabetes risk score, based on a set of variables not 

requiring laboratory tests, can be used for early intervention to delay or prevent the 

disease in Thailand. Adding impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance or 

triglyceride and HDL cholesterol status to this model only modestly improves the 

predictive ability. 

No.4 

Author(s) : Aekplakorn W, Kosulwat V, Suriyawongpaisal P. 

Title : Obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Thai adults. 

Source : International Journal of Obesity. 30 (12): 1782 – 1790, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Body mass index, Waist circumference, Waist – to – hip ratio, Waist – to – height 

ratio, Cardiovascular risk, Thai adults. 

Abstract : Objective: To examine the relationship of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference 

(WC), waist – to – hip ratio (WHpR) and waist – to – height ratio (WHtR) with 

cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes in Thai population. Design: A national cross 

– sectional survey of cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects: Five thousand and three 

hundred five Thai adults aged >= 35 years. Measurements: Body weight, height, 

waist and hip circumference and cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure, 

total plasma cholesterol, high – density lipoprotein, triglyceride and fasting plasma 

glucose were measured. Age – and sex – specific means and prevalence of 

cardiovascular risk factors were calculated and compared among anthropometric 

measurements. Results: There were increasing trends of severity of cardiovascular 

risk factors and prevalence of morbidity conditions across increasing levels of BMI, 

WC, WHpR and WHtR categories. For age group >= 65 years, WC, WHpR and WHtR 

provided more consistent association with cardiovascular risk factors than BMI. Area 

under the curve indicated that measurement of central obesity could predict 

cardiovascular risk better than BMI. The optimal cutoff points for anthropometric 

measurements were in line with the Asia – Pacific recommendation; however, similar 

cutoff point for men and women between 82 and 85cm was observed. Conclusion: 

Central obesity indices were slightly better associated with cardiovascular risk factors 

compared to BMI in Thai adults aged >= 35 years. 

No.5 

Author(s) : Agarawal JP, Swangsilpa T, van der Linden Y, Rades D, Jeremic B, Hoskin PJ. 

Title : The role of external beam radiotherapy in the management of bone metastases. 

Source : Clinical Oncology. 18 (10): 747 – 760, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Bone metastases, Bone pain, Cost – effectiveness, Pathological fracture, Radiotherapy, 

Spinal canal compression. 

Abstract : External beam radiotherapy is effective in the management of bone metastases for 

both local and more widespread pain. It is effective in spinal canal compression and 

pathological fracture where it also may have a prophylactic role. Single dose 

radiotherapy for bone metastases is a highly cost effective palliative treatment. 

No.6 

Author(s) : Ajjimaporn A, Klongpanichpak S, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Sanvarinda Y, 

Chongthammakun S, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Melatonin protects D – amphetamine – induced cell death in SK – N – SH dopamine 

cell. 

Source : Journal of Neurochemistry. 98 (Suppl.1): 117 – 117, 2006 (Jul). 

Document Type : Meeting Abstract. 


Abstract : – 

No.7 

Author(s) : Ajjimaporn A, Shavali S, Govitrapong P, Ebadi M. 

Title : Synergistic effects of zinc – metallothionein against methamphetamine induced 

mitochondrial damage in SK – N – SH cells. 




Abstract : –


No.8 

Author(s) : Akanitapichat P, Wangmaneerat A, Wilairat P, Bastow KF. 

Title : Anti – herpes virus activity of Dunbaria bella prain. 

Source : Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105 (1 – 2): 64 – 68, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Antiviral, Anti – herpes, Herpes simplex virus, Medicinal plant, Fabaceae. 

Abstract : The herpes inhibitory effect of Dunbaria bella Prain (Fabaceae), a Thai medicinal 

plant traditionally used to treat viral infections was investigated. Using a bioassay – 

guided fractionation procedure, tertiary fractionation of a dichloromethane – methanol 

plant extract afforded a partially purified fraction (Fr.372) equally active against 

replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. The 50% inhibitory 

concentration determined by a viral yield – inhibition assay was 1.21 – 1.25 mu g/ml 

and the antiviral selectivity was about 17 – fold. Treatment of HSV with high 

concentrations of Fr.372 followed by removal before infection had little effect on 

subsequent viral yield indicating the active principle(s) were not inactivating the 

virus. Concentrations greater than 0.5 mu g/ml significantly inhibited viral release 

more than cell – associated virus suggesting that one or more active ingredients may 

inhibit viral release. Furthermore, the antiviral activity was dependent on multiplicity 

of infection and the type of host cell. Preliminary chemical analysis showed that 

Fr.372 contained neither phenolic compounds nor alkaloids. 

No.9 

Author(s) : Akarasereenont P, Tripatara P, Chotewuttakorn S, Palo T, Thaworn A. 

Title : The effects of estrone, estradiol and estriol on platelet aggregation induced by 

adrenaline and adenosine diphosphate. 

Source : Platelets. 17 (7): 441 – 447, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Estrone, Estradiol, Estriol, Thrombosis, Hormone, Platelet aggregation. 

Abstract : The impact of estrogens on the cardiovascular system and their ability to regulate 

platelet functions remains controversial. Changes in platelet functions could contribute 

to thrombotic risk associated with estrogen treatments. Here, we investigated the 

effects of various forms of estrogen, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol 

(E3), on platelet aggregation induced by standard agonists (adrenaline and adenosine 

diphosphate). Platelet – rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from citrated blood donated 

by 25 normal volunteers. The study on platelet aggregation was carried out in 96 – 

well flat – bottom microtitre plates and assessed using a microplate reader. For 

studying the effects of each estrogen, PRP was preincubated with 1, 10 and 100nM of 

E1, E2 and E3 at 37 degrees C for 20 min, and then coincubated with normal saline 

(control untreated PRP), adrenaline (ADR) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in the 

microplate. Platelet aggregation was then measured every minute for 8 min. None of 

the estrogens (E1, E2 and E3) affected platelet aggregation in untreated PRP. 

Interestingly, only E1 and E3 can synergize the increased platelet aggregation by 

either ADR or ADP, while the effects of E2 on the increased platelet aggregation by 

either ADR or ADP depended on internal factors such as endogenous estradiol and 

platelet aggregated state. Thus, for the rational use of these internal factors for 

estrogen use, especially E2, in clinical applications, such as hormone replacement 

therapy, may need evaluation of thrombotic risk. 

No.10 

Author(s) : Akaraviputh T, Boonnuch W, Lohsiriwat V, Methasate A, Chinswangwatanakul V, 

Lert – akayamanee N, Lohsiriwat D. 

Title : Long – term results of large diameter hepaticojejunostomy for treatment of bile duct 

injuries following cholecystectomy. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (5): 657 – 662, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Bile duct injury, Cholecystectomy, Hepaticojejunostomy. 

Abstract : Objective: Bile Duct Injury (BDI) is one of the most serious complications of 

cholecystectomy. The authors analyzed the clinical presentation, surgical management 

and long – term outcome of 19 patients presenting with iatrogenic major BDIs 

(Straburg type E) following cholecystectomy who underwent Roux – en – Y 

hepaticojejunostomy. Material and Method: Between 1992 and 2005, 19 patients with 

major BDIs (Strasberg type E) following cholecystectomy were included. Operative 

notes and charts of all patients were reviewed systematically. A follow – up 

examination of each patient was performed after a median of 22 months (range 1 – 

120). Results: Twelve patients presented with ascending cholangitis, two patients 

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were referred to the hospital with biliary – cutaneous fistula and five patients (26.3%) 

were identified at the time of operations. All patients were treated with Roux – en – 

Y hepaticojejunostomy with at least 2 cm of the diameter of the biliary – enteric 

anastomosis. There was no postoperative mortality. Postoperative complication was 

found in 5 patients (26.3%). Until now, during the follow – up, neither clinical nor 

biochemical evidence of recurrent cholangitis has been found. Conclusion: Major 

BDIs are associated with high morbidity rate and prolonged hospitalization. Early 

detection and referral to an experienced center is crucial in the management of these 

patients. Roux – en – Y hepaticojejunostomy with large diameter of the biliary – 

enteric anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice with good long – term outcome. 

No.11 

Author(s) : Akaraviputh T, Chinswangwatanakul V, Swangsri J, Lohsiriwat V. 

Title : Thoracoscopic enucleation of a large esophageal leiomyoma using a three thoracic 

ports technique. 

Source : World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 4, 2006 (Oct). 



Abstract : Background: Video assisted thoracoscopic resection of an esophageal leiomyoma 

offers distinct advantages over an open approach. Many papers have described various 

techniques of thoracoscopic resection. Case presentation: We describe a 32 – year old 

man who presented with intermittent dysphagia. Imaging studies showed a large 

esophageal leiomyoma. He underwent thoracoscopic enucleation using a three thoracic 

– ports technique. Conclusion: Thoracoscopic enucleation can be technically performed 

using a three thoracic – ports technique. 

No.12 

Author(s) : Aketarawong N, Bonizzoni M, Malacrida AR, Gasperi G, Thanaphum S. 

Title : Seventeen novel microsatellite markers from an enriched library of the pest species 

Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto. 

Source : Molecular Ecology Notes. 6 (4): 1138 – 1140, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Bactrocera dorsalis s.s, Microsatellite, SSR primers. 

Abstract : Seventeen novel microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized from an 

enriched DNA library of the pest species Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto. The 

polymorphism of these loci was tested in individual fruit flies from a Thai mass – 

rearing strain and three wild Asian populations: two from Thailand and one from 

Myanmar. Allele numbers per locus ranged from two to 15. In the natural populations, 

a high level of polymorphism was detected in all loci suggesting the usefulness of 

these markers to quantify the genetic variation in this highly invasive insect. 

No.13 

Author(s) : Alexander N, Lenhart AE, Romero – Vivas CME, Barbazan P, Morrison AC, Barrera 

R, Arredondo – Jimenez JI, Focks DA. 

Title : Sample sizes for identifying the key types of container occupied by dengue – vector 

pupae: the use of entropy in analyses of compositional data. 

Source : Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 100 (Suppl.1): S5 – S16, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Diptera, Culicidae. 

Abstract : A method has been developed for estimating the sample sizes needed to identify 

categories that comprise a large proportion of a compositional data – set. The method 

is to be used in the design of surveys of mosquito pupae, for identifying the key 

container types from which the majority of adult dengue vectors emerge. Although a 

finite – population correction was devised for estimating the mean of a negative 

binomial distribution, other complications of parametric approaches make them 

unlikely to yield methods simple enough to be practically applicable. The Shannon – 

Wiener index was therefore investigated as a more useful alternative, at the cost of 

theoretical generalizability, in an approach based on resampling methods in conjunction 

with the use of entropy. This index can be used to summarize the degree to which 

pupae are either concentrated in a few container types, or dispersed among many. 

An empirical relationship between the index and the repeatability of surveys of 

differing sample sizes was observed. A step – wise rule, based on the entropy of the 

cumulative data, was devised for determining the sample size, in terms of the number 

of houses positive for pupae, at which a pupal survey might reasonably be stopped.


No.14 

Author(s) : Allegra S, Deleine C, Michael – Jubely R, Gryson C, Boirie Y, Kantakarnalakul W, 

Vasson MP. 

Title : Implementation of the EGFP – K562 flow cytometric NK test: Determination of NK 

cytotoxic activity in healthy elderly volunteers before and after feeding. 

Source : Cytometry Part A. 69A (9): 992 – 998, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Natural killer, Flow cytometry, EGFP – K562, Cytotoxic activity, Elderly. 

Abstract : Background: Natural Killer (NK) cells are key actors of innate immunity that supervise 

the organism’s cells, and fight against viral infections and cancer development through 

their cytotoxic activity. This cytotoxic activity is modulated by cytokines and hormones 

and could be influenced by physiological or pathological conditions. New techniques 

for measuring NK cytotoxic activity by flow – cytometry have recently been developed, 

and they correlated strongly with the standard chromium (Cr – 51) release assay. 

Our aim was to implement a previously published enhanced green fluorescent protein 

(EGFP) – K562 flow cytometric method and use it to evaluate NK cytotoxic activity 

under different nutritional conditions. Methods: NK effector cells were isolated from 

peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and a K562 cell line stably transfected by EGFP 

was used as target cells. Different analytical parameters, including cell ratios and 

incubation times, were studied to improve the EGFP – K562 flow cytometric NK test 

conditions. Results: The optimized test was then used to determine the effect of 

fasting and refeeding on NK cell numbers and activity in a physiological situation. NK 

cytotoxic activity in fasted conditions (30.4+/–4.4%) increased by a factor 1.7+/–0.2 (P 

= 0.0025) in nourished conditions (45.0+/–4.6%) in healthy elderly people. Conclusion: 

Therefore, this method provides a reliable, reproducible and rapid test for analyzing 

NK cytotoxicity under various conditions. 

No.15 

Author(s) : Amornchat C, Kraivaphan P, Dhanabhumi C, Tandhachoon K, Trirattana T, 

Choonhareongdej S. 

Title : Effect of Cha – em Thai mouthwash on salivary levels of mutans streptococci and 

total IgA. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (3): 528 – 531, 

2006. 



Abstract : The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cha – em Thai (Albizia myriophylla) 

mouthwash on the mutans streptococci (MS) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level in 

saliva. Sixty – seven schoolchildren, age 6 – 12 years, with MS more than 1x105 cfu 

per milliliter of saliva were entered in this study. They were divided into two balanced 

groups according to their baseline MS counts (e”105 cfu/ml). Each group was randomly 

assigned to use either the Cha – em Thai mouthwash or the placebo mouthwash. 

After twice daily rinses with their mouthwash for 2 weeks, stimulated saliva were 

collected and analysed. The MS counts and IgA levels for the two groups were 

compared. Those rinsing with Cha – em Thai mouthwash showed a significant 

reduction in MS counts (p0.05). The results indicate that twice daily use of Cha – em 

Thai mouthwash can reduce the levels of MS in saliva. 

No.16 

Author(s) : Amornthammarong N, Jakmunee J, Li JZ, Dasgupta PK. 

Title : Hybrid fluorometric flow analyzer for ammonia. 

Source : Analytical Chemistry. 78 (6): 1890 – 1896, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Core wave – guide, Diffusion scrubber, Photoacoustic – spectroscopy, Atmospheric 

formaldehyde, Fluorescence detection, Gaseous ammonia, Sulfur – dioxide, Amino – 

acids, Clean room, Gas. 

Abstract : We describe a robust, highly sensitive instrument for the determination of ambient 

ammonia. The instrument uses two syringe pumps to handle three liquids. The flow 

configuration is a hybrid between traditional flow injection (FI) and sequential injection 

(SI) schemes. This hybrid flow analyzer spends similar to 87% of its time in the 

continuous flow FI mode, providing the traditional F1 advantages of high baseline 

stability and sensitivity. The SI fluid handling operation in the remaining time makes 

for flexibility and robustness. Atmospheric ammonia is collected in deionized water 

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by a porous membrane diffusion scrubber at 0.2 L/min with quantitative collection 

efficiency, derivatized on – line to 1 – sulfonatoisoindole, and measured by fluorometry. 

In the typical range for ambient ammonia (0 – 20 ppbv), response is linear (r(2) = 

0.9990) with a S/N = 3 limit of detection of 135 pptv (15 nM for 500 mu L of injected 

+ NH (aq)) with an inexpensive light emitting diode photodiode – based detector. 

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Automated operation in continuously repeated, 8 – min cycles over 9 days shows 

excellent overall precision (n = 1544 P – NH3 = 5 ppbv, RSD = 3%). Precision for liquid 

+ – phase injections is even better (n = 1520, [NH (aq)] = 2.5 mu M, RSD = 2%). The 

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response decreases by 3.6% from 20 to 80% relative humidity. 

No.17 

Author(s) : Anal AK, Stevens WF, Remunan – Lopez C. 

Title : Ionotropic cross – linked chitosan microspheres for controlled release of ampicillin. 

Source : International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 312 (1 – 2): 166 – 173, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Ampicillin, Chitosan microspheres, Controlled release, Emulsification – solvent 

evaporation, Spray – drying, Tripolyphosphate. 

Abstract : The solubility of non cross – linked chitosan in weak acid solutions restricts its utility 

in microspheres for drug delivery. The primary aim of this study was to produce 

pentasodium tripolyphosphate cross – linked chitosan microspheres with higher acid 

resistance for controlled release of ampicillin. The microspheres were prepared by 

two different microencapsulation procedures (by emulsification and by spray – drying) 

and characterized by their particle size, surface morphology, stability, drug entrapment 

efficiency and drug release. The size of the microspheres was < 10 mu m with a 

narrow size distribution. The entrapment of ampicillin in the microspheres was more 

than 80%. Stability of uncross – linked and cross – linked microspheres was affected 

by the pH of simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, 

pH 7.5). The inclusion of the enzymes pepsin and pancreatin did not affect the stability 

of the microspheres. The inclusion of lysozyme in phosphate buffer saline resulted in 

increased solubilization. The release of the drug was affected by cross – linking of 

microspheres with tripolyphosphate (TPP). The cross – linked microspheres were 

more stable in simulated gastric fluid and showed slower but sustained release of 

ampicillin. The antimicrobial activity of the released ampicillin was confirmed by 

Staphylococcus aureus bioassay. 

No.18 

Author(s) : Anantachoke N, Makha M, Raston CL, Reutrakul V, Smith NC, Saunders M. 

Title : Fine tuning the production of nanosized beta – carotene particles using spinning disk 

processing. 

Source : Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (42): 13847 – 13853, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Process intensification, Reactor, Water, Nanodispersions, Calixarenes, Stability, 

Spheres. 

Abstract : Nanoparticles of trans – beta – carotene are accessible using spinning disk processing 

(SDP), by varying the reaction conditions and the choice of surfactant, macrocyclic 

amphiphiles, sulfonato – calyx [4, 5, 6, 8] arenes, and alpha, beta – cyclodextrins. SDP 

ensures rapid mixing and fast kinetics, and nanoparticles of the carotene formed in 

the presence of the calixarenes are stable with respect to extraction of the carotene 

into an organic solvent, unlike in the presence of the cyclodextrins. Insight into the 

supramolecular structure of the carotene nanoparticles has also been established. 

The mean particle sizes (dynamic light scattering, DLS) have been optimized at 40(2) 

and 56(1) nm and 71.4(6) and 82(1) nm, respectively, for each sulfonato – calix[5,6 

and 4,8] arene, whereas the cyclodextrins form nanoparticles with a mean diameter 

of 71(1) and 68.5(6) nm, respectively. Zeta – Potential studies show stability of all the 

colloidal dispersions at pH > 4 with values below –30 mV. UV – visible spectroscopy 

shows a blue shift indicative of H – aggregates of the carotene within the nanoparticles. 

The surface area derived from BET studies is 39.12 m(2)/g corresponding to particles 

of 76.7(5) nm in diameter, in agreement with sizes obtained from DLS and TEM 

measurements.


No.19 

Author(s) : Anantasomboon G, Sriurairatana S, Flegel TW, Withyachumnarnkul B. 

Title : Unique lesions and viral – like particles found in growth retarded black tiger shrimp 

Penaeus monodon from East Africa. 

Source : Aquaculture. 253 (1 – 4): 197 – 203, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Penaeus monodon, Slow growth, TEM, Viral – like particles, East Africa. 

Abstract : The problem of growth retardation in cultured black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon 

was observed at one commercial shrimp farm in East Africa in mid 2004. The mean 

body weight of the shrimp at the sixth month in affected ponds was only 19 4 g, which 

was 30% less than the expected size of normal shrimp grown within the same period 

at this farm. A preliminary examination for pathogenic bacteria, parasites and viruses 

revealed mild bacterial infections in a few specimens but all were negative for 7 

known pathogenic shrimp viruses, either by assays using polymerase chain reaction 

(PCR) technology or by histological examination. A subsequent examination of a 

second lot of samples prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed 

the presence of previously undescribed lesions in the lymphoid organ and gills. In 

semithin sections stained with toluidine blue, these were apparent as large cytoplasmic 

inclusions that were not visible in normal tissue sections stained with hematoxylin 

and eosin. By TEM, the cytoplasmic inclusions contained large numbers of non – 

enveloped, icosahedral virions of approximately 25 nm diameter. Given the unique 

nature of the lesions and the negative results with molecular tests for known shrimp 

viruses, it is possible that the particles seen constitute a new viral pathogen of shrimp. 

The retarded growth problem in East Africa resembles a similar problem called 

monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) that has been problematic with P. monodon 

in Thailand since 2001. Whether the slow growth in Africa and Thailand are due to 

the same or related pathogens or some other factor(s) remains to be explored. 

No.20 

Author(s) : Ananworanich J, Gayet – Ageron A, Le Braz M, Prasithsirikul W, Chetchotisakd P, 

Kiertiburanakul S, Munsakul W, Raksakulkarn P, Tansuphasawasdikul S, 

Sirivichayakul S, Cavassini M, Karrer U, Genne D, Nuesch R, Vernazza P, Bernasconi 

E, Leduc D, Satchell C, Yerly S, Perrin L, Hill A, Perneger T, Phanuphak P, Furrer H, 

Cooper D, Ruxrungtham K, Hirschel B. 

Title : CD4 – guided scheduled treatment interruptions compared with continuous therapy 

for patients infected with HIV – 1: results of the Staccato randomised trial. 

Source : Lancet. 368 (9534): 459 – 465, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Structured treatment interruptions, CD4 cell count, Antiretroviral therapy, Cohort, 

Cost. 

Abstract : Background: Stopping antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV – 1 infection can 

reduce costs and side – effects, but carries the risk of increased immune suppression 

and emergence of resistance. Methods: 430 patients with CD4 – positive T – lymphocyte 

(CD4) counts greater than 350 cells per mu L, and viral load less than 50 copies per 

mL were randomised to continued therapy (n = 146) or scheduled treatment 

interruptions (n = 284). Median time on randomised treatment was 21.9 months 

(range 16.4 – 25.3). Primary endpoints were proportion of patients with viral load less 

than 50 copies per mL at the end of the trial, and amount of drugs used. Analysis was 

intention – to – treat. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier 

NCT00113126. Findings: Drug savings in the scheduled treatment interruption group, 

compared with continuous treatment, amounted to 61.5%. 257 of 284 (90.5%) patients 

in the scheduled treatment interruption group reached a viral load less than 50 copies 

per mL, compared with 134 of 146 (91.8%) in the continued treatment group (difference 

1.3%, 95%CI – 4.3 to 6.9, p = 0.90). No AIDS – defining events occurred. Diarrhoea and 

neuropathy were more frequent with continuous treatment; candidiasis was more 

frequent with scheduled treatment interruption. Ten patients (2.3%) had resistance 

mutations, with no significant differences between groups. Interpretation Drug savings 

with scheduled treatment interruption were substantial, and no evidence of increased 

treatment resistance emerged. Treatment – related adverse events were more 

frequent with continuous treatment, but low CD4 counts and minor manifestations 

of HIV infection were more frequent with scheduled treatment interruption. 

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No.21 

Author(s) : Ananworanich J, Hirschel B, Sirivichayakul S, Ubolyam S, Jupimai T, Prasithsirikul 

W, Chetchotisakd P, Kiertiburanakul S, Munsakul W, Raksakulkarn P, 

Tansuphasawadikul S, Schutz M, Snowden W, Ruxrungtham K. 

Title : Absence of resistance mutations in antiretroviral – naive patients treated with ritonavir 

– boosted saquinavir. 

Source : Antiviral Therapy. 11 (5): 631 – 635, 2006. 


Keywords : Reverse – transcriptase inhibitors, Treatment – experienced patients, Early virological 

failure, Drug susceptibility, HIV – 1, Identification, Regimens, Thailand, Therapy, 

A/E. 

Abstract : Background: There are few data on the selection of resistance by ritonavir – boosted 

saquinavir (SQV/r), particularly in antiretroviral (ARV) – naive patients. Objective: 

To assess the incidence of virological failure and evolution of resistance in ARV – 

naive individuals receiving SQV/r in the induction phase of the Staccato trial. Methods: 

ARV – naive subjects (n=272) received SQV/r 1,600/100 mg once daily with two 

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) for at least 24 weeks. Patients 

were defined as having virological failure (VF) when there were two consecutive HIV 

– 1 RNA measurements > 500 copies/ml after week 12. Viral genotypes (reverse 

transcriptase [RT] and protease [PRO]) were determined at baseline in all patients 

and as close as possible to the time of initial failure in patients experiencing VF. 

Results: VF was observed in 9/272 patients receiving SQV/r 1,600/100 mg once daily 

with two NRTIs (3.3%) and occurred 19 – 48 weeks after treatment initiation. Eight 

of these patients were evaluable at failure. No major PRO mutations were detected, 

but 2/8 displayed single new minor PRO substitutions (M36I, L10I) at VF that were 

known or suspected not to have been present at baseline; both these substitutions 

exist as natural polymorphisms. A third patient displayed a single new RT mutation 

(M184I). Conclusions: SQV/r plus two NRTIs (1,600/100 mg once daily) is an effective 

initial treatment option for ARV – naive patients, resulting in a low rate of viral 

rebound (3.3%). Furthermore, no major protease mutations were detected following 

VF, suggesting that future treatment options are preserved. 

No.22 

Author(s) : Angkoolpakdeekul T, Samlitpradit P, Warodomwichit D, Roongpisuthipong C, 

Pongchailert P, Komindr S. 

Title : Initial experience and result of a Swedish adjustable gastric banding by laparoscopic 

approach in Thai cohorts. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (8): 1140 – 1145, 2006. 


Keywords : Laparoscopic gastric banding, Morbid obesity, Surgical complication, Surgical device, 

Weight loss. 

Abstract : Background: Morbid obesity is a growing problem in Thailand. Several surgical 

procedures are available for weight reduction. The laparoscopic gastric banding has 

been shown to be an effective weight loss with a low post or perioperative complication. 

Objective: The aim of this report was to evaluate the early preliminary outcome of 

the laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric banding operation in Thai cohort patients. 

Material and Method: From November 2003 until March 2005, ten patients with a 

median age of 31 (range, 18 – 61) underwent laparoscopic Swedish adjustable gastric 

banding for morbid obesity at Ramathibodi Hospital. Demography, clinical course and 

outcome including excess weight loss and peri – operative complications were reviewed 

and studied. Descriptive statistics were used for data summary. Results: There were 

3 men and 7 women with a median preoperative body weight of 142.5 kg (range, 98 

– 164 kg), and median body mass index (BMI) of 49.2 kg/m 2 (range, 40.3 – 62.4 kg/m 2 ). 

The operations were successful in 9 out of 10 patients with median operative time of 

195 minutes (range, 125 – 275 minutes). One patient with a BMI of 62.4 had a failed 

operation due to poor operative exposure from a very large left lobe of the liver. None 

of the remaining patients required conversion to the opened technique. The mean 

hospital stay was 4 days with no perioperative mortality. There was no major post 

operative complication except one minor wound infection. The excess weight loss 

was within the range of 33.5% to 62.1% during the short – term follow – up (range, 1 

– 15 months) Conclusion: The presented early preliminary result of the laparoscopic 

Swedish adjustable gastric banding showed a good technical success with a significant 

short – term weight loss. The authors believe this minimally invasive operation is 

appropriate for morbidly obese Thai patient. However, a longer follow – up study is 

needed. 

8


No.23 

Author(s) : Angsuwathana S, Tanmahasamut P, Rattanachaiyanont M, Dangrat C, Techatrisak 

K, Indhavivadhana S, Leerasiri P. 

Title : Serum Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Estradiol in peri/postmenopausal women 

attending siriraj menopause clinic: A retrospective study. 



Keywords : Perimenopause, Postmenopause, Serum estradiol, Serum FSH. 

Abstract : Objectives: To determine serum levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and 

Estradiol (E2) in peri/postmenopausal women attending the menopause clinic. Study 

design: Retrospective descriptive study. Setting: Siriraj Menopause Clinic, Gynecologic 

Endocrinology Unit, Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics 

and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital. Study population: Peri/ 

postmenopausal women attending Siriraj Menopause Clinic from January 1994 to 

December 2003. Material and Method: Medical records of women who had a blood 

test for FSH and/or E2 prior to hormonal therapy were reviewed. Results: During a 

10 year period, there were 116 eligible patients who could be classified into 

perimenopausal (31 cases), natural postmenopausal (43 cases), and surgical 

postmenopausal (32 cases) groups. Age at registration of perimenopausal (47.87 4.38 

yr) and surgical postmenopausal (48.06 6.49 yr) groups were younger than that of 

the natural postmenopausal group (55.74 6.80 yr). The perimenopausal group, who 

still had regular menstruation, was the youngest. The average FSH level of 60.46 33.15 

mIU/mL was not different among groups. The estradiol level of perimenopausal 

(79.05 83.62 pg/mL) and surgical postmenopausal (63.05 136.39 pg/mL) groups were 

significantly higher than that of natural postmenopausal (25.05 37.663 pg/mL) group 

(p = 0.001). Serum level of FSH or E2 was not correlated with age or years since 

menopause. There was significant but minimal negative correlation between serum 

levels of FSH and E2. Conclusion: Serum FSH and/or E2 levels are not accurate 

enough by themselves to rule in or rule out perimenopause. The authors suggested 

that clinicians should diagnose perimenopause based on menstrual history and age, 

without relying on laboratory testing. 

No.24 

Author(s) : Anstey NM, Price RN, White NJ. 

Title : Improving the availability of artesunate for treatment of severe malaria. 

Source : Medical Journal of Australia. 184 (1): 3 – 4, 2006 (Jan). 

Document Type : Editorial Material. 

Keywords : Severe falciparum – malaria, Pharmacokinetics, Artemether. 


No.25 

Author(s) : Antarasena C, Sirimujalin R, Prommuang P, Blacksell SD, Promkuntod N, 

Prommuang P. 

Title : Tissue tropism of a Thailand strain of high – pathogenicity avian influenza virus 

(H5N1) in tissues of naturally infected native chickens (Gallus gallus), Japanese 

quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and ducks (Anas spp.). 

Source : Avian Pathology. 35 (3): 250 – 253, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Hong – Kong, Domestic ducks, South – Korea, A viruses, Poultry. 

Abstract : The tropism of a Thailand strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was 

demonstrated on tissues ( lung, trachea, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, rectum, kidney, 

brain, skeletal muscle, duodenum, and oviduct) from naturally infected native chickens 

(Gallus gallus), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and ducks (Anas spp.) by 

indirect immunofluorescence assay. In chickens and quail, the distribution and 

localization of nucleoprotein viral antigen was similar and detected at the highest 

level in cardiac myocytes, at 88% (chickens) and 89% (quail), and respiratory, digestive 

and urinary systems all showed high levels of antigen. Antigen in duck tissues were 

detected at significantly lower levels (P < 0.05) with the exception of brain and 

skeletal muscle samples. In most cases, antigen in duck tissue was absent in the 

digestive organs but present in respiratory organs, which supports the hypothesis 

that aerosol and oral – oral transmission are the main method of highly pathogenic 

avian influenza virus transmission from this species. 

9


No.26 

Author(s) : Anuntagool N, Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, Currie BJ, Sermswan RW, 

Wongratanacheewin S, Taweechaisupapong S, Chaiyaroj SC, Strisinha S. 

Title : Lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity among Burkholderia pseudomallei from different 

geographic and clinical origins. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (3): 348 – 352, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Biofilm formation, Melioidosis, Identification, Diagnosis, Virulence, Antigens, Thailand. 

Abstract : Heterogeneous patterns were obtained for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 1,327 

Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates by sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacryl amide gel 

electrophoresis, silver staining, and immunoblot analysis. Two LPS serotypes (A and 

B) possessing different ladder profiles and a rough LPS without ladder appearances 

were identified. All three LPS types were antigenically distinct by immunoblotting. 

The predominant type A (97%) produced the lowest amount of biofilm. The two less 

common types (smooth type B and rough type) were found more in clinical than 

environmental isolates and more in Australian isolates than Thai isolates. These 

isolates were more often associated with relapse than with primary infection. 

No.27 

Author(s) : Anuracpreeda P, Wanichanon C, Chaithirayanon K, Preyavichyapugdee N, 

Sobhon P. 

Title : Distribution of 28.5 kDa antigen in the tegument of adult Fasciola gigantica. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 100 (1 – 2): 31 – 40, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Tegument, 28.5 kDa antigen, G(2) tegumental granule, 

Ultrastructure, Monoclonal antibody, Immunoelectron microscopy. 

Abstract : Monoclonal antibody (MoAb) specific to 28.5 kDa tegumental antigen (TA) was used 

to localize this antigen in various tissues of adult Fasciola gigantica by means of 

indirect immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques. The 

indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase detections revealed that this 

antigen was concentrated in the tegument particularly in its outer rim, tegumental 

cells and their processes, epithelial linings of the oral sucker and the proximal part of 

digestive tract. It was also detected at a moderate concentration in spermatogenic 

cells in the testes, cells of Mehlis’ gland, oocytes within the ovary, and ovum within 

the egg of adult parasites. At TEM level, the immunogold detection showed deposit of 

gold particles specifically in G, tegumental granules and on the surface membrane. 

Thus, this antigen is expressed in the tegument and associated structures of adult 

parasites. And it could be a major component of the G(2) granules which are shown 

to fuse with the surface membrane and contribute material to replace the casted – off 

membrane. This process is a part of membrane turnover that prevents the parasite 

from being attacked by the host immune effector cells. 

No.28 

Author(s) : Anurukvorakun O, Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. 

Title : Factorial design applied to a non – aqueous capillary electrophoresis method for the 

separation of beta – agonists. 

Source : Journal of Chromatography A. 1134 (1 – 2): 326 – 332, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Factorial design, Beta – agonists, Non – aqueous capillary electrophoresis. 

Abstract : The aim of this work was to study the effects of both chemical and instrumental 

parameters on the separation of beta – agonists (clenbuterol (CLE), salbutamol (SAL) 

and terbutaline (TER)) by non – aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method. 

Due to the number of parameters involved and their interactions, factorial experimental 

designs (EDs) at two levels was applied to investigate the influence of experimental 

factors (ionic strength of the background electrolyte (BGE), organic solvent, injection 

time, voltage and temperature) in sets of several CE responses (resolution, (R – S), 

number of theoretical plate (N), tailing factor (TF) and migration time (t(m))). As a 

compromise between the four responses, the optimum condition was obtained in 18 

mM ammonium acetate in methanol (McOH):acetonitrile (ACN):glacial acetic acid 

(66:33: 1%, v/v/v) using an injection time of 4 s, the voltage and the temperature of 28 

kV and 24 degrees C, respectively. The proposed NACE permitted the baseline 

separation of the three beta – agonists within 10.5 min with good repeatability (%RSD 

< 3.5%) and linearity (r(2) > 0.99). The developed method was applicable for the 

analysis of the beta – agonists in syrup and tablets and the NACE condition was 

compatible with a mass spectrometer detector. 

10


No.29 

Author(s) : Apinhasmit W, Chompoopong S, Methathrathip D, Sansuk R, Phetphunphiphat W. 

Title : Supraorbital Notch/Foramen, infraorbital foramen and mental foramen in Thais: 

Anthropometric measurements and surgical relevance. 



Keywords : Infraorbital foramen, Mental foramen, Supraorbital notch/foramen, Surgical landmark, 

Thais. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the morphology and the locations of the SupraOrbital Notch/ 

Foramen (SON/F), InfraOrbital Foramen (IOF), and Mental Foramen (MF) relative 

to frequently encountered surgical landmarks. Material and Method: One hundred 

and six Thai adult skulls were investigated. Results: Mean horizontal widths of SON, 

SOF, IOF and MF were 4.31 1.61 mm, 2.81 0.62 mm, 3.35 0.62 mm and 2.80 0.70 mm, 

respectively. The SON/F was situated 25.14 4.29 mm lateral to the nasal midline, 

26.57 3.92 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone and 3.15 1.29 mm 

superior to the supraorbital rim. The IOF was 28.43 2.29 mm lateral to the maxillary 

midline, 9.23 2.03 mm below the infraorbital rim and 2.15 1.67 mm medial to the 

zygomaticomaxillary suture. Mean vertical distances from the IOF to the SOF and to 

occlusal plane of the upper teeth were 44.95 2.96 mm and 42.52 3.89 mm, respectively. 

The IOF was frequently found in the same vertical line with the second upper premolar 

and its usual direction of opening pointed downward medially. The MF was a mean of 

28.52 2.15 mm lateral to the symphysis menti and most commonly observed in line 

with the second lower premolar. Its usual direction of opening was in a posterosuperior 

direction. Conclusion: The results of the present study may assist surgeons to localize 

important maxillofacial neurovascular bundles passing through these foramina in 

facilitating surgical, local anesthetic and other invasive procedures. 

No.30 

Author(s) : Apinhasmit W, Methathrathip D, Chompoopong S, Sangvichien S. 

Title : Mental foramen in Thais: an anatomical variation related to gender and side. 

Source : Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 28 (5): 529 – 533, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Mental foramen, Mental canal, Mandible, Gender, Anatomy. 

Abstract : Sixty – nine adult mandibles (45 male, 24 female) of Thai dry skulls were assessed to 

determine the size, the orientation and the location of the mental foramen (MF) 

related to gender and side. The results showed that the usual direction of exit of the 

MF was in a posterosuperior direction. The most common location of the MF was 

bilaterally symmetrical and located on the same vertical line with the long axis of the 

lower second premolar. The mean distances from the MF to the symphysis menti (A), 

to the posterior border of the mandibular ramus (P), to the lower border of the 

mandible (mb) and to the buccal cusp tip of the second premolar (cm) were 28.83, 

68.85, 14.88 and 24.27 mm, respectively. The mean distances from the alveolar bone 

crest across the MF to the lower border of the mandible (ab) was 29.97 mm. The mean 

distance from the buccal cusp tip of the second premolar through the long axis of the 

clinical crown to the lower border of the mandible (cb) was 39.18 mm. No measurements 

varied according to the sides (P > 0.05). In contrast, gender differences were significant 

in all measurements with the longer distances in males (P < 0.05). The mean ratios of 

A/(A+P), mb/ab and cm/cb in all subjects were 0.30, 0.50 and 0.62, respectively. The 

values of the three ratios were nearly equal in males and females. Our results may 

assist surgeons to localize important maxillofacial neurovascular bundles passing 

through the MF in avoiding complication from local anesthetic, surgical and other 

invasive procedures. 

No.31 

Author(s) : Apisarnthanarak A, Danchaivijitr S, Bailey TC, Fraser VJ. 

Title : Inappropriate antibiotic use in a tertiary care center in Thailand: An incidence study 

and review of experience in Thailand. 

Source : Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 27 (4): 416 – 420, 2006 (Apr). 



Abstract : The incidence and patterns of and factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic use 

were studied in a tertiary care center in Thailand. The incidence of inappropriate 

antibiotic use was 25%. Admission to the surgical department (adjusted odds ratio, 

2.0; P = .02) and to the obstetrics and gynecology department (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; 

P = .03) were associated with inappropriate antibiotic use, whereas consultation wit 

an infectious diseases specialist was protective against inappropriate antibiotic use 

(adjusted odds ratio, 0.15; P = .01). 

11


No.32 

Author(s) : Apiwathnasorn C, Asavanich A, Komalamisra N, Samung Y, Prummongkol S, 

Kanjanopas K. 

Title : The relationship between the abundance of Mansonia mosquitoes inhabiting a peat 

swamp forest and remotely sensed data. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37(3):463–467, 2006. 



Abstract : The present study aimed to demonstrate the relationship of some environmental 

factors, vegetation greenness index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST), 

with the seasonal variations of Mansonia bonneae and Ma. uniformis in Khosit 

Subdistrict, Narathiwat Province. It was found that the Mansonia population lagged 

one month behind but correlated positively to NDVI, LST and rainfall. A rise in the 

number of mosquitoes was directly related to a rise in vegetation, temperature and 

rainfall. 

No.33 

Author(s) : Apiwathnasorn C, Samung Y, Prummongkol S, Asavanich A, Komalamisra N. 

Title : Surveys for natural host plants of Mansonia mosquitoes inhabiting Toh Daeng peat 

swamp forest, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. 


2006 (Mar). 



Abstract : Surveys were carried out monthly from April – October 2002 to examine 68 sampling 

sites around “Toh Daeng” peat swamp forest in Narathiwat Province, Thailand, of 

which 38 were known Mansonia – positive habitats and 30 were Manson/a – negative 

sites. The present larval surveys were qualitative owing to features of the host plants 

(location, distribution, and abundance), difficulties in locating and selecting the host 

plants in the swamp forest, and time constraints. Twenty attempts were made for 

each species for larvae. The presence of Mansonia larvae on each plant species was 

confirmed 6 times for each plant and location. Larvae of Ma. bonneae and Ma. 

uniformis were obtained from 18 plant species (10 families): Metroxylon sagu, 

Melaleuca cajuputi, Pandanus militaris, Pandanus immerses, Hanguana malayana, 

Typha angustifolia, Hymenachne acutigluma, Scirpodendron ghaeri, Scleria 

sumatrensis, Rhynchospora corymnosa, Sacclolepis Mica, Cyperus babakan, Cyperus 

corymbosus, Lepironia articulata, Leersia hexandra, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia 

stratriotes and ferns. The emergent grasses, S. ghaeri, S. sumatrensis, H. acutigluma, 

R. corymnosa, S. indica, C. babakan, C. corymbosus, and L. articulata, were the 

preferred host plants. Samples from larger trees, M. sagu and M. cajuputi, yielded low 

numbers of 1 – 7 larvae per scraping. Ma. uniformis was recovered from most of the 

host plants, while Ma. bonneae preferred submerged plants and was not found on the 

floating aquatic plants, E. crassipes and P. stratriotes. The description of modified 

dipper and dipping techniques are given and discussed. 

No.34 

Author(s) : Apiwathnasorn C, Samung Y, Prummongkol S, Asavanich A, Komalamisra N, 

Mccall P. 

Title : Bionomics studies of Mansonia mosquitoes inhabiting the peat swamp forest. 





Abstract : The present study was conducted in the years 2000 – 2002 to determine the bionomics 

of Mansonia mosquitoes, vectors of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi, inhabiting 

the peat swamp forest, “Phru Toh Daeng”, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. Fifty – 

four species of mosquitoes belonging to 12 genera were added, for the first time, to 

the list of animal fauna in the peat swamp forest. Mansonia mosquitoes were the 

most abundant (60 – 70%) by all collection methods and occurred throughout the year 

with a high biting density (10.5 – 57.8 bites per person – hour). Ma. bonneae was most 

prevalent (47.5%) and fed on a variety of animal hosts, including domestic cats, cows, 

monkeys, and man with a maximum biting density of 24.3 bites per person – hour in 

October. The infective bites were found for the first time in Ma. annulata collected at 

Ban Toh Daeng (13 00 – 14 00 hours) and also Ma. bonneae at forest shade (16 00 – 17 

00 hours) and in a village (20 00 – 21 00 hours) with rates of 0.6, 1.1 and 1.0%, 

12


respectively. The biting activities of these two species occurred in both the day and 

night time, with two lower peaks at 10 00 hours (18.5 bites per person – hour) and 13 

00 – 15 00 (8.5 – 10.0 bites per person – hour) hours, but the highest peak was 19 00 

– 21 00 hours (31.5 – 33.0 bites per person – hour) The biting activity patterns 

corresponded with the periodicity found in man and domestic cats and may play an 

important role in either transmission or maintenance of the filarial parasites in the 

peat swamp forest. The relative role of Ma. bonneae and Ma. uniformis in different 

environmental settings (primary swamp forest and open swamp) on the transmission 

of nocturnally subperiodic B. malayi merits further study. 

No.35 

Author(s) : Aramwit P, Kerdcharoen T, Qi H. 

Title : In vitro compatibility study of a nanosuspension formulation. 

Source : PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 60 (4): 211 – 217, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Nanosuspension, Particle aggregation, Plasma compatibility. 

Abstract : Lyophilized nanosuspension formulation intended for intravenous administration 

has been developed. The in – vitro plasma compatibility of the formulation was 

evaluated under conditions that mimic intravenous injection. After reconstitution of 

the lyophilized nanosuspension formulation with sterile water for injection, the drug 

was then further diluted with 0.9% w/v NaCl or 5% w/v dextrose to make 

concentrations of 1.5 and 5.0 mg/mL with each diluent. The 1.5 – mg/mL solutions 

were diluted with plasma in the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, and the 5.0 – mg/mL solutions 

were diluted with plasma in the ratio of 1:2 and 1:10, to simulate different intravenous 

infusion rates. Different contributing factors for particle aggregation upon mixing 

with plasma – such as the concentration of active ingredient, the types of diluents, 

the formulation/plasma ratio dependent upon infusion rate and the plasma flow rate, 

and the incubation time – were evaluated with respect to particle aggregation. It was 

found that aggregation occurred very rapidly in all conditions and that more 

aggregation takes place with higher drug concentrations in the mixture with plasma. 

It was also found that there was minimum aggregation at the concentration of 1.5 

mg/mL when delivered at an infusion rate of 2.5 mL/min. This combination is 

recommended for further toxicological and clinical evaluation. 

No.36 

Author(s) : Aree – Ue S, Pothiban L, Belza B, Sucamvang K, Panuthai S. 

Title : Osteoporosis preventive behavior in Thai older adults – Feasibility and acceptability. 

Source : Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 32 (7): 23 – 30, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Calcium supplementation, Postmenopausal women, Bone – density, Young – women, 

Fractures, Study, Programs, Life. 

Abstract : The authors used a one – group pre – test – post – test design to examine the 

feasibility and acceptability of an osteoporosis prevention program and the effects of 

the program on knowledge, health beliefs, self – efficacy; and osteoporosis preventive 

behaviors in older adults. Participants included 48 older adults who attended a health 

center in Thailand. Results revealed that the program was feasible and acceptable. A 

significant improvement in osteoporosis knowledge, health beliefs, self – efficacy, 

and osteoporosis preventive behaviors occurred. Findings suggest that the program 

helps older adults incorporate new knowledge and skills into their daily lives and 

helps them maintain bone health. 

No.37 

Author(s) : Aroonroch R, Worawichawong S, Nitiyanant P, Kanchanapitak A, Bunyaratvej S. 

Title : Hepatic fascioliasis due to Fasciola hepatica: A two – case report. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (10): 1770 – 1774, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Fasciola hepatica, Hepatic fascioliasis. 

Abstract : Two cases of hepatic fascioliasis due to Fasciola hepatica were retrieved from our 

surgical – pathology file since the hospital’s foundation in 1969 up to 2005. The 

diagnosis of hepatic fascioliasis was based on detection of one live fluke in a large 

cystic lesion in the lobectomized liver specimen in one case and of deposited eggs in 

the large liver specimen obtained from open biopsy in the other. Hepatic fascioliasis 

is rather rare and almost worldwide in distribution including Thailand. The diagnosis 

should be considered in the patient from endemic areas consisting of the northern, 

13


14 

northeastern and upper – central regions of the country, with a history of ingesting 

fresh water plants or drinking untreated water, and having fever, righ – tupper – 

quadrant pain or intrahepatic cystic lesion(s) together with absolute peripheral blood 

eosinophilia. 

No.38 

Author(s) : Arpanantikul M. 

Title : Self – Care Process as Experienced by Middle – Aged Thai Women. 

Source : Health Care for Women International. 27 (10): 893 – 907, 2006 (Nov – Dec). 


Keywords : Older people – – health & hygiene, Awareness, Middle aged women, Motivation 

(psychology), Physical fitness, Self – care, Health. 

Abstract : My purpose in this study was to explore the process of self – care actions in promoting 

health among middle – aged Thai women. Data were obtained from in – depth recorded 

interviews with 15 middle – aged Thai women living in Bangkok. Findings showed 

that the process of self – care actions for achieving health among middle – aged Thai 

women moved through a series of five stages: (1) perceiving health status, (2) 

developing awareness of the importance of one’s own health, (3) finding motivation 

for self – care, (4) taking control for self – care, and (5) evaluating the consequences 

of self – care activities. I conclude that the process of self – care actions originated 

from women’s internal demands and the formulation of self – care action is intertwined 

with women’s values, beliefs, and way of life. Specific guidance about self – care and 

encouragement from nurses are meaningful for women to effectively perform self – 

care actions resulting in the promotion of long – term wellness in the later years of 

life. 

No.39 

Author(s) : Arphorn S, Brooks R, Permsirivanich P. 

Title : Chainat: A case study in occupational health and safety promotion for farmers. 

Source : Industrail Health. 44 (1): 98 – 100, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Wind, Occupational health and safety for farmers, Integrative approach. 

Abstract : The high rates of occupationally related injuries, accidents, and deaths in rural Thailand 

are of particular concern to public health officials, as well as the residents and workers 

living in these areas. In response to specific concerns raised by local residents and 

local health officials in Chainat Province, Thailand, the Work Improvement in 

Neighborhood Development (WIND) programme was introduced and implemented 

by means of the local Primary Care Unit (PCU). The objective was to improve farmers’ 

knowledge of methods to improve occupational safety and to reduce the occurrence 

of occupationally related injuries, accidents, and deaths in the area. Local farmers, 

public health officers, and health volunteers from the PCU played a primary role in 

the programme, serving as trainers in the initial training of trainer session. Major 

activities included visiting a local farm to carry out a check – list improvement activity 

and active discussion among participants about potential improvements. Following 

the implementation of WIND in Chainat, a number of significant improvements in 

work conditions were noted, including construction of resting corners, plans to build 

toilets in the fields, improved knowledge about the dangers of chemical fertilizers and 

pesticides, and increased use of personal protective equipment. Furthermore, 

participants began making organic fertilizer and had independently developed an 

organic anti – snail pesticide. This integrative approach, achieved by including many 

different members of the community, in combination with government support and 

diligent follow – up, has proved to be particularly successful. 

No.40 

Author(s) : Arromdee E, Tanakitivirul M. 

Title : Epidemiology of Behcet’s disease in Thai patients. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (Suppl.5): S182 – S186, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Behcet’s disease, Epidemiology, Thai patients. 

Abstract : Objective: To describe symptoms, signs, laboratory findings and to compare sensitivity 

of several classification criteria in Thai patients who were diagnosed with Behcet’s 

disease. Material and Method: Using medical records from the rheumatology unit, 

Siriraj hospital, all cases diagnosed with Behcet’s disease by our rheumatology staff 

were identified and reviewed. Demographic data, clinical presentations, and laboratory


data were collected. All cases were also reviewed if they had fulfilled any of the 

following criteria: Iran classification tree, Japanese, Korean, ISG and O’Duffy’s criteria. 

The sensitivity of each criterion was calculated. Results: Twenty three cases were 

identified during a 24 year interval (1980 – 2003). Our population had a mean age of 

30.83 years. Common clinical presentations were recurrent oral ulcers 100% (23/23), 

genital ulcers 69.6% (16/23), eye involvement 52.2% (12/23), skin involvement 60.9% 

(14/23), GI ulcers 8.7% (2/23), epididymitis 4.3% (1/23), vascular lesions 8.7% (2/23), 

CNS involvement 8.7% (2/23), fever 60.9% (14/23), and positivity of the pathergy test 

33.3% (3/9). The sensitivity of criteria used for diagnosis of our patients with Behcet’s 

disease varied widely. We found that the Iran classification tree criteria had the 

highest sensitivity followed by those from Japan (82.6%), O’Duffy’s (73.9%), ISG 

(52.2%), and Korean (39.1%) criteria respectively. Conclusion: Behcet’s disease is 

heterogeneous in its manifestations and clinical constellation of the disease varies 

widely among different parts of the world. This is the first epidemiologic study 

describing Thai Behcet’s patients. We also found the Iran classification tree criteria 

had the highest sensitivity for diagnosis of Thai patients. 

No.41 

Author(s) : Arthan D, Kittakoop P, Esen A, Svasti J. 

Title : Furostanol glycoside leaves of 26 – O – beta – glucosidase from the Solanum torvum. 

Source : Phytochemistry. 67 (1): 27 – 33, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Beta – glucosidase, Solanum torvum, Solanaceae, Torvoside A, Torvoside H. 

Abstract : A beta – glucosidase (torvosidase) was purified to homogeneity from the young leaves 

of Solanum torvum. The enzyme was highly specific for cleavage of the glucose unit 

attached to the C – 26 hydroxyl of furostanol glycosides from the same plant, namely 

torvosides A and H. Purified torvosidase is a monomeric glycoprotein, with a native 

molecular weight of 87 kDa by gel filtration and a pI of 8.8 by native agarose IEF. 

Optimum pH of the enzyme for p – nitrophenyl – p – glucoside and torvoside H was 

5.0. Kinetic studies showed that Km values for torvoside A (0.063 mM) and torvoside 

H (0.068 mM) were much lower than those for synthetic substrates, pNP – beta – 

glucoside (1.03 mM) and 4 – methylumbelliferyl – beta – glucoside (0.78 mM). The 

enzyme showed strict specificity for the P – D – glucosyl bond when tested for glycone 

specificity. Torvosidase hydrolyses only torvosides and dalcochinin – 8' – beta – 

glucoside, which is the natural substrate of Thai rosewood beta – glucosidase, but 

does not hydrolyse other natural substrates of the GH1 beta – glucosidases or of the 

GH3 beta – glucosidase families. Torvosidase also hydrolyses C – 5 – C – 10 alkyl – 

beta – glucosides, with a rate of hydrolysis increasing with longer alkyl chain length. 

The internal peptide sequence of Solanum beta – glucosidase shows high similarity to 

the sequences of family GH3 glycosyl hydrolases. 

No.42 

Author(s) : Arunlertaree C, Rakyuttithamkul E. 

Title : Utilization of fermented feather meal as a replacement of fish meal in the diet of 

hybrid clarias catfish. 

Source : Kasetsart Journal – Natural Science. 40 (2): 436 – 448, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Feather meal, Feed efficiency, Fermentation, Fish meal, Hybrid clarias catfish. 

Abstract : The suitability of replacing fish meal in the hybrid clarias catfish diet with fermented 

feather meal was evaluated. The fermentation by yeast was performed to increase 

efficiency of feather meal. Five diets were formulated with diet 1 containing 100 % 

fish meal (control diet) and diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of 

fermented feather meal replacement of fish meal in the diet formula respectively. 

The results showed that average final weight (125.72 10.65 to 132.67 6.91 g), average 

daily weight gain (0.92 0.20 to 1.05 0.12 g/ind/day), feed conversion ratio (FCR) 

(2.62 0.30 to 2.97 0.62) and apparent net protein retention (ANPR) (25.43 4.51 to 

29.86 2.89 %) of hybrid clarias catfish fed with diet formulas 1, 2 and 3 were not 

significantly different (P>0.05). Meanwhile, protein efficiency ratio (PER) (0.91 0.04 

to 1.26 0.15) and protein intakes (PI) (45.23 0.41 to 50.88 0.486.91 g/ind) were not 

significantly different (P>0.05) among hybrid clarias catfish fed with diet formulas 1, 

2, 3 and 4. Survival rate (100 %) was not significantly different (P>0.05) among all 

treatments. This study suggested that the percentage of fish meal replacement with 

fermented feather meal in hybrid clarias catfish diet at 25 % had a close growth and 

feeding efficiency to fish meal diet and was not significantly different from fish fed 

with the control diet. The 25 % of replacement fish meal by fermented feather meal 

could reduce diet cost by about 0.81 baht/kg. 

15


No.43 

Author(s) : Asdamongkol N, Pornsuriyasak P, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Risk factors for strongyloidiasis hyperinfection and clinical outcomes. 


2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, consists of various clinical 

syndromes. Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection leads to morbidity and mortality 

particularly in immunocompromized patients. This study aimed to determine the risk 

factors for Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection and clinical outcomes. The medical records 

for hospitalized patients infected with S. stercoralis at Ramathibodi Hospital during 

1994 – 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Risk factors for Strongyloidiasis 

hyperinfection were determined. There were 123 episodes of Strongyloidiasis in 111 

patients. The mean age was 46.8 17.8 years; 61% were males, of 123 episodes, 37 

(30.1%) had Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection; the others had chronic Strongyloidiasis. 

All the patients with Strongyloidiasis hyperinfection and 88.3% of those with chronic 

Strongyloidiasis were immunocompromized (p=0.032); 89.2% of the former and 55.8% 

of the latter had received corticosteroids (p0.05). The hyperinfection group had a lower mean serum 

protein (p=0.026) and albumin (p=0.027) but a higher frequency of sepsis (p=0.029), 

asthma – like symptoms (p=0.025), adult respiratory distress syndrome (p=0.026), 

and a longer duration of treatment (p=0.004). By logistic regression, corticosteroids 

use was a risk factor for hyperinfection (OR=6.5, 95%Cl=2.1 – 20.0, p=0.001). Most of 

the patients were treated with albendazole or thiabendazole, with a cure rate of 

76.9%, whereas other recent cases treated with ivermectin had an average cure rate 

of 83.3%. The overall mortality rate was 8.1%. 

No.44 

Author(s) : Ashley E, McGready R, Proux S, Nosten F. 

Title : Malaria. 

Source : Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 4 (3 – 4): 159 – 173, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Artemisinin, Combination therapy, Malaria, Travellers. 

Abstract : Malaria is increasing worldwide due to the emergence and spread of drug resistant 

strains. This poses major health and economic problems for the population living in 

endemic areas and increases the risk of infections in travelers. The diagnosis of 

malaria relies on a biological proof of infection by microscopy or with a rapid test. The 

treatment must be initiated without delay preferably with an artemisinin containing 

regimen. Uncomplicated malaria can be treated with oral drugs while severe infections 

will be hospitalized and treated with injectables. Special attention will be given to the 

most susceptible groups: children and pregnant women. 

No.45 

Auhthor(s) : Ashley E, McGready R, Singhasivanon P, Nosten F, Carrara V, Price R. 

Title : Letters to the editors. 

Source : Tropical Medicine and International Health. 11 (12): 1898 – 1899, 2006 (Dec). 

Document Type : Letter. 



No.46 

Author(s) : Ashley E, McGready R, Singhasivanon P, Nosten FO, Carrara V, Price R. 

Title : Untitled. 

Source : Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (12): 1898 – 1899, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Resistant falciparum – malaria. 


16


No.47 

Author(s) : Ashley EA, Lwin KM, McGready R, Simon WH, Phaiphun L, Proux S, Wangseang N, 

Taylor W, Stepniewska K, Nawamaneerat W, Thwai KL, Barends M, Leowattana W, 

Olliaro P, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : An open label randomized comparison of mefloquine – artesunate as separate tablets 

vs. a new co – formulated combination for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug 

– resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. 

Source : Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (11): 1653 – 1660, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Artemisinin, Fixed combination, Malaria, Mefloquine. 

Abstract : Background: Delivering drugs in a fixed combination is essential to the success of the 

strategy of artemisinin – based combination therapy. This prevents one drug being 

taken without the protection of the other, reducing the chance of emergence and 

spread of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. A lower tablet burden 

should also facilitate adherence to treatment. A new fixed combination of mefloquine 

plus artesunate has been developed. This was compared with the conventional regimen 

of separate tablets for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug – resistant falciparum 

malaria. Methods: On the north – western border of Thailand 500 adults and children 

with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were randomized to receive either the new 

fixed combination or separate tablets. They were followed up weekly for 63 days. 

Results The day 63 polymerase chain reaction – adjusted cure rates were 91.9% (95% 

CI 88.2 – 95.6) in the fixed combination group and 89.2% (85.0 – 93.4) in the loose 

tablets group (P = 0.3). There was a lower incidence of early vomiting in the group 

receiving the fixed combination. Conclusions: This new fixed combination of 

mefloquine and artesunate was efficacious, well tolerated and convenient to 

administer. 

No.48 

Author(s) : Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, McGready R, Hutagalung R, Hae R, 

Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in 

combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (7): 2281 – 2285, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Performance liquid – chromatography, Whole – blood, Thailand, Border, 

Dihydroartemisinin, Bioequivalence, Artesunate, Plasma, Tablet. 

Abstract : A fixed artesunate – mefloquine combination, comprising three daily doses of 8 mg of 

mefloquine/kg of body weight and 4 mg of artesunate/kg, has been developed recently. 

This study was designed to construct a population pharmacokinetic model describing 

this new dosage regimen of melloquine given as loose tablets together with artesunate. 

In two randomized trials in Thailand which evaluated the efficacy, safety, and 

tolerability of this new regimen, the members of a subgroup of 50 patients were 

randomized to have capillary blood sampling before treatment and at five randomly 

assigned time points during the 63 – day follow – up period. Mefloquine levels in 

capillary whole blood were assayed by liquid chromatography with IN detection. A 

pharmacokinetic model for mefloquine was constructed using mixed – effects modeling. 

A one – compartment model with first – order absorption and elimination was selected 

to describe the kinetic properties of mefloquine. For capillary whole – blood 

mefloquine, the area under the concentration curve (AUC) was 40% higher than 

previous estimates for patients given the equivalent conventional – dose regimen 

(mefloquine given as 15 mg/kg and then 10 mg/kg on the second and third days of 

treatment). The half – life (t(1/2)) of the carboxylic acid metabolite was estimated as 

26 days, and the metabolite was eliminated more slowly than the parent drug 

(population t(1/2) estimate, 10.5 days). Splitting the 25 mg/kg dose of mefloquine into 

three doses of 8 mg/kg each resulted in improved oral bioavailability compared to the 

conventional split – dose regimen results. This new regimen is well tolerated and 

results in an equivalent therapeutic response. 

No.49 

Author(s) : Assantachai P, Angkamat W, Pongpim P, Weattayasuthum C, Komoltri C. 

Title : Risk factors of osteoporosis in institutionalized older Thai people. 

Source : Osteoporosis International. 17 (7): 1096 – 1102, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Institutionalized, Older, Osteoporosis, Risk factor, Thai. 

Abstract : Introduction: There are very few published studies on osteoporosis among the 

institutionalized elderly in Asian countries, where the incidence of osteoporosis is 

17


18 

increasing rapidly. Our objectives were to determine both the prevalence and risk 

factors of osteoporosis, as assessed by calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) 

measurements, in a Thai nursing home. Methods: Activities of daily living, the Mini – 

Mental State Examination, blood chemistry, body composition analysis, calcaneal 

quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and serum C – terminal telopeptides of type I collagen 

(serum beta – CTx) were assessed in 108 older people living in the largest nursing 

home for the elderly in Bangkok. Calcaneal BMD was measured by dual – energy X 

– ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: The prevalence of osteoporosis, as defined by a 

calcaneal BMD T – score < 1.6, was 79.6%. The prevalence of low bone mass, as 

defined by a T – score of broadband ultrasound attenuation < 1.0, was 80.6%. The 

prevalence of osteoporosis detected by these two methods was not significantly 

different (p=1.00). The prevalence of increased bone turnover [with the cutoff point 

being the mean + 2 standard deviation (SD) of the serum beta – CTx level of a sex – 

and age – matched control group] was 13.9%. In multiple linear regression analysis, 

five risk factors – serum beta – CTx, mental health, mobility index, height and lean 

body mass – were able to predict calcaneal BMD at a coefficient of determination R 

– 2) of 0.54. Conclusions: These results indicate the importance of mental health and 

self – care ability as factors associated with osteoporosis. Increased bone turnover 

was also a significant risk factor of low bone mass. Calcaneal QUS was a useful 

screening tool for diagnosing osteoporosis in this population and was comparable to 

calcaneal DXA. 

No.50 

Author(s) : Assantachai P, Bunnag C, Piya – anant M. 

Title : Implementation of health promotion in the older adults in Bangkok, Thailand. 

Source : Educational Gerontology. 32 (4): 283 – 296, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Educational – program, Trial, Video. 

Abstract : Effective strategies that bring health promotion messages to older adults in a 

developing country are needed. To evaluate the impact of various education media 

upon changes in knowledge and health behavior, a double – blind, randomized 

controlled trial was conducted involving 1,268 older adults in a southwest Bangkok 

suburb. Group teaching supplemented by a video program was provided in the 

communities. A simplified booklet and an audiotape containing the same health 

education information as in the videotape were given to the older adults for self – 

study. Health knowledge was assessed before the health education program. Identical 

assessment was performed again 3 months after the intervention. The quadriceps 

exercise and Cawthorne – Cooksey head – and – neck – balance exercise – representing 

changes in health promotion behavior – were also evaluated. Those who attended 

the group – teaching program had higher test scores than the control group. Only 

those who both read the booklet and listened to the audiotape in the intervention 

group gained more knowledge than the control group. The combination of group 

teaching supplemented by the video program and self – study using the booklet and 

audiotape was effective in improving health knowledge and behavior. 

No.51 

Author(s) : Assantachai P, Sriussadaporn S, Thamlikitkul V, Sitthichai K. 

Title : Body composition: gender – specific risk factor of reduced quantitative ultrasound 

measures in older people. 

Source : Osteoporosis International. 17 (8): 1174 – 1181, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Body composition, Elderly, Gender, Quantitative ultrasound. 

Abstract : Introduction: Body composition has been reported as a significant determinant of 

bone mineral density. However, data regarding the relationship between the body 

composition and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) are scarce. Methods: This cross – 

sectional study examined risk factors of reduced QUS measures in older men and 

women. A total of 699 subjects aged 60 years old and over – 458 women and 241 men 

– who lived in rural communities of Thailand were randomly recruited. Results: By 

using broadband ultrasound attenuation at the cutoff point of mean – 1.0 SD based on 

young Thai people, the independent factors associated with reduced QUS measures 

in men were: poor activity of daily living, older age, and low fat mass. As for older 

women, the independent factors were the number of years since menopause, lack of 

regular exercise, lower height, and low fat mass. When using the stiffness index at 

the cutoff point of mean – 1.6 SD based on young Thai people, the independent 

factors associated with reduced QUS measures in men were older age and low fat


mass. Meanwhile, the number of years since menopause and low lean body mass 

were independent risk factors in women. Conclusions: Poor activity of daily living in 

men or lack of regular exercise in women was found to be a modifiable risk factor of 

reduced QUS measures. Years since menopause and low lean body mass were 

significant factors determining reduced QUS measures in women. Fat mass was an 

independent factor associated with reduced QUS measures both in men and women. 

No.52 

Author(s) : Assantachai P, Yamwong P, Lekhakula S. 

Title : Alternative anthropometric measurements for the Thai elderly: Mindex and Demiquet. 

Source : Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 15 (4): 521 – 527, 2006. 


Keywords : Mindex, Demiquet, Anthropometric, Elders, Rural, Thai. 

Abstract : This cross – sectional study examined the relationship between alternative 

anthropometric indices and the nutritional and metabolic status of the Thai elderly. 

Four rural communities, each from the 4 main regions of Thailand were surveyed. A 

total of 2324 subjects, 60 years old and over were included in the study. Mindex and 

Demiquet had a very strong relationship to body mass index with the r values of 0.93 

and 0.88, respectively. Fat weight had the highest correlation with body mass index in 

older women, r = 0.94 (P


No.54 

Author(s) : Asuvapongpatana S, Wongprasert K, Lamers WH. 

Title : Localization of glutamine synthetase in adult and fetal liver of the tree shrew (Tupaia 

belangeri). 

Source : ScienceAsia. 32 (4): 355 – 359, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Glutamine synthetase, Hepatocyte, Liver, Tupaia. 

Abstract : The adult and prenatal tree shrew’s liver consists of organized plates of hepatocytes, 

arranged as single cell layers separated by sinusoidal capillaries. Each hepatic lobule 

appears irregular in shape rather than hexagonal. Portal tracts, including those in 

prenatal animals, contain a distinct portal vein. Immunohistochemical analysis of 

hepatic tissues revealed a similar distribution of glutamine synthetase (GS) protein 

in both fetuses and adults. GS was absent from the periportal hepatocytes. The gene 

was strongly expressed in only a single, continuous layer of hepatocytes surrounding 

the central vein, expressed as a discontinuous, patchy pattern around the smaller 

sublobular veins, and was absent from the hepatocytes surrounding the thick – 

walled sublobar and hepatic veins. The changing expression pattern of GS around 

the sublobar veins suggests that the sinusoids near the wall of the larger efferent 

veins no longer drain to these vessels directly. 

No.55 

Author(s) : Atchaneeyasakul LO, Appukuttan B, Pingsuthiwong S, Yenchitsomanus PT, 

Trinavarat A, Srisawat C. 

Title : A novel H572R mutation in the transforming growth factor – beta – induced gene in 

a Thai family with lattice corneal dystrophy type I. 

Source : Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 50 (5): 403 – 408, 2006 (Sep – Oct). 


Keywords : Genotype – phenotype correlation, Lattice corneal dystrophy, Mutation, Transforming 

growth factor – beta – induced gene. 

Abstract : Purpose: To describe a large Thai family with lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD) type I 

and to determine whether this LCD is associated with mutations within the 

transforming growth factor – beta – induced (TGFBI) gene. Methods: A six – generation 

family with LCD type I was identified and diagnosed on the basis of clinical and/or 

histopathologic evaluation. Visual acuity testing and slit – lamp biomicroseopic 

evaluation were carried out and corneal photography was documented. All 17 exons 

and flanking intron sequences of the TGFBI gene were sequenced. Results: Thirty – 

three participants demonstrated LCD in both eyes, most of which was symmetrical. 

Age at onset of decreased vision was the mid – to late twenties. Visual acuity varied 

from 6/6 to no light perception. Two patients, 74 and 42 years of age, demonstrated a 

thick yellowish plaque covering the corneal surfaces. DNA sequencing revealed a 

heterozygous mutation in exon 13 (A1762G), changing histidine to arginine at codon 

572 (H572R). Ten of 42 clinically unaffected family members, all under 25 years of 

age, exhibited the same mutation. Conclusions: This is the first report of a molecular 

analysis of LCD type I in Thai patients. The novel mutation identified is associated 

with distinct phenotypes and later onset of the disease compared with the more 

common R124C mutation. 

No.56 

Author(s) : Atchaneeyasakul LO, Trinavarat A, Dulayajinda D, Kumpornsin K, Thongnoppakhun 

W, Yenchitsomanus PT, Limwongse C. 

Title : Novel and de – novo truncating PAX6 mutations and ocular phenotypes in Thai 

aniridia patients. 

Source : Ophthalmic Genetics. 27 (1): 21 – 27, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Aniridia, PAX6, Ectopia lentis, Foveal hypoplasia, Juvenile onset glaucoma. 

Abstract : Purpose: To describe the ophthalmic findings and mutation analyses of the PAX6 

gene in Thai aniridia patients. Methods: Ten patients from six unrelated families 

underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Mutations in the PAX6 gene 

were screened by single – strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct 

DNA sequencing of the SSCP variants. Results: Seven patients developed cataracts 

and six developed glaucoma. Mutation analysis demonstrated four different truncating 

mutations, two of which were de novo. These included one novel insertion/deletion 

mutation (c.474del12insGA in exon 5) and three nonsense mutations. R203X and 

R240X are common recurrent mutations, while Q277X in exon 10 is novel. All 

mutations resulted in loss of function of the PAX6 protein. Conclusion: Our data 

confirm inter – and intrafamilial variable phenotypic manifestations of which the 

underlying mechanisms may be haploinsufficiency or dominant – negative mutation. 

20


No.57 

Author(s) : Athikomkulchai S, Prawat H, Thasana N, Ruangrungsi N, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : COX – 1, COX – 2 inhibitors and antifungal agents from Croton hutchinsonianus. 

Source : Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (2): 262 – 264, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Croton hutchinsonianus, Euphorbiaceae, Phenylpropyl benzoate, Cyclooxygenase 

inhibitor, Antifungal compound. 

Abstract : Two new compounds, 3' – (4" – hydroxy – 3",5" – dimethoxyphenyl) – propyl benzoate 

(1) and 3' – (4" – hydroxyphenyl)propyl benzoate (3) together with known compounds, 

3' – (4" – hydroxy – 3" – methoxyphenyl) – propyl benzoate (2), poilaneic acid (4), 

farnesyl acetone (5) and 4 – hydroxybenzaldehyde (6) were isolated and identified 

from the branches of Croton hutchinsonianus. Their structures were determined by 

spectroscopic methods. The three phenylpropyl benzoates (1 – 3) were found to 

exhibit antifungal activity against Candida albicans (IC50 5.36 – 11.41 mu g/ml). 

Compounds 1 – 2 (IC50 2.11 – 4.95 mu g/ml) exhibited potent but non – selective 

activity against the enzymes cyclooxygenase – 1 (COX – 1) and cyclooxygenase – 2 

(COX – 2) whereas 3 (IC50 1.88 mu g/ml) preferentially inhibited the enzyme COX – 

2. 

No.58 

Author(s) : Ativitavas T, Saliba R, Sergio G, Ghosh S, Champlin R, De Lima M. 

Title : Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell 

transplantation (HSCT) – impact of non – relapse mortality on outcomes. 

Source : Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 12 (2): 28 – 29 72 Suppl.1, 2006 (Feb). 

Document Type : Meeting Abstract 



No.59 

Author(s) : Auewarakul CU, Huang S, Yimyam M, Boonmoh S. 

Title : Natural history of Southeast Asian chronic myeloid leukemia patients with different 

BCR – ABL gene variants. 

Source : Acta Haematologica. 116 (2): 114 – 119, 2006. 


Keywords : Chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR – ABL gene variant. 

Abstract : Little evidence exists regarding the prognostic impact of the major BCR – ABL gene 

variants (e13a2 and e14a2) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients diagnosed 

and treated in the developing Asian countries. In this study, 139 Thai CML patients 

were followed for a median period of 3 years (range 18 – 43 months). Clinical 

presentations of both BCR – ABL gene variant groups (73% e14a2+ and 27% e13a2+) 

were similar, although e14a2+ patients tended to be older (42 vs. 37 years) and had 

higher white blood cell counts than e13a2+ patients. The majority of patients in both 

groups presented with Sokal stage 2 – 3 (score > 0.8) and were categorized as Hasford’s 

intermediate – to high – risk groups (score > 780). All patients received oral 

chemotherapy and 13% underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation. None received 

oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the conventional chemotherapy group, the overall 

survival (OS) rate was slightly better in e14a2+ than in e13a2+ patients (p = n.s.). The 

median survival in e14a2+ and e13a2+ patients who did not receive stem cell 

transplantation was 49 and 33 months, respectively (p = n.s.). The type of blastic crisis 

in e14a2+ and e13a2+ patients was similar, being predominantly myeloid. In 

conclusion, CML patients in Thailand, despite being much younger, had a comparable 

CS with those in the Western countries, with no different CS between e14a2+ and 

e13a2+ patients. Future studies should focus on the impact of novel oral BCR – ABL 

tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the outcome of Thai CIVIL patients with different BCR 

– ABL gene variants. 

No.60 

Author(s) : Auewarakul CU, Lauhakirti D, Promsuwicha O, Munkhetvit C. 

Title : C – kit receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117) expression and its positive predictive value 

for the diagnosis of Thai adult acute myeloid leukemia. 

Source : Annals of Hematology. 85 (2): 108 – 112, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Acute leukemia, CD117 expression, C – kit receptor tyrosine kinase, Predictive values, 

Thailand. 

21


Abstract : We examined the expression of c – kit receptor tyrosine kinase in 195 Thai adult 

patients with acute leukemia and determined its specificity and predictive values for 

the diagnosis of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). CD117 was used to detect c – kit 

expression on CD45 and side – scatter – gated blast cells by flow cytometry. Of 163 

AML cases, 67% expressed CD117. None of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) had 

CD117 expression, except one case of T – ALL. The majority of AML patients carrying 

t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15;17) had high CD117 expression. High proportion of AML 

cases without c – kit expressed monocytic markers. Significant associations between 

CD117 and CD34 (P < 0.001), CD13 (P=0.006), CD7 (P=0.034), and CD19 (P < 0.001) 

were found in AML cases. The calculated specificity of CD117 for the diagnosis of 

AML was 0.97, which was higher than CD13 (0.78) and CD33 (0.75) but comparable to 

MPO (0.97). The positive predictive value (PPV) of CD117 for AML was 0.99, with the 

negative predictive value of 0.35. In conclusion, the majority of Thai adult AML cases 

expressed c – kit. C – kit is infrequently expressed in ALL and appeared to be specific 

for AML with high PPV. Future targeting therapy using c – kit as a therapeutic target 

should benefit the majority of Thai AML patients who had high c – kit expression. 

No.61 

Author(s) : Auewarakul CU, Lauhakirti D, Tocharoentanaphol C. 

Title : Frequency of RAS gene mutation and its cooperative genetic events in Southeast 

Asian adult acute myeloid leukemia. 

Source : European Journal of Haematology. 77 (1): 51 – 56, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : RAS gene, Acute myeloid leukemia, Genetic abnormalities, Cooperative mutations, 

Southeast Asian AML, Therapeutic targets. 

Abstract : RAS gene as one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia 

(AML) has become an attractive target for molecular therapy. The role of oncogenic 

RAS and its associated genetic events in AML are not yet defined. We examined the 

frequency of RAS mutation in 239 Thai de novo adult AML patients using polymerase 

chain reaction – single – strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Thirty – five 

RAS mutations were found in 32 cases (13%) predominantly classified as M1/M2 

(53%) followed by M4/M5 subtype (38%). Ten cases were positive for N – RAS codon 

12, 11 cases for N – RAS codon 61, 13 cases for N – RAS codon 13, and one case for K 

– RAS codon 13. No mutation was found in K – RAS exon 2 or H – RAS. The most 

common base substitution was the G to A transition at codon 13. Most M1/M2 cases 

had mutations at codon 12 or 13, whereas M4/M5 cases preferentially affected codon 

61. Half of the patients with RAS mutations had abnormal karyotypes with the 

majority involving chromosomes 21, 11 and 7. Four patients had core – binding factor 

leukemia and four additional patients had coexisting FLT3 or AML1 mutation. One 

patient had RAS, FLT3 and t(8;21) and the other had RAS, AML1 point mutation and 

del(9q). In conclusion, mutation of RAS gene was not as common in the Thais as in 

the western population. Several additional genetic abnormalities occurred in RAS – 

mutated patients. Future molecular – targeting approaches should take into account 

the multiple genetic events that coexist with RAS mutations in AML patients. 

No.62 

Author(s) : Auewarakul CU, Leecharendkeat A, Thongnoppakhun W, Limwongse C, 

Tocharoentanaphol C. 

Title : Mutations of AML1 in non – M0 acute myeloid leukemia: six novel mutations and a 

high incidence of cooperative events in a South – East Asian population. 

Source : Haematologica – The Hematology Journal. 91 (5): 675 – 678, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : AML1 gene, Novel AML1 mutations, Co – operative mutations, De novo acute leukemia, 

Thailand. 

Abstract : Point mutations of AML1 are uncommon and predominantly reported in a rare 

minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (M0 AML). Few data exist regarding 

the frequency of AML1 mutations in non – M0 cases. We screened 284 consecutive 

adult Thai patients with de novo AML and found that 3.9% had AML1 mutations. The 

highest incidence occurred in M6. Six novel mutations were uniquely identified in 

non – M0 cases. Sixty – four percent of the non – M0 patients with AML1 mutations 

had coexisting genetic abnormalities including FLT3 mutation in 36%. Our study 

provides evidence to support the model of multiple co – operating events, which could 

also be critical in the development of leukemia in non – M0 AML patients with 

mutated AML1. The prognostic significance of these novel mutations remains to be 

determined. 

22


No.63 

Author(s) : Aukkaravittayapun S, Thanachayanont C, Theapsiri T, Veerasai W, Sawada Y, Kondo 

T, Tokiwa S, Nishide T. 

Title : Temperature programmed desorption of F – doped SnO films deposited by inverted 

2 

pyrosol technique. 

Source : Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 85 (3): 811 – 815, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords 

Abstract 

: 

: 

F – doped SnO , Inverted pyrosol, Temperature programmed desorption. 

2 

Fluorine – doped tin dioxide (FTO) films were deposited on silicon wafers by inverted 

pyrosol technique using solutions with different doping concentration (F/Sn=0.00, 

0.12, 0.75 and 2.50). The physical and electrical properties of the deposited films were 

analyzed by SEM, XRF, resistivity measurement by four – point – probe method and 

Hall coefficient measurement by van der Pauw method. The electrical properties 

showed that the FTO film deposited using the solution with F/Sn=0.75 gave a lowest 

resistivity of 3.2 center dot 10(–4) ohm cm. The FTO films were analyzed by 

temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Evolved gases from the heated specimens 

were detected using a quadruple mass analyzer for mass fragments m/z, 1(H + + ), 2(H ), 2 

12(C + ), 14(N + + + + + ), 15(CH ), 16(O ), 17(OH or NH3 ), 18(H2O 3 

+ + + + or NH ), 19(F ), 20(HF ), 

4 

28(CO + + + or N ), 32(O2 ), 37(NH4F 2 

+ + + + + ), 44(CO ), 120(Sn ), 136(SnO ) and 152(SnO2 ). 

2 

The majority of evolved gases from all FTO films were water vapor, carbon monoxide 

and carbon dioxide. Fluorine (m/z 19) was detected only in doped films and its intensity 

was very strong for highly – doped films at temperature above 400 degrees C. 

No.64 

Author(s) : Auparakkitanon S, Chapoomram S, Kuaha K, Chirachariyavej T, Wilairat P. 

Title : Antimalarial pyronaridine targets hematin. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (5): 54 – 54 183 Suppl. S, 2006 

(Nov). 




No.65 

Author(s) : Auparakkitanon S, Chapoomram S, Kuaha K, Chirachariyavej T, Wilairat P. 

Title : Targeting of hematin by the antimalarial pyronaridine. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (6): 2197 – 2200, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Uncomplicated falciparum – malaria, Parasite plasmodium – falciparum, 

Ferriprotoporphyrin – IX; Beta – hematin, Chloroquine, Inhibition, Mechanism, Invitro, 

Heme, Ertthrocytes. 

Abstract : Pyronaridine, 2 – methoxy – 7 – chloro – 10 [3' ,5' – bis (pyrrolidinyl – 1 – methyl) 4' 

hydroxyphenyl] aminobenzyl – (b) – 1 ,5 – naphthyridine, a new Mannich base 

schizontocide originally developed in China and structurally related to the 

aminoacridine drug quinacrine, is currently undergoing clinical testing. We now 

show that pyronaridine targets hematin, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit in 

vitro beta – hematin formation (at a concentration equal to that of chloroquine), to 

form a complex with hematin with a stoichiometry of 1:2, to enhance hematin – 

induced red blood cell lysis (but at 1/100 of the chloroquine concentration), and to 

inhibit glutathione – dependent degradation of hematin. Our observations that 

pyronaridine exerted this mechanism of action in situ, based on growth studies of 

Plasmodium falciparum K1 in culture showing antagonism of pyronaridine in 

combination with antimalarials (chloroquine, mefloquine, and quinine) that inhibit 

beta – hematin formation, were equivocal. 

No.66 

Author(s) : Auparakkitanon S, Wilairat P. 

Title : Antimalarial activity of concanamycin A alone and in combination with pyronaridine. 


2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : Concanamycin A, a macrolide antibiotic inhibitor of vacuolar H + – ATPase derived 

from Streptomyces sp, inhibited Plasmodium falciparum K1 growth in culture with 

an IC50 value of 0.2 nM. It exhibited an additive effect when tested together with the 

antimalarial pyronaridine. 

23


No.67 

Author(s) : Avirutnan P, Punyadee N, Noisakran S, Komoltri C, Thiemmeca S, 

Auethavornanan K, Jairungsri A, Kanlaya R, Tangthawornchaikul N, Puttikhunt C, 

Pattanakitsakul SN, Yenchitsomanus PT, Mongkolsapaya J, Kasinrerk W, 

Sittisombut N, Husmann M, Blettner M, Vasanawathana S, Bhakdi S, Malasit P. 

Title : Vascular leakage in severe dengue virus infections: A potential role for the 

nonstructural viral protein NS1 and complement. 

Source : Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (8): 1078 – 1088, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Monoclonal – Antibodies, Hemorrhagic – fever, Endothelial – cells, Glycoprotein 

NS1, Shock syndrome, In – vivo, Mice, Immunization, Antigen, Assay. 

Abstract : Background: Vascular leakage and shock are the major causes of death in patients 

with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Thirty 

years ago, complement activation was proposed to be a key underlying event, but the 

cause of complement activation has remained unknown. Methods: The major 

nonstructural dengue virus (DV) protein NS1 was tested for its capacity to activate 

human complement in its membrane – associated and soluble forms. Plasma samples 

from 163 patients with DV infection and from 19 patients with other febrile illnesses 

were prospectively analyzed for viral load and for levels of NS1 and complement – 

activation products. Blood and pleural fluids from 9 patients with DSS were also 

analyzed. Results: Soluble NS1 activated complement to completion, and activation 

was enhanced by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against NS1. Complement 

was also activated by cell – associated NS1 in the presence of specific antibodies. 

Plasma levels of NS1 and terminal SC5b – 9 complexes correlated with disease severity. 

Large amounts of NS1, complement anaphylatoxin C5a, and the terminal complement 

complex SC5b – 9 were present in pleural fluids from patients with DSS. Conclusions: 

Complement activation mediated by NS1 leads to local and systemic generation of 

anaphylatoxins and SC5b – 9, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the 

vascular leakage that occurs in patients with DHF/DSS. 

No.68 

Author(s) : Avirutnan P, Punyadee N, Noisakran S, Thiemmeca S, Auethavornanan K, 

Jairungsri A, Kanlaya R, Tangthawornchaikul N, Puttikhunt C, Pattanakitsakul SN, 

Yenchitsomanus PT, Mongkolsapaya J, Kasinrerk W, Sittisombut N, Husmann M, 

Blettner M, Vasanawathana S, Bhakdi S, Malasit P. 

Title : Vascular leakage in severe Dengue virus infections: a role for the non – structural 

viral protein NS1 and complement. 

Source : Molecular Immunology. 43 (1 – 2): 174 – 174 139, 2006 (Jan). 




No.69 

Author(s) : Awikunparsert C, Kotchabhakdi N, Sittiprapaporn W, Chindaduangratn C, 

Kotchabhakdi N. 

Title : Sleep – wake patterns in Thai children in Thailand. 

Source : Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (Suppl.1) : 102 – 103, 2006 (Sep). 

Document Type : – 


Abstract : Objective: Since age effects are inconsistent and gender has not been addressed in 

previous studies, we investigated both effects on the daily sleep patterns in a group of 

Thai children. Methods: This study assessed the sleep patterns, sleep disruptions, and 

sleepiness of Thai children in Thailand. Sleep patterns of 27 children (13 boys and 14 

girls; Group I (0 – 3 years old); Group II (4 – 6 years old) were evaluated with activity 

monitors (Sleep I/T). Results: Age differences were found in several sleep variables 

and those were mostly not dependent on day/night differences. The girl children 

went to bed and rose earlier and had longer sleep latency, more awakenings, and 

poorer sleep quality that the boys. Gender differences were also shown in the 

relationship between sleep quality and other sleep variables. Sleep latency was the 

longest in group I than group II. Conclusion: This study showed that gender and age 

differences in sleep patterns and sleep difficulties were remarkable in the group of 

Thai children. Alarmed by the high prevalence of sleep difficulties among general 

Thai children, it is recommended that the children should be informed of their sleep 

problems and the consequences. 

24


No.70 

Author(s) : Ayudhaya OPN, Herabutya Y, Chanrachakul B, Ayuthaya NIN, O – Prasertsawat P. 

Title : A comparison of the efficacy of sublingual and oral misoprostol 400 microgram in the 

management of early pregnancy failure: A randomized controlled trial. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (Suppl.4): S5 – S10, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Early pregnancy failure, Management, Misoprostol, Oral, Sublingual. 

Abstract : Objective: To compare repeated doses of sublingual with oral misoprostol in the 

medical management of early pregnancy failure. Material and Method: One hundred 

and thirty eight women with a period of gestation less than 20 week calculated by her 

last menstrual period and less than 12 weeks by size were sequentially allocated to 

two groups to receive either 400 g of misoprostol orally or sublingually every 4 

hours until termination of pregnancy was completed. Results: There is no difference 

in the mean induction to abortion interval. Fever and chill were more common in 

sublingual group compared with oral group. The other adverse effects were similar 

and included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Conclusion: 

Sublingual misoprostol is as effective as oral route. Most adverse effects are similar 

in both groups except fever was more common in sublingual group. 

No.71 

Author(s) : Baker SE, Kroken S, Inderbitzin P, Asvarak T, Li B – Y, Shi L, Yoder OC, 

Turgeon BG. 

Title : Two polyketide synthase – encoding genes are required for biosynthesis of the 

polyketide virulence factor, T – toxin, by Cochliobolus heterostrophus. 

Source : Molecular Plant – Microbe Interactions. 19 (2): 139 – 149, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Ascomycete, Didymella zeae – maydis, Mycosphaerella zeae – maydis, Phyllosticta 

maydis. 

Abstract : Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T, causal agent of southern corn leaf blight, requires 

T – toxin (a family of C35 to C49 polyketides) for high virulence on T – cytoplasm 

maize. Production of T – toxin is controlled by two unlinked loci, Tox1A and Tox1B, 

carried on 1.2 Mb of DNA not found in race O, a mildly virulent form of the fungus 

that does not produce T – toxin, or in any other Cochliobolus spp. or closely related 

fungus. PKS1, a polyketide synthase (PKS) – encoding gene at Tox1A, and DEC1, a 

decarboxylase – encoding gene at Tox1B, are necessary for T – toxin production. 

Although there is evidence that additional genes are required for T – toxin production, 

efforts to clone them have been frustrated because the genes are located in highly 

repeated, A+T – rich DNA. To overcome this difficulty, ligation specificity – based 

expression analysis display (LEAD), a comparative amplified fragment length 

polymorphism/gel fractionation/capillary sequencing procedure, was applied to cDNAs 

from a near – isogenic pair of race T (Tox1+) and race O (Tox1–) strains. This led to 

discovery of PKS2, a second PKS – encoding gene that maps at Tox1A and is required 

for both T – toxin biosynthesis and high virulence to maize. Thus, the carbon chain of 

each T – toxin family member likely is assembled by action of two PKSs, which 

produce two polyketides, one of which may act as the starter unit for biosynthesis of 

the mature T – toxin molecule. 

No.72 

Author(s) : Bam TS, Gunneberg C, Chamroonsawasdi K, Bam DS, Aalberg O, Kasland O, 

Shiyalap K, Srisorrachatr S. 

Title : Factors affecting patient adherence to DOTS in urban Kathmandu, Nepal. 

Source : International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 10(3):270 – 276, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : DOTS, Health education, Adherence, Nepal. 

Abstract : Setting: The urban area of Kathmandu has a population of one million, with an 

annual risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection of 4%. It is estimated that up to 200 people 

default from treatment in Kathmandu annually, giving a defaulter rate of 10%. 

Objective: To identify the socio – demographic factors, availability and accessibility of 

DOTS services and behavioural factors affecting patient adherence to DOTS. Methods: 

Structured questionnaire of a random sample of 234 new smear – positive TB patients 

enrolled on treatment. Analysis of socio – demographic, psychosocial factors and 

availability and accessibility of DOTS services. Sub – analysis of non – adherent 

(missed >7 consecutive treatment days) vs. adherent patients. Results: Reasons given 

by non – adherent patients included 61% who claimed insufficient knowledge about 

the need to take daily treatment, especially after they felt better. Directly observed 

25


26 

treatment, younger age, knowledge of TB and availability of daily health education 

were associated with increased adherence. Daily health education and knowledge of 

TB and its treatment were independently associated with adherence on multivariate 

analysis (OR 6.27, 95%CI 2.88 – 13.64, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Daily health education 

delivered at DOTS centres is strongly associated with improved adherence. Adherence 

throughout treatment needs emphasis. 

No.73 

Author(s) : Banditmahakun S, Kuphasuk W, Kanchanavasita W, Kuphasuk C. 

Title : The effect of base materials with different elastic moduli on the fracture loads of 

machinable ceramic inlays. 

Source : Operative Dentistry. 31 (2): 180 – 187, 2006 (Mar – Apr). 


Keywords : Clinical – performance, Feldspathic porcelain, Tensile strength, Composite, 

Restorations, Resistance, Failure, Fatigue, Crowns. 

Abstract : This study investigated the effect of two base materials with different elastic moduli 

(F2000 and Vitrebond) on the fracture load of machinable ceramic inlays. Standardized 

MOD cavities were prepared in 18 human maxillary first or second premolars. The 

teeth were randomly assigned to three groups of six premolars each; Group 1 (control: 

no base); Group 2 (base with a polyacid – modified resin composite: F2000); Group 3 

(base with a resin – modified glass – ionomer cement: Vitrebond). The inlays were 

fabricated from Vitablocs Mark II using a Cerec II machine. After the inlays were 

cemented with Tetric Ceram and the Syntac adhesive system, using the Ultrasonic 

Insertion Technique (USI), they were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 

hours prior to fracture testing in a universal testing machine using a crosshead speed 

of 0.5 mm/minute. The static transverse elastic moduli of base materials were measured 

using a three – point bending test. The mean fracture loads and standard deviations 

of the Cerec inlays in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 1.15 +/ – 0.39 KN, 1.13 +/ – 0.36 KN and 

0.58 +/ – 0.11 KN, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the mean fracture 

load of Group 3 was significantly lower than that of Groups 1 and 2 (p < 05). There 

was no significant difference in fracture load between Groups 1 and 2. The means 

and standard deviations of the elastic moduli of F2000 and Vitrebond were 15.63 +/ – 

0.32 and 2.16 +/ – 0.55 GPa, respectively. The results indicated that the fracture load 

increased significantly as the elastic modulus of a base material increased. 

No.74 

Author(s) : Barnes KI, Little F, Smith PJ, Evans A, Watkins WM, White NJ. 

Title : Sulfadoxine – pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: Pediatric dosing 

implications. 

Source : Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 80 (6): 582 – 596, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Plasmodium – falciparum malaria, In – vivo, Malawian children, Africa, Efficacy, 

Plasma, Combinations, Mortality, Healthy, Binding. 

Abstract : Objective: Our objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of 

sulfadoxine – pyrimethamine in African adults and children with acute falciparum 

malaria. Despite decades of widespread use, there are few data to inform dose 

recommendations. Methods: In a prospective multicenter pharmacokinetic study in 

307 patients with acute falciparum malaria, capillary blood concentrations of 

sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine were determined at 9 visits over a period of 42 days 

by mass spectrometry. Results: After adjustment for dose, the area under the 

concentration – time curves (AUCs) of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in children 

aged 2 to 5 years were half of those in adults (median AUC, 410 mu g/mL d 

[interquartile range (IQR), 126 – 705 mu/mL d] versus 816 mu g/mL d [IQF, 536 – 

1150 mu g/mL d] [P=.0001] for sulfadoxine and 620 ng/mL d [IQF, 229 – 1399 ng/mL 

d] versus 1518 ng/mL – d [IQR, 1117 – 2013 ng/mL – d] for pyrimethamine). The effect 

of age on the AUC of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine reflected higher clearance 

rates and larger apparent volumes of distribution in children aged 2 to 5 years when 

compared with adults (median clearance, 64.5 mL kg( – 1) d( – 1) [IQF, 46.2 – 132.6 

mL kg( – 1) d( – 1)] versus 32.7 mL kg( – 1) d( – 1) [IQR, 22.3 – 52.2 mL kg( – 1) d( – 

1)] for sulfadoxine [P=.0001] and 1.77 L kg( – 1) d( – 1) [IQR, 1.0 – 3.0 L kg( – 1) d( – 

1)] versus 0.85 L kg( – 1) d( – 1) [IQR, 0.62 – 1.21 L kg( – 1) d( – 1)] for pyrimethamine 

[P=.0001]; median volume of distribution, 413 mL/kg [IQR, 299 – 711 mL/kg] versus 

372 mL/kg [IQR, 267 – 488 mL/kg] for sulfadoxine [P=.0021] and 6.28 L/kg [IQR, 3.83 

– 11.24 L/kg] versus 3.83 L/kg [IQF, 2.73 – 5.11 L/kg] for pyrimethamine [P=.0001]). 

Day 7 concentrations of both sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine provided good surrogate


measures (R – 2 >= 0.72) of their respective AUCs. Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic 

factors may contribute to the increased risk of sulfadoxine – pyrimethamine 

antimalarial treatment failure in young children. The current dose recommendations 

need revision. We predict that children aged 2 to 5 years should be treated with I g 

sulfadoxine/50 mg pyrimethamine to achieve drug concentrations equivalent to those 

in adults. 

No.75 

Author(s) : Barry C. 

Title : Investing in miracles: El Shaddai and the transformation of popular Catholicism in 

the Philippines. 

Source : Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 37(3): 565 – 566, 2006 (Oct). 

Document Type : Book Review. 



No.76 

Author(s) : Beeton K, De Kleijn P, Hilliard P, Funk S, Zourikian N, Bergstrom BM, 

Engelbert RHH, Van der Net JJ, Manco – Johnson MJ, Petrini P, Van den Berg M, 

Abad A, Feldman BM, Doria AS, Lundin B, Poonnoose PM, John JA, Kavitha ML, 

Padankatti SM, Devadarasini M, Pazani D, Srivastava A, Van Genderen FR, 

Vachalathiti R. 

Title : Recent developments in clinimetric instruments. 

Source : Haemophilia. 12 (Suppl.3): 102 – 107, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Clinimetric instruments, HJSS, MRI Score, HAL, FISH. 

Abstract : Assessment of impairment and function is essential in order to monitor joint status 

and evaluate therapeutic interventions in patients with haemophilia. The 

improvements in the treatment of haemophilia have required the development of 

more sensitive tools to detect the more minor dysfunctions that may now be apparent. 

This paper outlines some of the recent developments in this field. The Haemophilia 

Joint Health Score (HJHS) provides a systematic and robust measure of joint 

impairment. The MRI Scoring System has been designed to provide a comprehensive 

scoring system combining both progressive and additive scales. The Functional 

Independence Score for Haemophilia (FISH) has been developed to assess performance 

of functional activities and can be used in conjunction with the Haemophilia Activities 

List (HAL) which provides a self report measure of function. It is recommended that 

both measures are evaluated as these tools measure different constructs. Further 

refinement and testing of the psychometric properties of all of these tools is in 

progress. More widespread use of these tools will enable the sharing of data across 

the world so promoting best practice and ultimately enhancing patient care. 

No.77 

Author(s) : Bejrachandra S, Saipin J, Nathalang O, Siriboonrit U, Rungroung E, Udee S. 

Title : External quality assessment scheme in red blood cell serology: A 5 – year experience 

in Thailand. 

Source : Immunohematology. 22 (1): 1 – 5, 2006. 


Keywords : External quality assessment, RBC serology, Thailand. 

Abstract : From 2000 to 2004, 36, 58, 72, 78, and 86 laboratories participated in an external 

quality assessment scheme (EQAS) organized by the Department of Transfusion 

Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital. Each year the staff was requested to 

perform ABO grouping, D typing, antibody screening, antibody identification, and 

DATs on eight blood samples. Each participant received information on the correct 

test results and a coded summary. Regarding ABO grouping, the error rate ranged 

from 0.3 to 1.3 percent, mostly due to human errors. Error rates in D typing ranged 

from 0.7 to 5.7 percent, the most problematic being weak D phenotype interpretation. 

Although every sample was negative by the DAT, error rates due to false positive test 

results were determined to be 0.4 to 2.1 percent. Antibody screening errors were also 

found; however, errors steadily decreased from 4.2 percent in 2000 to 0.3 percent in 

2004. Only 69.4 to 87.2 percent of laboratories performed antibody identification; 

however, correct results increased from 78.4 to 91.0 percent. In conclusion, an EQAS 

in RBC serology should be used to compare results from different laboratories and to 

identify those laboratories that need improvement in testing procedures. 

27


No.78 

Author(s) : Blackman JA, Poulter J. 

Title : Exact calculations for the ground state properties of the frustrated 2 – dimensional 

Ising model. 

Source : Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 30 (1): 139 – 151, 2006 (Feb). 

Document Type : Conference Paper. 


Abstract : We have developed a technique that enables the exact calculation of the ground state 

properties of the 2 – dimensional J Ising model. This paper gives an overview of the 

methodology and describes the latest results on the correlation function. 

No.79 

Author(s) : Blacksell SD. 

Title : Laboratory diagnosis of tropical infections. 

Source : Australian Journal of Medical Science. 27 (1): 3, 2006 (Feb). 

Document Type : Note. 



No.80 

Author(s) : Blacksell SD. 

Title : Serological and clinical diagnosis of dengue virus infection – A review of current 

knowledge. 

Source : Australian Journal of Medical Science. 27 (1): 26 – 33, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Assay, Dengue virus, Flavivirus, Rapid, Serology. 

Abstract : Dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome are tropical 

diseases that cause significant disease burden. It is estimated that more than 2.5 

billion people are at risk of infection and more than 100 countries have endemic 

dengue virus transmission. This paper reviews the available serological assays for 

the diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection, differentiation of primary and later 

infections, and their appropriate application depending on the setting. Dengue clinical 

syndromes and diagnostic criteria are also described. 

No.81 

Author(s) : Blacksell SD, Doust JA, Newton PN, Peacock SJ, Day NPJ, Dondorp AM. 

Title : A systematic review and meta – analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of rapid 

immunochromatographic assays for the detection of dengue virus IgM antibodies 

during acute infection. 

Source : Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 100 (8): 775 – 

784, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Dengue, Diagnosis, Immunochromatographic test, IgM, Antibody. 

Abstract : A meta – analysis of rapid (


No.82 

Author(s) : Blacksell SD, Khounsy S, Phetsouvanh R, Newton PN. 

Title : A simple and inexpensive container for the transport of biological specimens in limited 

resource situations. 


1086, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Biological specimens, Sample transport, Laos. 

Abstract : We describe a diagnostic specimen transport container that is appropriate for limited 

resource or emergency settings. The transport container, is constructed from polyvinyl 

chloride (PVC) plumbing pipe, which is readily available and inexpensive (US$1 – 2, 

depending on size) and has wide flexibility of size due to the range of PVC pipe 

dimensions available. The PVC transporters are durable, water – resistant and may 

be easily decontaminated. They have been adapted for the transport of blood culture 

bottles from provincial hospitals in Laos, where, during a 2 – year period, 380 PVC 

tubes containing blood culture bottles were transported without any leakage or 

breakage. We have found the PVC transporter to be a useful and cost – efficient 

durable alternative that meets IATA Packing Instruction 650 biological transport 

container requirements. 

No.83 

Author(s) : Blacksell SD, Newton PN, Bell D, Kelley J, Mammen MP, Vaughn DW, Wuthiekanun 

V, Sungkakum A, Nisalak A, Day NPJ. 

Title : The comparative accuracy of 8 commercial rapid immunochromatographic assays for 

the diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 42 (8): 1127 – 1134, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Linked – immunosorbent assay, Serological Diagnosis, Hemorrhagic – fever, 

Immunoglobulin – M, Capture ELISA, Antibodies. 

Abstract : Background: The serological diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection relies on the 

detection of dengue – specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. 

Immunochromatographic tests are rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that can be performed 

at the bedside, but they have not been fully validated for diagnosis of dengue infection. 

Methods: More than 20 RDTs for diagnosis of acute dengue infection are commercially 

available. Of these, 8 were selected for evaluation of performance by use of 

characterized dengue and nondengue serum specimens, and results were compared 

with those of a previously published dengue IgM/IgG enzyme – linked immunosorbent 

assay in conjunction with dengue virus serotyping by reverse – transcriptase 

polymerase chain reaction. Results: Assay sensitivities were low, ranging from 6.4% 

(95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0% – 9.7%) to 65.3% (95% CI, 59.9% – 70.5%), and 

specificities ranged from 69.1% (95% CI, 61.4% – 76.0%) to 100% (95% CI, 97.8% – 

100%). Of the 8 tests, only 2 had sensitivities of > 50%, the level considered to be 

clinically useful, and, of these, 1 had relatively low specificity (69.1%). Samples collected 

early in the infection were less likely to test positive than those collected later. A 

thermal stability study demonstrated a loss in performance of some RDTs when they 

were stored at a high ambient temperature for 3 months. Conclusions: Users of RDTs 

for dengue should be aware that many of these tests have a diagnostic accuracy that 

falls well below the manufacturers’ claims. If an acute specimen yields a negative 

result, a convalescent serum sample should be tested to confirm the result. No RDT 

adequately differentiated primary and secondary dengue infections, and the tests 

should not be used for this purpose. 

No.84 

Author(s) : Blessborn D, Neamin G, Bergqvist Y, Lindegardh N. 

Title : A new approach to evaluate stability of amodiaquine and its metabolite in blood and 

plasma. 

Source : Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 41 (1): 207 – 212, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Antimalarial, Amoditiquine, Chloroquine, Desethylamodiaquine, Liquid 

chromatography, Solid – phase extraction, Stability. 

Abstract : A stability study for amodiaquine (AQ) and desethylamodiaquine (AQm) in whole 

blood and plasma is reported. AQ, AQm and chloroquine (CQ) were simultaneously 

analysed and the ratios AQ/CQ and AQm/CQ were used to ensure correct 

interpretation of the stability results. CQ was stable in whole blood and plasma at all 

tested temperatures enabling it to be a stability marker in stability studies. 

29


30 

Simultaneous analysis of compounds, of which at least one is already known to be 

stable, permits a within sample ratio to be used as a stability indicator, the new 

approach significantly reduced bias when compared to the traditional approach. AQ 

and AQm were stable in plasma at –86 degrees C and –20 degrees C for 35 days, at 4 

degrees C for 14 days and at 22 degrees C for 1 day. AQ and AQm were stable in blood 

at –86 degrees C and 4 degrees C for 35 days, at –20 degrees C and 22 degrees C for 

7 days and at 37 degrees C for 1 day. 

No.85 

Author(s) : Boonbumrung K, Wuthiekanun V, Rengpipat S, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ. 

Title : In vitro motility of a population of clinical Burkholderia Pseudomallei isolates. 



Keywords : Burkholderia pseudomallei, In vitro motility. 

Abstract : Melioidosis, a serious infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a leading 

cause of community – acquired sepsis in Northeast Thailand, and the commonest 

cause of death from community – acquired pneumonia in the Top End of Northern 

Australia. The causative organism is a Gram – negative, motile bacillus that is a 

facultative intracellular pathogen. B. pseudomallei flagella have been proposed as a 

possible vaccine candidate and putative virulence determinant. Flagella expression 

was highly conserved for 205 clinical B. pseudomallei isolates, as defined by in vitro 

swim and swarm motility assays. No association was found between motility and 

clinical factors including bacteremia and death. 

No.86 

Author(s) : Boonchai W. 

Title : Treatment of precancerous and cancerous lesions of chronic arsenicism with 5% 

imiquimod cream. 

Source : Archives of Dermatology. 142 (4): 531 – 532, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Basal – cell carcinoma, Therapeutic response. 


No.87 

Author(s) : Boonclarm D, Sornwatana T, Arthan D, Kongsaeree P, Svasti J. 

Title : Beta – glucosidase catalyzing specific hydrolysis of an iridoid beta – glucoside from 

Plumeria obtuse. 

Source : Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 38 (8): 563 – 570, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Beta – glucosidase, Plumeria obtuse, Iridoid beta – glucoside, Plumieride coumarate 

glucoside, 13 – O – coumarylplumieride. 

Abstract : An iridoid beta – glucoside, namely plumieride coumarate glucoside, was isolated 

from the Plumeria obtusa (white frangipani) flower. A beta – glucosidase, purified to 

homogeneity from P. obtusa, could hydrolyze plumieride coumarate glucoside to its 

corresponding 13 – O – coumarylplumieride. Plumeria beta – glucosidase is a 

monomeric glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 60.6 kDa and an isoelectric point 

of 4.90. The purified beta – glucosidase had an optimum pH of 5.5 for p – nitrophenol 

(pNP) – beta – D – glucoside and for its natural substrate. The Km values for pNP – 

beta – D – glucoside and Plumeria beta – glucoside were 5.04 +/ – 0.36 mM and 1.02 +/ 

– 0.06 mM, respectively. The enzyme had higher hydrolytic activity towards pNP – 

beta – D – fucoside than pNP – beta – D – glucoside. No activity was found for other 

pNP – glycosides. Interestingly, the enzyme showed a high specificity for the glucosyl 

group attached to the C – 7' position of the coumaryl moiety of plumieride coumarate 

glucoside. The enzyme showed poor hydrolysis of 4 – methylumbelliferyl – beta – 

glucoside and esculin, and did not hydrolyze alkyl – beta – glucosides, glucobioses, 

cyanogenic – beta – glucosides, steroid beta – glucosides, nor other iridoid beta – 

glucosides. In conclusion, the Plumeria beta – glucosidase shows high specificity for 

its natural substrate, plumieride coumarate glucoside.


No.88 

Author(s) : Boondirek A, Lenbury Y, Wong – Ekkabut J, Triampo W, Tang IM, Picha P. 

Title : A stochastic model of cancer growth with immune response. 

Source : Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 49 (4): 1652 – 1666, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Cancer growth, Immune response, Cellular automaton, Monte Carlo, Gompertz curve. 

Abstract : A cellular automaton model for the growth of an avascular tumor on a two – dimensional 

square lattice is presented. The pattern formation and the growth of the cell population 

are investigated by using a Monte Carlo simulation. A microscopic description of the 

immune system response, including cell proliferation, cell death, and cell degradation, 

is used to simulate the growth. In particular, the escape rate for cancer from immune 

surveillance is included for consistency with experimental observations. The simulation 

results give rise to a growth curve with an explanation on a microscopic scale that is 

shown to agree well with experimental animal tumor growth and relevant biological 

implications. Our model clearly shows that an increase in the lysis rate leads to a 

decrease in the proliferation rate of cancer cells. The spatial distribution of proliferated 

cell and the fractal dimension of the boundary are also measured. 

No.89 

Author(s) : Boonkaewwan C, Toskulkao C, Vongsakul M. 

Title : Anti – inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and its metabolite 

steviol on THP – 1 cells. 

Source : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (3): 785 – 789, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : IKK beta, IL – 1 beta, NF – kappa B, Nitric oxide, Stevioside, TNF – alpha. 

Abstract : Stevioside, a natural noncaloric sweetener isolated from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, 

possesses anti – inflammatory and antitumor promoting properties; however, no 

information is available to explain its activity. The aim of this study was to elucidate 

the anti – inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and its 

metabolite, steviol. Stevioside at 1 mM significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide 

(LPS) – induced release of TNF – alpha and IL – 1 beta and slightly suppressed nitric 

oxide release in THP – 1 cells without exerting any direct toxic effect, whereas steviol 

at 100 mu M did not. Activation of IKK beta and transcription factor NF – kappa B 

were suppressed by stevioside, as demonstrated by Western blotting. Furthermore, 

only stevioside induced TNF – alpha, IL – 1 beta, and nitric oxide release in 

unstimulated THP – 1 cells. Release of TNF – alpha could be partially neutralized by 

anti – TLR4 antibody. This study suggested that stevioside attenuates synthesis of 

inflammatory mediators in LPS – stimulated THP – 1 cells by interfering with the 

IKK beta and NF – kappa B signaling pathway, and stevioside – induced TNF – alpha 

secretion is partially mediated through TLR4. 

No.90 

Author(s) : Boonkusol D, Gal AB, Bodo S, Gorhony B, Kitiyanant Y, Dinnyes A. 

Title : Gene expression profiles and in vitro development following vitrification of pronuclear 

and 8 – cell stage mouse embryos. 

Source : Molecular Reproduction and Development. 73 (6): 700 – 708, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Cryopreservation, Gene expression, Solid surface vitrification, In – straw, Vitrification, 

Real – time RT – PCR. 

Abstract : The analysis of differences in gene expression, responding to cryopreservation may 

explain some of the observed differences in further development of the 

preimplantation stage embryos. The aim of this study was to create a link, for the 

first time, between morphological/developmental observations and gene activity 

changes following cryopreservation of embryos. Efficiency of two vitrification methods, 

solid surface and in – straw vitrifications for pronuclear – stage mouse zygotes and 8 

– cell stage mouse embryos was compared based on morphological survival, blastocyst 

formation, and changes in embryonic gene expression. Both stages of embryos were 

vitrified by SSV using 35% ethylene glycol (EG) for vitrification solution (VS) and in 

– straw vitrification using 40% EG for VS. No significant differences were found 

between immediate survival rates of embryos vitrified by SSV and in – straw 

vitrification in both stages. Blastocyst rates were significantly higher with SSV and 

not significantly different from that of control. These results showed that SSV was 

more efficient than in – straw vitrification. Treatment with cytochalasin – b did not 

improve cryosurvival during SSV. The quantification of selected gene transcripts 

from single embryo (6 embryos/treatment group) were carried out by quantitative 

31


32 

real – time RT – PCR. It was performed by adding 1/8 of each embryo cDNA to the 

PCR mix containing the specific primers to amplify housekeeping gene (beta – actin), 

heat shock protein gene (Hsp70), genes related to oxidative stress (MnSOD and 

CuSOD), cold stress (CirpB, Rbm3), and cell – cycle arrest (Trp53). We found 

upregulation of all six stress – related genes at 3 hr post – warming in pronuclear 

stage embryos. Expression of these genes showed much higher level (2 – 33 – fold) in 

in – straw vitrification than in in vitro control embryos. In SSV – treated embryos we 

could detect only slight changes (0.3 – 2 – fold). At 10 hr post – warming, all genes 

were downregulated in embryos vitrified by in – straw method. In SSV – treated 

group expression of Hsp70 showed slight increase and Trp53 showed decrease. In 

contrast to pronuclear stage, there was no clear pattern of gene expression changes 

after vitrification in 8 – cell stage embryos. Several genes were upregulated both at 3 

and 10 hr post – warming. Moreover, we found upregulation of beta – actin gene 

which we expected to use as a reference gene in in – straw treated embryos in both 

3 and 10 hr post – warming, while in pronuclear stage embryos and in SSV treatment 

there was no effect on beta – actin expression level. There was no difference in gene 

expression between blastocysts developed from fresh or vitrified embryos. In 

conclusion, the real – time RT – PCR method from single embryo opened new 

opportunities for the understranding of molecular events following cryopreservation. 

The upregulation of stress – related genes at 3 hr post – warming in pronuclear stage 

embryos might have been an early indicator of reduced viability following in – straw 

vitrification in good correlation with the developmental data to blastocyst stage. 

No.91 

Author(s) : Boonme P, Krauel K, Graf A, Rades T, Junyaprasert VB. 

Title : Characterization of microemulsion structures in the pseudoternary phase diagram 

of isopropyl palmitate/water/Brij 97: 1 – butanol. 

Source : AAPS PharmSciTech. 7 (2): Article No.45, 2006. 


Keywords : Microemulsions, Characterization, Colloidal structure, DSC, Cryo – FESEM, NMR. 

Abstract : This research was aimed to characterize microemulsion systems of isopropyl palmitate 

(IPP), water, and 2:1 Brij 97 and 1 – butanol by different experimental techniques. A 

pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed using water titration method. At 45% 

wt/wt surfactant system, microemulsions containing various ratios of water and IPP 

were prepared and identified by electrical conductivity, viscosity, differential scanning 

calorimetry (DSC), cryo – field emission scanning electron microscopy (cryo – FESEM) 

and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results from conductivity and viscosity 

suggested a percolation transition from water – in – oil (water/oil) to oil – in – water 

(oil/water) microemulsions at 30% wt/wt water. From DSC results, the exothermic 

peak of water and the endothermic peak of IPP indicated that the transition of water/ 

oil to oil/water microemulsions occurred at 30% wt/wt water. Cryo – FESEM 

photomicrographs revealed globular structures of microemulsions at higher than 

15% wt/wt water. In addition, self – diffusion coefficients determined by NMR reflected 

that the diffusability of water increased at higher than 35% wt/wt water, while that of 

IPP was in reverse. Therefore, the results from all techniques are in good agreement 

and indicate that the water/oil and oil/water transition point occurred in the range of 

30% to 35% wt/wt water. 

No.92 

Author(s) : Boonme P, Krauel K, Graf A, Rades T, Junyaprasert VB. 

Title : Characterization of microstructures formed in isopropyl palmitate/water/Aerosol (R) 

OT: 1 – butanol (2:1) system. 

Source : Pharmazie. 61 (11): 927 – 932, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : In – oil microemulsions, Transdermal drug – delivery, Resonance energy – transfer, 

Mixed surfactants, Diffusion, Behavior, Butanol. 

Abstract : The aim of this work was to determine the type and microstructure of microemulsion 

samples formed in IPP/water/Aerosol (R) OT: 1 – butanol (2:1) systems as a case study 

for the investigation of microemulsions. The concentration of the surfactant/ 

cosurfactant mixture was kept constant while the ratio of water to oil was varied. 

Several techniques were used to investigate the types and phase transitions of the 

microemulsion formulations. The experimental methods used included visual 

observation cross – polarized light microscopy (PLM) appearance, conductivity, 

viscosity, cryo – field emission scanning electron microscopy (cryo – FESEM), 

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and


fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Taken together, the results of the 

various techniques imply that the systems investigated are undergoing two transitions 

as a function of water concentration. Between 10 – 15%w/w of water, the systems 

change from headgroup hydrated surfactant solutions in oil (or possibly very small 

reversed micellar systems) to w/o microemulsions. These systems then change to o/ 

w microemulsions between 25 – 30%w/w of water. The transitions however, appear 

to be gradual, as for example the DSC data indicates a transition between 15 – 20%w/ 

w of water. Furthermore, for some methods the changes observed were very weak, 

and only with supportive data of other techniques can the phase behaviour of the 

microemulsion systems is interpreted with confidence. Interestingly, no indication of 

the presence of a bicontinuous intermediate microstructure was found. Liquid crystal 

formation was detected in samples containing 55%w/w of water. 

No.93 

Author(s) : Boonpangrak S, Prachayasittikul V, Bulow L, Ye L. 

Title : Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres prepared by precipitation polymerization 

using a sacrificial covalent bond. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 99 (4): 1390 – 1398, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Cholesterol, Microspheres, Molecular imprinting, Precipitation polymerization. 

Abstract : Molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were prepared by precipitation 

polymerization using a sacrificial covalent bond. In the present model, cholesteryl (4 

– vinyl) phenyl carbonate was used as a template monomer. The imprinted 

microspheres were prepared using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) and 

divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinker. The base – labile carbonate ester bond was 

easily hydrolyzed to leave imprinted cavities in the resulting polymers. Radioligand 

binding analysis, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to 

characterize the imprinted materials. Imprinted microspheres prepared from DVB 

crosslinker had larger and more defined spherical shape, and displayed better 

imprinting effect than did the EDMA – based microparticles. For compar ison, imprinted 

bulk polymers were also prepared in the same reaction solvent as that used in 

precipitation polymerization. Elemental analysis results indicated that imprinted 

microspheres contained more template monomer units than bulk materials. The 

efficiency of template removal by hydrolysis treatment for microspheres was also 

higher than that for bulk polymers. For DVB – based polymers, imprinted microspheres 

displayed higher specific cholesterol uptake than did the corresponding bulk polymer. 

No.94 

Author(s) : Boonpangrak S, Whitcombe MJ, Prachayasittikul V, Mosbach K, Ye L. 

Title : Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers using nitroxide – mediated living 

radical polymerization. 

Source : Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 22 (3): 349 – 354, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Molecular imprinting, Living radical polymerization, Nitroxide – mediated 

polymerization, Cholesterol. 

Abstract : The use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in chemical and bioanalytical 

applications has been gaining in interest in recent years. Compared to their biological 

receptor counterparts, MIP’s are easy to prepare, have long shelf stability and can be 

used under a variety of harsh conditions. The majority of MIPs currently used are 

produced by traditional free radical polymerization. One drawback with the use of 

standard free radical initiators is that little control can be exerted over the chemical 

processes that form the final imprinted cavities. In this study we set out to investigate 

the application of controlled (living) free radical polymerization to the preparation of 

MIPs. This was exemplified by the synthesis of cholesterol – imprinted bulk polymers 

by nitroxide – mediated polymerization (NMP). A sacrificial covalent bond was employed 

to maintain imprinting fidelity at elevated temperature. Selective uptake of cholesterol 

from solutions in hexane was studied with imprinted polymers prepared under different 

conditions. The imprinted hydrolyzed MIP prepared by NMP displayed higher selective 

cholesterol binding than that prepared by a traditional radical polymerization. 

33


No.95 

Author(s) : Boonsanongchokying C, Sang – oum W, Sithigomgul P, Sriurairatana S, Flegel TW. 

Title : Production of monoclonal antibodies to polyhedrin of Monodon Baculovirus (MBV) 

from shrimp. 



Keywords : MBV, Monoclonal antibodies, Monodon baculovirus, Polyhedrin. 

Abstract : Monodon baculovirus (MBV) is a member of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) 

group that produces polyhedral protein occlusion bodies that contain virions in epithelial 

cells of the hepatopancreas of the peinaeid shrimp Penaeus monodon. The major 

constituent protein of occlusion bodies is polyhedrin. Polyhedrin protein of MBV was 

extracted from the infected hepatopancreas of P. monodon post larvae by hydroforce 

and partially purified using Urografin gradient ultracentrifugation. A fraction at 50% 

Urografin was examined by electron microscopy and shown to be dominated by 

polyhedrin protein particles of 20 – 23 nm diameters. By SDS – PAGE, this fraction 

yielded a single protein band at a molecular weight of 58 kDa corresponding to the 

published size of MBV polyhedrin. This fraction was used to produce 17 monoclonal 

antibodies (MAb) that were specific to MBV and without cross – reactivity to other 

common shrimp viruses (i.e, hepatopancreatic parvovirus or HPV, yellow head virus 

or YHV and white spot syndrome virus or WSSV) by immunohistochemistry. These 

antibodies could be used to detect purified – polyhedrin with high sensitivity up to 0.2 

g/ml by dot blot immunoassay. These MAb are candidates for sensitive MBV 

immunodetection methods. 

No.96 

Author(s) : Boonserm P, Mo M, Angsuthanasombat C, Lescar J. 

Title : Structure of the functional form of the mosquito larvicidal Cry4Aa toxin from Bacillus 

thuringiensis at a 2.8 – Angstrom resolution. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (9): 3391 – 3401, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Manduca – sexta aminopeptidase, Receptor – binding domain, Delta – endotoxin, 

Insecticidal toxin, Crytal – Stracture, Alpha – 4 – alpha – 5 loop, Spodoptera – exigua, 

Subsp. israelensis, Escherichia – coli, CryIA (c) toxin. 

Abstract : The Cry4Aa delta – endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to larvae of Culex, 

Anopheles, and Aedes mosquitoes, which are vectors of important human tropical 

diseases. With the objective of designing modified toxins with improved potency that 

could be used as biopesticides, we determined the structure of this toxin in its 

functional form at a resolution of 2.8 angstrom. Like other Cry delta – endotoxins, 

the activated Cry4Aa toxin consists of three globular domains, a seven – alpha – helix 

bundle responsible for pore formation (domain I) and the following two other domains 

having structural similarities with carbohydrate binding proteins: a beta – prism 

(domain II) and a plant lectin – like beta – sandwich (domain III). We also studied the 

effect on toxicity of amino acid substitutions and deletions in three loops located at 

the surface of the putative receptor binding domain II of Cry4Aa. Our results indicate 

that one loop is an important determinant of toxicity, presumably through attachment 

of Cry4Aa to the surface of mosquito cells. The availability of the Cry4Aa structure 

should guide further investigations aimed at the molecular basis of the target specificity 

and membrane insertion of Cry endotoxins. 

No.97 

Author(s) : Boonserm P, Moonsom S, Boonchoy C, Promdonkoy B, Parthasarathy K, Torres J. 

Title : Association of the components of the binary toxin from Bacillus sphaericus in solution 

and with model lipid bilayers. 

Source : Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 342(4): 273–1278, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Infrared spectroscopy, Binary toxin, Membranes, Mechanism, Insertion, Circular 

dichroism. 

Abstract : We show herein that interaction in aqueous solution of the two components of binary 

toxin from Bacillus sphaericus, BinA and BinB, leads to a dramatic conformational 

change, from beta turns or randorn coil, to beta structure. Also, either BinA or BinB 

separately or their equimolar mixture, interact with lipid bilayers resulting in further 

conformational changes. Upon membrane association, the change in conformation 

observed for BinA or BinB separately is different from that observed when the 

proteins are combined, indicating that proper folding depends oil the presence of the 

complementary subunit. We also show, in contrast to previous reports, that BinB, but 

not BinA, is able to insert in model neutral lipid monolayers. 

34


No.98 

Author(s) : Boonsongrit Y, Mitrevej A, Mueller BW. 

Title : Chitosan drug binding by ionic interaction. 

Source : European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 62(3):267–274, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Chitosan, Ionic interaction, Microparticles, Nanoparticles, Insulin, Diclofenac sodium, 

Salicylic acid. 

Abstract : Three model drugs (insulin, diclofenac sodium, and salicylic acid) with different pI or 

pKa were used to prepare drug – chitosan micro/nanoparticles by ionic interaction. 

Physicochemical properties and entrapment efficiencies were determined. The amount 

of drug entrapped in the formulation influences zeta potential and surface charge of 

the micro/nanoparticles. A high entrapment efficiency of the micro/nanoparticles 

could be obtained by careful control of formulation pH. The maximum entrapment 

efficiency did not occur in the highest ionization range of the model drugs. The high 

burst release of drugs from chitosan micro/nanoparticles was observed regardless of 

the pH of dissolution media. It can be concluded that the ionic interaction between 

drug and chitosan is low and too weak to control the drug release. 

No.99 

Author(s) : Boontem P, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Chetsawang B, Ebadi M, Govitrapong P. 

Title : The existence of dopamine transporter immunoreactive terminals in bovine pineal 

gland. 





No.100 

Author(s) : Boriboonhirunsarn D, Talungjit P, Sunsaneevithayakul P, Sirisomboon R. 

Title : Adverse pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus. 



Keywords : Gestational diabetes mellitus, Pregnancy outcomes. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate adverse pregnancy outcome in women diagnosed with 

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at Siriraj hospital. Study design: Cross – sectional 

study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj 

Hospital, Mahidol University. Material and Method: One hundred and sixty two women 

who were diagnosed with GDM and who received treatment following clinical practice 

guideline at Siriraj hospital were enrolled. Data were abstracted from medical record 

regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes of both the mothers and their infants. Results: 

The most common clinical risk for GDM was age e•30 years (116 cases, 71.6%), 

followed by family history of diabetes mellitus (81 cases, 50%) and obesity (47 cases, 

29%). Majority of the women were GDM class A1 (156 cases, 96.3%) and only six cases 

(3.7%) were GDM class A2. Maternal complications were found in 35 cases (21.6%) 

and the most common complications were postpartum hemorrhage (17 cases, 10.5%), 

mild preeclampsia (6 cases, 3.7%) and severe preeclampsia (3 cases, 1.9%). The most 

common neonatal complication was hypoglycemia (111 cases, 68.5%). This occurred 

in all infant of GDM class A2 mothers. Macrosomia was found in 29 cases (17.9%). No 

significant differences in maternal and neonatal complications were found between 

GDM class A1 and class A2. Conclusion: Women with GDM who were diagnosed and 

treated following treatment guidelines demonstrated no severe maternal and neonatal 

complications. 

No.101 

Author(s) : Bousquet J, van Cauwenberge P, Khaled NA, Bachert C, Baena – Cagnani CE, 

Bouchard J, Bunnag C, Canonica GW, Carlsen KH, Chen YZ, Cruz AA, Custovic A, 

Demoly P, Dubakiene R, Durham S, Fokkens W, Howarth P, Kemp J, Kowalski ML, 

Kvedariene V, Lipworth B, Lockey R, Lund V, Mavale – Manuel S, Meltzer EO, Mullol 

J, Naclerio R, Nekam K, Ohta K, Papadopoulos N, Passalacqua G, Pawankar R, 

Popov T, Potter P, Price D, Scadding G, Simons FER, Spicak V, Valovirta E, Wang DY, 

Yawn B, Yusuf O. 

Title : Pharmacologic and anti – IgE treatment of allergic rhinitis ARIA update (in collaboration 

with GA(2)LEN). 

Source : Allergy. 61 (9): 1086 – 1096, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : ARIA, Asthma, GA(2)LEN, IgE, Pharmacotherapy, Rhinitis. 

Abstract : The pharmacologic treatment of allergic rhinitis proposed by ARIA is an evidence – 

based and step – wise approach based on the classification of the symptoms. The 

35


36 

ARIA workshop, held in December 1999, published a report in 2001 and new 

information has subsequently been published. The initial ARIA document lacked 

some important information on several issues. This document updates the ARIA 

sections on the pharmacologic and anti – IgE treatments of allergic rhinitis. Literature 

published between January 2000 and December 2004 has been included. Only a few 

studies assessing nasal and non – nasal symptoms are presented as these will be 

discussed in a separate document. 

No.102 

Author(s) : Brittenham GM, Tosti CLV, Golay X, Van Cauteren M, Lekprasert V, Tangpukdee N, 

Krudsood S, Leowattana W, Wilairatana P, Swarninathan SV, DeLapaz RL, Brown 

TR, Looareesuwan S, Laothamatas J. 

Title : Hemolytic anemia and thromobocytopenia associated with ischernic brain lesions in 

patients with acute uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum malaria. 

Source : Blood. 108 (11): 451A – 451A 1572 (Part 1), 2006 (Nov). 




No.103 

Author(s) : Bryant J, Sonerson A. 

Title : Gauging the cost of aging. 

Source : Finance and Development. 43 (3): 48 – 50, 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : To explore the implications of population aging for New Zealand, the New Zealand 

Treasury collaborated with the Ministry of Health in 2002 – 04 to build a health 

expenditure model. The model shows how the demographic and health profile of the 

New Zealand population is changing and how these changes create pressures for 

increased government health expenditure. Results suggest that future demographic 

changes may be less threatening than is often assumed. However, maintaining the 

current growth rates of government health expenditure would mean substantial 

increases in the ratio between expenditure and gross domestic product. 

No.104 

Author(s) : Buanuam J, Miro M, Hansen EH, Shiowatana J. 

Title : On – line dynamic fractionation and automatic determination of inorganic phosphorus 

in environmental solid substrates exploiting sequential injection microcolumn 

extraction and flow injection analysis. 

Source : Analytica Chimica Acta. 570 (2): 224 – 231, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Sequential injection, Dynamic fractionation, Inorganic phosphorus, Soil. 

Abstract : Sequential injection microcolumn extraction (SI – MCE) based on the implementation 

of a soil – containing microcartridge as external reactor in a sequential injection 

network is, for the first time, proposed for dynamic fractionation of macronutrients 

in environmental solids, as exemplified by the partitioning of inorganic phosphorus in 

agricultural soils. The on – line fractionation method capitalises on the accurate 

metering and sequential exposure of the various extractants to the solid sample by 

application of programmable flow as precisely coordinated by a syringe pump. Three 

different soil phase associations for phosphorus, that is, exchangeable, Al – and Fe – 

bound, and Ca – bound fractions, were elucidated by accommodation in the flow 

manifold of the three steps of the Hieltjes – Lijklema (HL) scheme involving the use 

of 1.0 M NH 4 Cl, 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M HCl, respectively, as sequential leaching 

reagents. The precise timing and versatility of SI for tailoring various operational 

extraction modes were utilized for investigating the extractability and the extent of 

phosphorus re – distribution for variable partitioning times. Automatic 

spectrophotometric determination of soluble reactive phosphor – us in soil extracts 

was performed by a flow injection (H) analyser based on the Molybdenum Blue (MB) 

chemistry. The 3 sigma detection limit was 0.02 mg P L – 1 while the linear dynamic 

range extended up to 20 mg P L – 1 regardless of the extracting media. Despite the 

variable chemical composition of the HL extracts, a single FI set – up was assembled 

with no need for either manifold re – configuration or modification of chemical 

composition of reagents. The mobilization of trace elements, such as Cd, often present 

in grazed pastures as a result of the application of phosphate fertilizers, was also 

explored in the HL fractions by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.


No.105 

Author(s) : Buanuam J, Tiptanasup K, Shiowatana J, Miro M, Hansen EH. 

Title : Development of a simple extraction cell with bi – directional continuous flow coupled 

on – line to ICP – MS for assessment of elemental associations in solid samples. 

Source : Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 8 (12): 1248 – 1254, 2006. 


Keywords : New – Zealand soils, Sequential extraction, Contaminated soils, Metal speciation, 

Environmental – samples, Trace – elements, Heavy – metals, Fractionation, System, 

Spectrometry. 

Abstract : A continuous – flow system comprising a novel, custom – built extraction module and 

hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometric (ICP – MS) detection 

is proposed for assessing metal mobilities and geochemical associations in soil 

compartments as based on using the three step BCR (now the Measurements and 

Testing Programme of the European Commission) sequential extraction scheme. 

Employing a peristaltic pump as liquid driver, alternate directional flows of the 

extractants are used to overcome compression of the solid particles within the 

extraction unit to ensure a steady partitioning flow rate and thus to maintain constant 

operationally defined extraction conditions. The proposed flow set – up is proven to 

allow for trouble – free handling of soil samples up to 1 g and flow rates


38 

were collected from registration and importation database of the Thai FDA. Demand 

and product cost were obtained from the local importers and from IMS, Thailand. 

Available inhaled products comprise of 39% CFC MDIs, 28% DPIs, 20% solutions for 

nebulizers and 13% HFA MDIs, respectively. All 31 brands of portable hand – held 

inhalers, comprising 16 CFC MDls, 6 HFA MDIs and 9 DPIs, are imported, only 

solutions for nebulization are locally manufactured. Salbutamol is mostly prescribed 

MDI, its consumption is over 50% of all. The transition to non – CFC alternatives 

(HFA MDIs and DPIs) has become evidence since 2000. After being informed about 

the demand and supply of the inhalers, in 2005, Thai FDA has announced its CFC 

phase – out policy and encouraged importation of HFA alternatives by facilitating the 

registration and approval process. When the most prescribing CFC MDls, salbutamol, 

is completely replaced with non – CFC form in 2006, Thailand would be able to reduce 

considerable amount of CFCs into our atmosphere. 

No.108 

Author(s) : Bunnag P, Plengvidhya N, Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, Kosachunhanun 

N, Benjasuratwong Y, Krittiyawong S, Leelawatana R, Pratipanawatr T, Ngarmukos 

C, Chetthakul T, Puavilai G, Mongkolsomlit S, Rawdaree P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence of hypertension, treatment and control 

of blood pressure in hypertensive adults with type 2 diabetes. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (Suppl.1): S72 – S77, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Antihypertensive drugs, Diabetes, Diabetes registry, Hypertension. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension, patterns of antihypertensive 

treatment and level of blood pressure control in adult Thai type 2 diabetic patients 

who attended diabetes clinics in university and tertiary – care hospitals. Material and 

Method: A cross – sectional, multi – center, hospital – based diabetes registry of 8,884 

adults 18 years old and older was carried out from diabetes clinics of 11 tertiary 

centers. Demographic data, including use of antihypertensive drugs and blood samples 

were collected and analyzed for prevalence, associated factors, patterns of 

antihypertensive therapy and level of blood pressure control. Results: The prevalence 

of hypertension in adult Thai type 2 diabetic patients was 78.4 (6,965)%. 

Antihypertensive drugs were prescribed in 84.4 (5,878)% of all hypertensive patients. 

The achievement of blood pressure control (less than 130/80 mmHg) was 13.85%. The 

percentage of patients receiving 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 drugs were 45 (2,645)%, 33.4 (1,963)%, 

16.8 (987)%, 4.4 (259)%, and 0.4 (24)% respectively. Angiotensin – converting enzyme 

inhibitors were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents (54.6%), 

followed by diuretics (43.8%), and calcium channel blockers (34.6%). Conclusion: 

Blood pressure control in hypertensive adults with type 2 diabetes was suboptimal. 

Strategies to improve awareness and adequacy of blood pressure control in these 

subjects should be seriously considered. 

No.109 

Author(s) : Bunnag S, Vareesangthip K, Ong – ajyooth L. 

Title : Effect of diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of microemulsion cyclosporine A in renal 

transplantation. 



Keywords : C2, Cyclosporine, Diltiazem, Pharmacokinetics. 

Abstract : Objective: Diltiazem might be used as a cyclosporine A (CsA) – sparing agent. There 

is evidence that CsA (C2) level is the best single point blood sampling for monitoring 

the CsA level. The authors, therefore, studied the effect of diltiazem on the 

pharmacokinetics (PK) of CsA, including C 2, in renal transplant patients. Material 

and Method: Twenty – five CsA – treated renal transplant patients, with neither 

diseases nor agents that alter the PK of CsA, were enrolled in the present study. The 

PK of CsA was studied in all patients before and 2 weeks after taking diltiazem. 

Results: The area under the concentration – time curve (AUC) of CsA was obtained 

by 2 methods, AUC0 – 4 and AUC0 – 12. Before taking diltiazem, the correlation (r) 

between C0 with AUC0 – 4 and C0 with AUC0 – 12 were 0.799 and 0.871, respectively 

(p = 0.01), r between C2 with AUC0 – 4 and C2 with AUC0 – 12 were 0.988 and 0.956, 

respectively (p = 0.01). Time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of CsA was at 1.5 hr 

(1.5 – 4.0 hr) [median (range)]. After two weeks of taking diltiazem, r between C2 

with AUC0 – 4 and C 0 with AUC0 – 12 were 0.577 and 0.784, respectively (p = 0.01), 

r between C2 with AUC0 – 4 and C2 with AUC0 – 12 were 0.988 and 0.896, respectively 

(p = 0.01). Tmax of CsA was at 1.5 hr (1.5 – 4.0 hr) [median (range)]. The dosage of


CsA could be reduced by 25.8% to maintain the same levels of C0 and C2 in the same 

patients after taking diltiazem. Conclusion: Diltiazem slightly altered the correlation 

between C2 with AUC of CsA. This indicates that C 2 is the best single point blood 

sampling to monitor the therapeutic levels of CsA in renal transplant patients who 

are taking diltiazem. 

No.110 

Author(s) : Bunupuradah T. 

Title : A study using the in – check Dial (R) to evaluate peak inspiratory flow rate from Thai 

children population age 5 – 18 years. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117 (2): S5 – S5 20 Suppl.S, 2006 (Feb). 




No.111 

Author(s) : Bunyaratavej P. 

Title : Oral hygiene status and smoking are strong risk indicators of periodontal disease in 

Thai adults. 

Source : Journal of Evidence – Based Dental Practice. 6 (2): 199 – 200, 2006 (Jun). 



Abstract : Article Title and Bibliographic Information: Risk indicators of periodontal disease in 

older Thai adults. Torrungruang K, Tamsailom S, Rojanasomsith K, Sutdhibhisal S, 

Nisapakultorn K, Vanichjakvong O, et al. J Periodontol 2005;76(4):558 – 65. Level of 

Evidence: 3b. Purpose/Question: What are the risk indicators of periodontal disease 

in Thai adults? Source of Funding: Government. Type of Study/Design: Case – control 

study. 

No.112 

Author(s) : Bupha – Intr T, Wattanapermpool J. 

Title : Regulatory role of ovarian sex hormones in calcium uptake activity of cardiac 

sarcoplasmic reticulum. 

Source : American Journal of Physiology – Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 291 (3): H1101 

– H1108, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ – adenosine 5' – triphosphate activity, Phospholamban, 

Phosphorylation. 

Abstract : Alterations in the intracellular Ca 2+ handling in cardiomyocytes may underlie the 

cardiac dysfunction observed in the ovarian sex hormone – deprived condition. To 

test the hypothesis that ovarian sex hormones had a significant role in the cardiac 

intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ uptake and SR 

Ca 2+ – ATPase (SERCA) activity were determined in 10 – wk ovariectomized rat 

hearts. With the use of left ventricular homogenate preparations, a significant 

suppression of maximum SR Ca 2+ uptake activity, but with an increase in SR Ca 2+ 

responsiveness, was demonstrated in ovariectomized hearts. In parallel measurements 

of SERCA activity in SR – enriched membrane preparations from ovariectomized 

hearts, a suppressed maximum SERCA activity with a leftward shift in the relationship 

between pCa (–log molar free Ca 2+ concentration) and SERCA activity was also 

detected. A significant downregulation of SERCA proteins and reduction in the SERCA 

mRNA level were observed in association with suppressed maximum SERCA activity. 

While there were no changes in total phospholamban and phosphorylated Ser16 

phospholamban levels, a decrease in phosphorylated Thr(17) phospholamban as well 

as an increase in the suprainhibitory, monomeric form of phospholamban stoichiometry 

was found. Estrogen and progesterone supplementations were equally effective in 

preventing changes in ovariectomized hearts. Our data showed for the first time that 

female sex hormones played an important role in the regulation of the cardiac SR 

Ca 2+ uptake. Under hormone – deficient conditions, there was an adaptive response 

of SERCA that escaped the regulatory effect of phospholamban. 

39


No.113 

Author(s) : Buranakitjaroen P. 

Title : An audit of blood pressure control in clinical practice in Thailand. 



Keywords : Audit, Hypertension. 

Abstract : To gain “real life” data on the BP control of hypertensive patients in clinical practice 

in Thailand, a multi – centre cross – sectional study was carried out. Demographic 

data, cardiovascular risk factors, and antihypertensive regimens were collected. A 

total of 1,259 patients were enrolled between October 2003 and December 2003, 924 

cases from 6 regions of different levels of health care and 335 cases from 4 medical 

training centres and a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok. Eighty one percent of the 

patients, age ranged from 45 to 75 years (61.2 11.6). Forty four percent of patients in 

audit had a BP < 140/90 mm Hg and only 12.3% of DM patients had attained a JNC 7 

recommended BP target of 130/80 mm Hg. Hypercholesterolaemia (65.3%) was the 

most prevalent risk followed by DM (27.7%). Antihypertensive drug used at the initial 

visit compared with the last visit were ARB (0.9% vs 6.1%), ACE Inhibitors (30.1% vs 

40.0%), – blockers (27.3% vs 46.7%), CCBs (23.2% vs 37.7%), and diuretics (46.0% vs 

53.5%). In addition, the numbers of antihypertensive drugs used at the initial visit 

compared with the last clinic visit were one drug (62.0% vs 33.0%), two drugs (29.7% 

vs 45.8%), three drugs or more (3.7% vs 20.4%), with an average of 1.3 0.6 vs 1.9 0.8 

drugs per patient. Two thirds of patients (66.2%) were on 2 or more antihypertensive 

drugs. Among the type 2 DM, 5% had records of microalbuminuria, and 50.6% and 

9.8% were receiving ACE Inhibitors and ARBs, respectively at the last clinic visit. 

No.114 

Author(s) : Buranakitjaroen P, Phoojaroenchanachai M, Saravich S. 

Title : Hypertension study among attendants at the board of investment fair 2000. 



Keywords : Board of investment fair, Hypertension, Prevalence. 

Abstract : To study the prevalence of hypertension, blood pressure (BP) controlled and 

cardiovascular risk factors in people who attended the Board of Investment 2002 Fair 

(BOI Fair). Altogether 1,774 participants aged more than 15 years old voluntarily 

participated in BP check – ups during the 3rd – 17 th February 2000 at the BOI Fair. 

Three hundred and fifty participants (19.7%) were known cases of hypertension (HT) 

and 340 participants (19.2%) were newly diagnosed hypertension cases (NHT). Of the 

HT group, 216 cases were under current treatment (61.7%) and only 69 cases (31.9%) 

had adequate BP control. Of the NHT group, cardiovascular risk factors were found 

more frequently than in normotensive participants. This study indicates the necessity 

of building up awareness in the population, improving in clinical detection, effectively 

controlling of the risk factors and the normalization of BP. This might prevent 

hypertension and reduce the cardiovascular disease. 

No.115 

Author(s) : Buranakitjaroen P, Phoojaroenchanachai M, Saravich S. 

Title : Prevalence of erectile dysfunction among treated hypertensive males. 



Keywords : Erectile dysfunction, Hypertension. 

Abstract : Objective: Study the prevalence rate of erectile dysfunction (ED) in treated 

hypertensive males. Material and Method: Four hundred and twenty nine patients 

attending the outpatient clinic at Siriraj Hospital between April 2001 and October 

2002 were interviewed. The International Index of Erectile Function, a 5 – item 

version (IIEF – 5) questionnaire was used. All questions were carried out by a well – 

trained interviewer. Result: Of the 429 patients (mean age of 57.5 12.0 years) 

interviewed, 241 cases (56.2%) reported ED. The prevalence was found to increase 

with age: from 0% in men aged < 40 years, 47.4% in men aged 40 – 59 years, and 75.3% 

in men aged e•60 years. Risk of ED was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the 

elderly (OR=4.7, 95%CI = 3.1 – 7.1), patients who suffered from hypertension longer 

than 5 years (OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 2.6 – 6.1), those with a history of back/pelvic surgery 

(OR = 2.8, 95%CI = 1.4 – 4.8), smoking (OR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.0 – 2.2), alcohol ingestion 

(OR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.3 – 3.0), diabetes mellitus (OR = 6.3, 95%CI = 3.5 – 11.2), 

diuretics (OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.3 – 2.8), and alpha – 2 agonist (OR = 7.9, 95%CI = 2.3 

– 26.1) usage. On multivariate regression analyses, the elderly (OR = 4.0, 95%CI = 2.5 

40


– 6.4), diabetes mellitus (OR = 6.4, 95%CI = 3.5 – 11.8), the usage of diuretic (OR = 2.1, 

95%CI = 1.3 – 3.4), and alpha – 2 agonist (OR = 6.0, 95%CI = 1.7 – 21.3) predicted ED 

(p < 0.005 in all categories). Neither history of back/pelvic operation, smoking, alcohol 

ingestion, overweight (BMI e•30 kg/m 2), or any other antihypertensive medications 

independently predicted ED. Conclusion: Our results indicated that ED in male 

hypertensive patients is common and the cause should be sought and avoided. Diabetic 

patients or those who have been using diuretic or alpha – 2 agonists should receive 

much attention and be routinely evaluated for ED. 

No.116 

Author(s) : Buranakitjaroen P, Phoojaroenchanachai M, Saravich S, Wongsurin U. 

Title : A study of prevalence and risk factors microalbuminuria in essential hypertensive 

patients. 

Source : Journal of Hypertension. 24 (Suppl.6): 247 – 247, 2006 (Dec). 




No.117 

Author(s) : Buranasinsup S, Sila – asna M, Bunyaratvej N, Bunyaratvej A. 

Title : In vitro osteogenesis from human skin – derived precursor cells. 

Source : Development Growth & Differentiation. 48 (4): 263 – 269, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Osteogenesis, Skin – derived precursor cells, Transdifferentiation. 

Abstract : Embryonic tissue and organ development are initiated from three embryonic germ 

layers: ectoderm (skin and neuron), mesoderm (blood, bone, muscle, cartilage and 

fat) and endoderm (respiratory and digestive tract). In former times, it was believed 

that cell types in each germ layer are specific and do not cross from one to another 

throughout life. A new finding is that one tissue lineage can differentiate across to 

another tissue lineage, and this is termed transdifferentiation. We were interested in 

studying the transdifferentiation of skin – derived precursor cells (ectoderm layer) to 

osteoblastic cells (mesoderm layer). Human skin – derived precursor cells (hSKP) 

were isolated and induced into an osteoblastic lineage using osteogenic induction 

medium (alpha – MEM plus 10% fetal bovine serum supplemented with ascorbic acid, 

beta – glycerophosphate and dexamethasone). The specific characteristics of 

osteoblastic cells, including the expression of enzyme alkaline phosphatase, the 

deposition of mineral and the expression of osterix, bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin, 

were detected only from the inductive group. The results in our study show that SKP 

from human skin are a practically available source for osteogenesis. The samples are 

easily obtainable for autologous use with a high expansion capacity. 

No.118 

Author(s) : Buranathai C, Puthavathana P. 

Title : Avian Influenza, Thailand. 

Source : Asia Pacific Biotech News. 10 (14): 726 – 729, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Agriculture, Avian influenza, Epidemics, Poultry – – Virus diseases, Poultry industry. 

Abstract : The article focuses on the spread of avian influenza in Thailand. Details of the three 

rounds of H5N1 avian flu outbreaks in Thailand are cited. The socioeconomic impacts 

of the outrbreaks on the Thai poultry industry are discussed. How the avian influenza 

outbreak has changed the husbandry lifestyle of Thai villagers is described. 

No.119 

Author(s) : Burford B, Blacksell SD. 

Title : Diagnosis and management of tropical infections in travellers and expatriates at the 

Australian Embassy Clinic, Laos: Experience in a limited – resource environment. 



Keywords : Developing country, Diagnosis, Expatriates, Lao PDR, Resources, Travellers. 

Abstract : The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is located in South East Asia bordered 

by Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and China. There is a large resident 

expatriate community as well as many foreign travellers. Health care resources 

available to this population are limited to a few embassy – based clinics. This review 

presents a perspective on managing tropical infections in the context of an expatriate 

clinic in the Lao PDR. Patients present with a variety of tropical infections and are 

often treated presumptively with minimal local laboratory support. Other laboratory 

tests that may be helpful to make an accurate diagnosis are detailed and discussed. 

41


No.120 

Author(s) : Busaranon K, Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk L. 

Title : Comparison of UV spectrophotometric method and high performance liquid 

chromatography for the analysis of flunarizine and its application for the dissolution 

test. 



Keywords : Flunarizine, UV spectrophotometric method, High performance liquid 

chromatography, Dissolution test. 

Abstract : This study aimed to develop a simple UV spectrophotometric method for the analysis 

and the dissolution test of flunarizine in capsules. The UV absorbance was both 

measured directly and by the first derivative measurements at 254 and 268 nm, 

respectively. The developed methods were validated for their linearity, accuracy, 

precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in comparison with 

the reported HPLC method. The UV spectrophotometric method illustrated excellent 

linearity (r(2) > 0.9999) in the concentration range of 6 – 24 mu g/mL. Precision 

(%R.S.D. < 1.50) and recoveries were good (%R > 99.62). The LOD of direct UV and 

first derivative measurements were 0.09 and 0.84 mu g/mL, respectively, and the 

LOQ were 0.26 and 2.55 mu g/mL, respectively. Results from the assay of flunarizine 

in capsules by the UV spectrophotometric methods, both direct and first derivative 

measurements were not significantly different from those of the HPLC method (P > 

0.05). Additionally, the method was successfully used for the dissolution test of 

flunarizine capsule and was found to be reliable, simple, fast, and inexpensive. 

No.121 

Author(s) : Bussaratid V, Desakorn V, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of cutaneous gnathostomiasis evaluated by placebo 

– controlled trial. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37(3):433–440, 2006. 



Abstract : Previous studies have revealed that ivermectin treatment for gnathostomiasis can 

reduce parasitic loads in animals and make recurrent subcutaneous swelling subside 

in 76% of patients. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin for 

cutaneous gnathostomiasis treatment in a placebo – controlled trial. This study was a 

prospective randomized placebo – controlled study performed at The Bangkok Hospital 

for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Thailand. Thirty patients with a serologically 

confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous gnathostomiasis were enrolled. Seventeen patients 

in the ivermectin treated group received a single dose of 12 mg ivermectin (200 g/kg 

bodyweight), while 13 patients in the control group received a single dose of 40 mg of 

vitamin B1. The follow – up period was 1 year. Of the 17 patients, 7 (41.2%) responded 

to ivermectin, while no patient responded to placebo. The mean (95% CI) time to the 

first recurrence of subcutaneous swelling with ivermectin and in the placebo groups 

were 257 (184 – 331) and 146 (42 – 250) days, respectively, (p=0.102). Although this 

study revealed no significant difference in the mean time to first recurrence of 

swelling between the ivermectin and placebo groups, there was a trend towards 

ivermectin efficacy against gnathostomiasis in previous animal and human studies. 

Further studies with different doses of ivermectin and larger sample sizes, and close 

monitoring for ivermectin tolerability and treatment response are necessary to confirm 

an efficacy of ivermectin. 

No.122 

Author(s) : Butthep P, Chunhakan S, Tangnararatchakit K, Yoksan S, Pattanapanyasat K, 

Chuansumrit A. 

Title : Elevated soluble thrombomodulin in the febrile stage related to patients at risk for 

dengue shock syndrome. 

Source : Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 25 (10):894–897, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, Soluble thrombomodulin, 

Circulating endothelial cells. 

Abstract : Background: Children with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are at risk to develop 

dengue shock syndrome (DSS) for which neither marker has been demonstrated. 

Objective: The study was designed to investigate the markers of vascular endothelial 

cell injuries and dysfunction that might be used as early predictors of the subsequent 

manifestation of DSS. Methods: The blood samples from 111 patients with dengue 

42


fever, DHF and other febrile illness (OFI) were collected daily from the day of admission 

until discharge and at convalescent stage. The sample from the day of defervescence 

was defined as day 0, 1 day before defervescence was defined as day –1 and so on. 

Also, 1 day after defervescence was defined as day +1 and so on.Results: Increased 

soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) was demonstrated in dengue – infected patients via 

an enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with DSS (DHF grades III and IV) 

had higher concentrations of sTM than those with dengue fever, DHF grade I, II and 

OFIs from day –3 until day +2. Increased circulating endothelial cells were detected 

from day 0 until day +2 in DSS patients as compared with other groups. In addition, 

increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule –1, soluble intercellular adhesion 

molecule –1 and soluble E – selectin were also found in dengue virus – infected 

patients as compared with OFIs. Conclusion: Blood sTM may be useful as an early 

predictor of DSS in dengue infected patients in the febrile stage. However, a further 

evaluation in a large prospective series is needed. 

No.123 

Author(s) : Butthep P, Wanram S, Pattanapanyasat K, Vattanaviboon P, Fucharoen S, 

Wilairat P. 

Title : Cytoadherence between endothelial cells and P – falciparum infected and noninfected 

normal and thalassemic red blood cells. 

Source : Cytometry Part B – Clinical Cytometry. 70B (6): 432 – 442, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Cytoadhesion, Malaria, Thalassemia, Endothelial cell, Flow cytometry. 

Abstract : Background: Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum infected red blood cells (RBCs) to 

endothelial cells (ECs) is an important phenomenon that causes cerebral malaria in 

man. Reduced adhesion especially in thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies may be 

related to a protective mechanism against malaria in such people. Methods: The 

cytoadherence assay was performed using both conventional and floating conditions 

between ECs (ECV 304) and P. falciparum infected and noninfected RBCs from both 

normal and thalassemia subjects. In floating condition, RBC was fluorescently labeled 

with anti – glycophorin A antibody, whereas EC was identified by surface expression 

of PECAM – 1, CD – 36, ICAM – 1, and E – selectin. The condition of floating EC was 

similar to the condition for subcultivation as they can adhere or bind to any surface. 

The phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure was also determined by using flow cytometer. 

Results: The adhesion of noninfected heterozygous thalassemic RBCs (all genotypes) 

to ECs was significantly increased as compared with normal RBCs (P < 0.02). 

Interestingly, after P. falciparum infection, the number of normal RBCs bound to 

ECs was significantly increased as compared with noninfected RBCs (P < 0.01), 

whereas heterozygous thalassemic RBCs infected by A falciparum showed no 

significant difference compared with noninfected RBCs. In addition, we found a 

similar level of PS exposure in normal and thalassernic infected RBCs, which was 

related to the cytoadherence phenomenon. Conclusion: The reduced adhesion between 

heterozygous thalassemic RBCs infected by P. falciparum to ECs provides an 

explanation for their protective mechanism against malaria, as increased adhesion is 

a high risk for cerebral malaria and nonbinding infected RBCs can be removed by the 

reticuloendothelial system and other mechanism(s) in vivo. (c) 2006 International 

Society for Analytical Cytology. 

No.124 

Author(s) : Byrappa K, Kousalya S, Kumar BVS, Tonthai T. 

Title : Hydrothermal treatment of effluent affected polluted soil of Nanjangud, Mysore 

district, India. 

Source : Journal of Materials Science. 41 (5): 1531 – 1534, 2006 (Mar). 



Abstract : The polluted soils from the major textile, distillery and food industries located on a 

high – grade rock terrain (Nanjangud, Mysore district, India) were treated under 

hydrothermal conditions using water as a solvent. The electrical conductivity and N, 

P, K content have been studied before and after the hydrothermal treatment for 

these soil samples. Characterization of these soil samples was carried out through 

powder X – ray diffraction, thin section and infrared spectroscopic studies. 

43


No.125 

Author(s) : Carrara VI, Sirilak S, Thonglairuam J, Rojanawatsirivet C, Proux S, Gilbos V, 

Brockman A, Ashley EA, McGready R, Krudsood S, Leemingsawat S, 

Looareesuwan S, Singhasivanon P, White N, Nosten F. 

Title : Deployment of early diagnosis and mefloquine – artesunate treatment of falciparum 

malaria in Thailand: The Tak malaria initiative. 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (6): 856 – 864, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Monoclonal – antibodies, ELISA development, Western border, Combination, 

Sporozoites, Trial. 

Abstract : Background: Early diagnosis and treatment with artesunate – mefloquine combination 

therapy (MAS) have reduced the transmission of falciparum malaria dramatically 

and halted the progression of mefloquine resistance in camps for displaced persons 

along the Thai – Burmese border, an area of low and seasonal transmission of 

multidrug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum. We extended the same combination 

drug strategy to all other communities (estimated population 450,000) living in five 

border districts of Tak province in northwestern Thailand. Methods and Findings: 

Existing health structures were reinforced. Village volunteers were trained to use 

rapid diagnostic tests and to treat positive cases with MAS. Cases of malaria, 

hospitalizations, and malaria – related deaths were recorded in the 6 y before, during, 

and after the Tak Malaria Initiative (TMI) intervention. Cross – sectional surveys 

were conducted before and during the TMI period. P. falciparum malaria cases fell by 

34% (95% confidence interval [CI], 33.5 – 4.4) and hospitalisations for falciparum 

malaria fell by 39% (95%CI, 37.0 – 39.9) during the TMI period, while hospitalisations 

for P. vivax malaria remained constant. There were 32 deaths attributed to malaria 

during, and 22 after the TMI, a 51.5% (95%CI, 39.0 – 63.9) reduction compared to the 

average of the previous 3 y. Cross – sectional surveys indicated that P. vivax had 

become the predominant species in Thai villages, but not in populations living on the 

Myanmar side of the border. In the displaced persons population, where the original 

deployment took place 7 y before the TMI, the transmission of P. falciparum continued 

to be suppressed, the incidence of falciparum malaria remained low, and the in vivo 

efficacy of the 3 – d MAS remained high. Conclusions: In the remote malarious north 

western border area of Thailand, the early detection of malaria by trained village 

volunteers, using rapid diagnostic tests and treatment with mefloquine – artesunate 

was feasible and reduced the morbidity and mortality of multidrug – resistant P. 

falciparum. 

No.126 

Author(s) : Caws M, Thwaites G, Stepniewska K, Lan NTN, Duyen NTH, Phuong NT, 

Huyen MNT, Duy PM, Loc TH, Chau TTH, van Soolingen D, Kremer K, Chau NVV, 

Chinh NT, Farrar J. 

Title : Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is significantly associated with human 

immunodeficiency virus infection and multidrug resistance in cases of tuberculous 

meningitis. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (11): 3934 – 3939, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Chi – Minh city, Drug – resistance, HIV – infection, Gran – canaria, Strain, Adults, 

Epidemiology, Vietnam, Pathogenesis, Prevalence. 

Abstract : Multidrug – resistant tuberculous meningitis is fatal without rapid diagnosis and use 

of second – line therapy. It is more common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 

– positive patients. Beijing genotype strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are 

associated with drug resistance, particularly multidrug resistance, and their prevalence 

is increasing worldwide. The prevalence of Beijing genotype strains among 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV – positive (n 

= 35) and HIV – negative (n = 187) patients in Ho Chi Minh City was determined. The 

Beijing genotype was significantly associated with HIV status (odds ratio [OR] = 2.95 

[95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.38 to 6.44]; P = 0.016), resistance to any drug (OR = 

3.34 [95%C1, 1.87 to 5.95]; P < 0.001) and multidrug resistance (Fisher’s exact test; P 

= 0.001). The association of the Beijing genotype with drug resistance was independent 

of HIV status. This is the first report of Beijing genotype association with HIV status, 

which may be an association unique to tuberculous meningitis. 

44


No.127 

Author(s) : Cha – um S, Slipaibulwatana K, Kirdmanee C. 

Title : Water relation, photosynthetic ability and growth of Thai jasmine rice (Oryza sativa 

L. ssp indica cv. KDML 105) to salt stress by application of exogenous glycinebetaine 

and choline. 

Source : Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 192 (1): 25 – 36, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Chlorophyll a fluorescence, Glycinebetaine, Growth, Salt stress, Thai jasmine rice, 

Water use efficiency. 

Abstract : Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), 

but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as 

ail alternative way to improve its salt – tolerant ability. The aim of this research was 

to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by 

the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet 

and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt – 

stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on 

solidified Murashige – Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture 

media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet 

content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt 

– stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture 

media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice 

seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency 

of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum 

yield of PSII (F – v/F – m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of 

seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to 

high efficiency of photochemical and non – photochemical quenching of PSII as well 

as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of 

either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance 

under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The 

exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective 

method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation 

with in rice seedlings. 

No.128 

Author(s) : Chaichalearm S, Inthorn D, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Pokethitiyook P. 

Title : Cadmium removal by immobilized scytonema sp. and hapalosiphon hibernicus. 

Source : Pollution Research. 25 (3): 597 – 607, 2006. 


Keywords : Cadmium removal, Hapalosiphon hibernicus, Immobilized cell, Scytonema sp. 

Abstract : Cadmium removal from aqueous solution (1 mg/l) was investigated in Scytonema sp. 

and Hapalosiphon hibernicus on eight types of immobilized material as loofa 

sponge(LS), delicate duty scour pad (DP), synthetic fiber (SF), polyethylene 

terepthalate (PET), polyethylene terepthalate (PET non – woven fabric), polyethylene 

(PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyurethane (PU). The results showed that immobilized 

cells on SF and free cells of Scytonema sp. and Hapalosiphon hibernicus had high 

cadmium removal rates at 93%, 95% and 85%, 98%, respectively. Immobilizing ability 

and dry weight per surface area (DW/SA) were 96%, 0.003 g cell/ cm 3 and 97%, 0.0023 

g cell/cm 3 for Scytonema sp. immobilized on PET and Hapalosiphon hibernicus 

immobilized on SF, respectively. Immobilized cells on SF and PET, and free cells of 

Scytonema sp. had maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) at 26.74, 37.74 and 31.95 

mg/g dry wt. and binding constants (kb) at 6.45, 2.14 and 2.70 l/mg, respectively when 

R2>0.96, while immobilized cells on SF and PET, and free cells of Hapalosiphon 

hibernicus had qmax values at 57.80, 64.52 and 59.17 mg/g dry wt. and kb values at 

1.57, 2.07 and 1.50 l/mg. respectively when R2>0.99. The ultra – structural changes of 

both strains exposed to 1 mg/l of cadmium were observed under a transmission 

electron microscope. Cells were damaged and convoluted in the cell surface and intra 

– cellular organelles. Electron dense particles deposited in the cell walls and internal 

organelles of Hapalosiphon hibernicus indicated that cadmium uptake was probably 

by adsorption mechanism in cell membranes and accumulated in the intra – cellular 

organelles. Immobilized cells of Scytonema sp. and H. hibernicus on SF and PET have 

the potential to remove cadmium in wide spread low cadmium contaminated natural 

water such as in rivers or channels and can be applied in shrimp ponds. 

45


No.129 

Author(s) : Chaikate S, Harnroongroj T, Chantaranipapong Y, Puduang S, Mahaisiriyodom A, 

Viroonudomphol D, Singhasivanon P, Schelp FP, Tornee S, Tribunyatkul S, 

Changbumrung S. 

Title : C – reactive protein, interleukin – 6, and tumor necrosis factor – alpha levels in 

overweight and healthy adults. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37(2): 374 – 81, 2006 

(Mar). 



Abstract : This study aimed to 1) compare levels of high sensitivity c – reactive protein (hs – 

CRP), interleukin – 6 (IL – 6), and tumor necrosis factor – alpha (TNF – alpha) 

between overweight Thais and apparently healthy controls, and 2) investigate the 

association between serum hs – CRP, IL – 6, and TNF – alpha levels and other 

biochemical parameters. A total of 180 health – conscious adults aged 25 – 60 years, 

who resided in Bangkok, participated in this study. No significant difference was 

found in age and sex between the overweight subjects and controls. Serum levels of 

hs – CRP, IL – 6, TNF – alpha, glucose, lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), waist 

circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were 

determined in these volunteers. The mean levels of white blood cells (WBC), uric 

acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and hs – CRP were significantly higher 

in the overweight subjects than those in the controls, whereas high density lipoprotein 

– cholesterol (HDL – C) values were significantly higher in the controls than the 

overweight subjects (p < 0.05). Hs – CRP levels were significantly positively correlated 

with levels of TG, BMI, WC, HC and WHR. HDL – C levels were significantly negative 

correlated with hs – CRP levels. In conclusion, the prevalence of elevated serum hs – 

CRP levels was higher in overweight subjects than controls. However, more data in 

larger and other population groups are needed to confirm this study. 

No.130 

Author(s) : Chaimuagraj S, Permpongkosol S, Wiyakrutta S, Isarangkul D, Stichantrakul W, 

Kochakarn W, Leenanupunth C, Ratanaolarn K, Meevootisom V. 

Title : The characterization of soluble matrix proteins in Thai uric acid calculi using two – 

dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 

Source : Journal of Endourology. 20 (Suppl.1): A87 – A87, 2006 (Aug). 




No.131 

Author(s) : Chaimuangraj S, Dissaranan C, Leenanupunth C, Prathombutr P, Chalermsanyakorn 

P. 

Title : Significance of muscularis mucosae in metastasis involvement of urinary bladder 

transitional cell carcinoma. 



Keywords : Muscularis mucosae, Recurrence, Transitional cell carcinoma, Urinary bladder, 

Urothelial cancer. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the significance of muscularis mucosae involvement in metastasis 

of urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Material and Method: This was a 

retrospective cohort study of superficial urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell 

carcinoma). Histopathology and patient records of 192 patients were collected from 

1990 to 2004. There were 115 males and 77 females, their age ranged from 43 to 83 

years old with an average of 60 5 years. One hundred cases did not invade muscularis 

mucosae layer (group A) and 92 cases invaded the muscularis mucosae layer (group 

B). The histopathology of biopsy or cystectomy specimens for recurrence, progression 

of the disease and the number of vessels above and below the muscularis mucosae 

layer of bladder cancer specimens were compared by light microscopic examination 

with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and followed by immunoperoxidase desmin stain. 

Results: The amount per high power field of the blood and lymphatic vessels below 

muscularis mucosae layer, 9 (6 – 12), was significantly higher than that above 

muscularis mucosae layer, 7 (5 – 10) (p < 0.05). The cancer high grade (grade 3) in 

group B had also significantly higher percentage than that in group A, 30.4:5.0 (p < 

0.05). Moreover, the recurrent rate (recurrent > 2) in group B had also a significantly 

higher percentage than that in group A, 21.4:4.0 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The present 

46


study has confirmed previous findings that not all muscularis mucosae layers (about 

50%) were found in the biopsy specimens. The findings of superficial urothelial cancer 

(no invasion to muscularis propria) invading the muscularis mucosae are a warning 

sign for invasive tumor that needs more aggressive treatment. 

No.132 

Author(s) : Chaimuangraj S, Thammachoti R, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Thammavit W. 

Title : Lack of association of VDR polymorphisms with Thai prostate cancer as compared 

with benign prostate hyperplasia and controls. 

Source : Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 7 (1): 136 – 139, 2006 (Jan). 



Abstract : While still relatively low as compared to rates in the Western world, prostate cancer 

is on the increase in Asia, presumably due to change in dietary and other lifestyle 

factors. One risk factor is reported to be vitamin D (VD) and therefore the function of 

its receptor (VDR) could be of importance. In the present study polymorphims with 

functional significance in the Bsm, Apa 1 and Taq 1 genes were therefore compared 

in 28 prostate cancer (CaP), 44 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 30 control 

cases in Thailand. None demonstrated any significant variation in distribution within 

these three groups and therefore we conclude that vitamin D may not be major risk 

factor for prostate cancer in this population. However, there is considerable variation 

in the distribution frequencies from country to country and this, combined with 

differences in sun exposure, means that the results may not be extrapolated to the 

general case. 

No.133 

Author(s) : Chaiprasert A, Prammananan T, Tingtoy N, Na – Ubol P, Srimuang S, Samerpitak K, 

Rangsipanuratn W. 

Title : One – tube multiplex PCR method for rapid identification of Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis. 





Abstract : A rapid, inexpensive, simple, and accurate multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 

was developed in a single tube for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 

Assessment of sensitivity and specificity of simple PCR was performed with 116 

strains of M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and 144 strains of nontuberculous 

mycobacteria (NTM) compared with the biochemical method. Specific amplification 

of KS4, MTC – specific DNA fragment, was found in 98% (114/116) of MTC and not 

detected in 99% (143/144) of NTM. Amplification of the mtp40 gene revealed 95% 

sensitivity (100/105 strains of M. tuberculosis) and 77% specificity (not found in 119/ 

155 mycobacterial strains). A multiplex PCR method based on the combination of 

KS4 – and mrp40 – derived primers was used for identification of M. tuberculosis. 

Crude DNA from slow growing mycobacteria with cream rough colonies that showed 

both 768 – bp amplified product for KS4 and 396 – bp for mtp40 was identified as M. 

tuberculosis whereas that from MTC gave only the 768 – bp product. 

No.134 

Author(s) : Chaiprasert A, Yorsangsukkamol J, Prammananan T, Palittapongarnpim P, 

Leechawengwong M, Dhiraputra C. 

Title : Intact pks15/1 in non – W – Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. 

Source : Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 772 – 774, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Fragment – length – polymorphism, Phenolic glycolipid – 1, Strains, Leprae, Thailand, 

Lineage. 

Abstract : To determine whether intact pks15/1 is unique to the W – Beijing family, we 

investigated 147 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with different IS6110 genotypes. 

Intact pks15/1 was found in 87.8% of cerebrospinal fluid and 84.9% of sputum isolates. 

It was found not only in W – Beijing strains (approximate to 97%) but also in other 

genotypes (38.5% – 100%). 

47


No.135 

Author(s) : Chaisawang M, Suphantharika M. 

Title : Pasting and rheological properties of native and anionic tapioca starches as modified 

by guar gum and xanthan gum. 

Source : Food Hydrocolloids. 20 (5): 641 – 649, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Tapioca starch, Anionic starch, Gums, Gelatinization, Scanning electron microscopy, 

Rheology. 

Abstract : Effects of guar and xanthan gums on pasting and rheological properties of native and 

anionic tapioca starches were studied by using a Rapid Visco – Analyzer (RVA), a 

differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and 

a rheometer. Results of RVA measurement indicated that addition of gums increased 

peak, breakdown, and final viscosities of native tapioca starch. This effect was more 

pronounced for guar gum than xanthan gum. Setback viscosity was increased by 

guar gum, but xanthan gum showed the opposite effect. For anionic tapioca starch, 

addition of guar gum gave similar results whereas xanthan exhibited opposite results. 

Pasting temperatures of all samples with added gums increased in comparison with 

the controls which are in good agreement with the increments of the onset (T – o) 

and peak (T – p) gelatinization temperatures determined by the DSC. Reduction of 

gelatinization enthalpy (Delta H) with gums addition was also observed by the DSC. 

SEM micrographs reveal that only xanthan totally wrapped the native starch granules 

whereas the other starch – gum mixtures, gums did not wrap the granules. 

Measurement of swelling power (SP) demonstrated that the anionic starch exhibited 

higher SP than the native starch and addition of gums appeared to increase the SP 

values of the mixtures at high temperatures (> 80 degrees C). Results of dynamic 

viscoelasticity measurement indicated that addition of gums increased the G’ values 

two – fold at all frequencies tested, but the ratio G’’/G’ (tan delta) was decreased. This 

suggests that the starch – gum pastes behaved more solid – like characteristics than 

the starch alone pastes. 

No.136 

Author(s) : Chaithirayanon K, Grams R, Vichasri – Grams S, Hofmann A, Korge G, Viyanant V, 

Upatham ES, Sobhon P. 

Title : Molecular and immunological characterization of encoding gene and 14 – 3 – 3 protein 

1 in Fasciola gigantica. 

Source : Parasitology. 133: 763 – 775 (Part 6), 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, 14 – 3 – 3 protein, Tegumental antigens, Expression, Localization. 

Abstract : A cDNA encoding Fg14 – 3 – 3 protein 1 was cloned by immunoscreening of an adult 

– stage Fasciola gigantica cDNA library using a rabbit antiserum against tegumental 

antigens of the parasite. The protein has a deduced amino acid sequence of 252 

residues and a calculated molecular weight of 28.7 kDa. It shows sequence identity 

values between 57.6 and 58.1% to the human 14 – 3 – 3 beta, zeta, theta, and eta 

proteins and is in a phylogenetic cluster with the 14 – 3 – 2 protein 1 of Schistosoma 

spp. Nucleic acid analyses indicate that the Fg14 – 3 – 3 protein I is encoded by a single 

copy gene and that this gene is expressed as a transcript of 1250 nucleotides. In adult 

and 4 – week – old parasites the gene’s transcriptional and translational products 

were localized in the gut epithelium, parenchyma, tegument cells, and in the 

reproductive organs. An antiserum against recombinant Fg14 – 3 – 3 protein 1 detected 

a slightly smaller 14 – 3 – 3 protein in the parasite’s excretion/secretion material and 

showed cross – reactivity with 14 – 3 – 3 proteins in extracts of other trematodes and 

mouse. Antibodies against Fg14 – 3 – 3 protein were detected in the sera of rabbits as 

early as 2 weeks after infection with metacercariae of F. gigantica and the antibody 

titre increased continuously over a 10 – week observation period. 

No.137 

Author(s) : Chaivisuthangkura P, Phattanapaijitkul P, Thammapalerd N, Rukpratanporn S, 

Longyant S, Sithigorngul W, Sithigorngul P. 

Title : Development of a polyclonal antibody specific to VP19 envelope protein of white spot 

syndrome virus (WSSV) using a recombinant protein preparation. 

Source : Journal of Virological Methods.133 (2): 180 – 184, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Immunohistochemistry, Penaeus monodon, Polyclonal antibody, VP19, Western blot, 

WSSV. 

Abstract : The VP19 gene encoding a structural envelope protein of white spot syndrome virus 

was cloned into an expression vector and introduced into E. coli. The objective was to 

48


produce a recombinant VP19 structural protein. After induction, the recombinant 

VP19 protein (rVP19) was produced, purified by SDS – PAGE and used for immunization 

of Swiss mice for polyclonal antibody production. The mouse anti rVP19 antiserum 

had specific immunoreactivity to the viral antigen in WSSV infected Penaeus monodon 

as verified by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The production of monoclonal 

antibodies against this rVP19 may be useful in order to combine with anti – VP28 

monoclonal antibodies for enhancing the sensitivity of various WSSV serological 

assays. 

No.138 

Author(s) : Chaivisuthangkura P, Phattanapaljltkul P, Thammapalerd N, Rukpratanporn S, 

Longyant S, Sithigomgul W, Sithigorngul P. 

Title : Production of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant VP26 structural protein of 

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). 

Source : ScienceAsia. 32 (2): 201 – 204, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Immunohistochemistry, Polyclonal antibody, VP26, Western blot, WSSV. 

Abstract : A portion of the VP26 gene (VP26F109) encoding a structural protein of white spot 

syndrome virus was cloned into an expression vector and transformed into E. coli. 

The objective was to produce a truncated VP26 structural protein lacking the N – 

terminal transmembrane region. After induction, the recombinant protein rVP26F109 

was produced, purified by SDS – PAGE and used to immunize Swiss mice for polyclonal 

antibody production. The mouse anti VP26 antiserum demonstrated specific 

immunoreactivity to viral antigen in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected 

Penaeus manodon, as verified by immunohistochemistry and western blot. This 

constitutes the first step in producing monoclonal antibodies against rVP26F109 that 

can be combined with anti – VP28 monoclonal antibodies to enhance the sensitivity in 

WSSV immunological assays. 

No.139 

Author(s) : Chaiworakul P, Chompoopong S. 

Title : The effect of Pueraria mirifica on ERK1/2 and S – 100 following sciatic nerve injury 

in rats. 

Source : Neuroscience Research. 55 (Suppl.1): S217 – S217, 2006. 




No.140 

Author(s) : Chaiyakunapruk N, Kitikannakorn N, Nathisuwan S, Leeprakobboon K, 

Leelasettagool C. 

Title : The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A 

meta – analysis. 

Source : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 194 (1): 95 – 99, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Ginger, Postoperative vomiting, Postoperative nausea and vomiting, Zingiber 

officinale, Meta – analysis, Systematic review. 

Abstract : Objective: The aim of this study was to specifically determine the impact of a fixed 

dose of ginger administration, compared with placebo, on the 24 – hour postoperative 

nausea and vomiting. Study design: The design was a systematic review and 

metaanalysis of trials revealed by searches. Randomized controlled trials comparing 

ginger with placebo to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative 

vomiting from Medline, IPA, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, HealthStar, Current 

Contents, bibliographies of retrieved articles, contact of authors, and experts in the 

field. Two reviewers selected studies for inclusion and independently extracted data. 

Results: Five randomized trials including a total of 363 patients were pooled for 

analysis of preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative vomiting. 

The summary relative risks of ginger for postoperative nausea and vomiting and 

postoperative vomiting were 0.69 (95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.89) and 0.61 (95% 

confidence interval 0.45 to 0.84), respectively. Only one side effect, abdominal 

discomfort, was reported. Conclusions: This meta – analysis demonstrates that a 

fixed dose at least I g of ginger is more effective than placebo for the prevention of 

postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative vomiting. Use of ginger is an 

effective means for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting. 

49


No.141 

Author(s) : Chaiyakunapruk N, Laowakul A, Karnchanarat S, Pikulthong N, Ongphiphadhanakul 

B. 

Title : Community pharmacy – based implementation and evaluation of an Osteoporosis 

Self – Assessment Tool for Asians. 

Source : Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 46 (3): 391 – 396, 2006. 


Keywords : Community and ambulatory pharmacy, Health screenings, Osteoporosis, Osteoporosis 

Self – Assessment Tool for Asians, Physicians, Public health, Risk assessment, Thailand. 

Abstract : Objectives: To implement an osteoporosis screening and referral program in 

community pharmacies and evaluate the use of the Osteoporosis Self – Assessment 

Tool for Asians (OSTA) as the screening instrument. Design: Uncontrolled study. 

Setting: Three community pharmacies in Bangkok, Thailand. Patients: 51 women 

aged 50 years or older without prior diagnosis of osteoporosis; three community 

pharmacists; six hospital – based physicians. Intervention: OSTA assessment by 

community pharmacists of the risks of osteoporosis in patients; counseling of patients 

about diet and exercise; referral of patients at high risk (OSTA index value less than 

– 4) to hospitals where pharmacists had made arrangements in advance; and 

assessment of satisfaction and opinions of participating patients and physicians. 

Results: Of the 51 patients, 32 (62.7%) were categorized as low risk (OSTA index 

value > – 1) and 19 (37.3%) as intermediate risk (OSTA index value range, – 4 to – 1). 

The majority of patients (97%) were satisfied with the program and the knowledge 

gained. Even though no high – risk patients were identified and referred for medical 

care, all six participating physicians agreed with having risk assessment service in 

community pharmacies and the prearranged referral system, and five of six physicians 

believed that OSTA results were valuable in the management of osteoporosis. 

Conclusion: Community pharmacy – based osteoporosis risk assessment services 

using OSTA were well accepted by the patients and participating physicians. Public 

health benefits may result from the provision of osteoporosis risk screening services 

in community pharmacies in Thailand and other Asian countries. 

No.142 

Author(s) : Chaiyaroj S, Viengteeravat S, Bhumarangura W, Khajarern S, Leelayana P, 

Purintrapiban B. 

Title : Techniques and results of off – pump coronary artery bypass grafting using homemade 

intracoronary shunt. 



Keywords : Off – pump CABG, Ramathibodi intracoronary shunt. 

Abstract : Background: The outcome of the off – pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 

is highly dependent on surgical techniques. To overcome problems of intraoperative 

hemodynamic instability and avoid potential injury to coronary artery arising from 

occlusive technique, the authors have modified the strategy of performing distal 

anastomosis by using the authors’ homemade intracoronary artery shunt. Objective: 

To document the results of off – pump CABG using the authors’ homemade 

intracoronary shunt. The characteristics of shunt and techniques are demonstrated. 

Material and Method: The shunt is constructed from silicone tubing (Allied Biomedical 

Company, Paso Robles, CA). It has been successfully used for distal anastomoses in 

off – pump coronary artery bypass surgery. All 170 consecutive patients who had off 

– pump CABG from October 2002 to May 2005 were evaluated. Data were collected 

retrospectively. Average grafts per patient were 3.5. Arterial grafts were used in 

most cases (90%). Conversion rate was 2.8%. Patients were followed up at 3 weeks, 6 

weeks, and bimonthly thereafter. Results: In a 23 – month follow – up, the operative 

mortality rate was 0.5% (one patient). Complications included stroke in 3 patients 

(1.8%) and post – operative AF in 12 patients (7.12%). Of 170 patients, 12 patients 

(7.05%) required intraoperative or postoperative intraaortic balloon pump support. 

The early results were good and satisfactory. Conclusion: Off – pump CABG can be 

successfully performed using the authors’ homemade intracoronary artery shunt 

with better hemodynamic control. The techniques are safe, simple, reliable, and 

effective. 

50


No.143 

Author(s) : Chaiyut N, Amornsakchai T, Kaji H, Horii F. 

Title : Solid – state C – 13 NMR investigation of the structure and dynamics of highly drawn 

polyethylene – detection of the oriented non – crystalline component. 

Source : Polymer. 47 (7): 2470 – 2480, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Drawn polyethylene, Solid – state C – 13 NMR, Oriented non – crystalline. 

Abstract : The structure and dynamics of highly drawn polyethylene samples were studied by 

solid – state C – 13 NMR spectroscopy. The analyses of the C – 13 spin – lattice 

relaxation time (T – 1C) and the C – 13 spin – spin relaxation time (T – 2C) have 

revealed that at least three components with different Tic and T – 2C values, which 

correspond to the crystalline, less mobile non – crystalline, and rubbery amorphous 

components, exist for these materials, as in the case of isothermally crystallized 

samples. However, another component with a mass fraction of 0.13 – 0.18 exists 

which has a C – 13 chemical shift very close to that of the orthorhombic crystalline 

phase but has an extremely small T – 1C. Since this component is believed to have the 

all – trans conformation, it is termed fast all – trans. The chemical shift anisotropy 

(CSA) spectra for various samples that have small T – 1C values have been recorded 

and resolved into those of the non – crystalline and fast all – trans components. As 

expected, the CSA spectra of the less mobile non – crystalline and rubbery amorphous 

components that have the smallest T – 1C values display only a slight asymmetry. In 

contrast, the CSA spectrum of the fast all – trans component displays higher 

asymmetry. However, the spectrum is still much narrower than that of the normal 

orthorhombic crystalline phase, indicating a high degree of motional averaging. It is 

proposed that this component should be a highly oriented non – crystalline component, 

which may exist as taut tie – molecules traversing the non – crystalline region. To 

account for the narrow CSA, this component must undergo rapid fluctuation with 

large amplitudes at the torsional potential minimum in each C – C bond and possibly 

an additional random jump or diffusional rotation around the chain axis. Additional 

measurements obtained by aligning the draw axis of the sample parallel or 

perpendicular to the static magnetic field indicate that the fast all – trans component 

is oriented along the drawing direction and subjected to rapid motion around the 

chain axis. 

No.144 

Author(s) : Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Sirimai K, Chaisilwattana P. 

Title : High prevalence of cervical squamous cell abnormalities among HIV – infected women 

with immunological AIDS – defining illnesses. 

Source : Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 32 (3): 324 – 329, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Immunological AIDS – defining illness, Squamous cell abnormalities. 

Abstract : To assess the results of Pap smear at postpartum scheduled visit, especially the 

prevalence of squamous cell abnormalities including association with CD4(+) T – 

lymphocyte count (CD4(+) count) levels at delivery among HIV – infected women 

between the years 1996 and 2004. As part of the research and implementation 

programs of short course antiretroviral regimens for the prevention of mother to 

child perinatal HIV transmission in HIV – infected pregnant women delivered at 

Siriraj hospital, CD4(+) count at delivery and Pap smear at postpartum were evaluated. 

Among 636 women, 13.3% had squamous cell abnormalities. Seventy – seven cases 

(90.6%) of squamous cell abnormalities were low grade squamous intraepithelial 

lesions. The prevalence of squamous epithelial cell abnormalities detected by Pap 

smear, was higher in women whose CD4(+) count at delivery was < 200 cells/mu L 

than in women whose CD4(+) count at delivery was >= 200 cells/mu L, with a significant 

difference (21.2%vs 12.2%). All HIV – infected pregnant women should be evaluated 

for clinical and immunological status during the antepartum period. Pelvic examination 

and Pap smear should be considered as a part of this evaluation. They should receive 

comprehensive health – care services that continue after pregnancy, including 

postpartum gynecologic examination and Pap smear. Women with normal cervical 

cytological findings but low CD4(+) count should be offered an antenatal Pap smear 

and long – term follow – up including a 6 – monthly Pap smear. 

51


No.145 

Author(s) : Champathes MR. 

Title : Coaching for performance improvement: The “COACH” model. 

Source : Development and Learning in Organisations. 20 (2): 17 – 18, 2006. 


Keywords : Coaching, Performance management, Training methods. 


No.146 

Author(s) : Chanchay S, Tungtrongchitr R, Harnroongroj T, Phonrat B, Rungseesakorn O, 

Paksanont S, Pooludong S, Selowakontha S, Varongchayakul C. 

Title : Plasma resistin, insulin concentration in non – diabetic and diabetic, overweight/ 

obese Thai. 

Source : International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 76 (3): 125 – 131, 2006 

(May). 


Keywords : Resistin, Insulin, Diabetes, Obese Thai. 

Abstract : This study investigated levels of fasting plasma glucose (FBS), homeostasis model of 

the assessment of the insulin resistance (HOMA), lipid profile, insulin, and resistin 

hormones in 202 individuals, divided into four groups. Two – groups had type H 

diabetes mellitus (DM): one group had been overnourished (DM/OB) (body mass 

index: BMI equal or above 25) and the other had not (DM/nOB). Two additional 

groups not suffering from diabetes were either overnourished (nDM/OB) or of normal 

nutritional status (nDM/nOB). Only the DM/OB group had insulin levels elevated 

above the other three groups. Resistin levels had been lowest in the nDM/nOB group. 

When participants of the two nOB groups I were pooled into one group and the 

subjects of the two OB groups were combined into another group, the median plasma 

resistin levels of the OB groups were significantly higher compared with the nOB 

groups. Likewise the DM groups had higher resistin levels than the nDM groups A 

significant correlation of plasma resistin with BMI, waist circumference, waist – to – 

hip ratio, FBS, and HOMA score had been observed. The result suggests that plasma 

resistin has a role in linking central obesity and obesity – related insulin resistance to 

type II diabetes mellitus. 

No.147 

Author(s) : Changsri K, Akkarapathurnwong V, Jamsai D, Winichagoon P, Fucharoen S. 

Title : Molecular mechanism of high hemoglobin F production in Southeast Asian – type 

hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. 

Source : International Journal of Hematology. 83 (3): 229 – 237, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : HPFH, SEA – HPFH, Hemoglobin F, Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) 

reporter system, Molecular mechanism of HPFH. 

Abstract : Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) is associated with a high level of 

hemoglobin F (HbF) synthesis in adult heterozygootes. In this study, 2 of 6 unrelated 

HPFH Thai families were found to be Southeast Asian – type HPFH (SEA – HPFH) by 

analyses of the hematologic data and Southern blot hybridization with polymerase 

chain reaction – amplified DNA probes. DNA mapping with a probe for a delta – globin 

fragment showed a 27 – kb deletion of DNA that included the beta – globin gene and 

the 3' deoxvribonuclease 1 hypersensitive site 1 (3’HS1) sequence downstream. 

Deletion of the insulator, 3’HS1, and the juxtaposition of the HPFH – 3 core enhancer 

downstream to the 3' breakpoint have been postulated to be the cause of high HbF 

production in these individuals. To test this hypothesis, we transfected K562 cells 

with 4 different bacterial artificial chromosome constructs containing the enhanced 

green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene at the position of the (A)gamma – globin gene 

(pEBAC/148 beta:EGFP). Flow cytometry was used to compare EGFP expression 

from the pEBAC/148 beta: EGFP construct with the HPFH – 3 core enhancer 

immediately 5' to the SEA – HPFH breakpoint (pEnH), from the pEBAC/148 beta: 

EGFP construct with 8 kb of the breakpoint sequence and the HPFH – 3 core enhancer 

(pSEA – HPFH), and from the construct with 3’HS1 followed by the pSEA – HPFH 

sequence (pSEA – HPFH_3pHSI). The results show that high HbF production in SEA 

– HPFH occurs from a deletion of the 3' HS1 sequence and the juxtaposition of the 

HPFH – 3 enhancer downstream to the gamma – globin gene. 

52


No.148 

Author(s) : Chanprasert S, Geddis AE, Barroga C, Fox NE, Kaushansky K. 

Title : Thrombopoietin (TPO) induces c – myc expression through a PI3K – and MAPK – 

dependent pathway that is not mediated by Akt, PKC zeta or mTOR in TPO – dependent 

cell lines and primary megakaryocytes. 

Source : Cellular Signalling. 18 (8): 1212 – 1218, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Thrombopoietin, Signaling, PI3K, MAPK, C – myc. 

Abstract : Thrombopoietin (TPO) and its receptor (c – Mpl) are the major regulators of 

megakaryocyte and platelet production and serve a critical and nonredundant role in 

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. TPO signals through the Jak – STAT, Ras – 

Raf – MATK, and PI3K pathways, and promotes survival, proliferation, and 

polyploidization in megakaryocytes. The proto – oncogene c – myc also plays an 

important role in many of these same processes. In this work we studied the regulated 

expression of c – myc in megakaryocytic cell lines and primary cells by quantitative 

real – time RTPCR. We found that TPO induced expression of c – myc in 1 h in both 

hematopoietic cell lines (UT – 7 and BaF3/Mpl) and mature murine megakaryocytes. 

The TPO – induced expression of c – myc was blocked by a phosphatidylinositol 3 – 

kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, suggesting that TPO stimulated c – myc expression through 

a PI3K – dependent pathway. Of interest, our study showed that overexpression of 

active Akt did not rescue the effect of PI3K blockade on c – myc expression, rather, 

enhanced it. In addition, inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and the target of 

rapamycin (mTOR) also failed to affect c – myc mRNA expression, while c – myc 

mRNA expression was reduced by inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase 

(MAPK) pathway. Therefore, we conclude that TPO stimulates c – myc expression in 

primary megakaryocytes through a PI3K – and MAPK – dependent pathway that is 

not mediated by Akt, PKC or mTOR. 

No.149 

Author(s) : Chanprasertyothin S, Saetung S, Payattikul P, Rajatanavin R, Ongphiphadhanakul 

B. 

Title : Relationship of body composition and circulatory adiponectin to bone mineral density 

in young premenopausal women. 



Keywords : Adiponectin, BMD, Body composition, Premenopausal. 

Abstract : Objective: Adiponectin is a recently discovered hormone secreted by adipocytes. 

Adiponectin plays an important role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity as well as 

the propensity to inflammation and atherosclerosis. In the present study, the authors 

explore the relationship between adiponectin and bone mass in premenopausal women. 

The relationship of fat mass compared to lean body mass to bone mass was also 

investigated. Material and Method: Two hundred premenopausal women aged between 

20 and 40 years were studied. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at L2 – 4 

and femoral neck by dual – energy X – ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Serum adiponectin 

concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: At the lumbar spines, 

factors associated with BMD were age (p < 0.01) and lean body mass (p < 0.001). No 

independent association with fat mass was demonstrated. Likewise, at the femoral 

neck, only lean body mass was related to BMD (p < 0.01). In terms of the relation of 

serum adiponectin to BMD, no association of serum adiponectin to BMD at the lumbar 

spines or femoral neck was found. Conclusion: Altogether, the present findings do 

not suggest the independent role of adiponectin in the accrual of bone mass in females, 

although such a role still cannot be excluded in men or postmenopausal women. 

No.150 

Author(s) : Chansanroj K, Praserthdam P, Betz G, Leuenberger H, Mitrevej A, Sinchaipanid N. 

Title : Experimental design and optimization of the hydrogenation process of soybean oil. 

Source : Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 16 (3): 229 – 234, 2006 (May – Jun). 


Keywords : Experimental design, Soybean oil, Hydrogenation, Hot melt applications. 

Abstract : The hydrogenated soybean oil was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation process in 

order to be used as a pharmaceutical excipient for hot melt applications. To optimize 

the hydrogenation process and produce a product whose quality conforms to the 

hydrogenated vegetable oil type I in the US Pharmacopoeia (USP 24), a central 

composite design was applied. The influence of three main process parameters, i.e. 

amount of catalyst, hydrogen pressure and temperature on the hydrogen 

53


54 

consumption, the time required for the completion of the reaction and the reaction 

rate as well as the quality of final products was studied. The increase in the amount 

of catalyst and temperature significantly enhanced the reaction rate. However, at 

higher temperature, the acid values of the final products also increased. The thermal 

behavior of the product showed tolerance to high temperature exposure, i.e. 80 – 120 

degrees C, where unchanged exothermic peaks were determined in the thermograms 

before and after exposure. This novel excipient is applied in a next step in the hot 

melt coating application for the preparation of modified release formulations. 

No.151 

Author(s) : Chantad D, Krittayaphong R, Komoltri C. 

Title : Derived 12 – lead electrocardiogram in the assessment of ST – segment deviation and 

cardiac rhythm. 

Source : Journal of Electrocardiology. 39 (1): 7 – 12, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : EASI lead system, ST – segment deviation, Cardiac rhythms, Standard ECG. 

Abstract : Background: There are little data on the validation of 12 – lead electrocardiogram 

(ECG) derived by the EASI lead system used for continuous monitoring in critical 

care settings. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the accuracy 

of 12 – lead ECG derived by the EAS1 lead system in the detection of ST – segment 

deviation and cardiac rhythm compared with the standard 12 – lead ECG.Methods: 

All patients admitted to the coronary care unit were studied. Kappa statistics was 

used to calculate the agreement between both ECG systems in the determination of 

cardiac rhythm and premature ventricular complex morphology, ST – segment analysis 

was performed in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Pearson correlation was 

used to correlate the ST – segment deviation between both techniques. The sensitivity 

and specificity of the determination of significant ST – segment deviation by the EASI 

lead system were calculated.Results: There were a total of 282 patients enrolled in 

this study. There was a complete agreement in the interpretation of cardiac rhythm 

between the 2 methods (kappa = 1). Analysis of ST – segment deviation of 12 – lead 

ECG also showed a significant Correlation (correlation coefficient varied from 0.62 in 

lead I to 0.823 in lead aVF with a P value of < .001 in all leads) between the 2 methods 

with very high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of significant ST – segment 

elevation and depression.Conclusion: The 12 – lead ECG derived by the EASI lead 

system is an accurate and reliable information for the assessment of ST – segment 

deviation and cardiac rhythm in critically ill patients. 

No.152 

Author(s) : Chantajitr S, Wilasrusmee C, Lertsitichai P, Phromsopha N. 

Title : Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma: Clinical features and prognostic 

study in a Thai population. 

Source : Journal of Hepato – Biliary – Pancreatic Surgery. 13 (6): 537 – 542, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Cirrhosis, Hepatectomy, Liver tumor. 

Abstract : Background/Purpose: Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (HCC – CC) 

is an uncommon subtype of primary liver cancer, the clinicopathological features of 

which have rarely been reported in detail. Some authors believe that HCC – CC 

behaves like HCC, but biliary differentiation may be associated with poorer prognosis. 

Moreover, CC has more frequent lymph node metastases. In this study, we aimed to 

determine the clinical course and survival outcome of HCC – CC patients in a Thai 

population by comparing them with patients with ordinary HCC. Methods: The 

clinicopathological features of patients who were diagnosed with HCC – CC at 

Ramathibodi Hospital during 2000 – 2004 were retrospectively studied by comparing 

them with the features of patients suffering from ordinary HCC. Twenty – five 

patients who were diagnosed with HCC – CC were included in this study, and 

subsequently 50 patients with HCC who had tissues taken during the same period 

were selected randomly from among 148 HCC patients. Statistical analysis was done 

by using SPSS version 10.0. The Kaplan – Meier method was used to assess the 

survival rate. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess 

correlations. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 

There were no significant differences in etiologic risk factors between HCC – CC and 

HCC patients: cirrhosis (50% vs 44%), chronic alcohol abuse (36% vs 43%), presence 

of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; 66% vs 78%) and presence of hepatitis C virus 

(HCV) antibody (13% vs 3%). The serum alpha – fetoprotein (AFP) value in the HCC 

– CC group was lower than that in the HCC group (5.87 vs 41.46 ng/ml). No differences


in tumor characteristics or liver status (tumor size, presence of multinodular lesions, 

portal vein thrombosis, intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, intraabdominal 

lymphadenopathy, extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and 

ascites) between these two groups were found. The overall median survival of HCC 

– CC patients was 38 weeks while that of HCC patients was 54 weeks. Multivariate 

analysis showed that elevated carbohydrate antigen (CA)19 – 9 (e”80 U/ml) and the 

presence of intrahepatic bile duct dilatation were independent risk factors for worse 

survival. Conclusions: The demographic and clinical features of patients with combined 

HCC – CC were similar to those of patients with HCC. The presence of cholangiocellular 

differentiation appeared to worsen the prognosis when compared with pure HCC, 

although this difference did not reach statistical significance. An increased CA19 – 9 

level and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation in patients with HCC – CC were considered 

to be independent factors that suggested poor prognosis. 

No.153 

Author(s) : Chantara W, Watcharasit P, Thiantanawat A, Satayavivad J. 

Title : Acrylonitrile – induced extracellular signal – regulated kinase (ERK) activation via 

protein kinase C (PKC) in SK – N – SH neuroblastoma cells. 

Source : Journal of Applied Toxicology. 26 (6): 517 – 523, 2006 (Nov – Dec). 


Keywords : Acrylonitrile, ERK activation, PKC. 

Abstract : Acrylonitrile (ACN) is classified by IARC as a probable carcinogen. Chronic exposure 

to ACN increases the incidence of tumors in various organs of test animals, including 

the brain and lung. ERK1/2 activation plays crucial roles in cell proliferation and is 

involved in many steps of tumor progression. Therefore, this study examined whether 

ACN altered the activation state of ERK1/2 in human neuroblastoma SK – N – SH 

cells. Treatment of these cells with ACN greatly increased phosphorylation of ERK1/ 

2 in dose – and time – dependent manners. This effect was inhibited by PD 98059 and 

U 0126, specific inhibitors of MEK, indicating that MEK, an upstream activator of 

ERK1/2, was directly involved in ACN – induced ERK1/2 activation. Furthermore, 

the activation of ERK1/2 by ACN was attenuated by inhibition of PKC with GF 

109203X, rottlerin and prolonged incubation with PMA (phorbol 12 – myristate 13 – 

acetate). This demonstrated the participation of PKC in the ACN – stimulated 

activation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our results indicate that ACN – induced ERK1/ 

2 activation involves PKC through a MEK – dependent pathway. 

No.154 

Author(s) : Chantasingh D, Pootanakit K, Champreda V, Kanokratana P, Eurwilaichitr L. 

Title : Cloning, expression, and characterization of a xylanase 10 from Aspergillus terreus 

(BCC129) in Pichia pastoris. 

Source : Protein Expression and Purification. 46 (1): 143 – 149, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Aspergillus terreus, Xylanase, Glycosyl hydrolase 10, Pichia pastoris expression, Xylan. 

Abstract : A full – length xylanase gene, encoding 326 amino acids belonging to the fungal 

glycosyl hydrolase family 10, from Aspergillus terreus BCC129 was cloned and 

sequenced. Sequence analysis suggested that the first 25 amino acids of this enzyme 

is the signal peptide. Therefore, only the mature xylanase gene of 906 bp was cloned 

into a yeast expression vector, pPICZ alpha A, for heterologous expression in Pichia 

pastoris. A band of approximately, 33kDa was observed on the SDS – PAGE gel after 

one day of methanol induction. The expressed enzyme was purified by gel filtration 

chromatography. The purified recombinant xylanase demonstrated optimal activity 

at 60 degrees C pH 5.0 and a K – m of 4.8 +/– 0.07 mg/ml and a V – max of 757 +/– 14.54 

mu mol/min mg, using birchwood xylan as a substrate. Additionally, the purified 

enzyme demonstrated broad pH stability from 4 to 10 when incubated at 40 degrees 

C for 4 h. It also showed a moderate thermal stability since it retained 90% of its 

activity when incubated at 50 degrees C, 30 min, making this enzyme a potential use 

in the animal feed and paper and pulp industries. 

No.155 

Author(s) : Chantharaksri U, Tankanitlert J, Morales NP, Fucharoen S. 

Title : A pharmacokinetic study of paracetamol in Thai beta – thalassemia/HbE patients. 

Source : Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 27 (Suppl.1): 222 – 222, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Acetaminophen, Drug metabolism, Thalassernia, UDP – glucuronosyltransferase. 


55


No.156 

Author(s) : Chanthavanich P, Luxemburger C, Sirivichayakul C, Lapphra K, Pengsaa K, Yoksan 

S, Sabchareon A, Lang J. 

Title : Immune response and occurrence of dengue infection in Thai children three to eight 

years after vaccination with live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.75 (1): 26 – 28, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : From 1992 to 1997, 140 Thai children 4 – 15 years of age received an investigational 

live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (LATDV). These children were contacted 

3 – 8 years later in 2001 to assess humoral immunity and investigate whether they 

were subsequently at higher risk of developing severe dengue. One hundred thirteen 

were successfully contacted and participated in this retrospective cohort study with 

two age – and address – matched controls per vaccinee. The number of vaccinated 

subjects with neutralizing antibodies increased compared with 3 – 8 years earlier, 

which was probably due to subsequent wild – type dengue infections. There were no 

excess hospitalizations for clinically suspected dengue fever (DF) or dengue 

hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in vaccinees (one with DF and three with DHF) compared 

with controls (14 with DHF). Results suggest that preexisting dengue antibodies 

induced by LATDV do not enhance dengue illness, and the use of the vaccine in a 

dengue – endemic area is sate. 

No.157 

Author(s) : Chantratita N, Vesaratchavest M, Wuthiekanun V, Ttyawisutsri R, Ulziitogtokh T, 

Akcay E, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Pulsed – field gel electrophoresis as a discriminatory typing technique for the biothreat 

agent Burkholderia mallei. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.74 (3): 345 – 347, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Pseudomallei, Melioidosis, Glanders, Genome. 

Abstract : Pulsed – field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) 

was used to type 21 laboratory strains of Burkholderia mallei. We demonstrated good 

resolution by PFGE together with clustering of some geographically related isolates, 

and confirmed previous observations that B. mallei is clonal as defined by MLST. 

No.158 

Author(s) : Chaovipoch P, Jelks KAB, Gerhold LM, West EJ, Chongthammakun S, Floyd CL. 

Title : 17 beta – estradiol is protective in spinal cord injury in post – and pre – menopausal 

rats 

Source : Journal of Neurotrauma. 23 (6): 830 – 852, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Aging, Apoptosis, Estrogen, Menopause, Neuroprotection, Tunel. 

Abstract : The neuroprotective effects of 17 beta – estradiol have been shown in models of 

central nervous system injury, including ischemia, brain injury, and more recently, 

spinal cord injury (SCI). Recent epidemiological trends suggest that SCIs in elderly 

women are increasing; however, the effects of menopause on estrogen – mediated 

neuroprotection are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate 

the effects of 17 beta – estradiol and reproductive aging on motor function, neuronal 

death, and white matter sparing after SCI of post – and pre – menopausal rats. Two 

– month – old or 1 – year – old female rats were ovariectomized and implanted with 

a silastic capsule containing 180 mu g/mL of 17 beta – estradiol or vehicle. Complete 

crush SCI at T8 – 9 was performed 1 week later. Additional animals of each age group 

were left ovary – intact but were spinal cord injured. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan 

(BBB) locomotor test was performed. Spinal cords were collected on post – SCI days 

1, 7, and 21, and processed for histological markers. Administration of 17 beta – 

estradiol to ovariectomized rats improved recovery of hind – limb locomotion, increased 

white matter sparing, and decreased apoptosis in both the post – and pre – menopausal 

rats. Also, ovary – intact I – year – old rats did worse than ovary – intact 2 – month – 

old rats, suggesting that endogenous estrogen confers neuroprotection in young 

rats, which is lost in older animals. Taken together, these data suggest that estrogen 

is neuroprotective in SCI and that the loss of endogenous estrogen – mediated 

neuroprotective seen in older rats can be attenuated with exogenous administration 

of 17 beta – estradiol. 

56


No.159 

Author(s) : Chaowalit N, Arruda AL, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. 

Title : Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: Enhanced 

prognostic prediction using a simple risk score. 

Source : Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 47 (5): 1029 – 1036, 2006 (Mar). 



Abstract : Objective: We sought to determine the prognostic value of dobutamine stress 

echocardiography (DSE) for predicting long – term outcomes in a large cohort with 

diabetes mellitus and to develop a simple risk score using clinical and echocardiographic 

data. Background: Neither risk scores nor long – term prognostic value of DSE has 

been described in a large diabetic population. Methods: We studied 2,349 patients 

with diabetes mellitus (1,338 men, 67 11 years of age) during a follow – up of 5.4 2.2 

years. RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity (myocardial infarction and late coronary 

revascularization) occurred in 1,044 (44%) and 309 (13%) patients, respectively. 

Addition of stress echocardiographic variables to the clinical and rest echocardiographic 

model provided incremental prognostic information for predicting mortality (chi – 

square = 243 to 270, p < 0.0001) and morbidity (chi – square = 38 to 78, p < 0.0001). For 

each end point, a simple risk score was derived according to the estimated values of 

beta coefficients of multivariate predictors (insulin therapy, smoking, failure to achieve 

target heart rate, percentage of ischemic segments, and impaired left ventricular 

systolic function) and resulted in an assessment of risk among all age groups. The C 

– statistic values were 0.60 to 0.64, indicating modest discrimination. The estimated 

five – year event – free survivals of patients in three risk categories were 94%, 86%, 

and 80% for morbidity (p < 0.00001) and 69%, 60%, and 47% for mortality (p < 0.0001). 

Conclusions: In patients with diabetes mellitus, a simple and practical risk score 

using clinical variables and results of DSE stratified patients into three risk groups 

for mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. 

No.160 

Author(s) : Chaowalit N, Pellikka PA. 

Title : Stress echocardiography in diabetes mellitus. 

Source : Cardiology Review. 23 (8): 32 – 36, 2006 (Aug). 



Abstract : We assessed how well dobutamine stress echocardiography predicted morbidity and 

mortality in 2349 patients with diabetes mellitus over a follow – up period of 13.2 

years. Results showed that age, failure to achieve the target heart rate, and the 

percentage of ischemic segments were independent predictors of both mortality and 

cardiovascular morbidity. Using clinical and stress echocardiographic parameters, a 

simple model for risk stratification was developed. 

No.161 

Author(s) : Charoenkwan P, Sirichotiyakul S, Chanprapaph P, Tongprasert F, Taweephol R, Sae 

– Tung R, Sanguansermsri T. 

Title : Anemia and hydrops in a fetus with homozygous Hemoglobin Constant Spring. 

Source : Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology. 28 (12): 827 – 830, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Hb Constant Spring homozygosity, Fetal anemia, Nonimmune hydrops. 

Abstract : Hemoglobin Constant Spring (Hb CS) is an unstable hemoglobin (Hb) variant that 

results from a nucleotide substitution at the termination codon of the alpha 2 – globin 

gene. The compound heterozygosity of alpha(0) – thalassemia and Hb CS ( – – / 

alpha(CS)alpha) results in a Hb H/CS disease which is clinically more severe than 

deletional Hb H disease. Homozygosity of Hb CS (alpha(CS)alpha/alpha(CS)alpha) is 

generally characterized with mild hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. 

The authors report 1 case with Hb CS homozygosity who presented with fetal anemia 

and hydrops. Intrauterine transfusions were given which rendered a favorable 

outcome. This report demonstrates an unusual and serious in utero complication in 

a fetus with Hb CS/CS. 

57


No.162 

Author(s) : Charoenphandhu N, Limlomwongse L, Krishnamra N. 

Title : Prolactin directly enhanced Na + /K + – and Ca 2+ – ATPase activities in the duodenum of 

female rats. 

Source : Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.84 (5): 555 – 563, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Ca2+ – ATPase, Calcium transport, Duodenum, Na+/K+ – ATPase, Prolactin. 

Abstract : Prolactin has recently been shown to directly stimulate 2 components of the active 

duodenal calcium transport in female rats, i.e., solvent drag – induced and 

transcellular – active calcium transport. Since the basolateral Na + /K + – and Ca 2+ – 

ATPases, respectively, play important roles in these 2 transport mechanisms, the 

present study aimed to examine the direct actions of prolactin on the activities of both 

transporters in sexually mature female Wistar rats. The results showed that 200, 

400, and 800 ng/mL prolactin produced a significant increase in the total ATPase 

activity of duodenal crude homogenate in a dose – dependent manner within 60 min 

(i.e., from a control value of 1.53 +/ – 0.13 to 2.29 +/ – 0.21 (p < 0.05), 2.68 +/ – 0.19 (p 

< 0.01), and 3.92 +/– 0.33 (p < 0.001) mu mol P – i.(mg protein)(–1).min(–1), 

respectively). Activity of Na + /K + – ATPase was increased by 800 ng/mL prolactin from 

0.17 +/ – 0.03 to 1.18 +/– 0.29 mu mol P – i – (mg protein)(–1.)min(–1) (p < 0.01). 

Prolactin at doses of 400 and 600 ng/mL also significantly increased the activities of 

Ca 2+ – ATPase in crude homogenate from a control value of 0.84 +/– 0.03 to 1.75 +/– 

.29 (p < 0.05), and 2.30 +/– 0.37 (p < 0.001) mu mol Pi.(mg protein)(–1.)min(–1). When 

the crude homogenate was purified for the basolateral membrane, the Na + /K + – 

ATPase activities were elevated 10 – fold. In the purified homogenate, 800 ng/mL 

prolactin increased Na + /K + – ATPase activity from 1.79 +/– 0.38 to 2.63 +/– 0.44 mu 

mol P – i – (mg protein)(–1).min(–1) (p < 0.05), and Ca 2+ – ATPase activity from 0.08 +/ 

– 0.14 to 2.03 +/– 0.23 mu mol P – i(.)(mg protein)(–1.)min(–1) (p < 0.001). Because the 

apical calcium entry was the first important step for the transcellular active calcium 

transport, the brush border calcium uptake was also investigated in this study. We 

found that, 8 min after being directly exposed to 800 ng/mL prolactin, the brush 

border calcium uptake into the duodenal epithelial cells was increased from 0.31 +/– 

0.02 to 0.80 +/– 0.28 nmol(.)(mg protein)(–1) (p < 0.05). It was concluded that prolactin 

directly and rapidly enhanced the brush border calcium uptake as well as the activities 

of the basolateral Ne/K’ – and Ca 2+ – ATPases in the duodenal epithelium of female 

rats. These findings explained the mechanisms by which prolactin stimulated duodenal 

active calcium absorption. 

No.163 

Author(s) : Charoenphandhu N, Tudpor K, Pulsook N, Krishnamra N. 

Title : Chronic metabolic acidosis stimulated transcellular and solvent drag – induced calcium 

transport in the duodenum of female rats. 

Source : American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 

291 (3): G446 – G455, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Tight junction, Dilution potential, NH 4 Cl, Trifluorperazine, Ussing chamber. 

Abstract : Chronic metabolic acidosis results in a negative calcium balance as a result of bone 

resorption and renal calcium loss. However, reports on the changes in intestinal 

calcium transport have been controversial. The present investigation therefore aimed 

to study the effects of chronic metabolic acidosis induced by 1.5% NH 4 Cl administration 

on the three components of duodenal calcium transport, namely, solvent drag – 

induced, transcellular active, and passive paracellular components, in rats using an in 

vitro Ussing chamber technique. The relative mRNA expression of genes related to 

duodenal calcium transport was also determined. We found that 21 – day chronic 

metabolic acidosis stimulated solvent drag – induced and transcellular active duodenal 

calcium transport but not passive paracellular calcium transport. Our results further 

demonstrated that an acute direct exposure to serosal acidic pH, in contrast, decreased 

solvent drag – induced calcium transport in a pH – dependent fashion but had no 

effect on transcellular active calcium transport. Neither the transepithelial resistance 

nor duodenal permeability to Na + , Cl – , and Ca 2+ via the passive paracellular pathway 

were altered by chronic metabolic acidosis, suggesting that widening of the tight 

junction and changes in the charge – selective property of the tight junction did not 

occur. Thus the enhanced duodenal calcium transport observed in chronic metabolic 

acidosis could have resulted from a long – term adaptation, possibly at the molecular 

level. RT – PCR study revealed that chronic metabolic acidosis significantly increased 

the relative mRNA expression of duodenal genes associated with solvent drag – 

induced transport, i.e., the beta(1) – subunit of Na + – K + – ATPase, zonula occludens 

58


– 1, occludin, and claudin – 3, and with transcellular active transport, i.e., transient 

receptor potential vanilloid family Ca 2+ channels 5 and 6 and plasma membrane Ca 2+ 

– ATPase isoform 1b. Total plasma calcium and free ionized calcium and magnesium 

concentrations were also increased, whereas serum parathyroid hormone and 1 

alpha, 25 – dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels were not changed. The results indicated that 

21 – day chronic metabolic acidosis affected the calcium metabolism in rats partly 

through enhancing the mRNA expression of crucial duodenal genes involved in 

calcium absorption, thereby stimulating solvent drag – induced and transcellular 

active calcium transport in the duodenum. 

No.164 

Author(s) : Charoensak A, Chawalparit O, Suttinont C, Niwattayakul K, Losuwanaluk K, 

Silpasakorn S, Suputtamongkol Y. 

Title : Scrub typhus: Chest radiographic and clinical findings in 130 Thai patients. 



Keywords : Acute febrile illness, Chest radiography, Scrub typhus. 

Abstract : Objective: To describe chest radiographic findings and their clinical correlation in 

patients with scrub typhus diagnosed in Thailand and to determine abnormalities 

that assist in the diagnosis of scrub typhus. Material and Method: Between July 2001 

and December 2002, 130 patients with scrub typhus admitted to three hospitals in the 

northeastern Thailand were studied. Data of clinical presentations and chest 

radiographic findings, reviewed by two radiologists who were unaware of the final 

diagnosis, were analyzed. Results: There were 33 women, 97 men; age range, 11 – 92 

years; median age, 45 years old. Pulmonary symptoms occurred in 61.5% of the 

patients and eschar was found in 33.1%. Hepatic dysfunction occurred in 58.5% and 

cardiovascular dysfunction in 33%. Pulmonary involvement was the major presentation 

in 41.5%. Acute respiratory distress syndrome developed in 7 patients. Overall 5 

patients died. The initial radiography showed abnormalities in 64.6% of the patients. 

Common radiographic abnormalities included bilateral reticular opacities (48.5%), 

cardiomegaly (28.5%), congestive heart failure (18.5%), air space nodules (13.1%), 

and pleural effusion (10.8%). Significant association between chest radiographic 

abnormalities and hepatic and cardiovascular dysfunction were documented. 

Conclusion: Chest radiography should be included in the initial evaluation of patients 

with suspected scrub typhus. Bilateral reticular infiltration, with or without 

cardiomegaly or congestive heart failure, was the most frequent radiographic finding 

of scrub typhus. 

No.165 

Author(s) : Charoensilp G, Vararattanavech A, Leelapat P, Prapanthadara L – A, Ketterman AJ. 

Tile : Characterization of Anopheles dirus glutathione transferase epsilon 4. 



Keywords : Anopheles dirus, DDT dehydrochlorinase, Epsilon class, Glutathione transferase, 

Pyrethroid insecticide. 

Abstract : The coding sequences of a wild type glutathione transferase (GST) Epsilon 4 and 

three isoenzymes were obtained by RT – PCR from a Thai malaria mosquito, Anopheles 

dirus. After confirmation by sequencing, the RT – PCR products were subcloned into 

an expression vector and proteins were expressed, purified, and biochemically 

characterized to study the function of these enzymes and for comparison with two 

orthologs from An. gambiae (agGSTE4 – 4) and Aedes aegypti (aaGSTE4 – 4). The 

results showed that An. dirus GST Epsilon 4 (adGSTE4 – 4) shares more than 85% 

amino acid sequence similarity with agGSTE4 – 4 and aaGSTE44. However, adGSTE4 

– 4 possesses a greater catalytic efficiency (k cat/Km) for 1 – chloro – 2, 4 – 

dinitrobenzene as well as greater activities for several other substrates compared 

with agGSTE4 – 4 and aaGSTE4 – 4. Moreover, adGSTE4 – 4 enzyme possesses 

peroxidase and DDT dehydrochlorinase activities while these activities were not 

observed for agGSTE4 – 4. In addition, adGSTE4 – 4 binds two pyrethroid insecticides 

(permethrin and 1 – cyhalothrin) with a relatively high affinity. We conclude that 

adGSTE4 – 4, unlike agGSTE4 – 4, can contribute to DDT resistance by DDT 

dehydrochlorinase activity as well as to pyrethroid resistance by sequestration and 

protection against oxidation from secondary pyrethroid metabolites via its peroxidase 

activity. 

59


No.166 

Author(s) : Chatchen S, Juricek M, Rueda P, Kertbundit S. 

Title : Papaya ringspot virus coat protein gene for antigen presentation Escherichia coli. 

Source : Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39 (1): 16 – 21, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Antigen presentation, Canine parvo virus, Epitope, Papaya ringspot virus. 

Abstract : The coat protein (CP) of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) was analyzed for presentation 

of the antigenic peptide of animal virus, Canine parvovirus (CPV), in Escherichia coli 

(E. coli). The 45 nucleotides fragment coding for the 15 – aa peptide epitope of the 

CPV – VP2 protein was either inserted into the PRSV – cp gene at the 5', 31 ends, both 

5' and 3' ends or substituted into the 3' end of the PRSV cp gene. Each of the chimeric 

PRSV cp genes was cloned into the pRSET B vector under the control of the T7 

promoter and transformed into E. coli. The recombinant coat proteins expressed 

from different chimeric PRSV – cp genes were purified and intraperitoneally injected 

into mice. All of the recombinant coat proteins showed strong immunogenicity and 

stimulate mice immune response. The recombinant coat proteins containing the CPV 

epitope insertion at the C terminus and at both N and C termini elicited ten times 

higher specific antisera in immunized mice compared with the other two recombinant 

coat proteins which contain the CPV epitope insertion at the N terminus and 

substitution at the C terminus. 

No.167 

Author(s) : Chatdokmaiprai C, Suwansingh W, Worapongpaiboon S. 

Title : The turnover distal epineurial sheath tube for repair of peripheral nerve gaps. 



Keywords : Nerve gap repair, Turnover distal epineurial sheath tube. 

Abstract : Background and objective: Autologous nerve grafting is the conventional technique 

for bridging nerve gaps. However, the drawback of this technique is the morbidity 

associated with the left over donor site. The purpose of the present study was to 

investigate the effects of the turnover distal epineurial sheath tube as an alternative 

to nerve grafting for the repair of nerve gaps. Material and Method: The experimental 

model included 14 male Wistar rats. The left and right sciatic nerves were resected 

and the 14 left sciatic nerve gaps were reconstructed using conventional autologous 

nerve grafts while the other 14 right sciatic nerve gaps were reconstructed with 

turnover distal epineurial sheath tubes. All the repaired sciatic nerves were harvested 

for histologic and quantitative histomorphometric evaluation at the 11th week after 

the operations. Results: There were no statistical differences in quantitative evaluation 

of Schwann cells between the conventional nerve grafting group and the distal 

epineurial sheath tube group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The turnover distal epineurial 

sheath tube provides a suitable conduit between two stumps, eliminates donor – site 

morbidity, reduces the operating time, and might be an alternative modality to nerve 

grafting for nerve gap repair. 

No.168 

Author(s) : Chatsudthipong V. 

Title : Regulation of renal organic anion transport system. 

Source : Drug Metabolism Reviews. 38 (Suppl.3): 5 – 5, 2006. 




No.169 

Author(s) : Chau – In W, Chinachoti T, Punjasawadi Y, Klanarong S, Taratarnkoolwatana K. 

Title : Unplanned intubation during anesthesia: Review of 31 cases from the Thai Anesthesia 

Incidents Study (THAI Study). 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (2): 224 – 230, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Anesthesia, Complications, Intubation, Risk factors, Unplanned. 

Abstract : Objectives: To examine the causes, outcomes, and contributing factors associated 

with patients requiring unplanned emergency intubation for adverse respiratory 

events. Meterial and Method: Appropriate unplanned intubation incidents were 

extracted from the Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI Study) database conducted 

between February 1, 2003, and January 31, 2004, and analyzed using descriptive 

60


statistics. Results: Thirty – one incidents of unplanned intubation were recorded, 21 

of which were due to respiratory problems particularly after bronchoscopy with and 

without surgery of the upper airway. Six of the 21 cases (28.6%) were children under 

10 years of age who suffered from papilloma of the larynx. Sixteen cases of the 31 

cases (52%) of the unplanned intubations were due to inadequate ventilation; 13 

cases (41%) due to laryngeal edema; 11 cases (36%) due to sedative agents. The other 

events were the result of unstable hemodynamics, severe metabolic acidosis, muscle 

relaxants, and intrapulmonary lesions. Eighteen cases of unplanned intubations (18/ 

31) (58%) occurred in the Post – Anesthesia Care Unit, 5 cases (16%) in a ward, and 

4 (13%) in the operating room. The reported contributing factors included inadequate 

experience, lack of supervision and the patient’s condition. Conclusion: Major incidents 

of unplanned intubation occurred after bronchoscopy. Common contributing factors 

related to inadequate ventilation, airway obstruction, sedative agents and unstable 

hemodynamics. Quality assurance, additional training, and improved supervision 

tended to minimize the incidents. 

No.170 

Author(s) : Chaudakshetrin P. 

Title : A Survey of patients with neuropathic pain at Siriraj Pain Clinic. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (3): 354 – 361, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Medical treatment, Neuropathic pain, Siriraj Pain Clinic. 

Abstract : Objective: To examine the profile and treatment pattern of patients with neuropathic 

pain attending Siriraj Pain Clinic. Material and Method: A 2 – year retrospective study 

of the prevalence of neuropathic pain, characteristics of the patients and the use of 

medical treatment. Records of all the patients that attended Siriraj Pain Clinic from 

September 1, 2002 until September 30, 2004 were reviewed. Results: One thousand 

three hundred and thirty patients’ records were reviewed. Five hundred and three 

patients were diagnosed as having neuropathic pain. The prevalence of neuropathic 

pain at Siriraj Pain Clinic during the survey period was 37.8%. The average age of 

neuropathic pain patients was 54 years. The most common type of neuropathic pain 

was peripheral type, nerve compression in particular. The most common concomitant 

illness was malignant tumor. The majority of patients (71.8%) had one pain location 

and the most common site was the lower extremity. The main descriptions of 

neuropathic pain were radiating, electric shock – like, burning, numbing and shooting. 

Oral medication was the most common method (79%) of painrelief treatment. Almost 

all of the patients (93%) had received more than one type of oral medication. The 

most commonly used medicine was TCA (77.1%), followed by gabapentin (35%), 

carbamazepine (34%) and tramadol (24.3%). Most of the pain – relief medicines 

prescribed at this clinic were under the recommended doses for the treatment of 

neuropathic pain. Conclusion: Characteristics and treatment patterns of neuropathic 

pain at Siriraj Pain Clinic are similar to those seen in other pain clinics elsewhere in 

the world. The high prevalence of neuropathic pain in the clinic indicates that this 

type of pain syndrome is increasingly critical to our clinical practice. More educational 

programs on neuropathic pain and management are needed for Thai healthcare 

professionals. 

No.171 

Author(s) : Chauvatcharin N, Ahantarig A, Baimai V, Kittayapong P. 

Title : Bacteriophage WO – B and Wolbachia in natural mosquito hosts: infection incidence, 

transmission mode and relative density. 

Source : Molecular Ecology. 15 (9): 2451 – 2461, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Bacteriophage WO – B, Endosymbiont, Molecular phylogeny, Mosquito, Real – time 

PCR, Wolbachia. 

Abstract : Bacteriophages of Wolbachia bacteria have been proposed as a potential transformation 

tool for genetically modifying mosquito vectors. In this study, we report the presence 

of the WO – B class of Wolbachia – associated phages among natural populations of 

several mosquito hosts. Eighty – eight percent (22/25) of Wolbachia – infected mosquito 

species surveyed were found to contain WO – B phages. WO – B phage orf7 sequence 

analysis suggested that a single strain of WO – B phage was found in most singly (23/ 

24) or doubly (1/1) Wolbachia – infected mosquitoes. However, the single Wolbachia 

strain infecting Aedes perplexus was found to harbour at least two different WO – B 

phages. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that horizontal transmission of WO – B 

phages has occurred on an evolutionary scale between the Wolbachia residing in 

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mosquitoes. On an ecological scale, a low trend of co – transmission occurred among 

specific WO – B phages within Wolbachia of each mosquito species. Assessment of 

the density of WO – B phage by real – time quantitative polymerase chain reaction 

(RTQ – PCR) revealed an average relative density of 7.76 x 10(5) +/– 1.61 x 10(5) orf7 

copies per individual mosquito for a single Wolbachia strain infecting mosquitoes, but 

a threefold higher density in the doubly Wolbachia – infected Aedes albopictus. 

However, the average combined density of WO – B phage(s) did not correlate with 

that of their Wolbachia hosts, which varied in different mosquito species. We also 

confirmed the presence of WO – B – like virus particles in the laboratory colony of Ae. 

albopictus (KLPP) morphologically, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The 

viral – like particles were detected after purification and filtration of Ae. albopictus 

ovary extract, suggesting that at least one WO – B – like phage is active (temperate) 

within the Wolbachia of this mosquito vector. Nevertheless, the idea of utilizing these 

bacteriophages as transformation vectors still needs more investigation and is likely 

to be unfeasible. 

No.172 

Author(s) : Chavalitdhamrong D, Tanwandee T. 

Title : Long – term outcomes of chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological 

response at 6 months after the end of treatment. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (34): 5532 – 5535, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Chronic hepatitis C, Sustained virological response, Long – term outcome. 

Abstract : Aim: To assess the clinical, biochemical, and virological outcome during long – term 

follow – up of chronic hepatitis C patients with sustained virological response following 

effective antiviral therapy. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study 

including 171 sustained responders defined as HCV RNA PCR negative at 6 mo after 

the end of effective antiviral treatment (SVR – 6). Clinical signs and symptoms, 

biochemical hepatic parameters, ultrasonography and HCV RNA PCR were followed. 

Results: Mean follow – up period was 35.38 +/– 22.2 mo after the end of treatment. 

Twenty – seven (15.8%) responders had evidence of cirrhosis before treatment. Forty 

– eight (28.1%), 107 (62.6%) and 6 (3.5%) patients were genotype 1, 3, and 6 respectively, 

while 10 patients (5.8%) were unclassified. There were no virological and biochemical 

relapses during the period of follow – up. None of the patients showed evidence of 

hepatic decompensation. However, there were 3 patients (1.8%) developing 

hepatocellular carcinoma at 14, 18, 29 mo after treatment discontinuation, two of 

whom had evidence of cirrhosis prior to therapy. Conclusion: The study shows that 

during a follow – up interval for about 3 years in 171 chronic hepatitis C patients with 

sustained viral response after effective antiviral treatment there were no evident 

signs of either biochemical or clinical relapse of liver disease in all but three patients 

who developed hepatocellular carcinoma. 

No.173 

Author(s) : Chavasiri C. 

Title : Late treatment of nonunion of odontoid fracture. 

Source : Techniques in Orthopaedics. 21 (2): 115 – 120, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Autogenous iliac graft, Fracture, Nonunion, Odontoid, Posterior wiring. 

Abstract : Nonunion of odontoid type II fracture is notoriously difficult to treat and can easily 

become a chronic instability of C1 – C2 area. Also, nonunion is difficult to eradicate in 

light of ongoing bony instability. However, a successful treatment plan of performing 

posterior wiring and autogenous iliac graft can prevent further neurologic 

deterioration and ultimately leads to a stable spine. 

No.174 

Author(s) : Chavasit V, Kunhawattana S, Jirarattanarangsri W. 

Title : Production and contamination of pasteurized beverages packed in sealed plastic 

containers in Thailand and potential preventive measures. 

Source : Food Control. 17 (8): 622 – 630, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Pasteurized beverages, Microbial contamination, Appropriate technology. 

Abstract : From 35 premises that were sampled in this study, 86%, 69%, 59%, and 13% of 

pasteurized beverages packed in sealed plastic containers were contaminated with 

yeast, mold, coliform, or E coli, respectively. The products could be divided into two


groups, i.e., heat sensitive and non – heat sensitive. At least 45% of the premises did 

not pass the Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirements for GMP. 

Chlorine treatment and temperature control were needed for heat sensitive products. 

Appropriate equipment and methods for double boiling, cooling, washing containers, 

and sanitizing utensils were developed. The developed systems were found to be 

feasible in four tested premises. 

No.175 

Author(s) : Chawalparit O, Charoensak A, Chierakul N. 

Title : HRCT of pulmonary tuberculosis mimics malignancy: A preliminary report. 



Keywords : HRCT, Pulmonary, Tuberculosis. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate potential predictors of high resolution CT (HRCT) findings of 

pulmonary mass caused by tuberculosis (Tbc). Material and Method: A retrospective 

study of chest HRCT was performed in 10 patients diagnosed as pulmonary Tbc. The 

size, characteristics of lesions, enhancement and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were 

interpreted. The final diagnosis was reached by laboratory and pathological specimens 

or clinical improvement from treatment of the Tbc. Results: Of 10 patients, 6 were 

males and 4 were females. The mean age was 53.5 years old. There were 13 masses 

analyzed. The mean size of the lesions was 2.3 cm and 53.8% had diameters more 

than 2 cm. The locations of lesions were right upper lobe (30.8%), right middle lobe 

(7.7%), right lower lobe (38.5%) and left upper lobe (23.1%). Calcification was found in 

two lesions. The HRCT findings were spiculated margin (76.9%), lobulated margin 

(23.1%), smooth margin (7.7%), ground – glass opacity (23.1%), concave border (61.5%), 

polygonal shape (53.8%), air bronchogram (38.5%), pseudocavity (15.4%), pleural tag 

(30.8%), distortion of vessels (23.1%), satellite lesions (38.5%), and peripheral subpleural 

lesion (46.2%). Only 7 cases of enhanced study were available and two cases showed 

enhancement. Of the 10 cases, mediastinal lymphadenopathy was found in 8(80%) 

cases. The size of the lymph nodes was less than 2 cm in 6 cases and larger than 2 cm 

in 2 cases. Other associated findings were pleural thickening or effusion (60%), 

evidence of volume loss (20%), emphysema (40%), and infiltrations (50%). Conclusion: 

Many characteristics of Tbc lesion on HRCT mimic reported malignant lesions. Re – 

evaluation of value of HRCT for controversial lesions is needed. 

No.176 

Author(s) : Chawalparit O, Churojana A, Chiewvit P, Thanapipatsir S, Vamvanij V, 

Charnchaowanish P. 

Title : The limited protocol MRI in diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation. 



Keywords : Diagnosis, Low back pain, Lumbar disc herniation, Magnetic resonance imaging, 

MRI. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess agreement in detection of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) between 

limited and full protocol MRI. Material and Method: 123 patients who requested 

lumbar MRI for diagnosis of disc herniation were assessed. The full protocol MRI 

composed of sagittal T1 – wi, sagittal T2 – wi and axial T2 – wi was performed on each 

patient. The sagittal T2 – wi was selected as the limited protocol MRI. The limited and 

full protocols MRI of each patient were separately interpreted by three 

neuroradiologists to assess disc herniation and nerve root compression. The consensus 

results of limited and full protocol were compared. The diagnostic performance of 

each protocol was analyzed using surgery as the gold standard. Results: There were 

62 females and 61 males enrolled into the study between the age of 21 – 60 years old 

(means = 42.91 years). The duration of pain was 1 – 204 months (mean = 31.20 

months). The degree of severity was mild in 23.58%, moderate 45.52% and severe 

30.89% of cases. Thirty – three cases were operatedon. For detection of LDH, the 

limited protocol gave the same interpretation results as the full protocol (0 = 1.04, 

95%CI = 0.94, 1.14 with accepted range of 0.95 – 1.05). In nerve root compression, the 

limited protocol was not accurate as the full protocol (0 = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.87, 0.63). 

The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, and LR+ in the surgical group of 

limited protocol in diagnosis of LDH were 82.61%, 80%, 81.82%, 90.48%, 60.67%, 4.13 

and in nerve root compression were 54.84%, 100%, 57.58%, 100%, 12.5% respectively. 

The same statistics of full protocol MRI in diagnosis of LDH were 82.61%, 70.80%, 

78.79%, 86.36%, 63.64%, 2.75 and of nerve root compression were 80.65%, 100%, 

81.82%, 100%, 25% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of LDH 

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were not different in both protocols but the sensitivity of nerve root compression was 

statistically significant different (p < 0.013, 95%CI = –0.33, –0.25). Conclusion: The 

authors concluded that limited protocol MRI may replace full protocol MRI in diagnosis 

of LDH but not in nerve root compression. 

No.177 

Author(s) : Chawalparit O, Prayoonwiwat N. 

Title : MRI of multiple sclerosis in Thai patients. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (4): 422 – 427, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Diagnosis, MRI, Multiple sclerosis. 

Abstract : Objective: Evaluate the MRI findings of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Thai patients and 

compare these with the McDonald criteria for dissemination in space. Material and 

Method: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing clinical and MRI records 

of patients attending MS clinic at Siriraj Hospital. Only patients with complete clinical 

and MRI data were included in the present study. Results: There were 25 patients 

included in the study. Twenty – four patients were females and 1 was male. The 

mean age was 35.24 years old (range 16 – 50). The disease duration was 1 month to 

17 years after the onset. Twenty – three patients were diagnosed as relapsing – 

remitting MS, one as possible MS and one as clinical isolated syndrome. Analysis for 

CSF oligoclonal bands was performed in 22 cases with positive results in 6 cases 

(27.3%). The sites of involvement were optic neuritis (16 cases), spinal cord (14 

cases), and brain (9 cases). Seventeen cases had MRI study at the early presentations, 

and 8 cases during subsequent relapses. In the 9 cases with brain symptoms, all had 

positive brain MRI. Ten cases (58.8%) had infratentorial lesions mostly found at the 

medulla. Most T2 lesions were found at juxtacortical and periventricular regions. 

Five in 9 cases (55.6%) with periventricular lesions had lesions not less than 3 mm 

and at least 3 lesions were found. There were 6 cases (35.3%) with, at least, nine T2 

lesions. Most of the T2 lesions were oval shaped. Seven cases (41.2%) had black hole 

lesions. Three cases (17.6%) had gadolinium enhanced lesions. Thirteen of 15 available 

spinal MRI were abnormal. The locations of the lesions were cervical (6), thoracic (4) 

and cervicothoracic (3) levels. The number of T2 lesions was one in 8 cases and more 

than one in 5 cases. The length of each lesion varied: less than 1 vertebral segment (5 

cases) and 2 or more vertebral segments (8 cases). Swelling of the cord was found in 

3 cases and atrophy in 7 cases. The lesions occupied the whole cross – sectional cord 

in 6 cases and center of the cord in 7 cases. The gadolinium enhancement was found 

in 6 cases with a patchy pattern in 5 cases and mixed ring and patchy patterns in 1 

case. There were totally 6 cases (24%) that fulfilled the McDonald MRI criteria for 

dissemination in space. Conclusion: The MRI findings in Thai MS have distinct features 

from the Western reports. Re – evaluation of McDonald criteria for the Eastern 

countries is needed. 

No.178 

Author(s) : Chaweewan B, Boonchu K. 

Title : Clinical and Experimental Allergy Reviews: Foreword. 

Source : Clinical and Experimental Allergy Reviews. 6 (1): ii, 2006 (Jan). 




No.179 

Author(s) : Chaweewan B, Boonchu K. 

Title : Foreword. 

Source : Clinical and Experimental Allergy Reviews. 6 (1): ii – ii, 2006 (Feb). 

Document Type : Editorial. 

Keywords : Allergy, Allergy in children, Prevention, Chemotherapy, Congresses & conventions, 

Medicine – – Specialties & specialists. 

Abstract : The article highlights the 2005 Global Allergy Summit held in Bangkok, Thailand. 

Several specialists involved in the field of allergy attended the event. The scientific 

programme during the summit is outlined. Speakers emphasized the need for 

paediatric studies both on prevention of allergic diseases and on pharmacotherapy.


No.180 

Author(s) : Chayakulkeeree M, Ghannoum MA, Perfect JR. 

Title : Zygomycosis: the re – emerging fungal infection. 

Source : European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 

25 (4): 215 – 229, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : B lipid complex, Cell transplant recipients, Liposomal amphotericin – B, Receiving 

vpriconazole prophylaxis, Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis, Primary cutaneous 

mucormycosis, Orbital – cerebral mucormycosis, In – vitro susceptibilities, Colony – 

stimulating factor, Fatal massive hemoptysis. 

Abstract : Invasive fungal infections are major medical complications in immunocompromised 

patients. The recent rise in the incidence of cancer and the increased use of newer 

medical treatment modalities, including organ transplantations, have resulted in 

growing numbers of highly immunosuppressed individuals. Although aspergillosis 

and candidiasis are among the most common invasive mycoses in such patients, 

there is evidence that the incidence of infectious diseases caused by Zygomycetes has 

risen significantly over the past decade. Patients with diabetes, malignancies, solid 

organ or bone marrow transplants, or iron overload and those receiving 

immunosuppressive agents, deferoxamine therapy, or broad – spectrum antimicrobial 

drugs are at highest risk for zygomycosis. This review details the emergence and 

importance of zygomycosis in current clinical practice and its manifestations and 

management. The etiologic species, pathogenesis and risk factors for zygomycosis 

are reviewed and updated. The clinical spectrum of zygomycosis is now broader, and 

it can be difficult to distinguish between mucormycosis and enthomophthoramycosis, 

both of which can manifest as disease ranging from a superficial infection to an 

angiomvasive infection with high mortality. Finally, the three – part treatment 

strategy (antifungal drugs, surgery, control of underlying diseases) is reviewed. Lipid 

formulations of amphotericin B are the antifungal agents of choice for treatment of 

zygomycosis. A novel antifungal triazole, posaconazole, has been developed and may 

become approved for treatment of zygomycosis. The clinical experience with adjunctive 

treatments like colony – stimulating factors, interferon – gamma, and hyperbaric 

oxygen therapy is still limited. 

No.181 

Author(s) : Chayakulkeeree M, Perfect JR. 

Title : Cryptococcosis. 

Source : Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 20 (3): 507, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Active antiretroviral therapy, Central – nervous – system, Organ transplant recipients, 

Latex agglutination – test, Acquired – immunodeficiency – syndrome, Immune 

reconstitution syndrome, Neoformans var. neoformans, Primary cutaneous 

cryptococcosis, Centrifuged cerebrospinal – fluid, HIV – associated cryptococcosis. 

Abstract : In the past 2 decades, Cryptococcus has emerged in its clinical significance and as a 

model yeast for understanding molecular pathogenesis. C neoformans and C gattii 

are currently considered major primary and secondary pathogens in a wide array of 

hosts that are known to be immunocompromised or apparently immunocompetent. 

A recent outbreak of C gattii infections further underscores the clinical importance 

of the yeast through its epidemiology and pathogenicity features. With an enlarging 

immunosuppressed population caused by HIV infection, solid organ transplantation, 

and clinical use of potent immunosuppressives, such as cancer chemotherapy, 

monoclonal antibodies, and corticosteroids, this fungus has become a well – established 

infectious complication of modern medicine. This article examines current issues in 

cryptococcal infections, including new classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and 

specific clinical aspects. 

No.182 

Author(s) : Chearskul S, Supingklud N, Nitithamyong A, Sirichakwal P. 

Title : Assessment of hormonal and metabolic effects of dietary fiber in young Thai women. 



Keywords : Asian women, Dietary fiber, Hormones, Reference daily intake (RDI). 

Abstract : Objective: To investigate whether daily dietary fiber intake at the reference level has 

any impact on studied hormones in a population of Thai women. Material and Method: 

Twenty – eight healthy Thai women (aged 18 – 20 years, BMI 18.5 – 25 kg/m 2 ) with a 

history of regular menstrual cycles committed themselves to prepared food without 

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changing the usual ratio of three major macronutrients. Dietary fiber from natural 

source at the amount of 8 – 10 g/day equal to their regular consumption was added to 

their daily diet for one menstrual cycle, then, increased to be 25 – 30 g/day for 

another 2 successive cycles. A single blood sample on midluteal day (day 18 – 23) was 

obtained in all three cycles. Plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, 

prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and insulin together with total cholesterol, 

high – density lipoprotein cholesterol, low – density lipoprotein cholesterol, and 

triglycerides were analyzed. Results: The measured hormones and lipids did not 

change significantly when compared between a control and two experimental cycles 

(p > 0.05). Conclusion: Short – term consumption of 25 – 30 g/day fiber diet as 

recommended by the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) in a Thai population did not alter 

the studied hormones and lipids thus did not create any health problems. 

No.183 

Author(s) : Chearskul S, Yothathai T, Sriussadaporn S. 

Title : Postprandial leptin response to Thai meals with different macronutrient mixtures. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 

37 (4): 778 – 783, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : The objective of this study was to investigate the postprandial response of leptin, an 

appetite – regulating hormone, to different macronutrient mixtures in Thai meals. A 

within – subject repeat measurement was performed. Two groups of healthy Thais 

(10 men and 10 women in each group) received a single meal of equal calories 

composed either a high carbohydrate, low fat, low protein diet (HC – LFLP, 

carbohydrate:fat:protein = 70%:15%:15%) or a low carbohydrate, high fat, high protein 

diet (LC – HFHR carbohydrate:fat:protein = 20%:50%:30%). Fasting and 30 – minute 

interval postprandial blood levels of leptin, insulin and glucose were measured for a 

2 – hour period. In comparison to the LC – HFHP meal, the HC – LFLP meal produced 

a greater increase in glucose and insulin levels, but halted leptin from decreasing. 

Postprandial leptin levels were suppressed by a LC – HFHP meal but not by a HC – 

LFLP meal. The reduced leptin in conjunction with lower glucose and insulin levels 

may encourage overeating in habitual LC – HFHP diet consumers. 

No.184 

Author(s) : Cheeramakara C, Songmeang K, Nakosiri W, Suthisai N, Nontprasert A, Areekul S. 

Title : Study on serum transcobalamin II in patients with murine typhus. 


37 (Suppl.3): 145 – 8, 2006. 



Abstract : We measured the serum transcobalamin II in murine typhus – infected patients (n = 

16) admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in 1996 – 1997, compared with 

healthy controls (n = 60). The results showed that the transcobalamin II (TCII) and 

total serum unsaturated vitaminB12 binding capacity (UBBC) in patients with murine 

typhus (2,126.5 pg/ml, range 1,262 – 4,568 and 3,771.5 pg/ml, range 1,576 – 6,763 pg/ 

ml) were statistically significantly higher than normal subjects (987.5 pg/ml, range 

678 – 2,000 pg/ml and 1,402 pg/ml, range 932 – 2,470 ml) (p


Abstract : Adriamycin (ADR) is a potent anticancer drug, but its use is limited by a dose – 

dependent cardiotoxicity. Oxidative stress is regarded as the mediating mechanism of 

ADR cardiotoxicity. However, cardiac proteins that are oxidatively modified have not 

been well characterized. We took a redox proteomics approach to identify increasingly 

oxidized murine cardiac proteins after a single injection of ADR (ip, 20 mg/kg body 

wt). The specific carbonyl levels of three proteins were significantly increased, and 

these proteins were identified as triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), beta – enolase, 

and electron transfer flavoprotein – ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF – QO). TPI and 

enolase are key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, and ETF – QO serves as the 

transporter for electrons derived from a variety of oxidative processes to the 

mitochondria respiratory chain. Cardiac enolase activity in ADR – treated mice was 

reduced by 25%, whereas the cardiac TPI activity remained unchanged. Oxidation of 

purified enolase or TPI via Fenton chemistry led to a 17 or 23% loss of activity, 

respectively, continuing that a loss of activity was the consequence of oxidation. The 

observation that these cardiac enzymes involved in energy production are more 

oxidized resulting from ADR treatment indicates that the bioenergetic pathway is an 

important target in ADR – initiated oxidative stress. 

No.186 

Author(s) : Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Limmathurotsakul D, Wongsuvan G, Chierakul W, 

Amornchai P, Getchalarat N, Chaowagul W, White NJ, Day NPJ, Wuthiekanun V. 

Title : Prospective evaluation of a rapid immunochromogenic cassette test for the diagnosis 

of melioidosis in northeast Thailand. 

Source : Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 

100 (1): 64 – 67, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Immunochromogenic cassette test, Indirect 

haemagglutination assay, Thailand. 

Abstract : A prospective study was performed to compare a rapid immunochromogenic cassette 

test (ICT) with the indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) and clinical rules for the 

diagnosis of melioidosis in an endemic area. The sensitivity and specificity of the IgG 

ICT was 86% and 47%, and the IgM ICT was 82% and 47%, respectively. These were 

similar to the results for IHA (sensitivity 73%, specificity 64%) and clinical rules (73% 

and 37%). ICT lacks clinical utility as a result of high background rates of positive 

Burkholderia pseudomallei serology in this population. Low sensitivity and specificity 

of clinical rules is consistent with the protean manifestations of melioidosis and 

clinical difficulty in identifying patients with melioidosis. 

No.187 

Author(s) : Cheng AC, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurosakul D, Wongsuvan G, Day NPJ, 

Peacock SJ. 

Title : Role of selective and nonselective media for isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei 

from throat swabs of patients with melioidosis. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (6): 2316 – 2316, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Pseudomonas – pseudomallei, Diagnosis. 


No.188 

Author(s) : Chetsawang B, Putthaprasart C, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Melatonin protects against hydrogen peroxide – induced cell death signaling in SH – 

SY5Y cultured cells: involvement of nuclear factor kappa B, Bax and Bcl – 2. 

Source : Journal of Pineal Research. 41 (2): 116 – 123, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Bax, Cell death, Hydrogen peroxide, Melatonin, NF – kappa B, Oxidative stress, SH – 

SY5Y Cells. 

Abstract : Oxidative stress is defined as a disturbance in the prooxidant – antioxidant balance, 

leading to potential cell damage. Reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals, 

hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide may act also as secondary intermediaries in 

intracellular signaling leading to cell death. The neuroprotective effect of melatonin 

has been observed both in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this research, therefore, 

was to better understand the cellular mechanisms of neuronal cell degeneration 

induced via oxidative stress and the protective roles of melatonin on this cell death. In 

the present study, the effects of melatonin on H 2 O 2 – induced neuronal cell 

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degeneration in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH – SY5Y cultured cells were 

investigated. The results showed that H 2 O 2 significantly decreased cell viability and 

melatonin reversed the toxic effects of H 2 O 2 . An inhibition of caspase enzyme activity 

by Ac – DEVD – CHO, a caspase – 3 inhibitor, significantly increased cell viability in 

H 2 O 2 – treated cells. The phosphorylation of transcription factors, nuclear factor 

kappa B (NF – kappa B) was increased in H 2 O 2 – treated cells and this effect was 

abolished by melatonin. Translocation of phosphorylated NF – kappa B to perinuclear 

and nuclear sites, estimated using immunofluorescence, occurred to a greater extent 

in H 2 O 2 – treated cells than in untreated control cells and again this effect was 

abolished by melatonin. In addition, induction of Bcl – 2 and Bax proteins was 

demonstrated in SH – SY5Y cultured cells treated with H 2 O 2 , whereas the induction 

of Bax but not Bcl – 2 was diminished by melatonin. In light of these finding, it is 

possible that the antioxidative stress effect of melatonin associated with inhibition of 

Bax expression, may offer a means of treating neuronal degeneration and disease. 

No.189 

Author(s) : Chetsawang B, Putthaprasart C, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Protective effect of melatonin against hydrogen peroxide inducing cell death signaling: 

an involvement of nuclear factor kappa B, Bax and Bcl – 2 in SH – SY5Y cultured 

cells. 





No.190 

Author(s) : Chetsawang J, Putthaprasart V, Govitrapong P, Chetsawang B. 

Title : The neuroprotective effect of melatonin against 1 – methyl, 4 – phenyl, pyridinium 

ion – induced common oxidative stress and cell death in cultured SK – N – SH cells. 





No.191 

Author(s) : Chetthakul T, Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, Kosachunhanun N, 

Ngarmukos C, Rawdaree P, Krittiyawong S, Leelawatana R, Bunnag P, Plengvidhya 

N, Pratipanawatr T, Benjasuratwong Y, Mongkolsomlit S. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated 

factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (1): S27 – S36, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Diabetic nephropathy, Diabetic retinopathy, HbA1c, Hypertension, Thailand, Type 2 

diabetes. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with Diabetic 

Retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes in Thailand. Material and Method: A cross – 

sectional, multicenter, hospital – based study was carried out between April and 

December 2003. Diabetic patients in diabetic clinics of 11 tertiary centers in Thailand 

were registered. Retinal examination of the participants was performed by 

ophthalmologists. Results: 7,119 of 9,419 (75.6%) diabetic patients received retinal 

examination using direct ophthalmoscopy after full dilatation of pupils. 6,707 cases 

were type 2 diabetic patients. The prevalence of DR was 31.4% (N = 2105) which 

consisted of Non – Proliferative DR (NPDR) 22% (N = 1475), Proliferative DR (PDR) 

9.4% (N = 630). Patients with DR were significantly older, had longer duration of 

diabetes, and higher Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), HbA1c, serum LDL, serum Tri 

Glyceride (TG) and systolic Blood Pressure (BP) levels than those without DR. 

Nephropathy (which consisted of positive microalbuminuria, proteinuria or renal 

insufficiency). The patients with DR presented in a significantly higher number of 

than those without DR. A. The factors associated with DR (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) 

[95% CI]) were 1) duration of diabetes 1.4 [1.04 – 1.82] for duration of 5 – 9.9 years, 

1.9 [1.47 – 2.58] for duration of 10 – 14.9 years, 2.9 [2.11 – 3.95] for duration of 15 – 

19.9 years, 3.5 [2.58 – 4.79] for duration of e•20 years when compared with duration 

of diabetes of less than 5 years, 2) latest HbA1c > 7% (1.5 [1.24 – 1.88]) when compared 

with HbA1c d•7%, 3) systolic BP > 140 mmHg (1.4 [1.18 – 1.71]) when compared with 

systolic BP d•140 mmHg, 4) nephropathy status i.e. positive microalbuminuria (1.5


[1.21 – 1.93]), positive proteinuria (1.9 [1.45 – 2.35]) and renal insufficiency (3.3 [2.29 

– 4.70]) when compared with no nephropathy. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy was 

present in about one third of type 2 diabetic patients in Thailand. The authors found 

the factors associated with DR were duration of diabetes, latest HbA1c level, systolic 

BP and diabetic nephropathy. Regular screening for DR and more aggressive 

management of associated factors should be done to reduce the prevalence of DR. 

No.192 

Author(s) : Chetthakul T, Likitmaskul S, Plengvidhya N, Suwanwalaikorn S, 

Kosachunhanun N, Deerochanawong C, Krittiyawong S, Leelawatana R, 

Benjasuratwong Y, Bunnag P, Prathipanawatr T, Ngarmukos C, Mongkolsomlit S, 

Rawdaree P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated 

factors in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 



Keywords : Diabetic retinopathy, Type 1 diabetes. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with Diabetic 

Retinopathy (DR) of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Material and Method: A 

cross – sectional, multicenter, hospital – based study was carried out from April to 

December 2003. Diabetic patients in diabetic clinics of 11 tertiary centers were 

registered. Retinopathy was evaluated by the ophthalmologists. Results: Seven 

thousand one hundred and nineteen diabetic patients received retinal examination. 

The number of patients with type 1 diabetes was 347. The prevalence of DR in type 1 

diabetes was 21.6% (75). This consisted of Non – Proliferative DR (NPDR) 10.9% (38) 

and Proliferative DR (PDR) 10.7%. Patients with DR were significantly older, 

predominantly female, longer duration of diabetes, had higher BMI, systolic Blood 

Pressure (BP), diastolic BP, serum creatinine, and TriGlycerides (TG) levels than 

those without DR. Both groups of patients were not different in term of plasma 

glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Although the patients with DR had a 

higher percentage of overt proteinuria than those without DR, there was no difference 

in percentage of patients with positive microalbuminuria in both groups. This may be 

explained by limitation of data (only 16% had results of microalbuminuria and 19% 

had results of proteinuria). After adjusted for duration of diabetes, serum creatinine 

and smoking status, factors (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) associated 

with DR were duration of diabetes 5 – 9.9 years (4.0 [1.49 – 10.91]), 10 – 14.9 years 

(6.86 [2.45 – 19.20]), 15 – 19.9 years (21.13 [7.22 – 61.78]), e•20 years (22.15 [7.32 – 

66.99]) when compared with duration of diabetes less than 5 years, serum creatinine 

> 2 mg/dl (6.0 [2.09 – 17.22]) when compared with creatinine less than 2 mg/dl. From 

the presented model, age, gender, systolic BP > 140 mmHg, diastolic BP > 90 mmHg, 

serum TG and smoking status were not factors associated with DR. Conclusion: 

Diabetic retinopathy affects about one fifth of type 1 diabetic patients in our study. 

The authors found the factors associated with DR in type 1 DM were duration of 

diabetes and serum creatinine. Regular screening for DR and more aggressive 

management of metabolic factors should be done to reduce the prevalence of DR. 

No.193 

Author(s) : Cheunsuchon B, Supavekin S, Sanpakit K, Parichatikanond P. 

Title : A 5 – year – old girl with impaired renal function after autologous bone marrow 

transplantation. 

Source : American Journal of Kidney Disease. 48 (4): 668 – 673, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Bone marrow transplantation, Total – body irradiation, Bone marrow transplant 

nephropathy, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Mesangiolysis, Angiotensin II. 


No.194 

Author(s) : Cheunsuchon P, Chuangsuwanich T, Warnnissorn M, Thongcharoen P, 

Udompanthurak S. 

Title : Surgical pathology and etiology of 278 consecutively removed mitral valves with pure 

regurgitation. 

Source : Modern Pathology. 19 (Suppl.3): 28 – 29 118, 2006 (Sep). 




69


No.195 

Author(s) : Chiaravutthi Y. 

Title : Firms’ strategies and network externalities: Empirical evidence from the browser 

war. 

Source : Journal of High Technology Management Research. 17 (1): 27 – 42, 2006. 


Keywords : Browser, Bundling, Communicator, Firm strategy, Internet Explorer, Navigator, 

Network externalities, Predatory pricing. 

Abstract : This paper analyzes adoption decisions of Internet browser software with the focus 

on firms’ strategies and market consequences, and the existence of network 

externalities. Since the early 1995, Microsoft employed many strategies in order to 

diminish the popularity of Netscape’s Navigator and Communicator. Microsoft’s 

Internet Explorer finally won the war in 1999, but this led to the antitrust lawsuit. 

Based on the GVU WWW User Survey data in 1997 and 1998, the results from logit 

models show that network externalities existed in Navigator and Communicator 

although they were diminishing through time. The success of Internet Explorer was 

driven by Microsoft’s free and bundling strategies, not by the product itself nor by 

network externalities. 

No.196 

Author(s) : Chierakul W, Wangboonskul J, Singtoroj T, Pongtavornpinyo W, Short JM, 

Maharjan B, Wuthiekanun V, Dance DAB, Teparrukkul P, Lindegardh N, 

Peacock SJ, Day NP, Chaowagul W, White NJ. 

Title : Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of co – amoxiclav in the treatment 

of melioidosis. 

Source : Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 58 (6): 1215 – 1220, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Monte Carlo simulation, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Amoxicillin, Clavulanate, 

PK/PD. 

Abstract : Objectives: We conducted a prospective pharmacokinetic study of oral co – amoxiclav 

in patients with melioidosis to determine the optimal dosage and dosing interval in 

this potentially fatal infection. Patients and methods: Serial plasma concentrations 

were measured after administration of two 1 g tablets of Augmentin (1750 mg of 

amoxicillin and 250 mg of clavulanate) to 14 adult patients with melioidosis. Monte 

Carlo simulation was used to predict the concentration of each drug following multiple 

doses of co – amoxiclav at different dosages and dose intervals. The proportion of the 

dose – interval above MIC (T > MIC) was calculated from 10 000 simulated subject 

plasma concentration profiles together with chequerboard MIC data from 46 clinical 

isolates and four reference strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei.Results: The median 

(range) observed maximum plasma concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate 

were 11.5 (3.3 – 40.2) mg/L and 5.1 (0.8 – 12.1) mg/L, respectively. The median (range) 

elimination half – lives were 94 (73 – 215) and 89 (57 – 140) min, respectively. 

Simulation indicated that co – amoxiclav 1750/250 mg given at 4, 6, 8 or 12 hourly 

dosing intervals would be associated with a T > MIC of MIC of >= 90% 

were 95.8%, 78.6%, 50.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Conclusions: The dosing interval 

for co – amoxiclav (750/250 mg) in melioidosis should not be greater than 6 h. 

No.197 

Author(s) : Chinthammitr Y, Vos HL, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM. 

Title : The association of prothrombin A19911G polymorphism with plasma prothrombin 

activity and venous thrombosis: results of the MEGA study, a large population – 

based case – control study. 

Source : Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 4 (12): 2587 – 2592, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Prothrombin mutations, Risk factor, Venous thrombosis. 

Abstract : Background: Prothrombin (FII) G20210A mutation and elevated plasma prothrombin 

activity are known risk factors for venous thrombosis. The risk of venous thrombosis 

among 19911G carriers of the prothrombin A19911G polymorphism has not been 

extensively investigated. Objectives and methods: We assessed prothrombin activity, 

FIIG20210A, and FIIA19911G polymorphisms in a large population – based case – 

control study, the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment (MEGA) study of 

risk factors for venous thrombosis. Four thousand three hundred and sixty – five 

consecutive patients with a first episode of deep vein thrombosis of the leg or 

pulmonary embolism were included. The control group (n = 4779) consisted of partners 

70


of patients or persons gathered using a random – digit dialing method. We studied the 

effect of FIIA19911G polymorphism on prothrombin activity and thrombosis risk, 

also in combination with factor V Leiden.Results: Among FII20210 – GG control 

subjects, FII19911 – GG carriers had 7.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7 – 8.5] 

higher mean prothrombin activity than FII19911 – AA carriers and the risk for GG 

carriers was 1.43 – fold increased compared to AA carriers [odds ratio (OR) 1.43; 95% 

CI: 1.27 – 1.61]. Among FII20210 – GA control carriers, the mean prothrombin activity 

in both FII19911 – AA and – AG carriers was nearly equivalent [131.7% and 133.4%; 

mean difference (95% CI) = 1.7% (–7.2 – 10.7)]. Because of genetic linkage, FII19911 

– GG carriers were very rare on a FII20210 – GA background, as only one FII20210A 

carrier had FII19911 – GG. In FII20210 – GA carriers, the OR increased from 3.05 

(95%CI: 2.17 – 4.27) in subjects with FII19911 – AA to 3.33 (2.28 – 4.85) in subjects 

with FII19911 – AG, compared to those with FII20210 – GG and FII19911 – 

AA.Conclusions: The FIIA19911G polymorphism is associated with mildly elevated 

prothrombin activity and is a risk factor for venous thrombosis. 

No.198 

Author(s) : Chinwattanakul S, Prabhasawat P, Kongsap P. 

Title : Corneal injury by bee sting with retained stinger – A case report. 



Keywords : Bee sting, Cornea, Corneal injury, Corneal ulcer, Stinger. 

Abstract : Objective: To report a rare case of corneal injury by bee sting with its complication 

and management. Material and Method: A 3 – year – old boy, who was attacked by a 

swarm of bees, was referred for the right eye’s corneal ulcer evaluation. Results: Two 

stingers were found and completely removed with jeweler forceps. Corneal epithelial 

defect, corneal edema, secondary bacterial keratitis, heterochromia iridis, and internal 

ophthalmoplegia were identified. The corneal edema markedly improved 3 days after 

removing the retained bee stingers and treatment by topical antibiotics and steroids. 

The patient was evaluated after 1 week and 1 month and was found with permanent 

central corneal scar, particularly at the area corresponding to the retained stinger. 

The patient had subsequently localized traumatic anterior subcapsular cataract 

corresponding to where the stinger had penetrated the lens. Conclusion: Corneal bee 

sting injury is an uncommon ocular trauma, but can result in severe sight threatening 

complication. Even though the response of corneal edema is well inclined to topical 

steroid, awareness in adjusting the clinical treatment for the particular case needs a 

scrutinized investigation of the infection. 

No.199 

Author(s) : Chinworrungsee M, Kittakoop P, Saenboonrueng J, Kongsaeree P, 

Thebtaranonth Y. 

Title : Bioactive compounds from the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 3975. 

Source : Journal of Natural Products. 69 (10): 1404 – 1410, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Influenza – virus, Emericella – heterothallica, Endonuclease inhibitor, Chemical – 

shifts, Flutimide, Products, Assay. 

Abstract : Eight new compounds (2 – 9), together with a known dithiodiketopiperazine (1), 

were isolated from the seed fungus Menisporopsis theobromae BCC 3975. The 

structures of these substances were elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic data. 

Compounds 1 and 4 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against BC – 1 cell lines with 

IC50 values of 29.2 and 57.4 muM, respectively. Cytotoxicity of 1, 2, 4, and 9 against 

the NCI – H187 cell line showed respective IC50 values of 22.9, 20.3, 1.8, and 56.6 mu 

M. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 2.95 and 

28.8 mu M, respectively. Substances 1, 4, 7, 8, and 9 possessed weak antimycobacterial 

activity (MIC 154.8 – 952.3 muM), while compounds 2 and 3 showed potent 

antimycobacterial activity with respective MIC values of 1.24 and 7.14 muM. 

No.200 

Author(s) : Chirachariyavej T, Amnueypol C, Sanggarnjanavanich S, Tiensuwan M. 

Title : The relationship between bone and ash weight to age, body weight and body length 

of Thai adults after cremation. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (11): 1940 – 1945, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Ash weight, Bone, Cremation, Incineartion. 

71


Abstract : Background: Cremation is the most common Thai funeral mode. In Thailand, there 

have not been any previous reports of bone and ash weight after cremation. Objective: 

Collect the bone and ash weight after the cremation and find the variables that 

affected the bone and ash weight. Material and method: One hundred and ten samples, 

including fifty – five males and fifty – five females, were collected from the Thai 

population. A Thai crematorium (Series Tiger 1) that could produce a temperature of 

approximately 850 %C – 1,200 %C was employed. It took about 1 – 1.5 hours to 

complete the incineration. Results: The average bone and ash weight of the males 

was 2.68 kg with SD 1.41; female was 2.12 with SD 1.25; and total was 2.40 with SD 

1.36. The present study supported that age and body weight affected the bone and 

ash weight while the body length (height) did not. The fitted equation was y = 1.969 

– 0.01846 (age) + 0.03087 (body weight), where y = predicted bone and ash weight. 

Conclusion: The present study shows that age and body weight affected the bone and 

ash weight. From this information, the authors could find the predicted value of 

either age or body weight. If the authors would like to find the age, the authors can 

employ the fittest equation y = 76.097 – 3.219 (Bone and ash weight) where y = 

predicted age. Additionally, if the authors would like to find the body weight, we can 

employ the fittest equation = 51.930 + 1.673 (Bone and ash weight) where y = predicted 

body weight. 

No.201 

Author(s) : Chirachariyavej T, Ouyswat K, Sanggarnjanavanich S, Tiensuwan M, Peonim V, 

Sirikulchayanonta V. 

Title : Normal internal organ weight of Thai adults correlated to body length and body 

weight. 



Keywords : Body length, Body weight, Internal organ weight. 

Abstract : Objective: Examine the relationship between the internal organ weight with body 

weight and body length. Material and Method: Analysis of data from 250 autopsies 

from the Ramathibodi Hospital from August 2003 to February 2005. The cases were 

from sudden unnatural death including accident, homicide and suicide and excluded 

decomposed bodies, fire related deaths and cases where medical treatment had been 

given. The age ranged from 15 to 88 years and there were 51 females and 199 males. 

Parson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the 

internal organ weight with body weight and body length. Results: The mean standard 

deviation (SD) were represented by males and females respectively; Brain 1339 160/ 

1165 184 gm, heart 311 66/278 160 gm, lung 910 347/675 255 gm, liver 1439 365/ 

1214 275 gm, spleen 103 46/92.9 48 gm, kidney 260 68/230 42 gm. Conclusion: The 

relationship between internal organ weight and body weight showed each internal 

organ significantly correlated with body weight in males at p – value < 0.05, whereas 

in females it only correlated to liver, kidney and spleen at p – value < 0.05. For the 

correlation between internal organ weight and body length, it showed only brain, 

lung, liver and kidney correlated to the body length in males at p – value < 0.05, but 

not in females. 

No.202 

Author(s) : Chitchumroonchokchai C, Failla ML. 

Title : Hydrolysis of zeaxanthin esters by carboxyl ester lipase during digestion facilitates 

micellarization and uptake of the xanthophyll by Caco – 2 human intestinal cells. 

Source : Journal of Nutrition. 136 (3): 588 – 594, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Bioavailability, Caco – 2 cells, Carboxyl ester lipase, Wolfberry, Zeaxanthin. 

Abstract : Zeaxanthin (Zea) and lutein are the only dietary carotenoids that accumulate in the 

macular region of the retina and lens. It was proposed that these carotenoids protect 

these tissues against photooxidative damage. Few plant foods are enriched in Zea, 

and information about the bioavailability of Zea from these foods and its accumulation 

in ocular tissues is limited. The amounts of free Zea and its mono – and diesters were 

measured for several plant foods that have relatively high concentrations of this 

xanthophyll. Wolfberry had the greatest concentration of Zea with a diester that 

accounts for 95% of the total. Free, mono –, and diesters of Zea were present in 

orange and red peppers, whereas only Zea monoesters were detected in squash. Zea 

esters were partially hydrolyzed by carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) during simulated 

digestion. The efficiency of micellarization was dependent on speciation with combined 

means of free Zea, Zea monoesters, Zea diesters from the digested foods of 81 8, 

72


44 5, and 11 4%, respectively. When exposed to micelles generated during digestion 

of the test foods, Zea uptake by Caco – 2 cells was proportional to the medium content 

(11 – 14%). Free Zea was the most abundant form in Caco – 2 cells, although Zea 

monoesters also were detected (


No.206 

Author(s) : Chongsrisawat V, Hutagalung Y, Malasit P, Poovorawan Y. 

Title : Liver function test and outcome in children with acute liver failure from dengue 

infection. 

Source : Liver International. 26 (Suppl.1): 114 – 114, 2006 (Oct). 




No.207 

Author(s) : Chongsrisawat V, Thawornsuk N, Theamboonlers A, Louisirirotchanakul S, 

Poovorawan Y. 

Title : Hepatitis B virus DNA in unusual serological profiles of hepatitis B surface antigen – 

positive sera. 

Source : Viral Immunology. 19 (4): 623 – 629, 2006. 


Keywords : HBsAg diagnostic kits, Nucleotide – sequence, Different subtypes, Expanded program, 

S – gene, Antibody, Determinant, Variants, Carriers, Immunization. 

Abstract : On the basis of a seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection 

conducted on 6208 random serum samples from four provinces of Thailand, we found 

19 of 246 (7.7%) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) – positive samples with unusual 

serological constellations of HBV infection. Ten samples tested positive for HBsAg, 

anti – HBc (anti – hepatitis B core antibody), and anti – HBs (anti – hepatitis B surface 

antibody) markers (group 1), 3 specimens were HBsAg and anti – HBs positive without 

detectable anti – HBc (group 11), and the remaining 6 specimens showed only HBsAg 

(group 111). In group 1, 7 of 10 HBsAg – positive sera could be confirmed by HBsAg 

neutralization, yielding positive results for all samples. None of the group 11 sera 

were available in sufficient amounts for confirmation. In group 111, five of six sera 

were confirmed by HBsAg neutralization, with four showing a positive reaction. HBV 

DNA was detected in 7 of 10 (70%) specimens in group 1, in 1 of 3 (33.3%) specimens 

in group 11, and in 3 of 6 (50%) specimens in group III. On the basis of HBsAg 

neutralization, HBV DNA was found in five of seven (71.4%) HBsAg – positive samples 

in group I and in three of four (75%) HBsAg – positive samples in group III, whereas 

the one confirmed HBsAg – negative sample in group III also remained negative for 

HBV DNA. Amino acid sequences were compared with those specifying the “a” 

determinant of the wild – type virus, particularly focusing on HBV – S protein variations 

between positions 110 and 160. Among 11 HBV DNA – positive sera, G145A was 

detected in 2 samples in group 1, with the remaining samples identical to the wild – 

type virus. These unusual serological profiles may be due to the altered immune 

response of the host or to HBV variants. 

No.208 

Author(s) : Chongthammakun V, Sanvarinda Y, Chongthammakun S. 

Title : Oxidative stress and MAPK activation are implicated in tetrahydrobiopterin – induced 

dopaminergic cell death in SH – SY5Y cells. 





No.209 

Author(s) : Chongtrakool P, Ito T, Ma XX, Kondo Y, Trakulsomboon S, Tiensasitorn C, 

Chavalit T, Song JH, Hiramatsu K. 

Title : Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of methicillin – resistant 

Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 11 Asian countries: a proposal for a new 

nomenclature for SCCmec elements. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (3): 1001 – 1012, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Panton – valentine leukocidin, Antibiotic – resistance, Genetic backgrounds, Pandemic 

clones, Community, Evolution, Identification, Dissemination, Emergence, Variants. 

Abstract : A description of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements carried 

by 615 methicillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated in 11 

Asian countries is reported, and a novel nomenclatural system based on their 

structures is proposed. The 615 strains were classified as type 3A (370 strains), type 

74


2A (207 strains), type 2B (32 strains), type 113 (1 strain), and nontypeable (5 strains). 

The previously reported type III SCCmec (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession no. 

AB037671) carried by the MRSA strain 85/2082 was ascertained to be composed of 

two SCC elements, type 3A SCCmec and SCCmercury. PCR analysis indicated that 

310 of 370 type 3A SCCmec strains carried both SCC elements. These strains were 

prevalent in eight countries: Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, 

Saudi Arabia, India, and Singapore. The remaining 60 type 3A SCCmec strains differed 

with respect to the left extremity polymorphism or to the presence of ccrC. Among 

these, two were identified as carrying only type 3A SCCmec elements, but their left 

extremities differed. Type 2A SCCmec strains predominated in Korea and Japan, 

although the frequency of the presence of ant(4') – 1 gene downstream of mecA 

varied (53% for Korean strains; 93% for Japanese strains). Various SCCmec elements 

were identified in the tested strains, and limited numbers were identified by their 

multilocus sequence typing genotypes. These data suggest that numerous MRSA 

clones are disseminated in Asian hospitals, and these consist of minor clones that are 

presumed to have arisen locally and major clones that are presumed to have been 

introduced from other countries. 

No.210 

Author(s) : Chookajorn T, Hartl DL. 

Title : Position – specific polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum stuttering motif in a 

PHISTc PFI1780w. 

Source : Experimental Parasitology. 114 (2): 126 – 128, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum, PFI1786w, Stuttering motif, Mutagenesis, Divergence. 

Abstract : Several genes of Plasmodium falciparum are positively selected due to the pressure 

from the host immune system. This is a pattern completely opposite to that found in 

most housekeeping genes, which have few synonymous mutations. The discrepancy 

is an important topic in Plasmodium biology. We searched for unique polymorphism 

patterns in P. falciparum and identified a repetitive Stuttering motif in PFI1780w 

which was recently grouped as a gene in the PHIST family. The repeat has a position 

– specific polymorphism pattern in the otherwise highly conserved gene. Its mutations 

are limited to only one small region, and they are not consistent with replication 

slippage or gene conversion commonly found in low complexity regions. The repeat 

variation was analyzed in different strains of P. falcipartum. The PFI1780w Stuttering 

motif can be a model to study gene diversification and used as a tool for strain typing. 

No.211 

Author(s) : Choosong T, Arporn S, Chaikittiporn C. 

Title : A study of melatonin levels and stress in female shift workers. 


37 (5): 1048 – 1053, 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between saliva melatonin 

and stress levels in Thai female shift workers. Five older (38.4 1.82) and five younger 

(21.4 0.55) female workers voluntarily participated in this study. All participants 

worked both morning and night shifts at a glass manufacturing factory. Saliva was 

collected every three hours at the workplace and at the subjects’ houses to examine 

melatonin profiles. The Mann – Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test 

were used. There was a significant (p


No.212 

Author(s) : Chotipanich C, Hickeson M, Khan J, Beauchemin D, Canning D, Charron M. 

Title : Correlation of the ERPF with the extraction fraction values of technetium – 99m 

mercaptoacetyltriglycine. 



Keywords : Estimated renal plasma flow, Extraction fraction, MAG3, Mercaptoacetyltriglycine, 

Renography. 

Abstract : Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between 

the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and the extraction fraction (EF) using 99mTc 

MAG3 in children. This EF has been previously described with 99mTc DTPA. However, 

the renal imaging agent of choice has become 99mTc MAG3. Material and Method: 

The study was approved by The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia’s institutional 

review board. Informed consent was also obtained. A retrospective study of 29 children 

(16 males, 13 females) of ages 1 month to 19.5 years who underwent 99mTc MAG3 

renal scintigraphy from September 2001 to December 2001 was analysed. EF values 

were calculated with and without attenuation correction in each kidney by determining 

the counts in a region of interest, correcting for background and comparing the 

counts with the injected dose. The EF was compared to the ERPF calculated using the 

Schlegel’s method. The correlation between the EF and the ERPF, corrected and non 

– corrected for soft tissue attenuation, were determined and were identified by using 

linear regression analysis. Results: There was significant correlation between the 

ERPF and the EF with (r = 0.62, p < 0.05 on the left, r = 0.51, p = 0.005 on the right) 

than without attenuation correction (r = 0.54, p = 0.003 on the left, r = 0.42, p = 0.022 

on the right). Conclusion: These results indicate a correlation of the ERPF calculated 

using the Schlegel’s method with EF obtained from a 99mTc MAG3 renal scintigraphy. 

The EF may be the good alternative parameter for calculation of renal function, 

potentially more practical in pediatric patient and the ERPF for 99mTc MAG3 using 

the established software program based on Schlegel’s formula. 

No.213 

Author(s) : Chotivanich K, Sattabongkot J, Udomsangpetch R, Looareesuwan S, Day NPJ, 

Coleman RE, White NJ. 

Title : Transmission – blocking activities of quinine, primaquine, and artesunate. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (6): 1927 – 1930, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Uncomplicated falciparum – malaria, Plasmodium – falciparum, Gambian children, 

Controlled – trial, In – vitro, Gametocytes, Artemisinin, Pyrimethamine, Efficacy, 

Chloroquine. 

Abstract : The infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes after exposure in vitro to 

quinine, artesunate, and primaquine was assessed in Anopheles dirus, a major vector 

of malaria in Southeast Asia. Mature gametocytes (stage 5) of a Thai isolate of P. 

falciparum were exposed to the drugs for 24 h in vitro before membrane feeding to A. 

dirus. After 10 days, the mosquito midguts were dissected and the oocysts were 

counted. In this system, artesunate showed the most potent transmission – blocking 

activity; the mean (standard deviation [SD]) 50% and 90% effective concentrations 

(EC50 and EC90, respectively, in nanograms per milliliter) were 0.1 (0.02) and 0.4 

(0.15), respectively. Transmission – blocking activity of quinine and primaquine was 

observed at relatively high concentrations (SDs): EC50 of quinine, 642 (111) ng/ml; 

EC50 of primaquine, 181 (23) ng/ml; EC90 of quinine, 816 (96) ng/ml; EC90 of 

primaquine, 543 (43) ng/ml. Artesurtate both prevents the maturation of immature 

P. falciparum gametocytes and reduces the transmission potential of mature 

gametocytes. Both of these effects may contribute to reducing malaria transmission. 

No.214 

Author(s) : Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Day NPJ. 

Title : Laboratory diagnosis of malaria infection – A short review of methods. 


Document Type : Short Survey. 

Keywords : Diagnosis, Malaria, Microscopy, Rapid. 

Abstract : Malaria is one of the most important tropical infectious diseases. The incidence of 

malaria worldwide is estimated to be 300 – 500 million clinical cases each year with a 

mortality of between one and three million people worldwide annually. The accurate 

and timely diagnosis of malaria infection is essential if severe complications and 

mortality are to be reduced by early specific antimalarial treatment. This review 

details the methods for the laboratory diagnosis of malaria infection. 

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No.215 

Author(s) : Chu K, Jiamton S, Pepin J, Cowan F, Mahakkanukrauh B, Suttent R, Robinson NJ, 

Deslandes S, Frost E, Chaisilwattana P, Suthipinittharm P, Grosskurth H, Brown D, 

Jaffar S. 

Title : Association between HSV – 2 and HIV – 1 viral load in semen, cervico – vaginal 

secretions and genital ulcers of Thai men and women. 

Source : International Journal of STD & AIDS. 17 (10): 681 – 686, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : HSV – 2, HIV – 1, Viral load, Thailand. 

Abstract : We studied the association between herpes simplex virus type – 2 (HSV – 2) and HIV 

– 1 viralload in plasma, semen, cervico – vaginal secretions and genital ulcers. Forty 

– seven (68%) men and 57 (80%) women were HSV – 2 antibody positive, of whom 12 

(26%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 20, 32) and five (8%, 95% Cl 4, 12), respectively, 

had HSV – 2 genital shedding detected by polymerase chain reaction. The mean HIV 

– 1 seminal and cervico – vaginal viral loads did not differ significantly according to 

the presence of HSV – 2 shedding. Eleven men and 15 women presented with genital 

ulcers; all ulcers were due to HSV – 2. Ten men and nine women were followed up 

over six days: the mean (95%CI) HIV – 1 log viral load copies/mL in the genital ulcers 

at baseline and final visits were 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) and 3.1 (2.0, 4.2) for men and 3.0 (2.6, 

3.4) and 2.7 (2.3, 3.1) for women. These findings do not support the hypothesis that 

HSV – 2 increases the HIV – 1 viral load in genital secretions. 

No.216 

Author(s) : Chucharoen P, Chetsawangb, Putthaprasat C, Srikiatkhachorn A, Govitrapong P. 

Title : The inhibitory effect of melatonin on endothelial nitric oxide synthase in bovine 

cerebral arteries. 





No.217 

Author(s) : Chuchue T, Tanboon W, Prapagdee B, Dubbs JM, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. 

Title : ohrR and ohr are the primary sensor/regulator and protective genes against organic 

hydroperoxide stress in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (3): 842 – 851, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Campestris pv. Phaseoli, Bacterioferritin comigratory protein, Oxidative stress, 

Pseudomonas – aeruginosa, Lipid hydroperoxide, Adaptive response, Bacillus– subtilis, 

Hydrogen – peroxide, Resistance, Xanthomonas. 

Abstract : The genes involved in organic hydroperoxide protection in Agrobacterium tumefaciens 

were functionally evaluated. Gene inactivation studies and functional analyses have 

identified ohr, encoding a thiol peroxidase, as the gene primarily responsible for 

organic hydroperoxide protection in A. tumefaciens. An ohr mutant was sensitive to 

organic hydroperoxide killing and had a reduced capacity to metabolize organic 

hydroperoxides. ohr is located next to, and is divergently transcribed from, ohrR, 

encoding a sensor and transcription regulator of organic hydroperoxide stress. 

Transcription of both ohr and ohrR was induced by exposure to organic hydroperoxides 

but not by exposure to other oxidants. This induction required functional ohrR. The 

results of gel mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays with purified OhrR, 

combined with in vivo promoter deletion analyses, confirmed that OhrR regulated 

both ohrR and ohr by binding to a single OhrR binding box that overlapped the ohrR 

and ohr promoters. ohrR and ohr are both required for the establishment of a novel 

cumene hydroperoxide – induced adaptive response. Inactivation or overexpression 

of other Prx family genes (prx1, prx2, prx3, bcp], and bep2) did not affect either the 

resistance to, or the ability to degrade, organic hydroperoxide. Taken together, the 

results of biochemical, gene regulation and physiological studies support the role of 

ohrR and ohr as the primary system in sensing and protecting A. tumefaciens from 

organic hydroperoxide stress. 

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No.218 

Author(s) : Chuenchor W, Pengthaisong S, Yuvaniyama J, Opassiri R, Svasti J, Cairns JRK. 

Title : Purification, crystallization and preliminary X – ray analysis of rice BGlu1 beta – 

glucosidase with and without 2 – deoxy – 2 – fluoro – beta – D – glucoside. 

Source : Acta Crytallographica Section F – Structural Biology and Crytallization 

Communications. 62: 798 – 801 (Part 8), 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Crystal – structures, Glycosyl hydrolases, Substrate, Mechanism, Insights, 

Identification, Specificity, Glycosidase. 

Abstract : Rice (Oryza sativa) BGlu1 beta – glucosidase was expressed in Escherichia coli with 

N – terminal thioredoxin and hexahistidine tags and purified by immobilized metal – 

affinity chromatography (IMAC). After removal of the N – terminal tags, cation – 

exchange and S – 200 gel – filtration chromatography yielded a 50 kDa BGlu1 with > 

95% purity. The free enzyme and a complex with 2,4 – dinitrophenyl – 2 – deoxy – 2 

– fluoro – beta – (D) – glucopyranoside inhibitor were crystallized by microbatch and 

hanging – drop vapour diffusion. Small tetragonal crystals of BGlu1 with and without 

inhibitor grew in 18%(w/v) PEG 8000 with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 6.5 and 0.2 M 

zinc acetate. Crystals of BGlu1 with inhibitor were streak – seeded into 23%(w/v) 

PEG MME 5000, 0.2 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M MES pH 6.7 to yield larger crystals. 

Crystals with and without inhibitor diffracted to 2.15 and 2.75 angstrom resolution, 

respectively, and had isomorphous orthorhombic unit cells belonging to space group 

P2(1)2(1)2(1). 

No.219 

Author(s) : Chuenkongkaew WL, Siritanaratkul N, Prayoonwiwat N, Kittipovanonth M. 

Title : An unusual cause of persistent bilateral swollen optic discs. 

Source : Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 50 (5): 486 – 488, 2006 (Sep). 




No.220 

Author(s) : Chumpathong S, Chinachoti T, Visalyaputra S, Himmunngan T. 

Title : Incidence and risk factors of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean 

section at Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Cesarean section, Hypotension, Spinal anesthesia. 

Abstract : Objective: Spinal anesthesia is commonly used for cesarean section. Its major adverse 

effect is hypotension. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence and 

risk factors of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Material 

and Method: The authors retrospectively reviewed anesthetic records of 991 patients 

who received spinal anesthesia for cesarean section at Siriraj Hospital. Exclusion 

criteria were patients with pregnancy included hypertension, received combination 

of spinal block with other type of anesthesia. Results: The incidence of hypotension 

(the lowest systolic blood pressure d•100 mm Hg) was 76.7%. The parameter with 

increased incidence of hypotension included patient’s height < 155 cm (adjusted odd 

ratio (OR) 1.93, 95%CI 1.19 – 3.14), baseline systolic blood pressure d•120 mmHg (OR 

2.14, 95%CI 1.53 – 2.99) and analgesic level e•T5 (OR 1.83, 95%CI 1.18 – 2.84). 

Conclusion: The risk factors associated with increased incidence of hypotension are 

the patient’s height, baseline systolic blood pressure and level of blockade. 

No.221 

Author(s) : Chumpia W, Peerapittayamongkol C, Angchaisuksiri P, Komanasin N, Muta K, Kuaha 

K, Iida H, Inoue S, Wada Y, Kurihara M, Hamasaki N, Fucharoen S. 

Title : Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of protein C and protein S genes in 

the Thai population. 

Source : Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 17 (1): 13 – 18, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Protein C, Protein S, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Haplotype. 

Abstract : Protein C (PC) and protein S (PS) play key roles in an anticoagulant pathway in order 

to control the haemostatic system. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms 

(SNPs) and/or haplotypes in the promotor and exons of the whole PC and PS genes 

and in the 3' – untranslited region of the PS gene in 55 Thai individuals. The PC gene 

78


revealed 10 haplotypes. One synonymous SNP at 2196 was found in the normal Thai 

population with a minor allele frequency of 4.90%. One homozygous mutation in 

exon 7, R147W, co – segregated with the synonymous SNP 2196 (homozygote) of the 

PC gene, resulting in decreased PC activity and antigenic levels. The PS gene revealed 

three haplotypes with two frequent dimorphisms in exon 15 and the 3' – untranslated 

region. The most frequent haplotype in the PS gene was H – 3 (wild type). There was 

no correlation between the haplotypes of PC and PS genes with functional and 

antigenic levels of PC and PS. 

No.222 

Author(s) : Chumpolbanchorn K, Suemanotham N, Siripara N, Puyati B, Chaichoune K. 

Title : The effect of temperature and UV light on infectivity of avian influenza virus (H5N1, 

Thai field strain) in chicken fecal manure. 





Abstract : Normal chicken fecal manure (pH 8.23 and 13.7% moisture) was investigated for 

infectivity of the avian influenza virus (AIV; H5N1). The manure was divided into 

three groups; each group was inoculated with AIV at 2.38 105.25 ELD50. After viral 

inoculation, the first group was incubated at 25 o C. The second group was kept at 40 o C, 

and the last group was exposed to ultraviolet light at 4 – 5 w/cm 2 at room temperature. 

After incubation, a 20% suspension of manure was filtered and the filtrates were 

inoculated into 9 – 11 day – old embryonated chicken eggs per WHO protocol (2002). 

The results showed that at 25 o C the virus lost its infectivity within 24 hours, and at 

40 o C within 15 minutes. UV light, however, could not destroy the infectivity of the 

virus even after exposure for 4 hours. 

No.223 

Author(s) : Chumworathayi B, Limpaphayom K, Srisupundit S, Lumbiganon P. 

Title : VIA and cryotherapy: Doing what’s best. 



Keywords : Cervical cancer prevention, VIA and Cryotherapy. 

Abstract : Cervical cancer kills about 6,000 Thai women annually and has been for decades. The 

age – standardized incidence ratio (ASR) is 20.9 per 100,000 women – years. A multi 

– province survey by the Thai National Cancer Institute found that coverage of the 

previous cervical cancer screening program (i.e. the opportunistic Pap smear) was 

only 5%. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy, a secondary 

prevention program, could be a more practical approach for cervical cancer prevention, 

particularly in low resource, rural, and remote settings. The authors are expanding 

this program throughout Thailand (in conjunction with the use of the Pap smear 

when appropriate) with an 80% coverage target. Using both approaches in a 

complementary fashion should significantly reduce the incidence and mortality of 

cervical cancer among Thai women. 

No.224 

Author(s) : Chuncher S, Somana R. 

Title : Microvascularization of thalamus and metathalamus in common tree shrew (Tupaia 

glis). 

Source : Anatomy and Embryology. 211 (3): 173 – 181, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Diencephalon, Scanning electron microscope, Vascular corrosion cast, Thalamus, 

Metathalamus. 

Abstract : The microangioarchitecture of the thalamus and metathalamus in common tree 

shrew (Tupaia glis) was studied using vascular corrosion cast/stereomicroscope and 

SEM technique. The arterial supply of the thalamus and metathalamus was found to 

originate from perforating branches of the posterior communicating artery, the 

posterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal 

artery. These perforating arteries gave rise to numerous bipinnate arterioles which 

in turn, with decreasing vessel diameters, branched into a non – fenestrated capillary 

bed. Venous blood from the superficial parts of the thalamus and metathalamus was 

collected into the thalamocollicular vein, whereas venous blood from internal aspects 

of the thalamus was conveyed to the internal cerebral vein. Some venous blood from 

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80 

the most rostral part of the thalamus flowed into tributaries of the middle cerebral 

vein before draining into the cavernous sinus. Further, the thalamic and metathalamic 

vascular arrangement was found to be of centripetal type. In addition, thalamic 

arterial anastomosis was rarely observed. Thus, obstruction of thalamic blood supply 

could easily lead to thalamic infraction. 

No.225 

Author(s) : Clarke SR, Brummell KJ, Horsburgh MJ, McDowell PW, Mohamad SAS, 

Stapleton MR, Acevedo J, Read RC, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ, Mond JJ, Kokai – Kun JF, 

Foster SJ. 

Title : Identification of in vivo – expressed antigens of Staphylococcus aureus and their use 

in vaccinations for protection against nasal carriage. 

Source : Jornal of Infectious Disease. 193 (8): 1098 – 1108, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Influenzae type – B, Clumping factor – B, Bacterial adherence, Nasopharyngeal 

colonization, Nosocomial infections, I Cytokeratin – 10, Epithelial – cells, Surface 

protein, Teichoic – acids, Cotton rats. 

Abstract : A spectrum of in vivo – expressed Staphylococcus aureus antigens was identified by 

probing bacteriophage expression libraries of S. aureus with serum samples from 

infected and uninfected individuals. Eleven recombinant antigenic proteins were 

produced, and specific antibody titers in a large collection of human serum samples 

were determined. Significantly increased concentrations of reactive immunoglobulin 

G (IgG) to 7 antigens were found in serum samples from ill individuals, compared 

with those in healthy individuals. Significantly higher concentrations of reactive IgG 

to 4 antigens, including iron – responsive surface determinant (Isd) A and IsdH, were 

found in serum samples from healthy individuals who were not nasal carriers of S. 

aureus, compared with those in healthy carriers. Vaccination of cotton rats with IsdA 

or IsdH protected against nasal carriage. Also, IsdA is involved in adherence of S. 

aureus to human desquamated nasal epithelial cells and is required for nasal 

colonization in the cotton rat model. Thus, vaccination with these antigens may 

prevent S. aureus carriage and reduce the prevalence of human disease. 

No.226 

Author(s) : Clemente JC, Coman RM, Thiaville MM, Janka LK, Jeung JA, Nukoolkarn S, 

Govindasamy L, Agbandje – McKenna M, McKenna R, Leelamanit W, Goodenow 

MM, Dunn BM. 

Title : Analysis of HIV – 1CRF_01 A/E protease inhibitor resistance: Structural determinants 

for maintaining sensitivity and developing resistance to atazanavir. 

Source : Biochemistry. 45 (17): 5468 – 5477, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Human – immunodeficiency – virus, Orally biovailable inhibitor, HIV – 1 protease, 

Type – 1 protease, Active – site, Drug – resistance, Cross – resistance, Reverse – 

transcriptase, Multidrug – resistance, Mutations. 

Abstract : A series of HIV – 1 protease mutants has been designed in an effort to analyze the 

contribution to drug resistance provided by natural polymorphisms as well as therapy 

– selective (active and non – active site) mutations in the HIV – 1 CRF_01 A/E (AE) 

protease when compared to that of the subtype B (B) protease. Kinetic analysis of 

these variants using chromogenic substrates showed differences in substrate specificity 

between pretherapy B and AE proteases. Inhibition analysis with ritonavir, indinavir, 

nelfinavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and atazanavir revealed that the natural 

polymorphisms found in A/E can influence inhibitor resistance. It was also apparent 

that a high level of resistance in the A/E protease, as with B protease, is due to it 

aquiring a combination of active site and non – active site mutations. Structural 

analysis of atazanavir bound to a pretherapy B protease showed that the ability of 

atazanavir to maintain its binding affinity for variants containing some resistance 

mutations is due to its unique interactions with flap residues. This structure also 

explains why the 150L and 184V mutations are important in decreasing the binding 

affinity of atazanavir.


No.227 

Author(s) : Cole MP, Chaiswing L, Oberley TD, Edelmann SE, Piascik MT, Lin SM, Kiningham 

KK, St Clair DK. 

Title : The protective roles of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in adriamycin – induced 

cardiotoxicity. 

Source : Cardiovascular Research. 69 (1): 186 – 197, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Cardiac troponin – T, Transgenic mice, Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, Peroxynitrite 

formation, Lipid – peroxidation, In – vivo, Synthase, Oxidation, Biomarker, Toxicity. 

Abstract : Objective: Treatment with adriamycin (ADR) is associated with cardiotoxicity mediated 

through the generation of superoxide (O – 2(center dot –)). Because nitric oxide 

((NO) – N – center dot) reacts with O – 2(center dot –), generating peroxynitrite, we 

hypothesized that decreased (NO) – N – center dot production would lead to protection 

in acute cardiac injury. Methods: We investigated the role of decreased (NO) – N – 

center dot levels in exacerbation of ADR – induced cardiotoxicity in vivo using iNOS 

(–/–) mice. Pathology, biochemical injury markers, and cardiac function were used to 

assess ADR – induced cardiac injury.Results: Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated 

that iNOS (–/–) mice exhibited extensive cytoplasmic swelling and degeneration of 

mitochondria when compared to wildlype mice following treatment with ADR. Mice 

lacking iNOS exhibited a decrease in resting indices of cardiac function as well as an 

impairment in the positive inotropic actions of isoproterenol following treatment 

with ADR compared to nTg mice. Cardiac troponin, creatine phosphokinase, and 

lactate dehydrogenase levels were significantly increased after treatment in iNOS 

mice as compared to controls and wildtype mice.Conclusions: These results indicate 

that a lack of (NO) – N – center dot production by iNOS caused significantly enhanced 

cardiac injury. However, when iNOS (–/–) mice were crossed with manganese 

superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) – overexpressing animals, mitochondrial injury was 

ameliorated to the level of the wild type. These findings suggest that reduction of 

(NO) – N – center dot levels mediated by ADR treatment leads to increased cardiac 

mitochondrial injury that can be attenuated by a compensatory increase in MnSOD. 

No.228 

Author(s) : Cordat E, Kittanakom S, Yenchitsomanus PT, Li J, Du K, Lukacs GL, Reithmeier 

RAF. 

Title : Dominant and recessive distal renal tubular acidosis mutations of kidney anion 

exchanger 1 induce distinct trafficking defects in MDCK cells. 

Source : Traffic. 7 (2): 117 – 128, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Anion exchanger 1, Distal renal tubular acidosis, Hereditary disease, Kidney, 

Membrane proteins. 

Abstract : Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), a kidney disease resulting in defective urinary 

acidification, can be caused by dominant or recessive mutations in the kidney Cl – / 

HCO3 – anion exchanger (kAE1), a glycoprotein expressed in the basolateral 

membrane of alpha – intercalated cells. We compared the effect of two dominant 

(R589H and S613F) and two recessive (S773P and G701D) dRTA point mutations on 

kAE1 trafficking in Madin – Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. In contrast 

to wild – type (WT) kAE1 that was localized to the basolateral membrane, the dominant 

mutants (kAE1 R589H and S613F) were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 

in MDCK cells, with a few cells showing in addition some apical localization. The 

recessive mutant kAE1 S773P, while misfolded and largely retained in the ER in non 

– polarized MDCK cells, was targeted to the basolateral membrane after polarization. 

The other recessive mutants, kAE1 G701D and designed G701E, G701R but not 

G701A or G701L mutants, were localized to the Golgi in both non – polarized and 

polarized cells. The results suggest that introduction of a polar mutation into a 

transmembrane segment resulted in Golgi retention of the recessive G701D mutant. 

When coexpressed, the dominant mutants retained kAE1 WT intracellularly, while 

the recessive mutants did not. Coexpression of recessive G701D and S773P mutants 

in polarized cells showed that these proteins could interact, yet no G701D mutant was 

detected at the basolateral membrane. Therefore, compound heterozygous patients 

expressing both recessive mutants (G701D/S773P) likely developed dRTA due to the 

lack of a functional kAE1 at the basolateral surface of alpha – intercalated cells. 

81


No.229 

Author(s) : Dajpratham P, Sura P, Lektrakul N, Chanchairujira G. 

Title : Efficacy of shoulder slings in shoulder subluxation of stroke patients. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (12): 2050 – 2055, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Efficacy, Shoulder sling, Shoulder subluxation, Stroke. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the efficacy of the two types of shoulder slings in reducing 

shoulder subluxation in acute stroke patients. Material and Method: Twenty – one 

acute stroke patients with shoulder subluxation were assessed for the subluxation 

distance before and after wearing the slings by physical examination and radiological 

measurement. The comparison by radiological measurement was performed by two 

radiologists who were blinded to each other as well as to the types of sling used. 

Results: The mean difference of subluxation distance on the affected side after wearing 

the slings number 1 and 2 were 0.48 mm and 1.14 mm respectively on physical 

examination and 2.09 mm and 1.14 mm respectively on radiological assessment. 

There was no statistically significant difference of subluxation distance on either 

physical examination or radiological assessment (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no 

difference in efficacy of shoulder slings in reducing shoulder subluxation in acute 

stroke patients. 

No.230 

Author(s) : Damrongphol P, Suwannarong K. 

Title : Effects of N – 6, 2' – O – dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and the leukemia 

inhibitory factor on embryo development of the giant freshwater prawn, 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Source : Invertebrate Reproduction & Development. 49 (1 – 2): 71 – 77, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : N6, – O – dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Leukemia inhibitory factor, 

Embryo, Germ cell, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Abstract : The effects of N – 6, 2' – O – dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) and 

the leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on embryo development of the giant freshwater 

prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were studied. Embryos 1.5 days old were cultured 

in vitro in 15% artificial seawater supplemented with 0.05 mM, 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM 

dbcAMP, or with 10 ng/ml, 20 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml LIF for 2 days. No differences in the 

morphology or growth of the embryos between the supplemented and the control 

groups were observed. The developmental rates as revealed by the eye formation 

rates were not altered with either supplement. The survival rates of the embryos 

declined during the course of development; and, again, the rates were not altered 

when supplemented with dbcAMP or LIF. Although there were no significant changes 

in the eye formation rate in embryos supplemented with 0.05 mM dbcAMP, an increase 

in the hatching rate was found. In contrast, supplementation with LIF did not improve 

the hatching rates. Germ cell development seemed to be most affected. The number 

of primordial germ cells (PGCs), the progenitors of gametes, was significantly increased 

with both dbcAMP and LIF supplementation. However, supplementation with 0.05 

mM dbcAMP and 10 ng/ml LIF combined did not provide any additional effect on this 

feature. 

No.231 

Author(s) : Danchaivijitr A, Nakornchai S, Thaweeboon B, Leelataweewud P, Phonghanyudh A, 

Kiatprajak C, Surarit R. 

Title : The effect of different milk formulas on dental plaque pH. 

Source : International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 16 (3): 192 – 198, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Lactose, Caries, Sucrose, Casein, Enamel, Children, Rat. 

Abstract : Objectives: The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the effect of different 

milk formulas on dental plaque pH after rinsing with these three categories, type of 

protein – based formulas (milk – based, soy – based, protein hydrolysate), type of 

sugar (only lactose, lactose and other sugars, only non – milk extrinsic sugars), and 

casein ratio (high and low casein), and (2) to observe organic acids formed by different 

milk formulas. Methods: Baseline plaque pH and plaque pH at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 

and 60 min after rinsing with milk formulas were recorded by a combination electrode 

in 14 healthy subjects. Deionized water and 10% sucrose were used as a negative and 

positive control. The plaque sample was also analysed to identify and quantify the 

organic acids using a high – performance liquid chromatography. Parameters including 

minimum pH, maximum pH drop, and area under curve were compared by RMANOVA 

82


and paired t – test. Results: The minimum pH was not significantly different among 

different protein – based formulas, whereas, the maximum plaque pH drop of soy – 

based and milk – based formula was significantly higher than that produced by 

protein hydrolysate formula (P = 0.022 and 0.03, respectively). Area under curve 

produced by soy – based and milk – based formulas was significantly larger than that 

created by protein hydrolysate formula (P = 0.025 and < 0.001, respectively). Milk 

formulas containing only lactose caused significantly less plaque pH change in 

minimum pH (P < 0.001), maximum pH drop (P = 0.003), and area under curve (P < 

0.001) when compared with formulas containing lactose and other sugar but not with 

special formulas containing only non – milk extrinsic sugar. Similarly, special formulas 

containing non – milk extrinsic sugar produced significantly lower minimum pH and 

smaller area under curve than formulas containing lactose and other sugar did (P = 

0.044 and 0.009, respectively). No different results were found between high and low 

casein follow – on formulas. Lactic acid was produced more by rinsing with formulas 

containing lactose and other sugars than that produced by formulas containing only 

lactose.Conclusions: This study suggests that milk formulas containing added other 

sugars tend to cause a decrease in plaque pH. 

No.232 

Author(s) : Davies GR, Brindle R, Khoo SH, Aarons LJ. 

Title : Use of nonlinear mixed – effects analysis for improved precision of early 

pharmacodynamic measures in tuberculosis treatment. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (9): 3154 – 3156, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Early bactericidal activity, Short – course chemotherapy, Antituberculosis drugs, 

Pulmonary tuberculosis, Mycobacterium – tuberculosis. 

Abstract : Nonlinear mixed – effects analysis of serial sputum colony – counting data supports 

the existence of two bacillary subpopulations in sputum, eliminated at different rates. 

It distinguishes between combination regimens, removes bias, and greatly improves 

precision, with significant implications for the analysis of surrogate endpoints of 

“sterilization” in the development of new antituberculosis regimens. 

No.233 

Author(s) : Day N. 

Title : Fluid resuscitation in malaria: The need for new randomised clinical trials. 

Source : PLoS Clinical Trials. 1 (5): Article No.e24, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Acidosis. 


No.234 

Author(s) : De Gobbi M, Viprakisit V, Hughes JR, Fisher C, Buckle VJ, Ayyub H, Gibbons RJ, 

Vernimmen D, Yoshinaga Y, de Jong P, Cheng JF, Rubin EM, Wood WG, Bowden D, 

Higgs DR. 

Title : A regulatory SNP causes a human genetic disease by creating a new transcriptional 

promoter. 

Source : Science. 312 (5777): 1215 – 1217, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Globin genes, Human genome, Cluster, Region, Polymorphisms, Activation, 

Sequences, Complex, Gata – 1, Zeta. 

Abstract : We describe a pathogenetic mechanism underlying a variant form of the inherited 

blood disorder a thalassemia. Association studies of affected individuals from 

Melanesia localized the disease trait to the telomeric region of human chromosome 

16, which includes the alpha – globin gene cluster, but no molecular defects were 

detected by conventional approaches. After resequencing and using a. combination 

of chromatin immunoprecipitation and expression analysis on a tiled oligonucleotide 

array, we identified a gain – of – function regulatory single – nucleotide polymorphism 

(rSNP) in a nongenic region between the alpha – globin genes and their upstream 

regulatory elements. The rSNP creates a new promoterlike element that interferes 

with normal activation of all downstream alpha – like globin genes. Thus, our work 

illustrates a strategy for distinguishing between neutral and functionally important 

rSNPs, and it also identifies a pathogenetic mechanism that could potentially underlie 

other genetic diseases. 

83


No.235 

Author(s) : Dechkum N, Hananantachai H, Patarapotikul J, Ohashi J, Krudsood S, Looareesuwan 

S, Tokunaga K. 

Title : Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP – 1) gene polymorphism is not associated 

with severe and cerebral malaria in Thailand. 

Source : Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease. 59 (4): 239 – 244, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Enhanced vascular – permeability, Necrosis – factor – alpha, Differential production, 

Falciparum – malaria, Expression, Brain, Beta, Astrocytes, Encephalitis, Frequencies. 

Abstract : The pathogenesis of cerebral. Malaria from Plasmodium falciparum infection is thought 

to involve inflammation of the central nervous system. Since monocyte 

chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP – 1) is a chemokine strongly involved in the 

inflammatory process, we here study MCP – 1 gene polymorphisms in association 

with severe or cerebral malaria in Thailand. Malaria patients in the northwest of 

Thailand were grouped into mild (n = 206), severe (165), and cerebral (110) malaria 

case groups. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter (–2518A/ 

G, –2348G/C, –2158C/T, –2076A/T, and –2072T/C), and 1 SNP in intron 1 (764C/G) 

were analyzed by PCR – RFLP, PCR – SSP, or direct sequencing. The SNP – 2158 was 

a novel polymorphism found in this study. For all SNPs, genotype and allele frequencies 

were not significantly different between mild and severe or mild and cerebral malaria. 

Strong linkage disequilibrium was found among 4 SNPs (–2518A/G, –2348G/C, – 

2076A/T, and 764C/G), resulting in 4 major estimated haplotypeg. The most common 

haplotype was GGAC. The results indicated that MCP – 1 gene polymorphisms were 

not associated with malaria severity, implying that MCP – 1 was not a cause of 

malaria severity in this Thai population. 

No.236 

Author(s) : Deerojanawong J, Prapphal N, Suwanjutha S, Lochindarat S, Chantarojanasiri T, 

Kunakorn M, Bunnag T, Srisan P. 

Title : Prevalence and clinical features of mycoplasma pneumoniae in Thai children. 



Keywords : Children, Clinical, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Prevalence. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical features of mycoplasma 

pneumoniae in Thai children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Material 

and Method: Diagnosis of current infection was based on e•4 fold rise in antibody 

sera or persistently high antibody titers together with the presence of mycoplasma 

DNA in respiratory secretion. The clinical features were compared between children 

who tested positive for M. pneumoniae, and those whose results were negative. 

Results: Current infection due to M. pneumoniae was diagnosed in 36 (15%) of 245 

children with paired sera. The sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction 

(PCR) in diagnosing current infection in the present study were 78% and 98% 

respectively. The mean age of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae was higher 

than CAP with unspecified etiology. The presenting manifestations and initial 

laboratory finding were insufficient to predict mycoplasma pneumoniae precisely, 

the presence of chest pain and lobar consolidation on chest X – ray, however, were 

significant findings in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae. Conclusion: The present 

study confirms that M. pneumoniae plays a significant role in CAP in children of all 

ages. Children with this infection should be identified in order to administer the 

appropriate antibiotic treatment. 

No.237 

Author(s) : Dejsomritrutai W, Nana A, Chierakul N, Tscheikuna J, Sompradeekul S, 

Ruttanaumpawan P, Charoenratanakul S. 

Title : Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in the adult population in 

Thailand. 

Source : Chest. 129 (3): 602 – 609, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Adult, Asthma, Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Epidemiology prevalence, Thailand. 

Abstract : Objectives: We conducted a nationwide cross – sectional survey of respiratory health 

in adults aged 20 to 44 years during 2001 to 2002 to determine the prevalence of 

bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and asthma in the adult Thai population. 

Design: Subjects were selected by a multistage stratified random sampling. The 

stratification was done on geographic area, age group, and sex. Subjects were 

interviewed with questionnaires and underwent spirometric testing. Methacholine 

84


challenge tests were performed on all subjects without contraindication to determine 

BHR defined as the provocative concentration of methacholine producing a 20% fall 

in FEV1


86 

gene. Association of five of these SNPs with COPD was replicated in a case – control 

analysis, with cases from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and controls 

from the Normative Aging Study. Family – based and case – control haplotype analyses 

supported similar regions of association within the SERPINE2 gene. When significantly 

associated SNPs in these haplotypic regions were included as covariates in linkage 

models, LOD score attenuation was observed most markedly in a smokers – only 

linkage model (LOD 4.41, attenuated to 1.74). After the integration of murine and 

human microarray data to inform candidate – gene selection, we observed significant 

family – based association and independent replication of association in a case – 

control study, suggesting that SERPINE2 is a COPD – susceptibility gene and is likely 

influenced by gene – by – smoking interaction. 

No.240 

Author(s) : Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Lim P, Lindegardh N, Yi P, Top SN, Socheat D, Fandeur T, 

Annerberg A, Christophel EM, Ringwald P. 

Title : Efficacy of artemether – lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum 

malaria in northwest Cambodia. 

Source : Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (12): 1800 – 1807, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Malaria, Efficacy trials, Artemether – lumefantrine, Artesunate plus mefloquine, 

Treatment failure, Cambodia. 

Abstract : To determine the efficacy of artemether – lumefantrine malaria treatment, as an 

alternative to artesunate + mefloquine, which is becoming ineffective in some areas 

of the Thai – Cambodian border. Two studies were conducted to monitor the efficacy 

of artemether – lumefantrine in Sampov Lun referral hospital, Battambang Province, 

in 2002 and 2003, and one study was conducted to assess the efficacy of mefloquine + 

artesunate in 2003 for comparison. The studies were performed according to the 

WHO standardized protocol with a follow – up of 28 days. The therapeutic efficacy 

tests were complemented with in vitro tests and in 2003, with the measurement of 

lumefantrine plasma concentration at day 7 for the patients treated with artemether 

– lumefantrine.A total of 190 patients were included: 55 were treated with artemether 

– lumefantrine in 2002 (AL2002), 80 with artemether – lumefantrine and food 

supplementation in 2003 (AL2003) and 55 with artesunate + mefloquine in 2003 

(AM2003). With the per – protocol analysis, the cure rate was 71.1% in study AL2002, 

86.5% in study AL2003 and 92.4% in study AM2003. All the data were PCR corrected. 

The artemether – lumefantrine cure rate was unexpectedly low in 2002, but it 

increased with food supplementation in 2003. There was a significant difference (P = 

0.02) in lumefantrine plasma concentrations between adequate clinical and 

parasitological responses and treatment failure cases. In vitro susceptibility to 

lumefantrine was reduced for isolates sampled from patients presenting with treatment 

failure, but the difference was not statistically different from isolates sampled from 

patients who were successfully treated. Treatment failure cases of artemether – 

lumefantrine are most probably because of low levels of lumefantrine blood 

concentration. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether resistance 

of Plasmodium falciparum isolates to lumefantrine is present in the region. Determiner 

l’efficacite de l’artemether – lumefantrine pour le traitement paludisme en tant 

qu’alternative a l’artesunate + mefloquine qui devient de plus en plus inefficace dans 

certaines zones dans la frontiere Thailando – Cambodgienne. Deux etudes ont ete 

menees pour mesurer l’efficacite de l’artemether – lumefantrine dans l’hopital de 

reference de Sampov Lun dans la province de Battambang en 2002 et 2003 et, dans 

un but de comparaison, une etude a aussi ete menee pour evaluer l’efficacite de 

l’artesunate + mefloquine en 2003. Les etudes ont ete menees selon les protocoles 

standardises de l’OMS avec un suivi de 28 jours. Les tests d’efficacite therapeutique 

ont ete complementes par des tests in vitro et, en 2003 par la mesure de la concentration 

plasmatique de lumefantrine au jour 7 pour les patients traites a l’artemether – 

lumefantrine. Au total 190 patients ont ete inclus dans l’etude parmi lesquels 55 ont 

ete traites a l’artemether – lumefantrine en 2002 (AL2002), 80 a l’artemether – 

lumefantrine en plus d’un complement de nourriture en 2003 (AL2003) et 55 a 

l’artesunate + mefloquine en 2003 (AM2003). L’analyse suivant un protocole standard 

a revele un taux de guerison de 71,1% pour AL2002, 86,5% pour AL2003 et 92,4% 

pour AM2003. Toutes les donnees ont ete ajustees avec les resultats de la PCR. Le 

taux de guerison pour l’artemether – lumefantrine s’est avere bas de facon inattendue 

en 2002 mais il a augmente avec le complement de nourriture en 2003. Il y avait une 

difference significative (p = 0,02) pour les concentrations plasmatiques de lumefantrine 

entre d’une part les reponses cliniques et parasitologiques adequates et d’autre part 

les cas d’echec therapeutique. La susceptibilite in vitro pour la lumefantrine etait


reduite pour les souches isolees de patients presentant un echec therapeutique mais 

les valeurs n’etaient pas statistiquement differentes de celles de souches isolees de 

patients traites avec succes. Les cas d’echec therapeutique a l’artemether – 

lumefantrine sont plus probablement dus a des concentrations sanguines basses de 

lumefantrine. Des investigations supplementaires sont necessaires pour determiner 

s’il existe une resistance de P. falciparuma la lumefantrine dans la region. Determinar 

la eficacia del tratamiento de malaria con artemeter – lumefantrina como alternativa 

al artesunato + mefloquina, el cual esta dejando de ser efectivo en algunas areas de 

la frontera entre Tailanda y Cambodia. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios para monitorizar 

la eficacia de artemeter – lumefantrina en el hospital de referencia de Sampov Lun, 

provincia de Battambang, entre el 2002 y 2003, asi como un estudio durante el 2003, 

y a modo de comparacion, para evaluar la eficacia de la mefloquina + artesunato. 

Estos estudios se realizaron siguiendo el protocolo estandar de la OMS con un 

seguimiento de 28 dias. Las pruebas de eficacia terapeutica se complementaron con 

pruebas in vitro y, durante el 2003, con la medicion de la concentracion de lumefantrina 

en plasma en el dia 7 para los pacientes tratados con artemeter – lumefantrina. Se 

incluyeron 190 pacientes: 55 fueron tratados con artemeter – lumefantrina en el 

2002 (AL2002), 80 con artemeter – lumefantrina y suplementacion alimenticia en el 

2003 (AL2003), y 55 con artesunato + mefloquina en el 2003. Con el analisis por 

protocolo, la tasa de curacion fue de 71.1% en el estudio AL2002, 86.5% en el estudio 

AL2003, y 92.4% en el estudio AM2003. Todos los datos fueron corregidos mediante 

PCR. La tasa de curacion para el tratamiento con artemeter – lumefantrina fue 

sorprendentemente baja en el 2002, pero aumento con la suplementacion alimenticia 

en el 2003. Se encontro una diferencia significativa (p = 0.02) en las concentraciones 

de lumefantrina en plasma entre casos con una respuesta clinica y parasitologica 

adecuadas y aquellos con fallo terapeutico. La susceptibilidad in vitro frente a la 

lumefantrina se redujo para cepas aisladas de pacientes que presentaban fallo en el 

tratamiento, pero la diferencia no era estadisticamente significativa de aquella para 

cepas aisladas de pacientes que hubiesen respondido adecuadamente al tratamiento. 

Los casos de fallo terapeutico con artemeter – lumefantrina probablemente son debidos 

a bajos niveles de concentracion de lumefantrina en la sangre. Se necesitan mas 

estudios para determinar si existe resistencia a la lumefantrina entre las cepas de P. 

falciparum de la region. 

No.241 

Author(s) : Develoux M, Dekumyoy P, Baygon E, Aractingi S. 

Title : Imported gnathostomiasis acquired in Myanmar. 

Source : Medicine et Maladies Infectieuses. 36 (6): 340 – 342, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Gnathostomiasis, Myanmar, Ivermectin, Albendazole. 

Abstract : We report a case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis acquired in Myanmar where this 

parasitic zoonosis was considered as non – endemic until a recent outbreak. Myanmar 

must be added to the list of countries where the infection can be acquired in Southeast 

Asia. Despite a treatment with ivermectin the patient relapsed after an apparent 

cure. A double – dose of ivermectin is now recommended for the treatment of 

gnathostomiasis. 

No.242 

Author(s) : Di Legge S, Saposnik G, Nilanont Y, Hachinski V. 

Title : Neglecting the difference – Does right or left matter in stroke outcome after 

thrombolysis? 

Source : Stroke. 37 (8): 2066 – 2069, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Acute stroke, Outcome, Thrombolysis. 

Abstract : Background and Purpose – Patients with right hemispheric strokes (RHSs) present 

later to an emergency department, have a lower chance to receive intravenous 

recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt – PA), and have worse clinical 

outcomes than do patients with left hemispheric strokes (LHSs). We analyzed 

outcomes after IV rt – PA with respect to the side of the affected hemisphere. Methods 

– A prospective cohort of acute stroke patients was treated with IV rt – PA at the 

London Health Sciences Centre (December 1998 to March 2003). Differences between 

patients with RHS and LHS were identified by univariate analysis. Logistic – regression 

analysis was used to determine a subset of variables independently associated with 

major neurological improvement at 24 hours and good outcome at 3 months after 

treatment. Results – Of 219 stroke patients who received IV rt – PA, 165 had 

87


88 

hemispheric strokes (68 RHSs and 97 LHSs). Patients with RHSs were less 

hypertensive (P=0.001) and had lower pretreatment National Institutes of Health 

Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores (P=0.005). LHS (odds ratio [OR], 2.29; 95% Cl, 1.14 to 

4.59; P=0.019), age (OR, 0.96; 95% Cl, 0.93 to 0.99; P=0.012), and pretreatment NIHSS 

(OR, 0.83; 95% Cl, 0.78 to 0.89; P < 0.0001) were independent predictors of 3 – month 

outcome. Female sex (OR, 3; 95% CI, 1.53 to 5.90; P=0.001) and LHS (OR, 2.07; 95% 

CI, 1.05 to 4.08; P=0.03) were independent predictors of major neurological 

improvement at 24 hours after IV rt – PA. Conclusions – Despite higher pretreatment 

NIHSS, patients with LHSs have a 2 – fold increased chance of a good outcome 3 

months after rt – PA treatment compared with patients with RHSs. This gain can be 

clinically detected at 24 hours after treatment. These results need to be coupled with 

neuroimaging and hemodynamic characteristics known to influence stroke outcome. 

No.243 

Author(s) : Diggle SP, Lumjiaktase P, Dipilato F, Winzer K, Kunakorn M, Barrett DA, 

Chhabra SR, Camara M, Williams P. 

Title : Functional genetic analysis reveals a 2 – alkyl – 4 – quinolone signaling system in the 

human pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei and related bacteria. 

Source : Chemistry & Biology. 13 (7): 701 – 710, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Pseudomonas – quinolone signal, To – cell communication, Quorum – sensing systems, 

Cepacia complex, Virulence gene, Aeruginosa, Melioidosis, Lactone, Expression, 

Molecules. 

Abstract : Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesizes diverse 2 – alkyl – 4(1H) – quinolones (AHQs), 

including the signaling molecule 2 – heptyl – 3 – hydroxy – 4(1H) – quinolone (PQS), 

via the pqsABCDE locus. By examining the genome data – bases, homologs of the pqs 

genes were identified in other bacteria. However, apart from P. aeruginosa, only 

Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. thailandensis contained a complete pqsA – E operon 

(termed hhqA – E). By introducing the B. pseudomallei hhqA and hhqE genes into P. 

aeruginosa pqsA and pqsE mutants, we show that they are functionally conserved 

and restore virulence factor and POS production. B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis, 

B. cenocepacia, and P. putida each produced 2 – heptyl – 4(1H) – quinolone (HHQ), 

but not PQS. Mutation of hhqA in B. pseudomallei resulted in the loss of AHQ 

production, altered colony morphology, and enhanced elastase production, which 

was reduced to parental levels by exogenous HHQ. These data reveal a role for AHQs 

in bacterial cell – to – cell communication beyond that seen in P. aeruginosa. 

No.244 

Author(s) : Dimichele D, Chuansumrit A, London AJ, Thompson AR, Cooper CG, Killian RM, 

Ross LF, Lillicrap D, Kimmelman J. 

Title : Ethical issues in haemophilia. 

Source : Haemophilia. 12 (Suppl.3): 30 – 35, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Ethics, Gene – based diagnosis, Gene transfer technology, Global access to care, 

Haemophilia. 

Abstract : Ethical issues surrounding both the lack of global access to care as well as the 

implementation of advancing technologies, continue to challenge the international 

haemophilia community. Haemophilia is not given the priority it deserves in most 

developing countries. Given the heavy burdens of sickness and disease and severe 

resource constraints, it may not be possible to provide effective treatment to all who 

suffer from the various ‘orphan’ diseases. Nevertheless, through joint efforts, some 

package of effective interventions can be deployed for a significant number of those 

who are afflicted with ‘orphan’ diseases. With cost – effective utilization of limited 

resources, a national standard of care is possible and affordable. Gene – based diagnosis 

carries attendant ethical concerns whether for clinical testing or for research purposes, 

even as the list of its potential benefits to the haemophilia community grows rapidly. 

As large – scale genetic sequencing becomes quicker and cheaper, moving from the 

research to the clinic, we will face decisions about the implementation of prenatal, 

neonatal and other screening programs. Such debates will require input from not 

just the health care professionals but from all stakeholders in the haemophilia 

community. Finally, long – term therapeutic success gene transfer in small and large 

animal models raises the question of when and in which patient population the novel 

therapeutic approach should first be studied in humans with haemophilia. Although 

gene therapy represents a worthy goal, the central question for the haemophilia 

community should be whether it wishes to volunteer itself as a model for a much 

broader set of innovations.


No.245 

Author(s) : Dirckwattanachai C, Teawsomboonkit W, Sasisakulporn C. 

Title : Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and methacholine bronchial provocative 

test in asthmatic children. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117 (2): S176 – S176 688, 2006 (Feb). 




No.246 

Author(s) : Dominguez – Tenreiro R, Onorbe J, Saiz A, Artal H, Serna A. 

Title : The lack of structural and dynamical evolution of elliptical galaxies since z ~ 1.5: 

Clues from self – consistent hydrodynamic simulations. 

Source : Astrophysical Journal. 636 (2): L77 – L80, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Dark matter, Galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD, Galaxies: evolution, Galaxies: 

formation, Galaxies: fundamental parameters, Hydrodynamics. 

Abstract : We present the results of a study of the evolution of the parameters that characterize 

the structure and dynamics of the relaxed elliptical – like objects (ELOs) identified at 

redshifts z = 0, z = 1, and z = 1.5 in a set of hydro – dynamic, self – consistent 

simulations operating in the context of a concordance cosmological model. The values 

of the stellar mass Mstar , the stellar half – mass radius rstar , and the mean square 

bo e, bo 

star 

velocity for stars have been measured in each ELO and found to populate, at 

3, bo 

any z, a flattened ellipsoid close to a plane (the dynamical plane, DP). Our simulations 

indicate that at the intermediate z’s considered, individual ELOs evolve, increasing 

their Mstar , rstar 

bo e, bo , and star parameters as a consequence of ongoing mass assembly, 

3, bo 

but nevertheless, their DP is roughly preserved within its scatter, in agreement with 

observations of the fundamental plane at different z’s. We briefly discuss how this 

lack of significant dynamical and structural evolution in ELO samples arises, in terms 

of the two different phases operating in the mass aggregation history of their dark 

matter halos. According to our simulations, most dissipation involved in ELO formation 

takes place at the early violent phase, causing the Mstar , rstar 

bo e, bo , and star 

3, bo parameters 

to settle down to the DP and, moreover, the transformation of most of the available 

gas into stars. In the subsequent slow phase, ELO stellar mass growth preferentially 

occurs through nondissipative processes, so that the DP is preserved and the ELO 

star formation rate considerably decreases. These results hint, for the first time, at a 

possible way of explaining, in the context of cosmological simulations, different and 

apparently paradoxical observational results for elliptical galaxies. 

No.247 

Author(s) : Domrongkitchaiporn S, Stitchantrakul W, Kochakarn W. 

Title : Causes of hypocitraturia in recurrent calcium stone formers: Focusing on urinary 

potassium excretion. 

Source : American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 48 (4): 546 – 554, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Hypocitraturia, Nephrolithiasis, Potassium, Alkaline absorption, Calcium, Titratable 

acid. 

Abstract : Background. Multiple factors associated with hypocitraturia have been identified. 

However, limited studies addressing the causal relationship to hypocitraturia are 

available. We therefore conducted this study to determine factors associated with 

hypocitraturia and show their causal relationship in recurrent calcium stone formers. 

Methods: Dietary review and 24 – hour urine samples were obtained from all recurrent 

calcium stone formers referred for metabolic workup in the stone clinic. One month 

of oral potassium chloride supplementation was prescribed to stone formers to 

determine the causal relationship between urinary potassium and citrate levels. 

Results: Eighty – three subjects, 44 men and 39 women, were recruited to participate 

in this study. Hypocitraturia (citrate


90 

(19.7% +/– 2.7% versus 23.1% +/– 2.4%; P>0.05). Conclusion Hypocitraturia was found 

to be a common risk factor associated with recurrent calcium stone formation and 

low urinary potassium level, low alkaline absorption, low urinary calcium level, and 

high titratable acid excretion. Hypocitraturia is predominantly of dietary origin. 

Estimation of fruit intake should be included in the metabolic evaluation for recurrent 

calcium stone formation. 

No.248 

Author(s) : Dondorp A, White N, Day N. 

Title : PfHRP2 measures schizogony, not mechanical blockage – Authors’ reply: Response 

to Ian Clark. 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (1): 145 – 145, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Falciparum – malaria. 


No.249 

Author(s) : Durongpisitkul K, Sangtawesin C, Khongphatthanayopthin A, Panamonta M, 

Sopontammarak S, Sittiwangkul R, Pongpanich B. 

Title : Epidemiologic study of Kawasaki disease and cases resistant to IVIG therapy in 

Thailand. 

Source : Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 24 (1): 27 – 32, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Intravenous gamma – globulin, Artery, Retreatment, Japan, Aneurysms, Children, 

Failure, Lesions. 

Abstract : The incidence of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Thailand has never been studied before. 

We reviewed the data from the National Registry of Thai Children who had KD 

between 1998 – 2002 to evaluate the incidence of KD and cases resistant to treatment 

with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Resistance to IVIG was defined as remaining 

febrile at least 48 hours after initial IVIG therapy. There were 710 KD patients in the 

registry. The incidence of KD was from 2.14 to 3.43 cases per 100,000 children aged 0 

– 5 years. During the acute phase 15.6% of 435 patients were considered as resistant 

cases. Resistant cases of KD in Thai children are quite common (15.6%) even after 

IVIG treatment. We found that patients who had high white blood cell counts (>16,500 

cells/mm(3)) had a higher likelihood of being resistant. 

No.250 

Author(s) : Dusfour I, Harbach RE, Vythilingham I, Baimai V, Trung HD, Sochanta T, Bangs MJ, 

Manguin S. 

Title : Morphological and molecular comparisons among three members of the Southeast 

Asian Anopheles sundaicus complex – Development of a PCR based identification 

method. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 

75 (5): 262 – 262 908 Suppl. S, 2006 (Nov). 




No.251 

Author(s) : Eamsobhana P, Mongkolporn T, Punthuprapasa P, Yoolek A. 

Title : Mammomonogamus roundworm (Nematoda: Syngamidae) recovered from the 

duodenum of a Thai patient: a first and unusual case originating in Thailand. 

Source : Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 

100 (4): 387 – 391, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Roundworm, Mommomonogamus, Nematoda, Syngamidae, Thailand. 

Abstract : A pair of Mammomonogamus laryngeus roundworms in copula was recovered from 

the duodenum of a 72 – year – old mate Thai patient from Kanchanaburi Province. 

Eggs were also found in the stool of the patient. This is the first case of 

Mammomonogamus infection originating in Thailand, as the previous two reports 

from Thailand attributed the infection as originating in Malaysia. The occurrence of 

adult worms in the duodenum is unusual and differs from previous findings in the 

larynx, posterior pharynx, tracheal wait and bronchi. This adds a new dimension to 

the manifestation of the infection.


No.252 

Author(s) : Eamsobhana P, Ongrotchanakun J, Yoolek A, Punthuprapasa P, Monkong N, 

Dekumyoy P. 

Title : Multi – immunodot for rapid differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to 

parasitic infections. 

Source : Journal of Helminthology. 80 (3): 249 – 254, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Angiostrongylus – cantonensis, Gnathostoma – spinigerum, Neurocysticercosis, 

Antigen, ELISA, Serodiagnosis, Disease. 

Abstract : A multi – dot enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the 

rapid and simple differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis due to helminth 

infections. Ultrafiltered, purified antigens of Parastrongylus (=Angiostrongylus) 

cantonensis, Gnathostoma spinigerum and Taenia solium metacestodes, the most 

common parasites that invade the central nervous system and cause eosinophilic 

pleocytosis, were dotted onto a single nitrocellulose membrane strip. Antigen – coated 

strips, when blocked with 5% skimmed milk and dried, were stable for at least 6 

months at 4 degrees C. With peroxidase conjugated anti – human immunoglobulins 

and 4 – chloro – 1 – naphthol as a substrate, antibodies in the corresponding patients’ 

sera were clearly detected on the membrane strip as well – defined blue dots. Although 

cross – reactions between P. cantonensis and G. spinigerum antigens were observed 

with the use of partially purified antigens, the darkest dot correlated well with the 

infecting parasites in all cases. This fast, easy and economical multiple dot – blot 

ELISA method is useful for the differential diagnosis of eosinophilic meningitis caused 

by parasitic helminths, as semi – purified antigens can be easily obtained by 

ultrafiltration and used. Further improvements using highly specific parasite antigens 

may make this multi – immunodot test more suitable for wide – scale use in field 

studies and diagnostic laboratories. 

No.253 

Author(s) : Edwards HGM, Hassan NFN, Arya N. 

Title : Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy and application of chemometric methods for the 

differentiation of contemporary ivory specimens I: elephant and mammalian species. 

Source : Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 37 (1 – 3): 353 – 360, 2006 (Jan – Mar). 


Keywords : Ivory, African, Asian, Mammalian species, Principal component analysis, Stepwise 

discriminant analysis. 

Abstract : Specimens of mammoth, African and Asian ivory dentine, and other mammalian 

species were examined using Fourier – Transform (FT), conventional dispersive 

(confocal) and remote – sensing portable Raman spectroscopy, all with near – infrared 

laser excitation (1064 and 785 nm). FT – Raman spectroscopy produced the best 

quality spectra for differentiation purposes and the application of a fibre probe coupled 

to a portable Raman spectrometer has also been demonstrated and proposed for the 

in situ characterization of suspected contraband ivories at airports. In addition to the 

visual comparison of spectral features, chemometric methods are used to discriminate 

between African and Asian elephant dentine by analyzing normalized integrated 

band areas in ten selected wavenumber regions. Principal component analysis separates 

the spectra of both species into two well – defined groups based upon their organic 

and inorganic composition. By means of stepwise discriminant analysis almost 98% of 

the spectra are correctly classified to their species group memberships. 

No.254 

Author(s) : Eiamphungporn W, Charoenlap N, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. 

Title : Agrobacterium tumefaciens soxR is involved in superoxide stress protection and also 

directly regulates superoxide – inducible expression of itself and a target gene. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (24): 8669 – 8673, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Escherichia – coli, Pseudomonas – aeruginosa, Response regulon, Protein, 

Transcription, Activator, OXYR, Resistance, Repressor, Paradigm. 

Abstract : Inactivation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens soxR increases sensitivity to superoxide 

generators. soxR expression is highly induced by superoxide stress and is 

autoregulated. SoxR also directly regulates the superoxide – inducible expression of 

atu5152. Taken together, the physiological role of soxR and the mechanism by which 

it regulates expression of target genes make the A. tumefaciens SoxR system different 

from other bacterial systems. 

91


No.255 

Author(s) : Engchanil C, Kosalaraksa P, Lulitanond V, Lumbiganon P, Chantratita W. 

Title : Multi – drug resistant HIV – 1 reverse transcriptase genotype in children treated with 

dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). 



Keywords : Children, Drug resistance, HIV. 

Abstract : Background: Multi – drug resistant HIV mutants have been reported after prolonged 

dual antiretroviral therapy. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and resistance 

pattern in HIV – infected children treated with dual NRTIs. Material and Method: 

Records of HIV – infected children treated with dual NRTIs at Srinagarind Hospital, 

Khon Kaen University, Thailand, were reviewed for baseline data and their 

consensually – stored plasma were checked for the occurrence of HIV mutants by 

genotyping. Results: Fifty – seven HIV – infected children were treated with dual 

NRTI regimens (27 males; 30 females). The median age and median CD4+ T – 

lymphocyte at genotypic testing were 83.5 months and 10.9%, respectively. The median 

duration of ARV therapy was 22 months. More than half the children (42) were on 

zidovudine and didanosine. A set of three or more nucleoside analog mutations (NAMs), 

conferring multi – dideoxynucleoside resistance, was found in 60% of the cases. 

Conclusion: High percentages of NAMs were found in HIV – infected children 

previously on dual ARV therapy for long periods. Genotypic testing was helpful in 

designing the second antiretroviral regimen. 

No.256 

Author(s) : Faucher C. 

Title : Popular discourse on identity politics and decentralisation in Tanjung Pinang public 

schools. 

Source : Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 47 (2): 273 – 285, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Education, Indonesia, Malay identity, Nationalism, Riau Archipelago. 

Abstract : This paper explores the discrepancies between the official rhetoric on Malayness and 

the emerging discourse on national identity among the urban Malay (Melayu) youth 

of the Indonesian province Kepri. The population of the Riau Archipelago is multiethnic, 

with Malays as the majority and Kepulauan Riau represents an important historical 

centre for the whole Malay World. Because of this, local leaders have engaged this 

newly formed province in a series of attempts to revitalise a transnational ethnic 

awareness based on an inclusive Malay identity framework. However, most of the 

students I met during my recent fieldwork in Tanjung Pinang’s public schools tend to 

reject most ideas of reinforcing the bridge with the Malays of neighbouring nations, 

and prefer to perceive themselves primarily as Indonesian. This should not come as 

a surprise. Since 1998, the popular culture scene has been largely influenced by 

reformasi movements all over Indonesia. For the Tanjung Pinang youth, urban 

Indonesia, represented especially by Jakarta, is synonymous with dynamism and 

democratisation, while Malaysia and Singapore are regarded as moralistic and 

patronising. 

No.257 

Author(s) : Fernandez FM, Cody RB, Green MD, Hampton CY, McGready R, Sengaloundeth S, 

White NJ, Newton PN. 

Title : Characterization of solid counterfeit drug samples by desorption electrospray ionization 

and direct – analysis – in – real – time coupled to time – of – flight mass spectrometry. 

Source : ChemMedChem. 1 (7): 702 – 705, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Analytical methods, DART, DESI, Mass spectrometry, Medicinal chemistry. 

Abstract : Vacuum is not the limit: direct analysis in real time (DART), a new MS ionization 

method, allows probing of pharmaceuticals under atmospheric pressure, thus 

bypassing lengthy sample preparation steps and enhancing throughput. DART allows 

rapid screening of solid drugs at almost constant temperature which decreases errors 

in mass measurement and improves the identification of potentially harmful 

unknowns. This is important for identifying counterfeit drugs (fake hologram shown). 

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No.258 

Author(s) : Flegel TW. 

Title : Detection of major penaeid shrimp viruses in Asia, a historical perspective with 

emphasis on Thailand. 

Source : Aquaculture. 258 (1 – 4): 1 – 33, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Shrimp, Penacid, Virus, Detection. 

Abstract : Asia leads the world in cultivated shrimp production with export earnings in the 

order of billions of US dollars per year. Despite this success, annual production 

decreased in the latter nineties because of widespread epidemics (epizootics) caused 

by new viral pathogens. Although these viruses were no cause for alarm to human 

health authorities, they were economically crippling for Asian shrimp farmers. In 

Thailand, shrimp production trends have mirrored those in the rest of Asia, except 

that recovery from the viral epidemics has been somewhat better than it has been for 

most of its close neighbors. Initially, Penaeus monodon was the main cultivated 

species but this has changed markedly since 2002 when Penaeus vannamei (also 

called Litopenaeus vannamei) started to be cultivated in many Asian countries. Since 

2004, it has been the dominant cultivated species in the world. Research in Thailand 

has focused on the characterization of shrimp viruses and on the development of 

rapid diagnostic probes for them. The major viruses of concern (in estimated order of 

past economic impact for Thailand) are white – spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow 

– head virus (YHV), hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and monodon baculovirus 

(MBV). However, with the introduction of P. vannamei, Taura syndrome virus (TSV) 

and infectious hypodermal and hematopoeitic virus (IHHNV) have now become 

important. Presently, the most rapid and sensitive tests employ polymerase chain 

reaction (PCR) technology and take approximately 3 h to complete. However, lateral 

flow chromatographic tests based on nanogold – labeled monoclonal antibodies have 

recently been introduced. Although they tend to be less sensitive than PCR – based 

methods, they are highly specific, very inexpensive and so user – friendly that they 

can be used pond – side by farmers themselves to verify disease outbreaks. This 

review covers the main Asian shrimp viruses for which PCR tests and some antibody 

tests are currently available and it emphasizes work that has been done in Thailand. 

No.259 

Author(s) : Flegel TW. 

Title : The special danger of viral pathogens in shrimp translocated for aquaculture. 

Source : ScienceAsia. 32 (3): 215 – 221, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Cryptic, Epidemic, Shrimp, Translocation, Virus. 

Abstract : It is well known that the majority of invasive aquatic species have been established in 

new habitats as a result of intentional importation for aquaculture or recreational 

purposes. This includes shrimp and other crustaceans. As a result of unexpected 

difficulties that arose from some of these importations, the International Council for 

Exploration of the Seas (ICES) proposed a set of precautionary guidelines to follow to 

reduce risks associated with translocations. Briefly, these include preparation of a 

proposal to the ICES indicating the purpose and area of transfer and detailed biology 

of the transfer species, and preparation of a detailed impact analysis including 

environmental disease and socioeconomic issues. In the event that a decision is made 

to proceed with the introduction, a number of precautionary actions are recommended. 

For fish, it is recommended that eggs or fry be imported to strict quarantine (including 

disinfected effluents) and monitored until reared to broodstock size for freedom from 

disease, before a preliminary phase of limited distribution of their offspring to 

aquaculture facilities. If broodstock are imported, it is recommended that they be 

destroyed after spawning (for detailed pathogen assay) and that the offspring be 

raised and used similarly to the above. After one year of trouble – free, limited field 

tests, wider use or introduction to open waters may be initiated. For species that are 

part of commercial practice, abbreviated guidelines are recommended that include 

export and quarantine procedures. These guidelines are appropriate for vertebrate 

species (from fish to mammals), but not for shrimp, other crustaceans and arthropods 

in general, especially with respect to viral pathogens. This is because grossly healthy 

arthropods tend to carry cryptic viruses (possibly unknown) that can jump to endemic 

arthropod species and cause massive mortalities. This phenomenon has resulted in 3 

major shrimp epizootics that have caused economic losses in the order of several 

billion US$ since the early 1990’s. To avoid future repetition of this scenario, it is 

strongly recommended that the ICES guidelines be specifically modified for crustacean 

introductions to include, during the quarantine period, mandatory cohabitation studies 

with economically or ecologically important native crustaceans. 

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No.260 

Author(s) : Fleming V, Feil E, Sewell AK, Day N, Buckling A, Massey RC. 

Title : Agr interference between clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains in an insect model 

of virulence. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (21): 7686 – 7688, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Bacterial interference, Infection, Colonization, Genes, Host. 

Abstract : Repression of virulence by Staphylococcus aureus strains from different Agr groups 

has been demonstrated in vitro and is proposed as a means of competitive interference. 

Here, using the insect Manduca sexta, we show for the first time that this interference 

also occurs in vivo within a mixed population. 

No.261 

Author(s) : Foger F, Noonpakdee W, Loretz B, Joojuntr S, Salvenmoser W, Thaler M, Bernkop – 

Schnurch A. 

Title : Corrigendum to “Inhibition of malarial topoisomerase II in Plasmodium falciparum 

by antisense nanoparticles”. 

Source : International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 327 (1 – 2): 178, 2006 (Dec). 

Document Type : Erratum. 



No.262 

Author(s) : Fogera F, Noonpakdee W, Loretz B, Joojuntr S, Salvenmoser W, Thaler M, Bernkop 

– Schnurch A. 

Title : Inhibition of malarial topoisomerase II in Plasmodium falciparum by antisense 

nanoparticles. 

Source : International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 319 (1 – 2): 139 – 146, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum, Malaria, Nanotechnology, Chitosan nanoparticles, Antisense. 

Abstract : New effective antimalarial agents are urgently needed due to increasing drug 

resistance of Plasmodium falciparum. Phosphorothioate antisense 

oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) silencing of malarial topoisomerase II gene have shown 

to possess promising features as anti malarial agents. In order to improve stability 

and to increase intracellular penetration, ODNs were complexed with the 

biodegradable polymer chitosan to form solid nanoparticles with an initial diameter of 

similar to 55 nm. The particle zetapotential depended on the chitosan/ODN mass 

ratio. Nanoparticles with mass ratio of 2:1 displayed a positive surface charge (+15 

mV) whereas particles with 1:1 mass ratio were negatively charged (– 20 mV). 

Additionally nanoparticles were found to protect ODNs from nuclease degradation. R 

falciparum K1 strain was exposed to the chitosan/ODN – nanoparticles for 48 h in 

order to examine the effects of chitosan/antisense (AS) and chitosan/sense (S) 

oligodeoxynucleotide nanoparticles on malaria parasite growth. Both negatively and 

positively charged antisense nanoparticles as well as free antisense ODNs (in a final 

concentration of 0.5 M) showed sequence specific inhibition compared with sense 

sequence controls. However, nanoparticles were much more sequence specific in 

their antisense effect than free ODNs. Nanoparticles with negative surface charge 

exhibited a significantly stronger inhibitory effect (similar to 87% inhibition) on the 

parasite growth in comparison to the positive ones (similar to 74% inhibition) or free 

ODNs (similar to 68% inhibition). This is the first study demonstrating the susceptibility 

of R falciparum to antisense nanoparticles. 

No.263 

Author(s) : Foihirun K, Wongwit W, Kaewkungwal J, Ramasoota P, Sangdee P. 

Title : Preparation of in vivo cow control blood samples for cadmium analysis. 


37 (3): 544 – 548, 2006. 



Abstract : Quality control is essential for any analysis in the laboratory. The objective of this 

study was to prepare in vivo cow control blood samples. The experiment was performed 

by feeding cows with a single dose of cadmium in the form of cadmium chloride, 

withdrawing the blood at an appropriate time to get the highest level of cadmium and 

detecting the level of cadmium in the blood. It was found that feeding the cow a single 

94


dose of 0.06 mg cadmium per kg body weight resulted in the highest cadmium level of 

3.622 g/l 30 – 60 minutes after feeding. The samples were homogeneous because 

feeding the cows with single dose of cadmium let the cadmium be absorbed and 

distributed naturally. In addition, the samples were stable during transport. Therefore, 

they may be used as quality control samples to detect cadmium levels without using 

a lyophilized process. They could be used for proficiency testing and to evaluate whole 

blood analysis in the laboratory. 

No.264 

Author(s) : Fongsatitkul P, Elefsiniotis P, Boonyanitchakul B. 

Title : Treatment of a textile dye wastewater by an electrochemical process. 

Source : Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A – Toxic / Hazardous Substances 

& Environmental Engineering, 41 (7): 1185 – 1197, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Sulfur dye wastewater, Electrochemical treatment, pH, Electrical charge, Electrode 

corrosion. 

Abstract : This study explored the effectiveness of an electrochemical process to treat a sulfur 

dye wastewater from a textile industry. The treatment system included a 4.0 L reactor 

equipped with five steel electrode plates, and a separate sedimentation tank of equal 

liquid volume. The experimental part involved two distinct, sequential stages. In the 

first stage, the effect of initial pH and electrical charge (i.e., current times reaction 

time) on the treatment process was explored. Experiments were conducted in a 

factorial mode, involving three initial pH values (3, 4 and 5), and six electrical charges 

(ranging from 150 to 1,350 coulomb), respectively. Results indicated that chemical 

oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and color removal efficiency 

improved with a decrease in initial pH and an increase in electrical charge. Overall, 

high percent removal values were observed ranging from 63% to 80% for COD, 81% 

to 96% for TSS, and 93% to 99% for color. During the second stage, the electrode 

corrosion pattern was investigated for a period of 45 days. Under stable operating 

conditions, electrode consumption was found to conform to Faraday’s law. Moreover, 

process performance regarding COD, TSS, and color reduction was comparable to 

that obtained in the first stage of the study. 

No.265 

Author(s) : Fuh JL, Lam L, Hirono N, Senanarong V, Cummings JL. 

Title : Neuropsychiatric Inventory workshop: Behavioral and psychologic symptoms of 

dementia in Asia. 

Source : Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. 20 (4): 314 – 317, 2006 (Oct – Dec). 


Keywords : Neuropsychiatric inventory, Agitation, Depression, Nonpharmacologic interventions, 

Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Positron emission tomography. 

Abstract : The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was introduced in 1994 and has since become 

a standard instrument for clinical trials and other types of behavioral research in 

dementing disorders. Its reliability and validity have been confirmed. The NPI was 

the subject of a workshop in Asia in conjunction with the International Workgroup 

on Dementia Drug Guidelines (IWG). Investigators using the NPI from 4 Asian areas 

– Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand – presented conclusions from their research. 

A high prevalence of behavioral disturbances across Asian countries was found and 

the rates are similar to those observed in Western countries. Apathy is more difficult 

to detect and characterize in Asian populations. Neurobiologic studies show an excess 

of some serotonin receptor gene polymorphisms in patients without behavioral 

disturbances and positron emission tomography reveals reductions in frontal lobe 

metabolism in patients manifesting depression as measured by the NPI. Studies in 

Thailand show relationships among verbal fluency, activities of daily living, and 

neuropsychiatric symptoms particularly agitation, apathy, and disinhibition. This 

suggests a triad of symptoms of behavioral abnormalities, executive dysfunction, and 

abnormalities of activities of daily living that impugn frontal lobe function. The NPI is 

a reliable and useful instrument to characterize behavioral changes in Asian and 

Western populations. 

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No.266 

Author(s) : Gangnonngiw W, Ramasootra P, Soowannayan C, Sithigorngul P, Sriurairatana S, 

Sritunyalucksana K, Flegel TW. 

Title : Selection and testing phage – displayed YHV – binding peptides for possible detection 

of yellow head virus (YHV) in shrimp. 



Keywords : Penaeus monodon, Phage display, Yellow head virus (YHV). 

Abstract : Yellow head virus (YHV) causes a serious disease that can result in high mortality of 

penaeid shrimp within 2 – 3 days after the first appearance of gross signs of disease 

in rearing ponds. Current detection systems for YHV are based on molecular and 

immunological techniques. Immunological detection methods require continual 

production of relatively large, complex proteins using living animals or hybridoma 

cells. An alternative possibility is to use the phage display technique to find short 

peptides that can bind strongly with YHV particles and replace antibodies in such 

tests. Once identified, these peptides could also be tested for efficacy in blocking YHV 

infection. YHV was purified and then immobilized on microtiter plates for 4 rounds of 

biopanning against a pool of phage displayed peptide variants. From 89 sequentially 

generated phage pools, 13 variants were selected for strong binding with YHV by 

ELISA assay. DNA sequencing led to the deduced amino acid sequences LNAKSRN, 

KSKKSSS, GPQRKRS, KLKRLSS, RTNKKNA, SNISNAS, SNSKKRN, RTKKMRT, 

NTKRPAR, GPQRKRS, VSNKKRS, RKKSNAS and GPKKNRS. Preliminary tests 

using two representative phages (SNSKKRN and GPQRKRS) with high YHV binding 

activity showed that they were unable to block YHV infection in shrimp. However, 

when immobilized, these clones could bind YHV from probe solutions, indicating that 

they have potential for use as YHV detection reagents. 

No.267 

Author(s) : Ge Q, Pastey M, Kobasa D, Puthavathana P, Lupfer C, Bestwick RK, Iversen PL, 

Chen J, Stein DA. 

Title : Inhibition of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus in cell cultures with morpholino 

oligomers. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (11): 3724 – 3733, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : RNA interference, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Protein transduction, Antisense 

oligomers, H5N1 virus, In – vivo, Replication, Translation, Resistant, Infection. 

Abstract : Peptide – conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (P – PMO) are single 

– stranded nucleic acid – like antisense agents that can reduce gene expression by 

sterically blocking complementary RNA sequence. P – PMO are water soluble and 

nuclease resistant, and they readily achieve uptake into cells in culture under standard 

conditions. Eight P – PMO, each 20 to 22 bases in length, were evaluated for their 

ability to inhibit influenza A virus (FLUAV) A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) replication in cell 

culture. The P – PMO were designed to base pair with FLUAV RNA sequences that 

are highly conserved across viral subtypes and considered critical to the FLUAV 

biological – cycle, such as gene segment termini and mRNA translation start site 

regions. Several P – PMO were highly efficacious, each reducing viral titer in a dose 

– responsive and sequence – specific manner in A/PR/8/34 – infected cells. Two P – 

PMO, one designed to target the AUG translation start site region of PB1 mRNA and 

the other the 3' – terminal region of nucleoprotein viral genome RNA, also proved to 

be potent against several other FLUAV strains, including A/WSN/33 (HINT), A/ 

Memphis/8/88 (H3N2), A/Eq/Miami/63 (H3N8), A/Eq/Prague/56 (H7N7), and the highly 

pathogenic A/Thailand/1(KAN – 1)/04 (H5N1). The P – PMO exhibited minimal 

cytotoxicity in cell viability assays. High efficacy by two of the P – PMO against 

multiple FLUAV subtypes suggests that these oligomers represent a broad – spectrum 

therapeutic approach against a high percentage of known FLUAV strains. 

No.268 

Author(s) : Getahun A, Tansuphasawadikul S, Desakorn V, Dhitavat J, Pitisuttithum P. 

Title : Efficacy and safety of generic fixed – dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and 

nevirapine (GPO – vir) in advanced HIV infection. 

Source : J Med Assoc Thai. 89(9): 1472 – 8, 2006 (Sep). 

Document Type : Clinical Trial. 

Keywords : - 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of generic fixed – dose combination of 

stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine; GPO – vir in advanced HIV infection. Material 

and Method: Open – label combined prospective and retrospective study involving 

96


102 HIV infected patients with baseline CD4 cell count < 100 cells/mm3. All patients 

received GPO – vir for 48 weeks. The CD4 cell count and plasma viral load (pVL) was 

measured at 48 weeks. Results: The median baseline CD4 cell count and pVL were 13 

cells/mm 3 and 363,500 copies/ml, respectively. At 48 weeks, the median CD4 cell 

count increased to 191 cells/mm 3 and 63.7% in intention – to treat and 82.3% in on – 

treatment analysis had pVL < 50 copies/ml. There was no significant difference in 

pVL between patients with baseline pVL > 100,000 or < or = 100,000 copies/ml (p = 

0.312). The incidence of hepatotoxicity, rash and peripheral neuropathy was 4.9%, 

14.7% and 6.9%, respectively. Conclusion: GPO – vir was well tolerated and effective 

in increasing CD4 cell count and suppressing plasma viremia in advanced HIV infection 

during the 48 weeks follow – up period. 

No.269 

Author(s) : Graidist P, Fujise K, Wanna W, Sritunyalucksana K, Phongdara A. 

Title : Establishing a role for shrimp fortilin in preventing cell death. 

Source : Aquaculture. 255 (1 – 4): 157 – 164, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Penaeus monodon (Pm), White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Anti – apoptotic protein, 

Fortilin, Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). 

Abstract : White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly virulent and infectious virus to farmed 

shrimps and represents a serious threat to aquatic industries. Fortilin, also known as 

translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP), protects mammalian cells under 

stress from cell death. A subtraction hybridization screening in our laboratory between 

healthy and moribund WSSV – infected Penaeus mondon shrimps has identified a 

fortilin gene whose messages critically decrease during the terminal stage of the 

WSSV induced illness. Fortilin/TCTPs are highly conserved throughout the animal 

and plant kingdoms, and shrimp fortilin has a 64% identity in amino acid composition 

with human fortilin. In our previous work, the data clearly suggested that fortilin in 

shrimp protected WSSV – infected shrimps from death. Although human fortilin has 

a role in apoptosis regulation, it is not known if shrimp fortilin has any role in 

apoptosis regulation. We report that fortilin is greatly upregulated in shrimp 

haemolymph during the early phase of WSSV infection and that its expression abruptly 

decreases as the shrimp becomes moribund. Strikingly, shrimp fortilin, when 

overexpressed in mammalian cells, protected them from cell death induced by 

etoposide, staurosporine, cisplatin, hydroxyurea, and 5 – fluorouracil (5 – FU). These 

data suggest that shrimp fortilin, like mammalian fortilin, can protect cells under 

toxic conditions from death. In addition, since shrimp fortilin was capable of protecting 

cells in a mammalian environment, this indicates that shrimp and human fortilin use 

a common cellular pathway to achieve this. Shrimp fortilin may play a critical role in 

their response to WSSV – infection, through regulation of a cell death pathway that 

is common to shrimp and humans. 

No.270 

Author(s) : Grams R, Adisakwattana P, Ritthisunthorn N, Eursitthichai V, Vichasri – Grams S, 

Viyanant V. 

Title : The saposin – like proteins 1, 2, and 3 of Fasciola gigantica. 

Source : Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 148 (2): 133 – 143, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Saposin – like protein, Secretion, Intestine, Differential expression. 

Abstract : The SAP genes of Fasciola encode proteins belonging to the saposin – like protein 

family. The saposin signature, a compact domain of mainly a – helical character, 

contains six conserved cysteine residues and has been implicated in membrane – 

binding, pore formation, and subsequent cell lysis in several family members. 

Recombinant SAP – 2 of F hepatica has been shown to induce lysis of human 

erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This suggests that the SAPs 

are involved in the nutrition of Fasciola as the released content of lysed host cells is 

available for further enzymatic processing and uptake by the parasite. In the present 

study a new SAP – 3 cDNA was obtained in an immunoscreen of an adult stage F 

gigantica cDNA library with an antiserum against the parasite’s excretion/secretion 

antigens. SAP – 1 and SAP – 2 cDNAs were isolated from E gigantica cDNA libraries 

using oligonucleotide primers specific to the SAP – 1 and SAP – 2 DNA sequences 

from F hepatica. Transcripts of the three SAPs are present from the metacercarial to 

the adult stage and are located to the gut epithelium. In immatures SAP – 1 RNA is 

the predominant product whereas in adults SAP – 2 and – 3 are the more abundant 

products. Polyclonal anti – SAP – 1 and SAP – 2 antisera confirmed the tissue – 

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98 

specificity and revealed the subcellular localization of SAPs in large granules 

concentrated in the apical part of the gut epithelial cells of the parasite. Interestingly, 

evolutionary conservation of the Fasciola SAP sequences among other trematodes is 

low at 20 – 30% sequence identity comparable to the Entantoeba amoebapore 

sequences. 

No.271 

Author(s) : Grard G, Lemasson JJ, Sylla M, Dubot A, Cook S, Molez JF, Pourrut X, Charrel R, 

Gonzalez JP, Munderloh U, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X. 

Title : Ngoye virus: a novel evolutionary lineage within the genus Flavivirus. 

Source : Journal of General Virology. 87: 3273 – 3277 (Part 11), 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Tamana bat virus, Phylogenetic – relationships, Sequence, Agent, Encephalitis, 

Population, Growth, Vector, Genome, Family. 

Abstract : By using degenerate primers deduced from conserved patterns in the flavivirus 

polymerase gene, a novel RNA virus was discovered in Phipicephalus ticks sampled 

from members of the family Bovidae in Senegal. It was named Ngoye virus (NGOV) 

after the location from which it was isolated. Viral particles could be observed by 

electron microscopy, but isolation in vertebrate or invertebrate cell lines or by 

intracerebral infection of newborn mice remained unsuccessful. This is atypical of 

recognized arboviruses. The characterization of 4176 nt of the non – structural genes 

revealed that NGOV is a novel flavivirus species. It forms a distinct phylogenetic 

lineage related distantly to previously identified members of the genus Flavivirus. 

Analysis of genetic data suggested that the processing of the NGOV polyprotein and 

the organization of its replication complex are similar to those of flaviviruses. Together 

with other recent data, these findings suggest that a large number of viruses related 

distantly to ‘classical’ arthropod – borne flaviviruses remain to be discovered. 

No.272 

Author(s) : Grimberg B, Udomsangpetch R, Xianli J, Martin K, Panichakul T, Erickson J, King 

CL, Zimmerman PA. 

Title : Invasion inhibition of P – vivax by anti – duffy binding protein antibodies. 






No.273 

Author(s) : Gritsanapan W, Intaranongpai J, Chavasiri W. 

Title : Active anti – head lice component from custard apple seed. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (11): 966 – 966 S006, 2006 (Sep). 




No.274 

Author(s) : Gritsanapan W, Ratanasak W, Ratanatham T, Carithape A. 

Title : Anti – dog tick herbal shampoo from Thai medicinal plant. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (11): 1041 – 1041 P198, 2006 (Sep). 




No.275 

Author(s) : Guerin GA, Pratuangdejkul J, Alemany M, Launay JM, Manivet P. 

Title : Rational and efficient geometric definition of pharmacophores is essential for the 

patent process. 

Source : Drug Discovery Today. 11 (21 – 22): 991 – 998, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Chirality, Binding, Field, Descriptors, Drugs, Site. 

Abstract : The geometric description of pharmacophores suffers from approximations. No 

consensus has been clearly established, despite the increasing interest in using


pharmacophores in drug design and in patent applications. We therefore propose an 

original definition of a pharmacophore using spherical coordinates. These coordinates 

give a precise description of each point using three parameters: distance to a geometric 

origin and two angles. If necessary, these parameters can be easily and rapidly 

converted to cartesian coordinates. Our method can guaranty, to the patent applicant, 

the safe protection of his intellectual property by both improving markedly the 

readability of a pharmacophore definition and bringing, to the person who is skilled in 

the art, enough information to understand easily the essence of the invention. 

No.276 

Author(s) : Guirakhoo F, Kitchener S, Morrison D, Forrat R, McCarthy K, Nichols R, Yoksan S, 

Duan XC, Ermak TH, Kanesa – Thasan N, Bedford P, Lang J, Quentin – Millet MJ, 

Monath TP. 

Title : Live attenuated chimeric yellow fever dengue type 2 (ChimeriVax (TM) – DEN2) 

vaccine: Phase I clinical trial for safety and immunogenicity. 

Source : Human Vaccines. 2 (2): 60 – 67, 2006 (Mar – Apr). 


Keywords : Live attenuated, Chimeric yellow fever – dengue 2, Phase I trial, Safety, 

Immunogenicity. 

Abstract : A randomized double – blind Phase I Trial was conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, 

and immunogenicity of a yellow fever (YF) – dengue 2 (DEN2) chimera 

(ChimeriVax(TM)DEN2) in comparison to that of YF vaccine (YF – VAX(R)). Forty – 

two healthy YF naive adults randomly received a single dose of either ChimeriVax(TM) 

– DEN2 (high dose, 5 log plaque forming units [PFU] or low dose, 3 log PFU) or YF – 

VAX(R) by the subcutaneous route (SC). To determine the effect of YF preimmunity 

on the ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 vaccine, 14 subjects previously vaccinated against 

YF received a high dose of ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 as an open – label vaccine. Most 

adverse events were similar to YF – VAX(R) and of mild to moderate intensity, with 

no serious side – effects. One hundred percent and 92.3% of YF naive subjects inoculated 

with 5.0 and 3.0 log(10) PFU of ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2, respectively, seroconverted 

to wt DEN2 (strain 1668 1); 92% of subjects inoculated with YF – VAX(R) seroconverted 

to YF 17D virus but none of YF naive subjects inoculated with ChimeriVax – DEN2 

seroconverted to YF 17D virus. Low seroconversion rates to heterologous DEN 

serotypes 1, 3 and 4 were observed in YF naive subjects inoculated with either 

ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 or YF – VAX(R). In contrast, 100% of YF immune subjects 

inoculated with ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 seroconverted to all 4 DEN serotypes. 

Surprisingly, levels of neutralizing antibodies to DEN 1, 2 and 3 viruses in YF immune 

subjects persisted after 1 year. These data demonstrated that (1) the safety and 

immunogenicity profile of the ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 vaccine is consistent with 

that of YF – VAX(R), and (2) preimmunity to YF virus does not interfere with 

ChimeriVax(TM) – DEN2 immunization, but induces a long lasting and cross 

neutralizing antibody response to all 4 DEN serotypes. The latter observation can 

have practical implications toward development of a dengue vaccine. 

No.277 

Author(s) : Gupta D, Weerawat W. 

Title : Supplier – manufacturer coordination in capacitated two – stage supply chains. 

Source : European Journal of Operational Research. 175 (1): 67 – 89, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Game theory, Inventory, Supply chain coordination, Incentives, Production economics. 

Abstract : Manufacture – to – order is an increasingly popular strategy in commodity electronics 

and other similar markets where many different product configurations can be 

produced from common components. To succeed in this environment, manufacturers 

need to keep both cost and order fulfillment time low. In this article, we compare 

three different mechanisms that a manufacturer, whose revenues depend on order 

delays, may use to affect its component supplier’s inventory decisions. These 

mechanisms are specifying components inventory level, offering a share of the earned 

revenues to the supplier (called simple revenue sharing), and offering a two – part 

revenue – sharing scheme. We show that whereas the first two approaches do not 

lead to supply chain coordination, the two – part scheme does. We demonstrate with 

numerical experiments that up to a point, the component supplier benefits from 

having a high utilization of its production facility, whereas the manufacturer benefits 

from having excess production capacity. 

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No.278 

Author(s) : Gupta SB, Mast CT, Wolfe ND, Novitsky V, Dubey SA, Kallas EG, Schechter M, 

Mbewe B, Vardas E, Pitisuttithum P, Burke D, Freed D, Mogg R, Coplan PM, Condra 

JH, Long RS, Anderson K, Casimiro DR, Shiver JW, Straus WL. 

Title : Cross – clade reactivity of HIV – 1 – specific T – cell responses in HIV – 1 – infected 

individuals from Botswana and Cameroon. 

Source : JAIDS – Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 

42 (2): 135 – 139, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : HIV, Cell – mediated immunity, Viral clade. 

Abstract : An effective HIV type 1 (HIV – 1) vaccine will likely require elicitation of broadly 

reactive cell – mediated immune (CMI) responses against divergent HIV – 1 clades. 

We compared anti – HIV – 1 T – cell immune responses among 363 unvaccinated 

adults infected with diverse HIV – 1 clades. Response rates to clade B Gag and/or 

clade B Nef in Botswana (95%) and Cameroon (98%) were similar when compared 

with those in countries previously studied, including Brazil (92%), Thailand (96%), 

South Africa (96%), Malawi (100%), and the United States (100%). Substantial cross 

– clade cell – mediated immune responses in Botswana and Cameroon confirm 

previous findings in a larger, more genetically diverse collection of HIV – 1 samples. 

No.279 

Author(s) : Hall KA, Newton PN, Green MD, De Veij M, Vandenabeele P, Pizzanelli D, Mayxay M, 

Dondorp A, Fernandez FM. 

Title : Characterization of counterfeit artesunate antimalarial tablets from Southeast Asia. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (5): 804 – 811, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Tandem mass – spectrometry, Electrospray – ionization, Pharmaceutical analysis, 

Diethylene glycol, Malaria, Drugs, Medication, Epidemic, Murder, Time. 

Abstract : In Southeast Asia, the widespread high prevalence of counterfeits tablets of the vital 

antimalarial artesunate is of great public health concern. To assess the seriousness of 

this problem, we quantified the amount of active ingredient present in artesunate 

tablets by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. This method, in 

conjunction with analysis of the packaging, classified tablets as genuine, substandard, 

or fake and validated results of the colorimetric Fast Red TR test. Eight (35%) of 23 

fake artesunate samples contained the wrong active ingredients, which were identified 

as different erythromycins and paracetamol. Raman spectroscopy identified calcium 

carbonate as an excipient in 9 (39%) of 23 fake samples. Multivariate unsupervised 

pattern recognition results indicated two major clusters of artesunate counterfeits, 

those with counterfeit foil stickers and containing calcium carbonate, erythromycin, 

and paracetamol, and those with counterfeit holograms and containing starch but 

without evidence of erythromycin or paracetamol. 

No.280 

Author(s) : Hamirattisai T, Johnson RA, Kawinwonggowit V. 

Title : Evaluating functional activity in older Thai adults. 

Source : Rehabilitation Nursing. 31 (3): 124 – 128, 2006 (May – Jun). 


Keywords : Exercise, Functional activity, Outcome expectations, Self – efficacy. 

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to translate the original English version of the Self – 

Efficacy and Outcome Expectations Scales for Exercise and Functional Activity and 

to establish their reliability in older Thai adults in geriatric rehabilitation. This study 

used a correlational design with repeated measures. Reliability of the Self – Efficacy 

for Exercise Scale (SEES), the Self – Efficacy for Functional Activity Scale (SEFAS), 

the Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale (OEES), and the Outcome Expectations 

for Functional Activity Scale (OEFAS) developed by Resnick was measured in 20 

older adults aged 60 years or older after hip or knee replacement or another orthopedic 

surgery of their lower extremity. All scales were translated into Thai and back 

translated into English according to the process described by Marin and Marin. The 

instruments were administered twice – the 1st and 2nd day in the participants’ geriatric 

rehabilitation program (i.e., the 4th and 5th postoperative day). Results indicated 

that there was sufficient evidence for internal consistency of the SEES, SEFAS, 

OEES, and OEFAS with alpha coefficients of 0.84, 0.86, 0.70, and 0.86 respectively. 

Test – retest reliability of the tools was also demonstrated with Spearman correlation 

coefficients of 0.84 for the SEES, 0.87 for the SEFAS, 0.61 for the OEES, and 0.54 for 

the OEFAS. The findings from this study provide important information for instrument 

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adaptation and the applicability of these scales for further studies of older Thai 

adults. 

No.281 

Author(s) : Hamzah Z, Petmitr S, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S, Chavalitshewinkoon – Petmitr P. 

Title : Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba 

moshkovskii by a single – round PCR assay. 

Source : Jouurnal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (9): 3196 – 3200, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Polymerase chain – reaction, Antigen – detection, Infection, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, 

Bangladesh, Children, Kits. 

Abstract : A single – round PCR assay was developed for detection and differential diagnosis of 

the three Entamoeba species found in humans, Entamoeba moshkovskii, Entamoeba 

histolytica, and Entamoeba dispar, that are morphologically identical as both cysts 

and trophozoites. A conserved forward primer was derived from the middle of the 

small – subunit rRNA gene, and reverse primers were designed from signature 

sequences specific to each of these three Entamoeba species. PCR generates a 166 – 

bp product with E. histolytica DNA, a 752 – bp product with E. dispar DNA, and a 580 

– bp product with E. moshkovskii DNA. Thirty clinical specimens were examined, and 

the species present were successfully detected and differentiated using this assay. It 

was possible to detect as little as 10 pg of E. moshkovskii and E. histolytica DNA, 

while for E. dispar the sensitivity was about 20 pg of DNA. Testing with DNA from 

different pathogens, including bacteria and other protozoa, confirmed the high 

specificity of the assay. We propose the use of this PCR assay as an accurate, rapid, 

and effective diagnostic method for the detection and discrimination of these three 

morphologically indistinguishable Entamoeba species in both routine diagnosis of 

amoebiasis and epidemiological surveys. 

No.282 

Author(s) : Hanchar HJ, Chutsrinopkun P, Meera P, Supavilai P, Sieghart W, Wallner M, Olsen 

RW. 

Title : Ethanol potently and competitively inhibits binding of the alcohol antagonist Ro15 – 

4513 to 4/6 3 GABA A receptors. 

Source : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 

103 (22): 8546 – 8551, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Alcohol receptor, Flumazenil, Beta – carbolines, Extrasynaptic GABA A receptors. 

Abstract : Although GABA A receptors have long been implicated in mediating ethanol (EtOH) 

actions, receptors containing the “nonsynaptic” delta subunit only recently have been 

shown to be uniquely sensitive to EtOH. Here, we show that delta subunit – containing 

receptors bind the imidazo – benzodiazepines (BZs) flumazenil and Ro15 – 4513 with 

high affinity (Kd < 10 nM), contrary to the widely held belief that these receptors are 

insensitive to BZs. In immunopurified native cerebellar and recombinant 6 subunit – 

containing receptors, binding of the alcohol antagonist [H – 3] Ro15 – 4513 is inhibited 

by low concentrations of EtOH (K – i approximate to 8 mM). Also, Ro15 – 45113 

binding is inhibited by BZ – site ligands that have been shown to reverse the behavioral 

alcohol antagonism of Ro15 – 45113 (i.e., flumazenil, beta – carbolinecarboxylate 

ethyl ester (beta – CCE), and N – methyl – beta – carboline – 3 – carboxamide 

(FG7142), but not including any classical BZ agonists like diazepam). Experiments 

that were designed to distinguish between a competitive and allosteric mechanism 

suggest that EtOH and Ro15 – 4513 occupy a mutually exclusive binding site. The fact 

that only Ro15 – 4513, but not flumazenil, can inhibit the EtOH effect, and that Ro15 

– 4513 differs from flumazenil by only a single group in the molecule (an azido group 

at the V position of the BZ ring) suggest that this azido group in Ro15 – 45113 might 

be the area that overlaps with the alcohol – binding site. Our findings, combined with 

previous observations that Ro15 – 4513 is a behavioral alcohol antagonist, suggest 

that many of the behavioral effects of EtOH at relevant physiological concentrations 

are mediated by EtOH/Ro15 – 4513 – sensitive GABA A receptors. 

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No.283 

Author(s) : Helbok R, Pongpakdee S, Yenjun S, Dent W, Beer R, Lackner P, Bunyaratvej P, 

Prasert B, Vejjajiva A, Schmutzhard E. 

Title : Chronic meningitis in Thailand – Clinical characteristics, laboratory data and outcome 

in patients with specific reference to tuberculosis and cryptococcosis. 

Source : Neuroepidemiology. 26 (1): 37 – 44, 2006. 


Keywords : Chronic meningitis, Tuberculous meningitis, Cryptococcal meningitis, HIV. 

Abstract : The charts of 114 consecutive patients with chronic meningitis admitted to a general 

hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, between 1993 and 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. 

The most common causative agents were Cryptococcus neoformans (54%) and 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (37%). HIV and other underlying diseases had a major 

impact on the presentation of chronic cryptococcal meningitis patients. Compared to 

HIV – negative cryptococcal meningitis patients (21%), HIV – positives (79%) had a 

significantly lower incidence of focal signs (p = 0.02), hydrocephalus (p = 0.03) and 

seizures (p = 0.001) during hospital stay, furthermore, a lower leucocyte level, a 

significantly higher glucose level (p = 0.02) and a lower protein level (p = 0.03) in the 

first cerebrospinal fluid examination. Of the 43 patients with chronic tuberculous 

meningitis, only 3 were HIV positive. Focal neurologic deficits were found more 

frequently in tuberculous meningitis patients (p = 0.001) when compared to cryptococcal 

meningitis patients without HIV. Cerebral infarction on cerebral CT was indicative of 

tuberculous meningitis. Cryptococcal meningitis patients with HIV infection had a 

worse outcome compared to non – AIDS patients. Advanced stage of the disease on 

admission, decreased level of consciousness prior to and on the admission day and 

raised intracranial pressure above 40 cm H 2 O at any given time were predictive of a 

poor outcome in tuberculous meningitis patients. 

No.284 

Author(s) : Herbreteau V, Demoraes F, Hugot J – P, Kittayapong P, Salem G, Souris M, 

Gonzalez J – P. 

Title : Perspectives on applied spatial analysis to animal health: A case of rodents in Thailand. 

Source : Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1081: 17 – 29, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : ASTER, Bandicoot, Bandicota indica, Bandicota savilei, Biogeography, Geographic 

information systems, NDVI, Remote sensing, Rodents, SAVI, Spatial analysis. 

Abstract : Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing have been increasingly 

used in ecology and epidemiology, providing a spatial approach for animal health 

issues. Recent development of earth environmental satellites – i.e., their growing 

number, improving sensor resolutions and capabilities – has offered new opportunities 

to delineate possible habitats and understand animals and associated parasites in 

their environment, by identifying the nature and structure of land use, hydrological 

network, soil hydromorphy, and human settlements. Integrated into GIS, remotely 

sensed and other geo – referenced data allow both spatial and temporal analyses of 

animal ecology and health. However, a review of their applications has showed the 

poor quality of data sources and processing used, revealing limitations between theory 

and practical implementations. As an example, the assessment of the expected 

distribution of Bandicoot rats, main agricultural pest and vector of zoonoses in Phrae 

province (North Thailand), illustrates a rational use of spatial analysis, with the 

choice of relevant data, scales, and processing. Vegetation indices are computed on a 

TERRA ASTER image and further classified using elevation data. The biotopes of 

Bandicota indica and Bandicota savilei are delimited, providing a major source of 

knowledge for rodent and human health analyses. 

No.285 

Author(s) : Herbreteau V, Gonzalez JP, Hugot JP. 

Title : Implication of phylogenetic systematics of rodent – borne hantaviruses allows 

understanding of their distribution. 

Source : Impact of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases on Animal Health Annals of the New York 

Academy of Sciences. 1081: 39 – 56, 2006. 


Keywords : Rodent – borne hantaviruses, Thottapalayam, S gene, Phylogeny, Bayesian analysis, 

Biogeography, Co – evolution. 

Abstract : Hantaviruses’ distribution is reassessed after performing a cladistic analysis on 93 

strains isolated from rodents, and one used as out – group: Thottapalayam isolated 

from a shrew. While most hantaviruses found in wild animals were collected in 

northern Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, only Thottapalayam and 

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Thailand were found in South and Southeastern Asia. Thottapalayam is highly 

divergent from the other known hantaviruses and may represent the emerging tip of 

a different lineage. Serological surveys carried out to detect evidence of Hantavirus 

in human populations revealed positive samples not only in West and Central Africa 

but also in Thailand, with a first case recently confirmed. This suggests that Hantaan 

– related viruses may infect humans out of their well – documented range. Thus, if 

rodents are probably the primary reservoir, other mammals may be involved in the 

cycle of hantaviruses. Additional work is needed out of the traditional areas where 

hantaviruses have been recorded. New viruses, different hosts, and different human 

syndromes may be discovered in the future mainly in Southeastern Asia and in 

Africa where Muridae rodents are present and highly diversified. 

No.286 

Author(s) : Himmunngan P, Sangwatanaroj S, Petmitr S, Viroonudomphol D, Siriyong P, 

Patmasiriwat P. 

Title : HLA – class II (DRB & DQB1) in Thai sudden unexplained death syndrome (Thai 

SUDS) families (Lai – Tai families). 


37 (2): 357 – 365, 2006 (Mar). 



Abstract : Thai Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome (Thai SUDS), or Lai – Tai, is a major 

health problem among rural residents of northeastern Thailand. The cause has been 

identified as a genetic disease. SUDS, a disorder found in Southeast Asia, is 

characterized by an abnormal electrocardiogram with ST – segment elevation in 

leads V1 – V3, identical to that seen in Brugada Syndrome (Brugada Sign, BS) and 

sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest (represents an 

arrhythmogenic marker that identifies high – risk for SUDS). SUDS victims have a 

sleeping disorder (narcolepsy). The HLA – DR locus is tightly associated with narcoleptic 

Japanese patients and HLA – DR2, DQ haplotypes were also found in Oriental 

narcoleptic patients. These circumstances prompted us to study the association 

between the disease and HLA Class II by HLA DNA typing using a PCR – SSO 

method, with five Thai SUDS families (18 BS – positive subjects as the cases, and 27 

BS – negatives as the controls). We found that the HLA – DRB1*12021 allele was 

significantly increased in BS – positive subjects (p = 0.02; OR = 4.5), the same as the 

HLA – DRB1* 12021 – DQB1*0301/09 haplotype (p = 0.01; OR = 7.95). Our data 

suggests that the HLA – DRB1* 12021 allele associated with BS and the HLA – 

DRB1*12021 – DQB1*0301/09 is a haplotype susceptible to arrhythmogenic markers 

that can identify a high risk for SUDS. 

No.287 

Author(s) : Hirunpanich V, Utaipat A, Morales NP, Bunyapraphatsara N, Sato H, Herunsale A, 

Suthisisang C. 

Title : Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from the dried calyx 

of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in hypercholesterolemic rats. 

Source : Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 103 (2): 252 – 260, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Roselle, Hypercholesterolemic rats, Low density lipoprotein 

(LDL) oxidation, Antioxidant. 

Abstract : The present study was designed to investigate the hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant 

effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (roselle) with regard to protection of LDL oxidation in 

vivo and ex vivo in rats made hypercholesterolemic by continuous cholesterol feeding. 

Administering the dried calyx extracts of roselle at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg 

together with continuous cholesterol feeding to hypercholesterolemic rats for 6 weeks 

significantly decreased serum cholesterol level by 22% and 26%, respectively (p < 

0.001); serum triglycerides level by 33 % and 28 %, respectively (p < 0.05); serum LDL 

level by 22% and 32%, respectively (p < 0.05). However, serum HDL level was not 

affected. LDL was extracted from plasma of the hypercholesterolemic rats and the 

effects of the dried calyx extracts of roselle on the oxidation of LDL in vivo and ex vivo 

were examined. Six – week treatment with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of the extracts 

significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) formation (p 

< 0.05) while the formation of conjugated dienes during the oxidation of LDL induced 

by CuSO 4 was reduced, but not significantly different. These lines of evidence suggest 

that the aqueous extracts from the dried calyx of roselle possess both antioxidant 

effects against LDL oxidation and hypolipidemic effects in vivo. However, its 

mechanism(s) of action remains to be elucidated. 

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No.288 

Author(s) : Homhual S, Bunyapraphatsara N, Kondratyuk T, Herunsalee A, Chaukul W, Pezzuto 

JM, Fong HHS, Zhang HJ. 

Title : Bioactive dammarane triterpenes from the mangrove plant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. 

Source : Journal of Natural Products. 69 (3): 421 – 424, 2006 (Mar). 



Abstract : Three new dammarane triterpenes, bruguierins A – C (1 – 3), were isolated from a 

petroleum ether extract of the flowers of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Their structures 

were determined on the basis of physical and spectroscopic data interpretation. With 

stably transfected HepG2 cells, the three isolates activated antioxidant response 

element (ARE luciferase activation) with EC50 values of 7.8, 9.4, and 15.7 mu M, 

respectively. Bruguierin A (1) also inhibited phorbol ester – induced NF kappa B 

(nuclear factor – kappa B) luciferase activation with an IC50 value of 1.4 mu M and 

selectively inhibited cyclooxygenase – 2 (COX2) activity with an IC50 value of 0.37 

mu M. Compounds 2 and 3 were not active in these bioassays. 

No.289 

Author(s) : Homhual S, Zhang HJ, Bunyapraphatsara N, Kondratyuk TP, Santarsiero BD, Mesecar 

AD, Herunsalee A, Chaukul W, Pezzuto JM, Fong HHS. 

Title : Bruguiesulfurol, a new sulfur compound from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (3): 255 – 260, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophoraceae, ARE induction, NF – kappa B inhibition, 

COX – 1, COX – 2, Dithiosulfonate, Bruguiesulfurol, X – ray, NMR. 

Abstract : A new cyclic 4 – hydroxyl – dithiosulfonate, bruguiesulfurol (1), as well as two known 

4 – hydroxydithiolane 1 – oxides, brugierol (2) and isobrugierol (3) were isolated from 

the flowers of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. With stably – transfected HepG2 cells, the 

three isolates activated antioxidant response element (ARE) luciferase activation 

with (EC50) values of 56.7, 3.7 and 1.8 mu M, respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 also 

inhibited phorbol ester – induced NF – kappa B (nuclear factor – kappa B) luciferase 

activity with IC50 Values of 85.0 and 14.5 mu M, respectively. In addition, compound 

2 inhibited enzyme cyclooxygenase – 2 (COX – 2) activity with an IC50 value of 6.1 mu 

M, The structures of these isolates were determined by spectral data, and that of 

compound 1 was confirmed by X – ray crystallographic analysis. 

No.290 

Author(s) : Hongeng S, Pakakasama S, Chuansumrit A, Sirachainan N, Kitpoka P, 

Udomsubpayakul U, Ungkanont A, Jootar S. 

Title : Outcomes of transplantation with related – and unrelated – donor stem cells in 

children with severe thalassemia. 

Source : Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 12 (6): 683 – 687, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Stem cell transplantation, Severe thalassemia, Children, Related donors, Unrelated 

donors. 

Abstract : Recently published reports indicate that the outcome of unrelated donor 

transplantations in patients with leukemia is currently comparable to that of 

transplantation from identical family donors. We investigated the possibly favorable 

outcomes of related and unrelated transplantation in children with severe thalassemia. 

We reviewed transplantation outcome in 49 consecutive children with severe 

thalassemia who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation with related – donor 

(n = 28) and unrelated – donor (n = 21) stem cells between September 1992 and May 

2005 at the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (Bangkok, 

Thailand). Analysis of engraftment, frequency of procedure – related complications, 

and thallassemia – free survival showed no advantage from use of related – donor 

stem cells. The 2 – year thalassemia – free survival estimate for recipients of related 

– donor stem cells was 82% compared with 71% in the unrelated – donor stem cell 

group (P = .42). The present study provides evidence to support the view that it is 

quite reasonable to consider unrelated – donor stem cell transplantation an acceptable 

therapeutic approach in severe thalassemia, at least for patients who are not fully 

compliant with conventional treatment and do not yet show irreversible severe 

complications of iron overload. 

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No.291 

Author(s) : Hongeng S, Parapakpenjun S, Pakakasama S, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Pornkul R. 

Title : Secondary Burkitt lymphoma in a retinoblastoma patient with 13q deletion syndrome. 

Source : Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 46 (4): 524 – 526, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Burkitt lymphoma, 13q deletion, Retinoblastoma, Secondary malignancy. 

Abstract : We report a boy with constitutional deletion 13q chromosome associated with 

dysmorphic features and bilateral retinoblastoma. The patient developed secondary 

Burkitt lymphoma 5 years after the diagnosis of retinoblastoma at the age of 8 

months. He has completed treatment for both malignancies. At present, he is 7 years 

old and still in remission. 

No.292 

Author(s) : Howteerakul N, Suwannapong N, Sittilerd R, Rawdaree P. 

Title : Health risk behaviours, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among 

rural community people in Thailand. 

Source : Asia – Pacific Journal of Public Health. 18 (1): 3 – 9, 2006. 


Keywords : Health risk behaviours, Awareness, Treatment, Control, Hypertension, Thailand. 

Abstract : This cross – sectional study aimed to assess health risk behaviours, prevalence, 

awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and associated factors among 

Thai rural community people. 527 people, aged 35 – 60 years, were randomly sampled 

and interviewed. Two blood pressure (BP) measurements were assessed by 

standardized protocol. Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic BP >= 140 mmHg 

or diastolic BP >= 90 mmHg. 76.9% lacked regular exercise, 28.5% were current 

alcohol drinkers, and 23.7% were current smokers. The prevalence of hypertension 

was 17.8%. Among the hypertensive cases, 64.9% (61/94) were aware of their high 

BP, 42.6% (26/61) were treated, and 42.3% (11/26) achieved BP control (< 140/90 

mmHg). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated four variables significantly 

associated with hypertension: age > 40 years (adjusted OR=4.20, 95%CI 1.93 – 9.11), 

married status (adjusted OR=0.48, 95%CI 0.26 – 01.89), family history of hypertension 

(adjusted OR=2.39, 95%CI 1.40 – 4.07), and BMI > 23.0 kg/m 2 (adjusted OR=3.41, 

95%CI 1.80 – 6.45). Lifestyle modification programs are needed to prevent 

hypertension. 

No.293 

Author(s) : Hrimpeng K, Prapagdee B, Banjerdkij P, Vattanaviboon P, Dubbs JM, Mongkolsuk S. 

Title : Challenging Xanthomonas campestris with low levels of arsenic mediates cross – 

protection against oxidant killing. 

Source : FEMS Microbiology Letters. 262 (1): 121 – 127, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Arsenic, Cross – protection, H 2 O 2 , Organic hydroperoxide, OxyR, OhrR. 

Abstract : Xanthomonas encounters highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) from many 

sources, such as those generated by plants against invading bacteria, other soil bacteria 

and from aerobic respiration. Thus, conditions that alter intracellular ROS levels 

such as exposure to toxic metalloids would have profound effects on bacterial 

physiology. Here, we report that exposure of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli 

(Xp) to low levels of arsenic induces physiological cross – protection against killing by 

H 2 O 2 and organic hydroperoxide but not a superoxide generator. Cross – protection 

against H 2 O 2 and organic hydroperoxide toxicity was due to increased expression of 

genes encoding major peroxide – metabolizing enzymes such as alkyl hydroperoxide 

reductase (AhpC), catalase (KatA) and organic hydroperoxide resistance protein (Ohr). 

Arsenic – induced protection against H 2 O 2 and organic hydroperoxide requires the 

peroxide stress response regulators, OxyR and OhrR, respectively. Moreover, analyses 

of double mutants of the major H 2 O 2 and organic hyproperoxide – scavenging enzymes, 

Xp ahpC katA and Xp ahpC ohr, respectively, suggested the existence of unidentified 

OxyR – and OhrR – regulated genes that are involved in arsenic – induced resistance 

to H 2 O 2 and organic hyproperoxide killing in Xp. These arsenic – induced physiological 

alterations could play an important role in bacterial survival both in the soil 

environment and during plant – pathogen interactions. 

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No.294 

Author(s) : Hsu CTT, Punurai W, Jia YX, Bian H. 

Title : Direct shear behavior of carbon fiber – reinforced polymer laminates and concrete. 

Source : Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 34 (3): 158 – 166, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Direct shear, Push – off strength, Slip, CFRP laminates, Concrete, Salt water, Tests. 

Abstract : This paper explores the direct shear behavior between carbon fiber – reinforced 

polymer (CFPP) laminates and concrete. To study the push – off strength and slip 

relationship of externally bonded strengthening system, a new test setup is proposed 

herein. In this research, a total of 27 specimens are tested. The test variables include 

the maximum compressive strength of concrete, from 4000 to 12000 psi. With this 

test setup, it has been found to be able to investigate the direct shear condition 

between the CFRP laminates and concrete. Based on the present test results, empirical 

formulas to account for the push – off strength and slip relationship of various 

concrete compressive strengths are developed. This relationship enables further 

understanding of the transfer mechanism between the CFRP laminates and concrete. 

Also, the effect of salt water on the ultimate direct shear strength of the CFRP 

strengthening system is discussed. 

No.295 

Author(s) : Hutagalung R, Htoo H, Nwee P, Arunkamomkiri J, Zwang J, Carrara VI, Ashley E, 

Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : A case – control auditory evaluation of patients treated with artemether – 

lumefantrine. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (2): 211 – 214, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Acute falciparum – malaria, Artemisinin derivatives, Pharmacodynamics, 

Pharmacokinetics, Neurotoxicity, Arteether. 

Abstract : Artemether – lumefantrine is the first registered, fixed, artemisinin – based 

combination treatment. Artemisinin derivatives Lire highly effective antimalarials 

with a favorable safety profile. Concerns remain over their potential neurotoxicity, 

although there has been no clinical evidence of this in humans. In animals (rats, dogs, 

and monkeys) artemether, a derivative of artemisinin is associated with all unusual 

toxicity pattern in specific brain nuclei involving the auditory and vestibular pathways. 

A recent report from Mozambique described a small but significant and irreversible 

hearing loss ill patients exposed to artemether – lumefantrine. To explore this issue, 

we conducted a case – control Study Using tympanometry, audiometry and auditory 

brain – stem responses. We assessed 68 subjects who had been treated with artemether 

– lumefantrine within the previous five years and 68 age – and sex – matched controls 

living in the malarious region along the Thailand – Myanmar border. There were no 

differences in the test results between cases and controls. There was no 

neurophysiologic evidence of auditory brainstem toxicity that could be attributed to 

artemether – lumefantrine in this study population. 

No.296 

Author(s) : Ichino C, Kiyohara H, Soonthornchareonnon N, Chuakul W, Ishiyama A, 

Sekiguchi H, Namatame M, Otoguro K, Omura S, Yamada H. 

Title : Antimalarial activity of biflavonoids from Ochna integerrima. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (7): 611 – 614, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Antimalarial, Ochnaceae, Ochna integerrima Merr., Biflavanones. 

Abstract : During the screening of antimalarial substances, the 80% ROH extract from the 

outer bark of Ochna integerrima Merr. (Ochnaceae) was shown to have a good anti 

– malarial activity (IC50 value: 6.5 mu g/mL) whereas extracts from the inner barks 

of O. integerrima showed no antimalarial activity. Biflavanone (1), which had not 

been found previously from a natural plant source, was isolated as a potent antimalarial 

active ingredient (IC50 value: 80 ng/mL) from the extract of the outer barks. The 

stereoisomer of 1 (= compound 2) was also isolated from this plant; however, its 

activity was significantly lower than that of 1. 

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No.297 

Author(s) : Ichino C, Soonthornchareonnon N, Chuakul W, Kiyohara H, Ishiyama A, Sekiguchi 

H, Namatame M, Otoguro K, Omura S, Yamada H. 

Title : Screening of Thai medicinal plant extracts and their active constituents for in vitro 

antimalarial activity. 

Source : Phytotherapy Research. 20 (4): 307 – 309, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Antimalarial activity, Polyalthia viridis, Goniothalamus marcanii, Marcanine A, 16 – 

hydroxycleroda – 3, 13(14) Z – dien – 15, 16 – olide. 

Abstract : To discover antimalarial substances from plants cultivated in Thailand 80% – EtOH 

extracts from selected plants were screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against 

the drug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. In total, 86 Thai medicinal 

plant samples representing 48 species from 35 genera in 16 families were screened 

and two species (Polyalthia viridis and Goniothalamus marcanii) were found to show 

notable antimalarial activity (IC50: 10.0 and 6.3 mu g/mL). Marcanine A and 16 – 

hydroxycleroda – 3, 13(14) Z – dien – 15, 16 – olide were identified as the respective 

major active constituents in P. viridis and G. marcanii, respectively. 

No.298 

Author(s) : Imwong M, Sudimack D, Pukrittayakamee S, Osorio L, Carlton JM, Day NPJ, White 

NJ, Anderson TJC. 

Title : Microsatellite variation, repeat array length, and population history of plasmodium 

Vivax. 

Source : Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (5): 1116 – 1018, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Microsatellite, Array length, Heterozygosity, Selection, Bottleneck. 


No.299 

Author(s) : Incharoena T, Thephinlapb C, Srichairatanakoola S, Chattipakorna S, Winichagoonc 

P, Fucharoenc S, Vadolasd J, Chattipakorna N. 

Title : Heart rate variability in beta – thalassemic mice. 

Source : International Journal of Cardiology. 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Thalassemia, Heart rate variability, Knockout mice. 


No.300 

Author(s) : Indhavivadhana S, Rattanachaiyanont M. 

Title : Osta index and bone mass density in middle aged women at Siriraj menopause clinic. 

Source : Osteoporosis International. 17 (Suppl.2): S291 – S291, 2006 (May). 




No.301 

Author(s) : Ingsathit A, Sumethkul V, Chalermsanyakorn P, Jirasiritham S. 

Title : Co – administration of diltiazem and cyclosporine for kidney transplant recipients: A 

four year follow – up study. 



Keywords : Chronic allograft nephropathy, Cyclosporine, Diltiazem, Kidney transplantation. 

Abstract : Background: Diltiazem and cyclosporin A (CsA) share a similar metabolism and 

degradation via the hepatic cytochrome p 450 subfamily 3A4. Co – administration of 

diltiazem with CsA may lead to CsA dosage reduction, blood pressure control and 

renal protection. Objectives: To study the four year outcome of kidney transplant 

recipients who received diltiazem administration with CsA. This was compared to the 

outcomes of patients who received CsA without diltiazem and were matched for 

blood pressure control and other baseline characteristics. Material and Method: Forty 

eight patients were included in the diltiazem group and seventy patients in the non – 

diltiazem group. CsA monitoring was done by using trough level (monoclonal 

fluorescent polarization immunoassay). Results: The results showed that both groups 

has similar 4 – year graft survival (92 and 95 %) with a similar mean final serum 

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creatinine (1.3 mg/dl). Mean dose of CsA during the first month was 30 % lower in the 

diltiazem than non – diltiazem group. At one year, CsA dose was 11% lower in the 

diltiazem than non – diltiazem group. However, the diltiazem group was associated 

with significantly higher probability to have chronic allograft nephropathy than the 

non – diltiazem group (31% VS 19%) (RR 2.93; p = 0.03; Multivariate Cox regression). 

Conclusion: Co administration of diltiazem with trough level adjusted CsA is associated 

with benefits in terms of CsA dose reduction and good graft survival and function. 

However, there appeared to be no protective effect of diltiazem on the progression to 

chronic allograft nephropathy. 

No.302 

Author(s) : Intaranongpai J, Chavasiri W, Gritsanapan W. 

Title : Anti – head lice effect of Annona squamosa seeds. 


37 (3): 532 – 535, 2006. 



Abstract : The present study focused on the separation and identification of the active compounds 

against head lice from the hexane extract of Annona squamosa L. seed. 

Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques revealed that two major compounds 

of the hexane seed extract were oleic acid and triglyceride with one oleate ester. The 

yields of these compounds were 13.25% and 7.74% dry weight, respectively. The 

compounds were tested in vitro against head lice, comparing to the crude hexane 

extract of the seed. The triglyceride with one oleate ester and the crude hexane 

extract diluted with coconut oil 1 : 1. These compounds were found to kill all tested 

head lice in 49, 11 and 30 minutes, respectively. The triglyceride ester can be used as 

a marker for quantitative analysis of the active compound for quality control of the 

raw material A. squamosa seed and its extract. This first finding will be useful for 

quality assessment and the chemical stability of the anti – head lice preparation from 

this plant. 

No.303 

Author(s) : Intarat P, Oonkhanond B. 

Title : The surface properties of the composite poly (epsilon – caprolactone) scaffold for 

tissue engineering. 

Source : Tissue Engineering. 12 (4): 996 – 996 39, 2006 (Apr). 




No.304 

Author(s) : Intasai N, Mai S, Kasinrerk W, Tayapiwatana C. 

Title : Binding of multivalent CD147 phage induces apoptosis of U937 cells. 

Source : International Immunology. 18 (7): 1159 – 1169, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Caspase – 3, Cell signaling, Ligand – receptor interaction, Phage display, Prokaryotic 

expression. 

Abstract : CD147 is a broadly expressed cell – surface molecule and serves as a signaling receptor 

for extracellular cyclophilins. CD147 also appears to interact with immune cells, but 

its counter – receptor on these cells has not been clearly described. In the present 

report, we displayed multiple copies of the CD147 extracellular domain (CD147Ex) on 

VCSM13 phage to study the interaction of CD147 with its ligand. Recognition of 

phage containing fusion protein of CD147Ex and gpVIII (CD147Ex phage) by four 

different anti – CD147 mAbs indicated that at least parts of the CD147 are properly 

folded. Specific binding of CD147Ex phage to various cell types was demonstrated by 

flow cytometry. Morphological changes, however, were observed only in U937, a 

monocytic cell line, after 24 h incubation with multivalent CD147Ex phage. After 48 

h, U937 cell propagation ceased. Staining with annexin V and the presence of cleaved 

caspase – 3 indicated that many of the CD147Ex phage – treated cells had lost viability 

through apoptotic cell death. The above results suggest that CD147 induces apoptosis 

in U973 cells and that at least a portion of this cell death program involves a caspase 

– dependent pathway.


No.305 

Author(s) : Inthorn D, Srivichai P, Srinetr V. 

Title : Removal of bisphenol a by microalgae. 

Source : Pollution Research. 25 (3): 589 – 596, 2006. 


Keywords : Bisphenol A, Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris, Hapalosiphon hibernicus, Microalgae. 

Abstract : Eighteen strains of microalgae were tested for Bisphenol A (BPA) removal by growing 

them in the presence of 20 M BPA in aqueous solution. In green algae, BPA removal 

by Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris, Chlamydomonas sp. and Scenedesmus acuminatus 

var. acuminatus was 87%, 81% and 81%, respectively. In cyanobacteria, BPA removal 

by Hapalosiphon hibernicus, Oscillatoria agardhii, Nostoc paludosum and Rivularia 

sp. was 97%, 97%, 96% and 91%, respectively. Of the green algae, Chlorella vulgaris 

var. vulgaris was selected for further experimentation because it had the highest 

BPA removal and BPA uptake capacity at 87% and 2.84 mg/g dry wt., respectively, 

and also had the highest growth of the green algae. Hapalosiphon hibernicus was 

selected because it had the highest BPA removal and BPA uptake capacity at 97% and 

3.46 mg/g dry wt., respectively. With initial BPA concentrations at 20, 30 and 40 M, 

BPA was rapidly removed within 5 days in both Chlorella vulgaris var. vulgaris (96%, 

87% and 87%, respectively) and Hapalosiphon hibernicus (94%, 92% and 89%, 

respectively). After 5 days, BPA removal was slightly increased in both algae with 

complete removal by 20 days. At initial BPA concentrations of 40 M, Chlorella 

vulgaris vat. vulgaris could remove 8.17 mg/g dry wt. of BPA at day 3 and Hapalosiphon 

hibernicus could remove 7.97 mg/g dry wt. at the first day. The feasibility of BPA 

removal by microalgae in leachate was tested at leachate concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 

50, 70 and 100%. Hapalosiphon hibernicus died the first day of cultivation in leachate 

concentrations of 30, 50, 70 and 100%. At a leachate concentration of 20%, 

Hapalosiphon hibernicus died at day 4 while at a leachate concentration of 10%, it 

could survive until day 5. At the leachate concentration of 10%, the biomass of 

Hapalosiphon hibernicus increased and BPA removal ability at day 3 and day 5 were 

at 46% and 72%, respectively. Hapalosiphon hibernicus had high Bisphenol A removal 

and utilization of this microalga for the treating of leachate and wastewater containing 

BPA in Thailand is possible and economical. 

No.306 

Author(s) : Iramaneerat C. 

Title : Moral education in medical schools. 



Keywords : Medical education, Medical ethics, Moral education, Teaching. 

Abstract : The present report summarizes challenges in teaching medical ethics, defines its 

goals, describes theoretical frameworks for moral education, and reviews strategies 

for teaching medical ethics to serve as guidelines in developing medical ethics 

instruction. Medical teachers should clarify the instructional goals in cognitive, 

attitudinal, and behavioral domains. The cognitive developmental and behavior – 

analytic theories called for ethical instruction using a series of discussions based on 

real – life ethical dilemmas while pointing out all the basic rules related to medical 

practice. Ethical courses for medical students should be student – centered, problem 

– based, and integrative. Ethical instruction should be systematically taught to every 

student, but additional elective courses could also be used. Moral education for 

residents should be more focused to issues specific to their specialties. Medical 

researchers need both formal ethical training and informal teaching, and role 

modeling. Finally, experienced staff could use small group discussions of shared 

ethical problems to maintain their ethical knowledge and skills. 

No.307 

Author(s) : Iramaneerat C. 

Title : Predicting academic achievement in the medical school with high school grades. 



Keywords : High school grades, Medical school grades, Predictive validity. 

Abstract : Objective: The present study investigated whether high school grades can predict 

medical school grades after controlling for the effects of demographics and entrance 

examination scores. Material and Method: The authors used hierarchical multiple 

regression analyses to predict medical school grades of 223 medical students in the 

1997 entering class of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, using age, 

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gender, entrance examination scores, and high school grades as predictors. Results: 

After controlling for demographics and entrance examination scores, high school 

grades provided significant prediction only for premedical grades. The type of entrance 

examination that students took and the type of high school curriculum that the 

students studied were significant predictors of medical school grades in every level. 

Conclusion: Measures of cognitive abilities in academic content were good in predicting 

short – term academic achievement. Long – term academic achievement in the medical 

school could be better predicted from academic orientation, commitment to the medical 

study, and demographic traits. 

No.308 

Author(s) : Isaranurug S, Klinman S, Chompikul J, Nantamongkolchai S, Plubrukan R. 

Title : Implications of family protective – risk index for screening cognitive development of 

children aged 13 – 15 years. 



Keywords : Children aged 13 – 15 years, Cognitive development, Family protective – risk index. 

Abstract : Background: A simple screening tool is essential for priority setting and operating 

activities in communities. Objective: The present study aimed to identify the implications 

of a family protective – risk index (FPRI) for screening cognitive development of 

children aged 13 – 15 years. Material and Method: The cross – sectional survey among 

319 children aged 13 – 15 years old was conducted in one district. The cognitive 

development was measured by TONI version 3. Studied family factors consisted of 

parents’ education, parents’ occupation, sufficiency of family income, family 

relationships, stressful life events in the family, family type, and quality of child care. 

The protective characteristic of each factor was given one point and the risk was 

given zero point. FPRI was constructed in three models. The FPRI 1 was the cumulative 

effects of nine family factors mentioned above. The FPRI 2 was the cumulative 

effects of seven family factors that were significantly associated with cognitive 

development in the present study by Chi – square test: parents’ education, parents’ 

occupation, family relationship, stressful life events and family type. The FPRI 3 was 

constructed from 4 family factors that were significantly associated with cognitive 

development by logistic regression analysis: mother’s education, mother’s occupation, 

family relationship and stressful life events. The sensitivity, specificity, positive 

predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were applied to identify 

the optimal cut off point of prediction. Results: The present results showed that 52% 

of the sample had an intellectual level lower than 90. The FPRI 1 at 6 or 7 scores and 

the FPRI 2 at 4 or 5 scores yielded the same phenomena, high sensitivity but moderate 

specificity, PPV and NPV. The FPRI 3 at 2 scores gave high PPV and moderate for the 

rest. The FPRI 3 at 3 scores gave high sensitivity and NPV, moderate PPV and low 

specificity. Among three indices, the FPRI 3 was found to be the best index as its 

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was furthest into the top left corner. 

Conclusion: The FPRI 3 at 3 scores can be used as a preliminary screening tool for 

health personnel to identity families at risk of having children with slow cognitive 

development and then, provide urgent support and help. 

No.309 

Author(s) : Isaranurug S, Mo – Suwan L, Choprapawon C. 

Title : Differences in socio – economic status, service utilization, and pregnancy outcomes 

between teenage and adult mothers. 



Keywords : Pregnancy outcomes, Service utilization, Socio – economic status, Teenage mother. 

Abstract : Background: Teenage pregnancies put mothers at high – risks to many health – 

related complications and newborn infants to poor birth – outcomes. Objective: The 

present study aimed to explore the relationship of socio – economic status, service 

utilization, and pregnancy outcomes between teenage and adult mothers. Material 

and Method: The study design was a population – based prospective cohort study 

conducted in four districts located in different geographical areas of Thailand. All 

pregnancies occurring within one year, in each of the selected districts as of October 

2000, were identified and recruited as the study’s cohorts. Data was collected by 

interviewing cohort – respondents and through reviewing medical records. Results: 

The present study showed that teenage pregnancies accounted for 13.3% of all 

pregnancies in the study area. Approximately two thirds of the teenage cohort (i.e. 

68.8%) were 18 – 19 years of age, while the remaining cohort members were 14 – 17


years of age (i.e. 26.1% aged 16 – 17 years, and 5.1% aged 14 – 15 years). The 

percentage of low – birth weights for teenage and adult mothers were 15.1% and 

8.8% respectively. A higher percentage of teenage mothers enrolled in or completed 

secondary or higher levels of education has had more abnormal deliveries in 

comparison with adult mothers. In comparison with the non – teenage mothers, a 

greater proportion of teenage mothers had insufficient income, did not own their 

homes/houses, were single parents, had fewer consultations with health personnel, 

did not plan their pregnancy, were pregnant for the first time, and delivered infants 

with low – birth weights. Conclusion: The prevalence of teenage pregnancies in 

Thailand remains high. Most teenage mothers and their newborn infants are 

vulnerable to a variety of potentially serious health problems, and accordingly need 

appropriate help and support. 

No.310 

Author(s) : Islam Khan S, Hudson – Rodd N, Saggers S, Islam Bhuiyan M, Bhuiya A, 

Afzalul Karim S, Rauyajin O. 

Title : ‘Semen contains vitality and heredity, not germs’: Seminal discourse in the AIDS era. 

Source : Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 24 (4): 426 – 437, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : AIDS, Bangladesh, Semen loss, Sexual health, Sexuality, Sexually transmitted 

infections, Human immunodeficiency virus. 

Abstract : Perspectives of public health generally ignore culture – bound sexual health concerns, 

such as semen loss, and primarily attempt to eradicate sexually transmitted infections 

(STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Like in many other countries, 

sexual health concerns of men in Bangladesh have also received less attention 

compared to STIs in the era of AIDS. This paper describes the meanings of non – STI 

sexual health concerns, particularly semen loss, in the masculinity framework. In a 

qualitative study on male sexuality, 50 men, aged 18 – 55 years, from diverse 

sociodemographic backgrounds and 10 healthcare practitioners were interviewed. 

Men considered semen the most powerful and vital body fluid representing their 

sexual performance and reproductive ability. Rather than recognizing the vulnerability 

to transmission of STIs, concerns about semen were grounded in the desire of men to 

preserve and nourish seminal vitality. Traditional practitioners supported semen loss 

as a major sexual health concern where male heritage configures male sexuality in a 

patriarchal society. Currently, operating HIV interventions in the framework of 

disease and death may not ensure participation of men in reproductive and sexual 

health programmes and is, therefore, less likely to improve the quality of sexual life 

of men and women. 

No.311 

Author(s) : Issaragrisil S, Kaufman DW, Anderson T, Chansung K, Leaverton PE, Shapiro S, 

Young NS. 

Title : The epidemiology of aplastic anemia in Thailand. 

Source : Blood. 107 (4): 1299 – 1307, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Pesticide applicators, Bone – marrow, Benzene, Workers, Mortality, Exposure, 

Hepatitis, Leukemia, Cancer, Chloramphenicol. 

Abstract : Aplastic anemia has been linked to environmental exposures, from chemicals and 

medical drugs to infectious agents. The disease occurs more frequently in Asia than 

in the West, with incidence rates 2 – to 3 – fold higher. We report updated results of 

an epidemiologic study conducted in Thailand from 1989 to 2002, in which 541 patients 

and 2261 controls were enrolled. Exposures were determined by in – person interview. 

We observed significantly elevated relative risk estimates for benzene (3.5) and other 

solvents (2.0) and for sulfonamides (5.6), thiazides (3.8), and mebendazole (3.0). 

Chloramphenicol use was infrequent, and no significant association was observed. 

Agricultural pesticides were implicated in Khonkaen (northeastern Thailand). There 

were significant associations with organophosphates (2.1), DDT (6.7), and carbamates 

(7.4). We found significant risks for farmers exposed to ducks and geese (3.7) and a 

borderline association with animal fertilizer (2.1). There was a significant association 

in Khonkaen with drinking other than bottled or distilled water (2.8). Nonmedical 

needle exposure was associated in Bangkok and Khonkaen combined (3.8). Most 

striking was the large etiologic fraction in a rural region accounted for by animal 

exposures and drinking of water from sources such as wells, rural taps, and rainwater, 

consistent with an infectious etiology for many cases of aplastic anemia in Thailand. 

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No.312 

Author(s) : Iversen P, Stein D, Ge Q, Puthavathana P, Kobasa D, Burger D, Pastey M, 

Bestwick R, Chen J. 

Title : Inhibition of multiple influenza A subtypes in cell culture with antisense 

phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. 

Source : Antiviral Research. 70 (1): A49 – A49, 2006 (May). 




No.313 

Author(s) : Jadsri S, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Sithiprasasna R, Siriruttanapruk S, 

Konchom S. 

Title : Spatio – temporal effects of estimated pollutants released from an industrial estate 

on the occurrence of respiratory disease in Maptaphut Municipality, Thailand. 

Source : International Journal of Health Geographics. 5: Article No.48, 2006 (Nov). 



Abstract : Background: Maptaphut Industrial Estate (MIE) was established with a single factory 

in 1988, increasing to 50 by 1998. This development has resulted in undesirable 

impacts on the environment and the health of the people in the surrounding areas, 

evidenced by frequent complaints of bad odours making the people living there ill. In 

1999, the Bureau of Environmental Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public 

Health, conducted a study of the health status of people in Rayong Province and 

found a marked increase in respiratory diseases over the period 1993 – 1996, higher 

than the overall prevalence of such diseases in Thailand. However, the relationship 

between the pollutants and the respiratory diseases of the people in the surrounding 

area has still not been quantified. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the 

spatial distribution of respiratory disease, to estimate pollutants released from the 

industrial estates, and to quantify the relationship between estimated pollutants and 

respiratory disease in the Maptaphut Municipality. Results: Disease mapping showed 

a much higher risk of respiratory disease in communities adjacent to the Maptaphut 

Industrial Estate. Disease occurrence formed significant clusters centred on 

communities near the estate, relative to the weighted mean centre of chimney stacks. 

Analysis of the rates of respiratory disease in the communities, categorized by different 

concentrations of estimated pollutants, found a dose – response effect. Spatial 

regression analysis found that the distance between community and health providers 

decreased the rate of respiratory disease (p < 0.05). However, after taking into 

account distance, total pollutant (p < 0.05), SO2 (p < 0.05) and NOx (p < 0.05) played 

a role in adverse health effects during the summer. Total pollutant (p < 0.05) and 

NOx. (p < 0.05) played a role in adverse health effects during the rainy season after 

taking into account distance, but during winter there was no observed relationship 

between pollutants and rates of respiratory disease after taking into account distance. 

A 12 – month time – series analysis of six communities selected from the disease 

clusters and the areas impacted most by pollutant dispersion, found significant effects 

for SO2 (p < 0.05), NOx (p < 0.05), and TSP (p < 0.05) after taking into account 

rainfall. Conclusion: This study employed disease mapping to present the spatial 

distribution of disease. Excessive risk of respiratory disease, and disease clusters, 

were found among communities near Maptaphut Industrial Estate. Study of the 

relationship between estimated pollutants and the occurrence of respiratory disease 

found significant relationships between estimated SO2, NOx, and TSP, and the rate 

of respiratory disease. 

No.314 

Author(s) : Jampaklay A. 

Title : How does leaving home affect marital timing? An event – history analysis of migration 

and marriage in Nang Rong, Thailand. 

Source : Demography. 43 (4): 711 – 725, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Fertility. 

Abstract : This study examines the effects of migration on marital timing in Thailand between 

1984 and 2000 using prospective and retrospective survey data from Nang Rong. In 

contrast to previous results in the literature, event – history analysis of the longitudinal 

data reveals a positive, not a negative, effect of lagged migration experience on the 

likelihood of marriage. The findings also indicate gender differences. Migration positive 

impact is independent of other life events for women but is completely “explained” by 

employment for men. 

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No.315 

Author(s) : Jampaklay A. 

Title : Parental absence and children’s school enrolment: Evidence from a longitudinal study 

in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. 

Source : Asian Population Studies. 2 (1): 93 – 110, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Left – behind, Parental absence, School enrolment, Thailand. 

Abstract : This analysis draws upon the 2000 – 2003 data – set of a longitudinal study in 

Kanchanaburi province, Thailand in order to examine the extent to which parental 

absence has effects on children’s school enrolment. The findings highlight the negative 

impacts of parental absence on the school enrolment of children left behind (i.e. who 

did not follow the migrating parents). The importance of ‘who is absent’ and ‘the 

length of absence’ are addressed. The long – term absence of the mother appears to 

reduce the educational chances of children left behind, whereas the long – term 

absence of fathers does not. The results suggest that the mother’s roles are not easily 

replaced by other family members. The study also shows the contrasting roles of 

remittances as a contribution to the education of the children left behind and as a 

motivation for migration for children who have already left school. 

No.316 

Author(s) : Jamsai D, Zaibak F, Vadolas J, Voullaire L, Fowler KJ, Gazeas S, Peters H, Fucharoen 

S, Williamson R, Ioannou PA. 

Title : A humanized BAC transgenic/knockout mouse model for HbE/beta – thalassemia. 

Source : Genomics. 88 (3): 309 – 315, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Hemoglobin E, BAC transgenic mice, Beta – thalassemia, HbF induction. 

Abstract : Hemoglobin E (HbE) is caused by a G –> A mutation at codon 26 of the beta – globin 

gene, which substitutes Glu –> Lys. This mutation gives rise to functional but unstable 

hemoglobin and activates a cryptic splice site causing mild anemia. HbE reaches a 

carrier frequency of 60 – 80% in some Southeast Asian populations. HbE causes 

serious disease when co – inherited with beta – thalassemia mutation. In this study, 

we report the creation and evaluation of humanized transgenic mice containing the 

beta(E) mutation in the context of the human p – globin locus. Developmental 

expression of the human beta(E) locus transgene partially complements the 

hematological abnormalities in heterozygous knockout mice ((mu)beta(th – 3/+)) and 

rescues the embryonic lethality of homozygous knockout mice ((mu)beta(th – 3/th – 

3)). The phenotype of rescued mice was dependent on the transgene copy number. 

This mouse model displays hematological abnormalities similar to HbE/beta – 

thalassemia patients and represent an ideal in vivo model system for pathophysiological 

studies and evaluation of novel therapies. 

No.317 

Author(s) : Jangpatarapongsa K, Sirichaisinthop J, Sattabongkot J, Cui LW, Montgomery SM, 

Looareesuwan S, Troye – Blomberg M, Udomsangpetch R. 

Title : Memory T cells protect against Plasmodium vivax infection. 

Source : Microbes and Infection. 8 (3): 680 – 686, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Malaria, Plasmodium vivax, Memory T cells, Gamma delta T cells. 

Abstract : immunity induced by Plasmodium vivax infection leads to memory T cell recruitment 

activated during “relapse” or “re – infection”. This study aims to characterise memory 

T cells in patients with acute or convalescent P. vivax infection. Lymphocytes were 

collected from patients infected by P. vivax, immune controls and naive controls. The 

proportion of immature memory T cells, expressing CD45RO(+)CD27(+), and mature 

cells lacking CD27 was assessed. A statistically significant increase in the median 

percentage of memory T cell subsets expressing CD4(+) was observed in material 

from patients with an acute infection compared with that from either native or 

immune controls. The high percentage of memory T cells in infected patients was 

maintained until 60 days post treatment. The immune controls living in a malaria 

endemic area had a somewhat increased proportion of memory T cell subsets 

expressing CD8(+). An approximately three – fold increase of these cell types was 

shown in patients with an acute infection and the level persisted until 60 days post 

treatment. Phenotypic characterisation of the peripheral lymphocytes during acute 

infection revealed that a large fraction of the lymphocytes carried the gamma delta 

phenotypes suggesting a role for these cells in the early response against P. vivax. 

Very low levels of P. vivax specific antibody were found. This might suggest that cell 

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– mediated immunity may play a greater role in the development of naturally acquired 

protection against P. vivax infection than humoral immunity. Our results provide 

further insight into the mechanism of cell – mediated immunity to P. vivax infection 

that could be important for the future development of a successful vaccine and anti – 

malarial drug designation. 

No.318 

Author(s) : Jantaratnotai N, Utaisincharoen P, Piyachaturawat P, Chongthammakun S, 

Sanvarinda Y. 

Title : Inhibitory effect of Curcuma comosa on NO production and cytokine expression in 

LPS – activated microglia. 

Source : Life Sciences. 78 (6): 571 – 577, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Anti – inflammation, Curcuma comosa, IL – 6, IRF – 1, MCP – 1, Microglia, 

Nitric oxide. 

Abstract : Curcuma comosa is an indigenous plant of Thailand, which has been traditionally and 

widely used as an anti – inflammatory agent for the treatment of postpartum uterine 

bleeding and uterine inflammation. However, the scientific investigation on its anti – 

inflammatory activity has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated 

the anti – inflammatory effect of the extract from C. comosa on the responses in 

microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment of highly aggressively 

proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells, a rat microglial cell line, with the hexane 

extract of C. comosa rhizome at 10(–9) to 10(–5) g/ml significantly suppressed the 

levels of NO released from these cells. The attenuation in iNOS protein and mRNA 

expression was also observed suggesting an interference at transcriptional level. In 

addition, C comosa extract inhibited interferon regulatory factor – 1 expression which 

is an essential transcription factor governing the iNOS expression. Moreover, the 

levels of mRNA expressions of MCP – 1 and IL – 6 induced by LPS were also 

prominently decreased in the presence of C comosa extract. These results suggest 

that C comosa extract possesses a strong anti – inflammatory activity and has a 

potential to be developed as a therapeutic compound for diverse neurological disorders 

associated with inflammation. 

No.319 

Author(s) : Jantratid E, Prakongpan S, Amidon GL, Dressman JB. 

Title : Feasibility of biowaiver extension to Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class 

III drug products – Cimetidine. 

Source : Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 45 (4): 385 – 399, 2006. 


Keywords : In – vivo relationships, Liquid – chromatography, Absorption profiles, Double peaks, 

Bioavailability, Plasma, Ranitidine, Urine, Model, Pharmacokinetics. 

Abstract : Background: The extension of biowaivers (drug product approval without a 

pharmacokinetic bioequivalence study) to drugs belonging to Class III of the 

Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is currently a subject of much discussion. 

Objectives: To assess the relationship between in vitro dissolution characteristics and 

in vivo absorption performance of immediate – release (IR) products containing 

cimetidine, a BCS Class III compound, in human subjects. To evaluate the feasibility 

and appropriateness of an extension of the biowaiver concept to BCS Class III 

compounds.Study design and participants: BCS – conform dissolution tests were 

carried out on ten marketed cimetidine products from Thailand and Germany, as 

well as cimetidine tablet formulations containing cimetidine 400mg manufactured by 

direct compression using methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit (R) RS PO) as a release 

– retarding agent to yield three batches with significantly different release profiles. 

Twelve healthy male subjects were enrolled in a randomised, open – label, single – 

dose schedule based on a five – way Williams’ design balanced for carryover effects. 

Subjects received the following treatments, with 1 – week washout periods between: 

(i) Tagamet (R) 400mg tablet; (ii) 7.5% methacrylate copolymer cimetidine tablet; (iii) 

15% methacrylate copolymer cimetidine tablet; (iv) 26% methacrylate copolymer 

cimetidine tablet; and (v) Tagamet (R) (300mg/2mL) intravenous injection. The area 

under the plasma concentration – time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC(12)) and AUC 

from time zero to infinity (AUC(infinity)), peak plasma concentration (C – max), 

absolute bioavailability (F) and mean residence time (MRT) were evaluated and 

statistically compared among formulations. In vitro – in vivo correlation (IVIVC) 

analysis was then applied to elucidate the overall absorption characteristics of each 

tablet formulation.Results: The release properties of the ten marketed cimetidine


products were shown to comply with current US FDA criteria for rapidly dissolving 

drug products. As expected, the in vitro dissolution profiles of the cimetidine tablets 

containing different percentages of methacrylate copolymer differed considerably 

from one another. However, in vivo results showed no significant difference in 

AUC(12), AUC(infinity), C – max and F between the tablets manufactured with 

methacrylate copolymer and the innovator. The MRT values obtained from 26% 

methacrylate copolymer tablets were significantly longer than for the other two 

methacrylate copolymer formulations and the Tagamet tablets. Furthermore, IVIVC 

analysis showed that the 26% methacrylate copolymer tablets exhibited dissolution 

rate – limited absorption, whereas the other formulations showed permeability rate 

– limited absorption.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the 

absorption of cimetidine from IR tablets is, in general, limited by permeability rather 

than dissolution. IVIVC analysis demonstrated that only when the release was 

deliberately retarded (tablets containing 26% methacrylate copolymer), did the 

dissolution represent the rate – limiting step to drug absorption. On the in vitro side, 

it seems that 85% dissolution within 30 minutes, as currently required by the US FDA 

Guidance, is more than sufficient to guarantee bioequivalence of IR cimetidine 

products. For cimetidine and other BCS Class III drugs with a similar intestinal 

absorption pattern, application of the biowaiver concept seems to present little risk of 

an inappropriate bioequivalence decision. 

No.320 

Author(s) : Jantratid E, Prakongpan S, Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Junginger HE, Midha KK, 

Barends DM. 

Title : Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: Cimetidine. 

Source : Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 95 (5): 974 – 984, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Absorption, Cimetidine, Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), Permeability, 

Solubility. 

Abstract : Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence 

(BE) testing for the approval of immediate release (IR) solid oral dosage forms 

containing cimetidine are reviewed. According to the current Biopharmaceutics 

Classification System (BCS), cimetidine would be assigned to Class III. Cimetidine’s 

therapeutic use and therapeutic index, its pharmacokinetic properties, data related 

to the possibility of excipient interactions, and reported BE/bioavailability (BA) 

problems were also taken into consideration. On the basis of the overall evidence, a 

biowaiver can be recommended for cimetidine IR products, provided that the test 

product contains only those excipients reported in this paper in their usual amounts, 

and that the test and the comparator drug products both are “rapidly dissolving” as 

per BCS. 

No.321 

Author(s) : Jarerat A, Tokiwa Y, Tanaka H. 

Title : Production of poly (L – lactide) – degrading enzyme by Amycolatopsis orientalis for 

biological recycling of poly (L – lactide). 

Source : Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 72 (4): 726 – 731, 2006 (Oct). 



Abstract : Efficient production of poly(l – lactide)(PLA) – degrading enzyme was achieved by 

addition of 0.1% (w/v) silk fibroin powder into a liquid culture medium of an 

actinomycete, Amycolatopsis orientalis, without other complex nitrogen sources, 

such as yeast extract and peptone. Scaled – up production of the enzyme in a 5 – l jar 

fermenter showed the possibility of producing this enzyme on an industrial scale at 

low production cost. The extracellular PLA – degrading enzyme showed potent 

degrading activity, which is effective for biological recycling of PLA, i.e., 2,000 mg/l of 

PLA powder was completely degraded within 8 h at 40 C using 20 mg/l purified 

enzyme. An optically active l – lactic acid with 600 mg/l was obtained as degradation 

product of PLA without undesirable racemization. 

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No.322 

Author(s) : Jariengprasert C, Laothamatas H, Janwityanujit T, Phudhichareonrat S. 

Title : Bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss as a presentation of metastatic 

adenocarcinoma of unknown primary mimicking cerebellopontine angle tumor on 

the magnetic resonance image. 

Source : American Journal of Otolaryngoglogy. 27 (2): 143 – 145, 2006 (Mar – Apr). 


Keywords : Meningeal carcinomatosis. 

Abstract : This report presented a case of sudden profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss 

with progressive facial diparesis in a 64 – year – old woman. The magnetic resonance 

imaging (MRI) finding mimicked bilateral masses in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) 

in an absence of clinical meningeal or parenchymal involvements at the first 

presentation. Surgical biopsy and histopathologic finding identified masses secondary 

to direct invasion of adenocarcinoma of gastrointestinal origin. Many investigations 

could not discover the primary site of the metastatic adenocarcinoma. Grave prognosis 

was observed in all cases reported including ours; the patient died 10 weeks after 

onset of symptoms. 

No.323 

Author(s) : Jaturapatporn D, Hathirat S. 

Title : Does family medicine training affect the referral pattern of primary care doctors in 

Thailand? 

Source : Family Medicine. 38 (6): 387 – 388, 2006 (Jun). 




No.324 

Author(s) : Jaturapatporn D, Hathirat S. 

Title : Specialists’ perception of referrals from general doctors and family physicians working 

as primary care doctors in Thailand. 

Source : Quality in Primary Care. 14 (1): 41 – 48, 2006. 


Keywords : Family physician, General doctor, Referral, Specialist. 

Abstract : Background: Following recent national healthcare reform in Thailand, newly trained 

family physicians (FPs) as well as untrained general doctors (GDs) are now working 

in primary care. Objective: To compare the referral patterns of FPs and GDs from a 

primary care clinic to specialty clinics. Methods: A cross – sectional analytic study of 

3300 newly designed referral letters from primary care doctors to specialists in 

Ramathibodi Hospital Medical School from November 2003 to February 2004. The 

appropriateness of each referral was evaluated by specialists. Outcome measures: 

Rate, reason, purpose and appropriateness of referral. Results: Of 16 500 visits at the 

primary care clinic, different referral rates were found between the 16 FPs (14.02%) 

and 16 GDs (24.30%). Referrals were judged as inappropriate more often in the GD 

group. For referrals to internal medicine, GDs provided more incorrect diagnoses and 

unreasonable referrals. For orthopaedic referrals, GDs provided more incorrect 

diagnoses and inadequate investigations before referral. The most common comments 

on inappropriate referral were non – specific diagnosis, non – comprehensive case 

approach, too early referral, and inadequate investigation. There was no difference 

for reason or for purpose of referral between FPs and GDs (therapeutic (81.14%), 

diagnostic (55.56%), patient request (6.73%), transferred management (70.71%), shared 

management (29.29%)). Conclusion: Compared with GDs, FPs tended to have lower 

referral rates and these referrals were judged by specialists as being more appropriate 

in terms of diagnoses, investigations, and reasons for referral. 

No.325 

Author(s) : Jaturapatporn D, Hathirat S, Manataweewat B, Dellow AC, Leelaharattanarak S, 

Sirimothya S, Dellow J, Udomsubpayakul U. 

Title : Reliability and validity of a Thai version of the General Practice Assessment 

Questionnaire (GPAQ). 



Keywords : Family medicine, General practice, Quality, Reliability, Validity. 

Abstract : Background: The Assessment Questionnaire (GPAQ) is a questionnaire for patients 

to evaluate primary care in a number of key areas ranging from the access to care, 

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the helpfulness of receptionists, the continuity of care, the doctors’ communication 

skills, the patient’s knowledge of self, the General Practice care plans after consultation, 

and overall satisfaction. All questions can be calculated as a GPAQ score allowing 

services to be analysed, developed, and improved. Objective: The General Practice 

Assessment Questionnaire (GPAQ) was developed in the United Kingdom to evaluate 

the quality of general practice (i.e. primary care or family medicine). The aim of the 

present study was to translate and validate a Thai language version of GPAQ. Material 

and Method: Cross – sectional study: the content validity was examined by three 

experts in the Family Medicine field, and then the original GPAQ was translated into 

Thai with permission from the National Primary Care Research and Development 

Centre, University of Manchester and Safran. The translation process followed the 

guidelines for cross – cultural adaptation of self – report measures, including forward 

translation, synthesis of the translation, back translation, cross – cultural adaptation 

and pre – testing. The pilot study was done by distributing the questionnaire to a 

sample of 30 people before revision of the questionnaire. The reliability and validity 

of the translated version was then examined by distributing the questionnaire to 

2,600 people visiting the out – patient clinic at the Department of Family Medicine, 

Ramathibodi Hospital in October, 2005 Results: The response rate is about 70 percent. 

The results of the present study showed that the Thai version of GPAQ achieved 

good levels of reliability and validity, with the range of Cronbach’s alpha coefficients 

being 0.7293 – 0.8324 in each aspect of GPAQ, namely access, doctor’s communication 

skills, and patient enablement (understanding of self care after the consultation). 

However, a question about telephone consultations had to be excluded from the 

questionnaire to reach Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.8221. Conclusion: After 

translation and cross – cultural adaptation the Thai version of GPAQ can be used as 

a patient – administered instrument to evaluate the quality of primary care in Thailand. 

No.326 

Author(s) : Jeanes HL, Wanikiat P, Sharif I, Gray GA. 

Title : Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the cardioprotective effect of estrogen in 

experimental ischemia – reperfusion injury. 

Source : Menopause – The Journal of the North American Menopause Society. 

13 (1): 80 – 86, 2006 (Jan – Feb). 


Keywords : Estrogen, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Myocardium, Ischemia. 

Abstract : Objective: Results from recent clinical trials of estrogen and progestogen therapy 

(EPT) suggest that some progestogens may interfere with the cardiovascular benefits 

of estrogen (E). The aim of this study was to investigate whether medroxyprogesterone 

acetate (MPA) modifies the protective effect of E in experimental ischemia – 

reperfusion (IR) injury in vivo and in vitro in the rat. Design: Ovariectomized female 

Wistar rats (250 – 280 g, n = 6 1) received E, MPA, E and MPA, or placebo 

subcutaneously Fourteen days later, hearts were isolated and perfused with Krebs 

Henselcit for in vitro experiments or left in situ for in vivo experiments. In both cases, 

the left coronary artery was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by 2 hours of 

reperfusion.Results: In vivo E significantly reduced the necrotic zone of reperfused 

hearts (21.8% +/– 1.7% of area at risk) compared with placebo (42.8% +/– 4.8% area at 

risk; P < 0.05). This protection was reversed by co – administration of MPA with E 

(necrotic zone 38.2% +/– 6.1% area at risk). The influence of E on neutrophil infiltration 

was demonstrated by its ability to reduce myocardial myeloperoxidase activity (0.2 +/ 

– 0.1 U/g tissue) relative to placebo (1.3 +/– 0.5 U/g tissue; P < 0.05). Myocardial 

myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased to 1.1 +/– 0.3 U/g tissue in rats 

receiving E and MPA. However, MPA also reversed the protective effect of E in 

neutrophil – free buffer – perfused hearts, suggesting that additional mechanisms 

are involved.Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the administration of MPA 

can inhibit the effects of E that lead to protection of the myocardium from reperfusion 

injury and that this involves both neutrophil – dependent and neutrophil – independent 

mechanisms. 

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No.327 

Author(s) : Jennings GL, Cowan BR, Young AA, Anderson C, Doughty R, Krittayaphong R, 

Lonn E, Marwicks T, Sanderson J, Schmieder R, Reid C, Wadham A, Worthley S, 

Yu CM, Zhao F. 

Title : LV structure in Asians and non – Asians with cardiovascular disease: Results from 

the ontarget cardiac MRI sub – study. 





No.328 

Author(s) : Jintaridth P, Srisomsap C, Vichittumaros K, Kalpravidh RW, Winichagoon P, 

Fucharoen S, Svasti MRJ, Kasinrerk W. 

Title : Chicken egg yolk antibodies specific for the gamma chain of human hemoglobin for 

diagnosis of thalassemia. 

Source : International Journal of Hematology. 83 (5): 408 – 414, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : IgY technology, Thalassemia, Hb Bart’s, ELISA. 

Abstract : Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) technology was used to generate anti – hemoglobin Bart’s 

(Hb Bart’s) IgY antibodies (Abs) for development into an enzyme – linked 

immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for thalassemia diagnosis. Hb Bart’s purified 

from the hemolysate of a patient with Hb Bart’s hydrops fetalis (homozygous alpha – 

thalassemia) was used to immunize a chicken via the pectoralis muscle. After water 

dilution and sodium sulfate precipitation, 40 to 70 mg of IgY could be extracted from 

an egg. IgY, first detected in sera 2 weeks after immunization, reached the highest 

titer at week 4, and the titer remained stable for at least 2 weeks before declining. 

The pattern of Ab response in the yolk was the same as in the serum but was 

somewhat delayed. The IgY Abs produced reacted with gamma globin, Hb Bart’s, Hb 

F, normal cord hemolysate (Hbs F plus A), and Hb Bart’s hydrops fetalis (Hbs Bart’s 

plus Portland) and to a lesser degree with P globin, Hb A, Hb A, and adult hemolysate 

(Hbs A plus A,), but the Abs did not react with a globin. Immunoaffinity purification 

with Hb A coupled to Sepharose was used to isolate an unbound IgY that reacted with 

Hb F, Hb Bart’s, and gamma globin, and this IgY was used to develop an ELISA test 

for thalassemia diagnosis. The results of direct ELISA analyses of 336 hemolysate 

samples from individuals with various known thalassernia genotypes and phenotypes 

and from healthy individuals confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal Abs for Hbs 

containing Hb F and Hb Bart’s. This specificity, which was due to the Abs’ strong 

reactivity in cases of pathologic thalassemic diseases and weak reactivity in cases of 

nonpathologic thalassemic diseases, depended on the levels of Hb Bart’s and Hb F. 

No.329 

Author(s) : Jirapaet V, Jirapaet K, Sopajaree C. 

Title : The nurses’ experience of barriers to safe practice in the neonatal intensive care unit 

in Thailand. 

Source : JOGNN – Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 

35 (6): 746 – 754, 2006 (Nov – Dec). 


Keywords : Error event, NICU, Nursing practice, Performance obstacle, Safety. 

Abstract : Objective: To describe barriers nurses experienced in providing safe practice in the 

neonatal intensive care unit and to investigate area of errors commonly affected 

when nurses confronted the barriers. Design: Qualitative descriptive method.Setting: 

Randomly selected 4 large neonatal intensive care units in Thailand. Participants: 

Twenty – seven neonatal intensive care unit nurses. Main Outcome Measures: A 

semistructured interview of the nurses’ experience of neonatal intensive care unit 

error, factors forming barriers to safe practice, and neonatal outcome. Results: Of 

245 error events, neonates were identified to suffer 126 (55.5%) adverse events. Five 

themes emerged as common factors obstructing nurses from incorporating safety 

processes into their caring roles: human susceptibility to error, system operating care 

weakness, problematic medical devices, poor team communication, and situational 

provocation. Multiple barriers were largely associated with understaffing, a sudden 

increase in patient acuity, multiple assignments, and an inadequate knowledge of 

safety in neonatal critical care, which often interacted and influenced their 

performance when processed to a single error occurrence. Conclusion: A focus on 

management of the potential barriers in a system – r related human error approach 

could prevent and intercept future errors in this vulnerable population. 

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No.330 

Author(s) : Jirapongsananuruk O, Wanotayan K, Phongsamart W, Chokephaibulkit K, 

Visitsunthorn N, Luangwedchakarn V, Vanprapar N, Vichyanond P. 

Title : Recurrent Campylobacter lari bacteremia in X – linked agammaglobulinemia: A case 

report and review. 

Source : Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 24 (2 – 3): 171 – 174, 2006 (Jun – 

Sep). 


Keywords : Immunocompetent patient, Fetus. 

Abstract : X – linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immune deficiency disease with 

a B – cell defect. We present the first XLA patient who had recurrent Campylobacter 

lari bacteremia. High dose intravenous immunoglobulin combined with azithromycin 

once per week, and a complete avoidance of bacterial reservoirs may be helpful for 

the prevention of C. lari bacteremia. 

No.331 

Author(s) : Jiratchariyakul W, Vongsakul M, Sunthornsuk Leena, Moongkarndi P, Narintorn A, 

Somanabandhu A, Okabe H, Frahm A. 

Title : Immunomodulatory effect and quantitation of a cytotoxic glycosphingolipid from 

Murdannia loriformis. 

Source : Journal of Natural Medicines. 60: 210 – 216 No.3, 2006. 


Keywords : Murdannia loriformis, Commelinaceae, Cytotoxic glycosphingolipid, – O – D – 

glucopyranosyl – 2 – (2 – hydroxyl – Z – 6 – enecosamide) sphingosine, Quantitative 

HPLC analysis, Immunomodulator. 


No.332 

Author(s) : Jiraungkoorskul W, Sahaphong S, Sobhon P, Riengrojpitak S, Kangwanrangsan N. 

Title : Schistosoma mekongi: The in vitro effect of praziquantel and artesunate on the adult 

fluke. 

Source : Experimental Parasitology. 113 (1): 16 – 23, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Schistosoma mekongi, Praziquantel, Artesunate, Scanning electron microscopy. 

Abstract : The efficacy and tolerance of 80 mu g/ml praziquantel (PZQ) and 40 mu g/ml 

artesunate (ATS) against adult stage Schistosoma mekongi in vitro were investigated 

after 3, 6, 12, and 24h incubation by monitoring worm motility and compared 

tegumental changes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thirty mice were 

infected with S. mekongi cercaria for 49 days. Adult worms were collected by perfusion 

method and prepared for in vitro study. Contraction and decreased motor activity 

were observed after as little as 3 h incubation with PZQ and ATS. Some of the worms 

were immobile 12 h after exposure, and died within 24 h. The tegument of S. mekongi 

showed severe swelling, vacuolization and disruption, fusion of the tegumental ridges, 

collapse and peeling. After 12 – 24 h incubation, PZQ induced similar but they less 

severe, tegumental changes to those observed after exposure to ATS. The direct 

observation of the fluke motility and SEM study suggest that ATS is more effective 

than PZQ in causing tegumental damage in adult S. mekongi, and provides a basis for 

subsequent clinical trials. 

No.333 

Author(s) : Jithathai J. 

Title : Health – related quality of life after hip fracture in community – dwelling elderly. 

Source : Osteoporosis International. 17 (Suppl.2): S198 – S198, 2006 (May). 




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No.334 

Author(s) : Jitnarin N, Kosulwat V, Boonpraderm A, Haddock CK, Booth KM, Berkel LA, 

Poston WS. 

Title : The Relationship between Smoking, BMI and Dietary Intake. 

Source : Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 106 (8): A39, 2006 (Aug). 



Abstract : This study compared dietary intake, physical activity, and BMI among nonsmokers, 

ex – smokers and current smokers in a sample of adult Thais living in the central 

region of Thailand. We selected 1,027 participants aged 35 years and over and health 

questionnaires, 24 – h dietary recall and anthropometric measurement were obtained. 

Our sample included 631 nonsmokers, 146 ex – smokers, and 250 current smokers. 

Compared with ex – smokers (24.48 4.25 kg/m 2 ) and non – smokers (24.82 3.95 kg/ 

m 2 ), current smokers (22.64 3.77 kg/m 2 ) had significantly lower BMIs, regardless of 

gender, p < .001 (p < .001 for men and p = .005 for women, respectively). Vitamin C 

intake was significantly lower in smokers when compared never or former smokers 

after adjustment for gender. There were slight differences in total energy intake, fat, 

carbohydrate, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins as well as physical activity 

among the three smoking groups; however, none of these differences were statistically 

significant when stratified by gender. Irrespective of gender, current smokers had 

dose – dependent increases in intakes of cholesterol, total protein, and water as well 

as some minerals and vitamins such as potassium, sodium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin 

A, and niacin compared with those who did not smoke. Results from this study are 

consistent with others reporting that cigarette smoking is associated with lower 

weights when compared with non – smokers. However, these differences could not 

be explained by differences in nutrient intake or physical activity. Thus, nicotine 

intake from smoking may increase metabolic rate as the primary mechanism rather 

than decreased energy due to appetite suppression in smokers. 

No.335 

Author(s) : Jitrapakdee S, Vidal – Puig A, Wallace JC. 

Title : Anaplerotic roles of pyruvate carboxylase in mammalian tissues. 

Source : Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 63 (7 – 8): 843 – 854, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Pyruvate carboxylase, Biotin carboxylase, Glucose – induced insulin secretion, 

Pyruvate, Malate shuttle, Pyruvate, Citrate shuttle, Type 2 diabetes, Lipogenesis, 

Glyceroneogenesis, Astrocytes, Glutamate synthesis. 

Abstract : Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) catalyzes the ATP – dependent carboxylation of pyruvate 

to oxaloacetate. PC serves an anaplerotic role for the tricarboxylic acid cycle, when 

intermediates are removed for different biosynthetic purposes. In liver and kidney, 

PC provides oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis. In adipocytes PC is involved in de novo 

fatty acid synthesis and glyceroneogenesis, and is regulated by the peroxisome 

proliferator – activated receptor – gamma, suggesting that PC is involved in the 

metabolic switch controlling fuel partitioning toward lipogenesis. In islets, PC is 

necessary for glucose – induced insulin secretion by providing oxaloacetate to form 

malate that participates in the pypyruvate/malate cycle’ to shuttle 3C or 4C between 

mitochondria and cytoplasm. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia impair this cycle 

and affect glucose – stimulated insulin release. In astrocytes, PC is important for de 

novo synthesis of glutamate, an important excitatory neurotransmitter supplied to 

neurons. Transcriptional studies of the PC gene pinpoint some transcription factors 

that determine tissue – specific expression. 

No.336 

Author(s) : Jittapalapong S, Pinyopanuwat N, Chimnoi W, Siripanth C, Stich RW. 

Title : Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among dairy cows in Thailand. 




Keywords : Cryptosporidium, Gastrointestinal parasites, Dairy cows, CSA assay, Thailand. 

Abstract : Cryptosporidium species are frequently associated with diarrhea among AIDS patients 

in Thailand, and dairy herds are a possible source of some of these infections. A cross 

– sectional study was performed to determine if Cryptosporidium is present among 

dairy cows in Thailand. Fecal samples were randomly collected from 363 Holstein – 

Friesian dairy cows from 108 of 860 farms in the Nong Pho region of central Thailand. 

The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium among dairy cows was 9.4%, according 

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to an assay for Cryptosporidium – specific antigen (CSA) and 0.6% by microscopic 

examination of acid – fast stained feces. CSA was detected in all host age categories 

tested, but was most prevalent among calves (15.1%). Overall, 31.5% of farms were 

contaminated with Cryptosporidium infections. Fifty percent of poorly managed farms 

had CSA – positive cows, which were more likely to contaminate water and raw milk, 

while 12.9% of farms with acceptable management practices had CSA – positive cows. 

There was no association between the detection of Cryptosporidium and other 

gastrointestinal parasites. These results indicate that Cryptosporidium is enzootic 

among Thai dairy cattle, and suggest that cattle could have a role in zoonotic 

cryptosporidiosis in Thailand. 

No.337 

Author(s) : Jittimanee SX, Kateruttanakul P, Madigan EA, Jittimanee S, Phatkrathok S, 

Poomichaiya P, Panitrat R. 

Title : Medical characteristics and tuberculosis treatment outcomes in an urban tertiary 

Hospital, Thailand. 





Abstract : The purpose of this study was to describe medical characteristics and assess treatment 

outcomes at a respiratory clinic, tertiary hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. One hundred 

seventy – seven patients diagnosed as having any type of TB and having taken anti – 

TB drugs for one month were included in the study. The patients were interviewed 

the end of the first month and their medical files were reviewed at the end of treatment 

to obtained the treatment outcome. Descriptive statistics and chi – square test were 

used in the data analyses. Of the total of 177 patients, 33.3% were new smear – 

positive, 19.2% were new smear – negative, 18.1% were extra – pulmonary TB, and 

29.4% were other. The prevalence of TB/HIV co – infection was 33% (18 of 54). 

Resistance to at least one anti – TB drug was 31.6% (6 of 19). Due to high treatment 

default rates, treatment completion rates were low, 64.4% in new smear – positives, 

61.8% in new smear – negatives, 71.9% in extra – pulmonary TB, and 46.2% in other. 

Treatment default rates significantly differed among the four types of TB (chi2 = 8.3, 

p = .04). The findings indicate a high proportion of extra – pulmonary TB, high 

prevalence of TB/HIV co – infection, and low treatment completion in urban TB 

patients at the tertiary hospital. Interventions are needed to integrate the strengths 

of the tertiary hospital regarding the availability of chest specialists and advance 

diagnostic tools into the other levels of health service to improve treatment outcomes 

in urban populations. 

No.338 

Author(s) : Jittinandana S, Kenney PB, Slider SD, Hankins JA. 

Title : Effect of high dietary vitamin E on lipid stability of ovencooked and hot – smoked 

trout fillets. 

Source : Journal of Food Science. 71 (3): C130 – C136, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Oven – cooked trout, Smoked trout, Tocopherol, Lipid oxidation. 

Abstract : Supplementing a – tocopheryl acetate (300 and 5000 mg/kg diet) in a trout finishing 

diet was done to minimize lipid oxidation in oven – cooked fillets and hot – smoked 

products. Hot – smoked processing did not affect alpha – tocopherol content of finished 

products compared with raw fillets. Feeding diets containing 5000 mg vitamin E/kg 

increased muscle a – tocopherol content that minimized lipid oxidation in (1) oven – 

cooked fillets produced from fresh and 7 – d refrigerated fillets and (2) hot – smoked 

products following refrigerated storage for 8 wk. Dietary vitamin E did not affect 

fatty acid composition of products from either cooking method. Oven – cooked fillets 

produced from 7 – d refrigerated, raw fillets and refrigerated, smoked products had 

lower percentages of omega – 6 fatty acids and lower omega – 3 fatty acids: omega – 

6 fatty acids ratios compared with fresh, raw samples. 

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No.339 

Author(s) : Jittinandana S, Kenney PB, Slider SD, Kamireddy N, Hankins JS. 

Title : High dietary vitamin E affects storage stability of frozen – refrigerated trout fillets. 

Source : Journal of Food Science. 71 (2): C91 – C96, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Trout, Frozen – refrigerated, Vitamin E, Lipid stability. 

Abstract : Fillets were processed from trout fed a diet containing either 200 (low vitamin E 

[LVE] diet) or 5000 (high vitamin E [HVE] diet) mg alpha – tocopheryl acetate/kg for 

0, 4, and 9 wk. These fillets were evaluated fresh and after 6 mo of frozen storage. 

Frozen fillets were thawed and stored 3 d at 1 degrees C before analyses. Muscle 

alpha – tocopherol of fish fed the HVE diet continuously increased through 9 wk of 

feeding. Reduced muscle a – tocopherol and moisture, and increased muscle redness 

and fat were observed in frozen – refrigerated fillets compared with fresh fillets. 

Thiobarbituric acid – reactive substances were lower in frozen – refrigerated fillets 

produced from fish fed the HVE diet. Proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and 

omega – 3 fatty acids increased as feeding duration increased from 0 to 9 wk. 

No.340 

Author(s) : Jittmittraphap A, Thammapalo S, Ratanasetyuth N, Wongba N, Mammen MP, 

Jampangern W. 

Title : Rapid detection of dengue viral RNA in mosquitoes by nucleic acid – sequence based 

amplification (NASBA). 


37 (6): 1117 – 1124, 2006 (Nov). 



Abstract : RNA amplification by nucleic acid sequence – based amplification (NASBA) was used 

to detect serotype specific dengue viruses in artificially – infected female Aedes 

mosquitoes, in comparison with RT – PCR technique. NASBA could detect dengue 

virus serotype 2 and 4 below 0.1 PFU, which was more sensitive than RT – PCR, but 

this technique was as sensitive as RT – PCR when detecting dengue virus serotype 1 

and 3. Dengue viruses could be detected at the thorax of mosquitoes at 0, 7, and 14 

days after inoculation with dengue virus serotype 2. This method should be useful for 

virological surveillance of dengue infected Aedes mosquitoes, as an early warning 

system to predict outbreaks of dengue viruses. 

No.341 

Author(s) : Jongjirawisan Y, Ungulkraiwit P, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in HIV – 1 infected patients and a pilot 

study of vaccination to determine the anamnestic response. 



Keywords : Anti – HBc, HBV, Hepatitis B, HIV, Vaccination. 

Abstract : Background: Isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti – HBc) is frequently 

found in HIV – infected patients. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence 

and risk factors of isolated anti – HBc and the anamnestic response to hepatitis B 

vaccination in this population. Material and Method: HIV – infected patients who 

visited Ramathibodi Hospital in May 2006 were included to test hepatitis B serology. 

Subjects with isolated anti – HBc were given hepatitis B vaccine and tested for anti – 

HBs. Results: Of 140 patients, 28 (20%) had isolated anti – HBc. From multivariate 

analysis, IVDU (OR 30.8, p < 0.001) and anti – HCV seropositive (OR 6.7, p = 0.002) 

were independent risk factors for isolated anti – HBc. Two from 28 (7%) patients who 

received vaccine had a response to vaccination. Conclusion: Prevalence of isolated 

anti – HBc among Thai HIV – infected patients was 20%. Risk factors of isolated anti 

– HBc were IVDU and anti – HCV seropositive. Anamnestic response to hepatitis B 

vaccination was low. Further study with strategies to improve the response of 

vaccination is needed. 

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No.342 

Author(s) : Jongjit J, Komsopapong L, Saikaew T, Wanich U, Chewapanich S, Nichara UU, 

Ruangdaraganon N. 

Title : Reliability of the functional independence measure for children in normal Thai 

children. 

Source : Pediatrics International. 48 (2): 132 – 137, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Functional capacity, Thai children, Functional independence measure for children. 

Abstract : Background: The Functional Independence Measure for children (WeeFIM) is a new 

instrument for evaluating functionality in disabled children aged 9 – 100 months. It 

was developed to determine a child’s functional capacity and performance. With no 

baseline information about Thai children, it is difficult to assess whether a patient is 

initially high or low with respect to function. Methods: The aim of this study, therefore, 

was to evaluate the interrater, intrarater reliability and appropriateness of the use of 

the WeeFIM and to establish a normative data profile suitable for Thai children. The 

WeeFIM is an instrument used to assess independence in self – care, sphincter 

control, transfer, locomotion, communication, and social cognition.Results: Direct 

interviews were conducted in the communities for 569 normal Thai children (289 

girls and 280 boys) aged 6 – 100 months. The interrater and intrarater reliability 

scores were examined. The WeeFIM total and domain scores increased progressively 

with age. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the reliability for the WeeFIM domain 

score ranged from 0.90 to 0.99. Total WeeFIM intraclass correlation coefficients 

values were greater than 0.97 for all analyses. The authors classified the 18 items 

into six groups according to the degree of correlation with age. Most items were 

highly correlated with age as indicated by a Spearman’s correlation coefficient greater 

than 0.8. The interrater and intrarater reliability of the WeeFIM subscores was 

high.Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that WeeFIM could be employed 

as a useful and reliable instrument for assessing functional independence for Thai 

children. Therefore, usage of WeeFIM with different age criteria for achieving 

independence should be adopted. Normative functional independence measures for 

a large group of Thai children will enhance the knowledge base about their 

development measurement and provide a database for future investigations on clinical 

population in Thailand. 

No.343 

Author(s) : Jongkamonwiwat N, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Casalotti SO, Forge A, Dodson H, 

Govitrapong P. 

Title : Opioid receptor gene expression in the inner ear and the brainstem auditory pathway. 





No.344 

Author(s) : Jongkamonwiwat N, Phansuwan – Pujito P, Casalotti SO, Forge A, Dodson H, 

Govitrapong P. 

Title : The existence of opioid receptors in the cochlea of guinea pigs. 

Source : European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (10): 2701 – 2711, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Delta, Endorphin, Enkephalin, Inner ear, Kappa, Mu, Synaptophysin. 

Abstract : Several independent investigations have demonstrated the presence of opioid peptides 

in the inner ear organ of Corti and in particular in the efferent nerve fibers innervating 

the cochlear hair cells. However, the precise innervation pattern of opioid fibers 

remains to be investigated. In the present study the expression of opioid receptors 

and their peptides is demonstrated in young adult guinea pig cochlea. Opioid receptors 

are mainly expressed in hair cells of the organ of Corti and in inner and outer spiral 

bundles with different characteristics for each type of receptor. Co – localization 

studies were employed to compare the distribution of mu –, delta – and kappa – opioid 

receptors and their respective peptides, beta – endorphin, leu – enkephalin and 

dynorphin. Additionally, immunostaining of synaptophysin was used in this study to 

identify the presynaptic site. Immunoreactivity for enkephalin and dynorphin was 

found in the organ of Corti. Leu – enkephalin was co – localized with synaptophysin 

prominently in the inner spiral bundle (ISB). Dynorphin was co – localized with 

synaptophysin in both inner and outer spiral bundles. Delta – opioid receptor was 

most prominently co – localized with its peptide in the ISB bundle. Kappa – opioid 

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124 

receptor was seemingly present with dynorphin in both inner and outer spiral bundles. 

The co – staining of both peptides and receptors with synaptophysin in the same 

areas suggests that some of the opioid receptors may act as auto – receptors. The 

results provide further evidence that opioids may function as neurotransmitters or 

neuromodulators in the cochlea establishing the basis for further electrophysiological 

and pharmacological investigations to understand better the roles of the opioid system 

in auditory function. 

No.345 

Author(s) : Jongsamak P. 

Title : Protein disulfide isomerase acts as a molecular chaperone in the intracellular retention 

of mouse mutant thyroglobulin. 



Keywords : Defective export, Molecular chaperones, Mutant thyroglobulin, Protein folding. 

Abstract : Relatively few point mutations in the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene that cause thyroid 

diseases have been identified in man. Here, we have examined the intracellular fate 

of a mouse full – length missense Tg mutant (R39K) that is equivalent to the 

corresponding human Tg mutant recently reported in a Brazilian kindred with 

congenital goiter and hypothyroidism. When expressed in COS – 7 cells, markedly 

reduced export of the R39K Tg was associated with increased stable association with 

the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP/GRP78, pointing to a folding defect. 

More prolonged association with calnexin was also observed, suggesting an important 

role for the lectin pathway of ER quality control in the processing of the mutant Tg 

that had not been previously described. Moreover, the most stable chaperone – Tg 

association was observed for protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which normally 

functions as a redox foldase, providing new evidence that PDI may also be a molecular 

chaperone in the intracellular processing of the mutant Tg. Eventually, R39K Tg was 

degraded by the 26S proteasome in the cytosol. It was concluded that these three ER 

chaperones, BiP/GRP78, calnexin, and PDI are part of a quality control machinery 

that associates with the mutant Tg, as it is targeted for ER – associated degradation. 

No.346 

Author(s) : Jootar S, Pornprasertsud N, Petvises S, Rerkamnuaychoke B, Disthabanchong S, 

Pakakasama S, Ungkanont A, Hongeng S. 

Title : Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells from chronic myeloid leukemia t (9; 

22) patients are devoid of Philadelphia chromosome and support cord blood stem cell 

expansion. 

Source : Leukemia Research. 30 (12): 1493 – 1498, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Mesenchymal stem cell, Chronic myeloid leukemia, Philadelphia chromosome. 

Abstract : Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of 

hematopoietic stem cells. It is characterized at cytogenetic level by the Philadelphia 

(Ph) chromosome and at the molecular level by the BCR/ABL gene rearrangement. 

Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also pluripotent stem cells 

that can differentiate into several mesenchymal tissues. To date, no study has been 

performed to characterize whether MSCs from CML harbor the abnormal Ph 

chromosome similar to CML bone marrow cells. We isolated and characterized MSCs 

from diagnostic marrow samples (n = 11) and showed that MSCs can be readily 

isolated from CML marrow and exhibit major expansion potential as well as intact 

osteogenic differentiation ability. Moreover, they do not harbor the Ph chromosome 

confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcriptase 

polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR). Thus, we demonstrated that CML marrow is 

an abundant source of MSCs appearing through both FISH and RT – PCR not to be 

involved by the malignant process of CML. Furthermore, these MSCs from a CML 

patient could support in vitro cord blood expansion as those MSCs from a normal 

donor. Since MSCs are able to support engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells in 

stem cell transplantation (SCT) as well as suppress alloreactive T cells causing graft 

– versus – host disease, this current report thus provides evidence that in a SCT 

setting of CML patients, autologous MSCs could be a source of stem cell support in 

future cell therapy applications.


No.347 

Author(s) : Judprasong K, Charoenkiatkul S, Sungpuag P, Vasanachitt K, Nakjamanong Y. 

Title : Total and soluble oxalate contents in Thai vegetables, cereal grains and legume seeds 

and their changes after cooking. 

Source : Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (4): 340 – 347, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Total oxalate, Soluble oxalate, Vegetables, Cereals, Legume seeds, Effect of cooking. 

Abstract : This study was conducted to determine soluble and total oxalate contents in common 

vegetables, cereal grains and legume seeds and the effect of household cooking on 

these substances. Each food sample was randomly purchased from three main 

representative markets in metropolitan area of Bangkok, Thailand. Soluble and total 

oxalates were determined by high – performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 

The limit of quantitation for the oxalates was 3 mg/100 g. All studied vegetables 

contained relatively small amounts of total oxalate (


No.351 

Author(s) : Kaeoket K. 

Title : The effect of dose and route of administration of R – cloprostenol on the parturient 

response of sows. 

Source : Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 41 (5): 472 – 476, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Messenger – RNA expression, Nest – Building behavior, Female pigs, Purebred 

landrace, DL – cloprostenol, Yorkshire sows, Swine farms, C – FOS, Oxytocin, 

Prostaglandin. 

Abstract : The aims of the present study were to further examine the efficacy of different doses 

and routes of R – cloprostenol administration on the parturition response in sows. 

Fifty crossbred multiparous sows (Landrace x Yorkshire) with an average parity 

number of 4.7 +/– 2.4 were allocated to induce farrowing by one of the following 

treatments: Group I (control, n = 10) injection with normal saline 2 ml administered 

intramuscularly (i. m.); Group II (n 10) injection with 75 mu g of R – cloprostenol 

administered i. m. (at 7 AM); Group III (n 10) injection with 75 mu g of R – cloprostenol 

(at 7 AM) together with 10 IU of oxytocin (24 h after injection of R – cloprostenol) 

administered i. m.; Group IV (n 10) injection with 37.5 mu g of R – cloprostenol (at 7 

AM) administered into perivulva region; Group V (n 10) injection with 37.5 mu g of R 

– cloprostenol (at 7 AM) administered into perivulva region together with 10 IU of 

oxytocin (24 h after injection of R – cloprostenol) administered i. m. The following 

parameters: pre – farrowing maternal behaviour, restless behaviour, R – cloprostenol 

or oxytocin injection to farrowing interval, expulsion intervals, duration of farrowing, 

total number of piglets born, litter birthweight, umbilical cord morphology and the 

degree of meconium staining were record. There were no significant differences 

among groups for the pre – farrowing maternal behaviours. In all the sows, the 

restless behaviour was not observed. There were no significant effect of oxytocin 

administration (10 IU, i. m.) on the percentage of umbilical cord morphology and the 

degree of meconium staining in different groups. There were no significant effect of 

route and dose of administration on the number of total piglet born, piglet born alive, 

stillbirth, mummy and litter birthweight. No significant effects of the different groups 

were found on the R – cloprostenol and oxytocin injection to farrowing interval, 

expulsion interval and farrowing duration. In conclusion, the present results 

demonstrated that a half dose (37.5 mu g) of R – cloprostenol administered into the 

perivulva region was effective for inducing farrowing as the full recommended dose 

(75 mu g) administered into the neck region (i. m.) and with no restless behaviour. 

No.352 

Author(s) : Kaewkhomdee N, Kalambaheti C, Predapitakkun S, Siripinyanond A, Shiowatana J. 

Title : Iron fractionation for corrosion products from natural gas pipelines by continuous – 

flow sequential extraction. 

Source : Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 386 (2): 363 – 369, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Corrosion product, Iron fractionation, Sequential extraction. 

Abstract : The forms and quantities of iron species in corrosion product samples from natural 

gas pipelines were examined, using a continuous – flow sequential extraction system. 

Sequential extraction consists of four steps that dissolve water soluble iron (FeSO 4 ), 

acid soluble iron (FeCO 3 ), reducible iron (Fe – (oxyhydr) oxides) and oxidisable iron 

(FeS 2 ) fractions, respectively. Selectivity of extracting reagents for particular iron 

species was evaluated by determination of co – extracted anions, using ion 

chromatography, and evolved CO 2 , using indirect flame atomic absorption 

spectrometer (FAAS). Iron was found predominantly in the reducible fraction (61 – 

99%), indicating that Fe – (oxyhydr) oxides are the major constituents of the corrosion 

products. 

No.353 

Author(s) : Kaewpoonsri N, Okanurak K, Kitayaporn D, Kaewkungwal J, Vijaykadga S, 

Thamaree S. 

Title : Factors related to volunteer comprehension of informed consent, for a clinical trial. 





Abstract : The informed consent process has become a universal requirement for research 

involving human subjects. Its goal is to inform volunteers regarding research in 

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order to make decision to participate or not. This study aimed to measure volunteers’ 

comprehension levels concerning the clinical trial and to find out factors associated 

with that comprehension levels. Eighty – one volunteers who enrolled in a malaria 

clinical trial were recruited into the study. A semi – structured questionnaire was 

used to collect the information. Non – participant observation was used to observe 

the process of informed consent. Volunteers were interviewed three days after being 

recruited into the trial. The results show the volunteers’ comprehension was low. 

Only 44% of volunteers had an acceptable level of comprehension. It also revealed 

that 20 volunteers were not aware of being volunteers. Most volunteers knew about 

the benefits of participating in the trial and realized that they had the right to withdraw 

from the study, but not many knew about the risks of the trial. The results indicated 

the method of informing about the trial affected the volunteers’ comprehension 

level. No relationship was found between comprehension level and volunteers’ socio 

– demographic characteristics and their attitude toward the consent process. The 

findings from this study demonstrate volunteers who participated in the clinical trial 

were not truly informed. Further studies regarding enhancing volunteers’ 

understanding of the trial are needed. 

No.354 

Author(s) : Kaewsuk S, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Neonatal amphetamine administration alters dopamine receptor gene expression in 

rat nucleus accumbens, striatum and prefrontal cortex. 





No.355 

Author(s) : Kaewsuwan S, Cahoon EB, Perroud PF, Wiwat C, Panvisavas N, Quatrano RS, Cove 

DJ, Bunyapraphatsara N. 

Title : Identification and functional characterization of the moss Physcomitrella patens Delta 

(5) – desaturase gene involved in arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis. 

Source : Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (31): 21988 – 21997, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Polyunsaturated fatty – acids, Mokd dictyostelium – discoideum, Saccharomyces – 

cereviviae, Heterologous expression, Microsomal preparations, Caenorhabditis – 

elegans, Desaturase gene, Electron – donor, Enzyme, Cytochrome – B5. 

Abstract : The moss Physcomitrella patens contains high levels of arachidonic acid and lesser 

amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid. Here we report the identification and 

characterization of a Delta(5) – desaturase from P. patens that is associated with the 

synthesis of these fatty acids. A full – length cDNA for this desaturase was identified 

by data base searches based on homology to sequences of known Delta(5) – desaturase 

cDNAs from fungal and algal species. The resulting P. patens cDNA encodes a 480 – 

amino acid polypeptide that contains a predicted N – terminal cytochrome b(5) – like 

domain as well as three histidine – rich domains. Expression of the enzyme in 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the production of the Delta(5) – containing 

fatty acid arachidonic acid in cells that were provided di – homo – gamma – linolenic 

acid. In addition, the expressed enzyme generated Delta(5) – desaturation products 

with the C20 substrates omega – 6 eicosadienoic and omega – 3 eicosatrienoic acids, 

but no products were detected with the C18 fatty acid linoleic and alpha – linolenic 

acids or with the C22 fatty acid adrenic and docosapentaenoic acids. When the 

corresponding P. patens genomic sequence was disrupted by replacement through 

homologous recombination, a dramatic alteration in the fatty acid composition was 

observed, i. e. an increase in di – homo – gamma – linolenic and eicosatetraenoic acids 

accompanied by a concomitant disappearance of the Delta(5) – fatty acid arachidonic 

and eicosapentaenoic acids. In addition, overexpression of the P. patens cDNA in 

protoplasts isolated from a disrupted line resulted in the restoration of arachidonic 

acid synthesis. 

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No.356 

Author(s) : Kamchaisatian W, Kosalaraksa P, Benjaponpitak S, Hongeng S, Direkwattanachai 

C, Lumbiganon P, Wiangnon S. 

Title : Penicillosis in patients with X – linked hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome (XHIGM), 

case reports from Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 

117 (2): S282 – S282 1089 Suppl. S, 2006 (Feb). 




No.357 

Author(s) : Kamruecha W, Chansirikarnjana S, Nimkulrat E, Udommongkol C, Wongmek W, 

Thangnipon W. 

Title : Rapid detection of apolipoprotein E genotypes in Alzheimer’s disease using polymerase 

chain reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism. 





Abstract : Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19q13.2 is encoded by three common 

alleles designated as 2, 3 and 4. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) the 4 allele is 

overrepresented and is considered to be a major genetic risk factor. Several methods 

have been developed to determine/APOEgenotypes. Among them, polymerase chain 

reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR – SSCP) appears to be 

highly reliable. In this study, we improved the nonisotopic PCR – SSCP method for 

determining APOE genotypes in 42 cases of AD patients, 40 cases of non – AD 

dementia patients, and 49 cases of age – matched controls. DNA from the target 

sequence on APOE was amplified by PCR from peripheral blood genomic DNA. PCR 

products were electrophoresed in a non – denaturing polyacrylamide gel and visualized 

by silver staining. We found that the 4 allele had a significantly high frequency of 

occurrence in AD patients (33.3%) compared with age – matched controls (13.3%) ( 2 

= 10.43, p = 0.001) and non – AD dementia (10%) ( 2 = 13.02, p


No.359 

Author(s) : Kanchanapoo J, Rao MC, Sophasan S, Suksamram A, Piyachaturawat P. 

Title : Inhibitory effects of choleretic hydroxyacetophenones on ileal bile acid transport in 

rats. 

Source : Life Sciences. 78 (14): 1630 – 1636, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Bile acid transport, Cholesterol, Hydroxyacetophenone, Ileum, Na + – K + – ATPase. 

Abstract : The effects of the choleretic and cholesterol lowering compound, 2, 4, 6 – 

trihydroxyacetophenone (THA) and its analog, 2, 6 – dihydroxyacetophenone (DHA), 

on ileal bile acid absorption were investigated in rats. THA inhibited taurocholate 

(TC) uptake into ileal brush – border membrane vesicles (BBMV), showing a maximum 

inhibition of 50%, whereas DHA completely inhibited TC uptake into ileal BBMV THA 

exhibited competitive inhibition with a K – i of 9.88 mM, while DHA showed non – 

competitive inhibition with a K – i of 7.65 mm. Both total and ouabain – sensitive 

basolateral membrane (BLM) Na + – K + – ATPase activities, which are essential for 

maintenance of the Na + – gradient for bile acid transport, were inhibited by THA and 

DHA in a dose – dependent manner. The inhibition of BLM ATPase was uncompetitive 

with a K – i of 10.1 and 5.0 mM for THA and DHA, respectively. Administration of 

THA or DHA (400 mu mol/kg) twice a day, to hypercholesterolemic rats for 3 weeks 

caused similar and marked reductions in plasma cholesterol to 60% of the cholesterol 

– fed controls. The data suggest that the inhibitory actions of THA and DHA on two 

essential components of ileal bile acid recycling to liver could, in part, contribute to 

the cholesterol lowering effect of the hydroxyacetophenone compounds. These effects 

on decreasing bile acid recycling, in combination with their potent choleretic effect, 

accelerating biliary excretion of bile acids, are responsible for the effective cholesterol 

lowering capacities of these compounds. 

No.360 

Author(s) : Kanchanatawan B, Jitapunkul S, Supapitiporn S, Chansirikarnjana S. 

Title : Validity of clock drawing test (CDT), scoring by Chula clock – drawing scoring system 

(CCSS) in screening dementia among Thai elderly in community. 



Keywords : Chula clock – drawing scoring system, Clock drawing test, Community, Dementia. 

Abstract : Objective: The present paper was to study the validity of screening dementia among 

Thai elderly by clock drawing test (CDT). Material and Method: The scoring method 

selected to apply with CDT was Chula clock – drawing scoring system (CCSS) that 

was originally developed as clinically – based in Thai elderly patients. The 669 elderly 

subjects gathered from “Rom Klao” community in Bangkok, Thailand were asked to 

perform CDT and be examined by a neurologist, using NINCDS – ADRDA diagnosis 

criteria for probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD). CDT was scored by psychiatrists using 

CCSS. Results: The authors found the demented by clinical diagnosis in 25 cases. 

Using a CCSS cutoff score of 7, CDT produced positive test results in 191 subjects. 

Sensitivity was 88%, the specificity was 74% and the area under receiver operation 

characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.91. The results also showed that comparatively to 

cutoff point 7, a cutoff point 6 would contribute the higher specificity of 82% and have 

a similar sensitivity of 88% in this community – based sample. Conclusion: The present 

study provided strong support that CDT scoring by CCSS is efficient to screen dementia 

in the general community with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. However, 

modifying the CCSS cutoff score from 7 to 6 increases the specificity and is proposed 

to be applied in the community. 

No.361 

Author(s) : Kanjanabuch T, Lewsuwan S, Kitiyakara C, Cheunsuchon B, Eiam – Ong S. 

Title : Update in pathophysiology and histopathology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. 



Keywords : FSGS, Glomerulosclerosis, Pathology, Pathophysiology. 

Abstract : Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome 

in an adult worldwide. The prevalence of FSGS is estimated as being 20 – 30% in 

adults over the age of 15 years and slightly higher (30 – 35%) in the elderly (age > 60 

years). The diagnosis solely relies on pathologic findings, which sclerosis involves 

some, but not all glomeruli (focal), and sclerosis affects a portion, but not the entire, 

glomerular tuft (segmental). The pathogenesis remains inconclusive but podocyte 

injury has been postulated. Even though steroid is the mainstay treatment, only 20 – 

40% of patients are complete respond. 

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No.362 

Author(s) : Kanokkantapong V, Marhaba TF, Panyapinyophol B, Pavasant P. 

Title : FTIR evaluation of functional groups involved in the formation of haloacetic acids 

during the chlorination of raw water. 

Source : Journal of Hazardous Materials. 136 (2): 188 – 196, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : FTIR, Disinfection by – products, Fractionation, Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, HAA, SUVA. 

Abstract : This work investigated the formation potential of haloacetic acid (HAA) compounds 

in the raw water for the Bangkhen water treatment plant (Bangkok, Thailand). The 

resin adsorption technique (with three different types of resins, i.e. DAX – 8, AG – MP 

– 50 and WA – 10) was employed to characterize the organic content in the raw water 

into six fractions, i.e. hydrophobic neutral (HPON), hydrophobic acid (HPOA), 

hydrophobic base (HPOB), hydrophilic neutral (HPIN), hydrophilic acid (HPIA) and 

hydrophilic base (HPIB). Hydrophilic species appeared to be the predominant organic 

species in this water source (approximately 60%) with the neutral fraction being the 

most abundant (approximately 40%). Hydrophobic species, on the other hand, played 

the most important role in the formation of haloacetic acids as they contributed to as 

much as approximately 56% of total HAA formation potential. Among the three 

hydrophobic species, the hydrophobic base exhibited the highest specific HAA 

formation with 208 mu g HAAs/mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Each organic 

fraction was examined for its associated functional groups by Fourier transform 

infrared (FTIR). The investigation of the formation of HAAs was achieved by tracking 

the changes in the FTIR results of the same water sample before and after the 

chlorination reaction. Based on the results obtained from this study, carboxylic acids, 

ketone, amide, amino acids and aromatic characteristic organics seemed to be the 

main precursors to HAA formation. 

No.363 

Author(s) : Kanokkantapong V, Marhaba TF, Pavasant P, Panyapinyophol B. 

Title : Characterization of haloacetic acid precursors in source water. 

Source : Journal of Environmental Management. 80 (3): 214 – 221, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Haloacetic acids, Formation potential, Fraction, Dissolved organic matter. 

Abstract : Raw water from the Bangkok (Thailand) main municipal water supply canal was 

examined for its natural organic composition by fractionation with adsorption resins. 

DAX – 8 resin was the first resin employed to fractionate the hydrophobic fractions. 

Fractionation at neutral pH resulted in the separation of the hydrophobic neutral 

components; at a high pH level (approx. 10) separation of the hydrophobic base 

components occurred; and at a low pH level (approx. 2) the hydrophobic acid 

components were separated. AG – MP – 50 cationic resin was then used to separate 

the hydrophilic base components, and WA – 10, a weak anionic resin, was applied 

finally to fractionate the hydrophilic acid and neutral components. Subsequently, 

each fraction was tested for its chlorine disinfection by – product (DBP) formation 

potential. The HAA formation tests demonstrated that the various organic fractions 

had different reactivity levels for the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). For this 

source water, the hydrophilic neutral fraction dominated over the other five fractions 

in being the main organic component and the most significant precursor of HAAs 

formation. On the other hand, in terms of specific HAA formation potential (FP), the 

hydrophobic and hydrophilic base fractions were the most reactive precursors to the 

formation of HAAs. In all cases, the quantity of HAAS formed depended linearly upon 

the amount of organic constituents in the water sample. 

No.364 

Author(s) : Kanokkantapong V, Marhaba TF, Wattanachira S, Panyapinyophol B, Pavasant P. 

Title : Interaction between organic species in the formation of haloacetic acids following 

disinfection. 

Source : Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A – Toxic/Hazardous Substances 

& Environmental Engineering. 41 (6): 1233 – 1248, 2006. 


Keywords : Fractionation, Disinfection by – products, Potential carcinogens, Haloacetic acids, 

Organic fractions. 

Abstract : The formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) from the chlorination of individual and 

binary mixtures of organic fractions obtained from the intake of Bangkhen Water 

Treatment Plant in Bangkok, Thailand was investigated. Experimental results 

revealed that, as an individual fraction, hydrophobic base (HPOB) was the most 

130


active in forming HAAs (approx. 200 mu g/mg) whereas hydrophilic acid (HPIA) was 

the least (approx. 40 mu g/mg). In binary mixtures, acid fractions exhibited stronger 

inhibitory effect in forming HAAs than base fractions. With the set of experimental 

data obtained from this work, no relationships between specific HAA formation 

potential and various organic fractions concentrations in binary mixtures could be 

formulated. Among the various individual HAA species obtained from the chlorination 

of each individual organic fraction, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was found to be 

predominant. On the other hand, the chlorination of binary organic fraction mixtures 

often led to the formation of monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) as the predominant HAA 

species. 

No.365 

Author(s) : Kanokmedhakul S, Kanokmedhakul K, Nasomjai P, Louangsysouphanh S, Soytong 

K, Isobe M, Kongsaeree P, Prabpai S, Suksamrarn A. 

Title : Antifungal azaphilones from the fungus Chaetomium cupreum CC3003. 

Source : Journal of Natural Products. 69 (6): 891 – 895, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : GP120 – CD4 binding, Globosum, Metabolite, Chemistry, Derivatives, Chaetoglobosins, 

Configuration, Rotiorin, Acid. 

Abstract : Three new azaphilones named rotiorinols A – C (1 – 3), two new stereoisomers, (–) – 

rotiorin (4) and epi – isochromophilone II (5), and a known compound, rubrorotiorin 

(6), were isolated from the fungus Chaetomium cupreum CC3003. Structures were 

established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of 1 

was determined by the modified Mosher’s method along with an X – ray analysis of its 

acetate derivative, as well as by chemical transformation. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 6 

exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans with IC50 values of 10.5, 16.7, 

24.3, and 0.6 g/mL, respectively. 

No.366 

Author(s) : Kanoksil W, Wattanatranon D, Wilasrusmee C, Mingphruedh S, Bunyaratvej S. 

Title : Endoscopic removal of one live biliary Fasciola gigantica. 



Keywords : Biliary fascioliasi, Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica, Hepatic fascioliasis. 

Abstract : Biliary fascioliasis was diagnosed in a woman from Angthong province, who presented 

herself with anorexia, weight loss, and jaundice for one month. Intraoperative 

retrograded cholangiopancreatography revealed a filling defect considered as a stone 

and bile sludge. By the sphincterotomy and balloon – extraction technique, one live 

fluke was removed and identified as Fasciola gigantica. A single dose of praziquantel, 

25 mg/kg of body weight/day, was given although the postoperative stool examination 

revealed no Fasciola spp. egg. The patient was doing well after the fluke removal. 

According to a previous review, in this country, Ayutthaya is the southernmost 

province for the distribution of fascioliasis. 

No.367 

Author(s) : Kantabutra S. 

Title : Leader and follower factors in customer and employee satisfaction: It takes two to 

tango. 

Source : Journal of Applied Business Research. 22 (4): 33 – 46, 2006 (Dec). 



Abstract : This study examined relationships between followers’ shared visions, their use of 

their leader’s vision and their own emotional commitment to the vision, and customer 

and employee satisfaction, simultaneously taking into account vision communication 

on the leader’s part, in one hundred and eleven retail apparel stores. All were directly 

associated with customer and employee satisfaction. Among a few studies endorsing 

the critical role of followers in modern organizations, the study suggests important 

managerial implications for aspiring leaders. 

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No.368 

Author(s) : Kantakamalakul W, De Souza M, Bejrachandra S, Ampol S, Cox J, Sutthent R. 

Title : Identification of a novel HIV type 1 CRF01_AE cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope 

restricted by an HLA – Cw0602 allele and a novel HLA – A0206/peptide restriction. 

Source : AIDS Rrsearch and Human Retroviruses. 22 (12): 1271 – 1282, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Cellular immune – responses, HLA class – I, AIDS vaccine, C molecules, 

ALVAC – HIV, Thai, Recognition, Infection, Clade, Combination. 

Abstract : This report describes specific T cell responses to HIV – 1 CRF01_AE Env and A Gag 

peptides in 20 HIV – 1 CRF01_AE – infected Thai individuals using an interferon – 

gamma (IFN – gamma) enzyme – linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Twenty – six 

potentially novel HLA class I – restricted CD8(+) T cell epitopes were identified in 14/ 

20 subjects. Fine mapping analysis using the chromium release cytotoxic T lymphocyte 

(CTL) assay revealed a novel HLA – Cw0602 restricted epitope of HIV – 1 CRF01_AE 

Env (NAKTIIVHL) and a previously identified HIV – 1 A Gag epitope (ATLEEMMTA) 

with a novel HLA – A0206 restriction. 

No.369 

Author(s) : Kantakamalakul W, Pattanapanyasat K, Jongrakthaitae S, Assawadarachai V, Ampol 

S, Sutthent R. 

Title : A novel EGFP – CEM – NKr flow cytometric method for measuring antibody dependent 

cell mediated – cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in HIV – 1 infected individuals. 

Source : Journal of Immunological Methods. 315 (1 – 2): 1 – 10, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Natural killer cell, Antibody dependent cell mediated – cytotoxicity, Enhanced green 

fluorescent protein, Flow cytometry, Human immunodeficiency virus. 

Abstract : Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was stably expressed in CEM – NKr cell, 

a natural killer (NK) resistant human T – lymphoblastoid cell line, as EGFP – CEM – 

NKr cells. The cells pulsed with HIV – 1 gp120 were then used as target cells for the 

measurement of antibody dependent cell mediated – cytotoxicity (ADCC) by flow 

cytometry. Compromised EGFP – CEM – NKr target cells stained with propidium 

iodide (PI) showed dual (green – red) fluorescent. Kinetic studies dernonstrated that 

the sum of ADCC activity measured at 1 – h and again at 2 – h incubations by this flow 

cytometric method was comparable to the activity at 6 h by the standard chromium 

(Cr – 51) release assay (CRA). ADCC activity of HIV – 1 seropositive sera measured 

by this new technique correlated strongly with that of CRA (Pearson’s correlation 

coefficient of 0.832; p – value < 0.001 and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.903, – 

p – value < 0.001). The EGFP – CEM – NKr stable cell line provides a novel method to 

measure ADCC activity to HTV – 1 gp120 by flow cytometry without pre – staining or 

pre – labeling target cells. 

No.370 

Author(s) : Kantaputra PN, Limwongse C, Tochareontanaphol C, Mutirangura A, Mevatee U, 

Praphanphoj V. 

Title : Contiguous gene syndrome of holoprosencephaly and hypotrichosis simplex: 

Association with an 18p11.3 deletion. 

Source : American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 140A (23): 2598 – 2602, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Poorly developed frontal lobes, Mental retardation, Hypothyroidism, TGIF, Single 

maxillary central incisor, Longitudinally grooved nails. 

Abstract : we report a patient with a unique combination of features, including microcephaly; 

mental retardation; poorly developed frontal lobes; hypoplastic pituitary gland; 

hypothyroidism; alopecia universalis; single maxillary central incisor; taurodontism; 

median palatal ridge; longitudinally grooved nail; and scoliosis. His unbalanced 

karyotype was found to be 45, XY, der(15;18)(q10;q10). The constellation of anomalies 

appears to represent a contiguous gene syndrome caused, at least in part, by deletion 

of TGIF and the gene responsible for hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. The phenotype 

Of Our patient differs other reported patients wih del(18p). Possible explanations 

include (1) the effects of a different deleted region, (2) a positional effect caused by a 

gene close by, or (3) by interruption of a different gene resulting from chromosomal 

translocation. 

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No.371 

Author(s) : Karnsakul W, Arkachaisri T, Atisook K, Wisuthsarewong W, Sattawatthamrong Y, 

Aanpreung P. 

Title : Vanishing bile duct syndrome in a child with toxic epidermal necrolysis: An interplay 

of unbalanced immune regulatory mechanisms. 

Source : Annals of Hepatology. 5 (2): 116 – 119, 2006. 


Keywords : Cholestasis, Drug rash, Ductopenia, Trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole. 

Abstract : Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) is a rare disorder and requires a liver biopsy for 

a diagnosis. The condition has not been reported in children with toxic epidermal 

necrolysis (TEN). The etiology of VBDS in our patient with TEN is most likely from 

drug hypersensitivity. A high index of suspicion will prompt clinicians to start more 

specific investigations and treatments. The use of immunosuppressive agents, 

intravenous immunoglobulin and ursodeoxycholic acid has not been consistently 

successful in these patients. A new approach with biologic agents such as anti – 

tumor necrosis factor – may be a promising therapy and reduce severe adverse 

outcomes. 

No.372 

Author(s) : Karpova MB, Sanmun D, Henter JI, Smirnov AF, Fadeel B. 

Title : Betulinic acid, a natural cytotoxic agent, fails to trigger apoptosis in human Burkitt’s 

lymphoma – derived B – cell lines. 

Source : International Journal of Cancer. 118 (1): 246 – 252, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Apoptosis, Betulinic acid, B lymphoma, Caspase, Chemotherapy. 

Abstract : Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene of natural origin, effectively induces 

apoptosis in neuroectodermal tumors and was recently shown to be a potent trigger 

of cell death in human leukemia – derived cell lines. To explore the potential of BA in 

the treatment of hematologic malignancies, we tested a panel of 10 Burkitt’s 

lymphoma (BL) – derived B – cell lines for sensitivity to BA. The human Jurkat T 

leukemia cell line was included as a positive control. Our studies show that BA exerts 

cytotoxic effects in some of the BL cell lines tested, including DG75, a chemoresistant 

BL cell line. However, cell death was caspase – independent, as evidenced by a lack of 

protection by zVAD – fmk, a pancaspase inhibitor, and displayed signs of necrosis. 

Furthermore, BA – induced caspase activation was seen to a minor extent in only I of 

the 10 BL cell lines tested (Ramos, a p53 – deficient cell line), but was readily detected 

in Jurkat cells. Together, these studies indicate that resistance to BA – induced 

apoptosis is a common feature of BL – derived cell lines. 

No.373 

Author(s) : Karuwan C, Mantim T, Chaisuwan P, Wilairat P, Grudpan K, Jittangprasert P, Einaga 

Y, Chailapakul O, Suntornsuk L, Anurukvorakun O, Nacapricha D. 

Title : Pulsed amperometry for anti – fouling of boron – doped diamond in electroanalysis of 

beta – agonists: Application to flow injection for pharmaceutical analysis. 

Source : Sensors. 6 (12): 1837 – 1850, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Boron – doped diamond, Pulsed amperometry, Beta – agonists, Flow injection. 

Abstract : This work presents the construction and application of boron – doped diamond (BDD) 

thin film electrode as sensor for the determination of three beta – agonists, viz. 

salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol. Although well – known as a chemically inert 

material, BDD film however shows fouling in detection of these compounds using 

fixed – potential mode amperometry. A suitable waveform for pulsed amperometric 

detection (PAD) was developed and used to determine the agonist compounds. It was 

seen that the developed PAD significantly refreshed the BDD surface for long – term 

detection in flow injection analysis. Linear working ranges were 0.5 – 100 mu M, 1.0 

– 100 mu M and 0.5 – 50 mu M for salbutamol, terbutaline and clenbuterol, respectively. 

The developed PAD – BDD system was applied to successfully determine salbutamol 

and terbutaline in commercial pharmaceutical products. The methods were validated 

with a capillary electrophoresis method. 

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No.374 

Author(s) : Kasemsarn S, Mahaisavariya B, Sitthiseripratip K, Suwanprateeb J. 

Title : Morphology of Thai edentulous mandible using 3D reverse engineering: Relevance 

to immediate loading dental implant design. 

Source : JSME International Journal Series C – Mechanical Systems Machine Elements and 

Manufacturing. 49 (3): 859 – 864, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Dental implant, Reverse engineering, CT, Image processing, Mandible. 

Abstract : The dimension and number of implants as well as the splinting concept of the 

superstructure are the impact factors of the immediate loading implant – supported 

prostheses. The purpose of this study is to determine the morphometric data of Thai 

lower edentulous jaws between two metal foramens for optimizing the design. Sixty 

– four Thai cadaveric edentulous mandibles were CT scanned and 3D models were 

reconstructed. Arch forms, dimensions, and the area of the greatest concavity in the 

body of the mandibles between the metal foramens were defined in geometric terms 

based on reverse engineering methods. The arch forms, represented by average 

values of angle and distance of panoramic are, were 116.4 +/– 9.5 degrees and 46.7 +/ 

– 3.9 mm respectively. The dimensions of the mandibles, determined by the height 

and width of the body of the mandibles as well as the angle between the axis of the 

mandibular body to the mandibular plane, were 25.3 +/– 0.6 mm, 11.6 +/– 0.6 mm and 

61.3 +/– 1.7 degrees respectively. The area of greatest concavity was 8.3 +/– 1.9 mm. 

Morphology of the Thai edentulous mandible determines the maximum length of an 

implant placed for immediate loading protocol as 17 mm, with a maximum diameter 

of 3.5 – 5 mm. The maximum number of implants that can be placed in the anterior 

region is 5. 

No.375 

Author(s) : Kasetsinsombat K, Huabprasert S, Somjitprasert T, Wamanutajinda V, 

Maneechotesuwan K, Wongkajornsilp A. 

Title : Switching of Th1/Th2 expression profiles on CD4 + T cells after the incubation with 

dendritic cells pulsed with mite extract allergens. 



Keywords : Dendritic cells, Mite, Allergen. 


No.376 

Author(s) : Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Issaragrisil S, Laporte JR, Anderson T, Levy M, Shapiro S, 

Young NS. 

Title : Relative incidence of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. 

Source : American Journal of Hematology. 81 (1): 65 – 67, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Epidemiology, International, Bone marrow failure, Hematopoiesis. 

Abstract : Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia are both rare, life – threatening blood dyscrasias. 

Agranulocytosis is mainly caused by medicines, whereas the etiology of aplastic anemia 

is largely unexplained. In two epidemiologic studies using the same methods, we 

observed a striking inverse relationship between the incidence of the two diseases in 

different regions, including five countries in Europe, and Israel and Thailand. The 

annual incidence of agranulocytosis ranged from 1.1 to 4.9 cases per million, and that 

of aplastic anemia, from 0.7 to 4.1 per million; the inverse correlation was consistent 

among the regions (R – 2 = 0.74). There is no clear explanation for this previously 

unreported pattern, but it seems unlikely to be due to methodology. 

No.377 

Author(s) : Kenzaka T, Utrarachkij F, Suthienkul O, Nasu M. 

Title : Rapid monitoring of Escherichia coli in Southeast Asian urban canals by fluorescent 

– bacteriophage assay. 

Source : Journal of Health Science. 52 (6): 666 – 671, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Canal, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Fluorescent bacteriophage assay, Fecal 

bacteria. 

Abstract : The microbial water quality in canals of metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand, was assessed 

using the fluorescent bacteriophage assay (FBA) and fluorescence in situ hybridization 

(FISH). When FISH was used with oligonucleotide probes targeted to Escherichia coli 

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(E. coli) and anaerobic Bacteroides group, < 0.1 % to 7% and < 0.1 % to 11%, respectively, 

of the total bacteria were identified. Estimates of viable E. coli determined by FBA 

with 4', 6 – diamidino – 2 – phenylindole (DAPI) – labeled T4 bacteriophage, which 

accounted for 1 to 8% of total cells, were significantly higher than those of fecal 

coliforms determined by the most probable number method. The FBA procedure can 

specifically detect viable E. coli in canal water samples that are grossly contaminated 

with fecal flora within 30 min, and it can quickly deliver accurate findings for risk 

assessment of environmental contamination in water samples. 

No.378 

Author(s) : Kenzaka T, Yamaguchi N, Utrarachkij F, Suthienkul O, Nasu M. 

Title : Rapid identification and enumeration of antibiotic resistant bacteria in urban canals 

by microcolony – fluorescence in situ hybridization. 

Source : Journal of Health Science. 52 (6): 703 – 710, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Microcolony, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Antibiotic resistance, River water. 

Abstract : The abundance and phylogenetic composition of antibiotic resistant bacteria in canals 

of metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand, were investigated using a microcolony method 

and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Cells were directly trapped from aquatic 

samples onto polycarbonate membranes and incubated for 24 hr on selective agar 

containing antibiotics. Individual antibiotic resistant bacterial microcolonies samples 

were classified on the filter using FISH with rRNA – targeted probes. The numbers of 

microcolony forming units (mCFU) on selective medium containing antibiotics were 

0.5 to 8.1 – fold (average, 3.4 – fold) higher than those of colony forming units (CFU) 

in all samples, and mCFU and CFU closely correlated in all samples (r(2) = 0.89). 

Estimates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) determined by FISH with rRNA – targeted 

probe accounted for approximately 1% of bacteria detectable by probe EUB338 among 

microcolony – forming bacteria on nonselective medium. However, they accounted 

for approximately 10% of bacteria detectable by probe EUB338 among microcolony – 

forming norfloxacin/tetracycline – resistant bacteria. Microcolony – FISH on selective 

medium containing antibiotics would be a valuable tool that could help in obtaining 

information about the numbers and phylogenetic affiliations of yet – to be – cultured 

antibiotic – resistant bacteria in aquatic environments. 

No.379 

Author(s) : Kessler U, Mungnirandr A, Nelle M, Nimmo AF, Zachariou Z, Berger S. 

Title : A simple presurgical necrotizing enterocolitis – mortality scoring system. 

Source : Journal of Perinatology. 26 (12): 764 – 768, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : NEC, Mortality, Lactate, Laboratory parameters, Prematurity. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the relationship between early laboratory parameters, disease 

severity, type of management (surgical or conservative) and outcome in necrotizing 

enterocolitis (NEC). Study design: Retrospective collection and analysis of data from 

infants treated in a single tertiary care center (1980 to 2002). Data were collected on 

disease severity (Bell stage), birth weight (BW), gestational age (GA) and pre – 

intervention laboratory parameters (leukocyte and platelet counts, hemoglobin, 

lactate, C – reactive protein).Results: Data from 128 infants were sufficient for analysis. 

Factors significantly associated with survival were Bell stage (P


136 

dysfunction in Thai HIV – infected patients. A cross – sectional study was conducted. 

Serum thyroid hormone concentrations (FT4, FT3, and TSH) and thyroid 

autoantibodies (TgAb and TPOAb) were measured by electrochemiluminescence 

immunoassay. A total of 200 HIV – infected outpatients were included. Ninety – 

seven patients (48.5%) were men (mean age of 36.3 +/– 8.3 years). Duration of HIV 

infection was 49.6 +/– 35.1 months and 53% had previous opportunistic infections 

(01). Mean CD4 cell count was 340.6 +/– 173.1 cells/mm(3). Of these, 167 patients 

(83.5%) received antiretroviral therapy (ARV). Abnormal thyroid function test was 

detected in 32 patients (16%). Twenty – seven patients (13.5%) had decreased thyroid 

function (primary hypothyroidism 31 subclinical hypothyroidism 12, and low FT4 

with low or normal TSH 12) whereas 5 patients had increased thyroid function (overt 

hyperthyroidism 1, subclinical hyperthyroidism 1, and isolated high FT3 3). None had 

clinical features of thyroid hormone dysfunction. Thirteen patients (6.5%) had thyroid 

antibody positive. Patients who received ARV had higher mean FT3 levels than those 

who were naive to ARV (p = 0.017). History of previous 01 was found to be an 

independently significant risk factor for decreased thyroid function with the odds 

ratio of 3.28 (95%CI =1.183 – 9.099; p = 0.022). Hypothyroidism was common among 

Thai HIV – infected patients, especially in those who had history of previous OI. It is 

therefore suggested that screening and/or monitoring of thyroid hormone in HIV – 

infected patients should be considered. 

No.381 

Author(s) : Khawplod P, Shoji Y, Ubol S, Mitmoonpitak C, Wilde H, Nishizono A, Kurane I, 

Morimoto K. 

Title : Genetic analysis of dog rabies viruses circulating in Bangkok. 

Source : Infection Genetics and Evolution. 6 (3): 235 – 240, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Rabies virus, Thai dog rabies, Glycoprotein gene, Quasispecies. 

Abstract : The genetic diversity of the rabies virus glycoprotein (G) gene isolated from individual 

rabid dogs (inter – hosts) and within a single infected dog (intra – host) has been 

analyzed in an effort to better understand selective pressures and population shifts 

among rabies viruses circulating in Bangkok. Comparison of individual master 

sequences among inter – hosts revealed that the dog virus isolates circulating in 

Bangkok were phylogenetically closely related. The ectodomain of the glycoprotein 

was highly conserved among the virus isolates. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of 

the G gene within an intra – host was assessed by comparing the cloned sequences in 

the virus population. The comparisons revealed that rabies virus circulating in an 

intra – host, consisted of closely related heterogenous populations with minor 

substitutions at nucleotide (0.19%) and amino acid levels. 

No.382 

Author(s) : Khemayan K, Pasharawipas T, Puiprom O, Sriurairatana S, Suthienkul O, 

Flegel TW. 

Title : Unstable lysogeny and pseudolysogeny in Vibrio harveyi siphovirus – like phage 1. 

Source : Applied and Environmetal Microbiology. 72 (2): 1355 – 1363, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Penaeus – monodon larvae, Cysteine protease, Bacteriophage, Virulence, Strains, 

Host, VHML. 

Abstract : Exposure of Vibrio harveyi (strain VH1114) to V. harveyi siphovirus – like phage 1 

(VHS1) resulted in the production of a low percentage of lysogenized clones of variable 

stability. These were retrieved most easily as small colonies within dot plaques. 

Analysis revealed that VHS1 prophage was most: likely carried by VH1114 as an 

episome rather than integrated into the host chromosome. In the late exponential 

growth phase, lysogenized VH1114 continuously produced VHS1 but also gave rise to 

a large number of cured progeny. The absence of phage DNA in the cured progeny 

was confirmed by the absence of VHS1 DNA in Southern blot and PCR assays. 

Curiously, these very stable, cured subclones did not show the parental phenotype of 

clear plaques with VHS1 but instead showed turbid plaques, both in overlaid lawns 

and in dot plaque assays. This phenotypic difference from the original parental isolate 

suggested that transient lysogeny by VHSI had resulted in a stable genetic change in 

the cured clones. Such clones may be called pseudolysogens (i.e., false lysogens), 

since they have undergone transient lysogeny and have retained some resistance to 

full lytic phage development, despite the loss of viable or detectable prophage.


No.383 

Author(s) : Khemthong S, Packer TL, Dhaliwal SS. 

Title : Using the Actigraph to measure physical activity of people with disabilities: an 

investigation into measurement issues. 

Source : International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 29 (4): 315 – 318, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Actigraph, Intensity, Physical activity, Variability. 

Abstract : This study investigates measurement issues when using the Actigraph motion sensor 

to measure the physical activity of people with disabilities. Four volunteers with 

rheumatoid arthritis participated in the study. Activity levels were measured using 

the Actigraph over four consecutive weekdays. Activity counts were determined 

using Actigraph Standard Software. The daily percent of waking time spent at each 

intensity level was calculated and a weighted average calculated to determine a 

single daily measure of activity. The variability of measurement, over 1, 2, 3 and 4 

days, was examined using these weighted and rolling averages. Activity counts were 

very low, with over 50% of waking time spent in the ‘very low’ intensity category, 

demonstrating a marked floor effect. Little variability (0.11 counts/min) in the level 

of physical activity was found across 1 – 4 days. The limited variability (consistency 

across days) in combination with the floor effect indicates that a 1 – day data collection 

period is adequate. The limitations of the Actigraph are thus related to the existing 

software options, which have been designed for people without rheumatoid arthritis. 

The Actigraph does not appear to be a sensitive measure in people performing very 

low physical activity. 

No.384 

Author(s) : Khoo KS, Zaidi SHM, Srimuninnimit V, Song ST, Nair R, Ngelangel CA, Bustam A, 

Reece WHH, Lehnert M. 

Title : Gemcitabine and split – dose paclitaxel or docetaxel in metastatic breast cancer: A 

randomised phase II study. 

Source : European Journal of Cance. 42 (12): 1797 – 1806, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Gemcitabine, Metastatic breast cancer, Taxanes. 

Abstract : Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the activity and toxicity of split – dose paclitaxel 

or docetaxel in combination with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast 

cancer (MBC) who had previously received anthracyclines. Patients and methods: A 

total of 210 patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: 

gemcitabine 1250 mg/m 2 Days 1 and 8 and paclitaxel 175 mg/m 2 as a 3 – h infusion on 

Day 1 (GP1); gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 Days 1 and 8 and paclitaxel 100 mg/m 2 as a 1 – 

h infusion on Days 1 and 8 (GP2); gemcitabine 1000 mg/m 2 Days 1 and 8 and docetaxel 

40 mg/m 2 as a 1 – h infusion on Days 1 and 8 (GD). Cycles were repeated every 3 

weeks. Results: For the 204 patients evaluable for response assessment, the response 

rates were 48.6% for GPI, 52.2% for GP2, and 52.3% for GD. Median response duration, 

time to treatment failure, and time to progression (TTP) were similar in each arm. 

Median TTP for GPI, GP2 and GD was 7.5, 7.0 and 7.4 months, respectively. For the 

208 patients evaluable for safety, the most common grade 3/4 toxicity for each regimen 

was neutropaenia, with 64%, 57%, and 68% for GPI, GP2, and GD, respectively. 

Grade 4 neutropaenia, grade 3/4 anaemia, febrile neutropaenia, and diarrhoea were 

more common in the docetaxel arm, as was the use of intravenous antibiotics and 

blood transfusions.Conclusion: The study confirmed the high activity of gemcitabine 

– taxane combinations in MBC. Split – dose paclitaxel had similar activity and toxicity 

to the 3 – weekly administration. The split – dose docetaxel regimen had similar 

activity to the paclitaxel combinations though associated with higher toxicity. 

No.385 

Author(s) : Khositseth A, Pornkul R, Siripornpitak S. 

Title : Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot with anatomically corrected malposition of the great 

arteries and single coronary artery by multidetector CT. 

Source : The British journal of radiology. 79 (943): e5 – 7, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : We present a case of an 8 – year – old boy diagnosed as a tetralogy of Fallot with 

anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries by echocardiography and 

cardiac catheterization. Multidetector CT nicely elucidated the course of the single 

coronary artery from the right coronary cusp, which traverses across the right 

ventricular outflow tract. 

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No.386 

Author(s) : Khositseth A, Samankatiwat P, Withurawanit W, Khowsathit P. 

Title : Pacing in preterm with hydrops fetalis due to congenital complete heart block. 

Source : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals. 14 (5): 428 – 431, 2006 (Oct). 



Abstract : Hydrops fetalis due to congenital complete heart block (CCHB) is a rare condition. 

The outcome of the preterm fetus with hydrops fetalis due to CCHB is poor, and is 

frequently associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of 

this condition is difficult. We report our experience in a hydropic preterm using 

staged pacing by applying left ventricular epicardial pacing with a temporary pacemaker 

and subsequently, left ventricular epicardial pacing with a permanent pacemaker. 

No.387 

Author(s) : Khositseth A, Suthutvoravut U, Chongviriyaphan N, Ruangkanchanasetr S. 

Title : Cardiac dimensions and function in children with obesity. 

Source : Indian Heart Journal. 58 (6): 422 – 425, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Body mass index, Cardiac dimension, Cardiac function, Myocardial performance index, 

Obesity. 

Abstract : Background: Obesity can cause alterations in cardiac dimensions and function, and 

cardiac dysfunction during childhood may affect the quality of life in adulthood. This 

study was done to evaluate left ventricular dimensions, systolic function, and the left 

ventricular myocardial performance index in children with obesity. Methods and 

Results: Thirty – three obese children whose mean age was 9.8 2.4 years, weight was 

61.3 20.8 kg, body mass index was 29.5 5.8 kg/m 2 , and percentage of actual weight to 

ideal body weight for height (%IBW) was 170 25%, underwent echocardiography for 

the assessment of left ventricular dimensions, and systolic and global functions. 

There were 2, 14, and 17 children with mild (160 %IBW), respectively. The mean ratio of left ventricular 

end – diastolic dimension to predicted left ventricular end – diastolic dimension 

expressed in percentage was 98.3 7.8%, the left ventricular shortening fraction was 

37.5 4.9%, and the left ventricular ejection fraction was 67.5 5.9%. All were within 

the normal range, with the exception of two children (6%) who had mild left ventricular 

dilatation. The mean left ventricular myocardial performance index was 0.35 0.08. 

However, 11 children (33%) had an abnormal index (< 0.4). The severity of obesity did 

not correlate with the global left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusion: The left 

ventricular dimensions and systolic function in children with obesity were essentially 

normal. The left ventricular myocardial performance index, which is an indicator for 

left ventricular global function, was found to be abnormal in 33% of the children, and 

may be used for the early detection of left ventricular global dysfunction. 

No.388 

Author(s) : Khunthongkeaw J, Tangtermsirikul S, Leelawat T. 

Title : A study on carbonation depth prediction for fly ash concrete. 

Source : Construction and Building Materials. 20 (9): 744 – 753, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Carbonation, Fly ash, Natural environment, Accelerated test. 

Abstract : Carbonation of fly ash concrete is studied by using two types of fly ash with different 

CaO contents. It is observed that under natural exposure environments, the 

carbonation rate is the highest when specimens are exposed in the city. The decreased 

ratio of water to binder and fly ash content leads to a better carbonation resistance. 

For the same fly ash content, specimens of high – CaO fly ash show a better 

carbonation resistance than those of low CaO fly ash. However, when compared at 

an equal strength, the effect of the type of fly ash on carbonation becomes insignificant. 

When comparing the carbonation results of concrete and mortar specimens, results 

of mortar show similar trends as those of concrete. However, the test results on 

mortar are worse by the use of fly ash than those of concrete. In addition, the 

carbonation tests in an accelerated environment are also conducted. It is found that 

there exist strong relations between carbonation depths of concrete exposed in natural 

and in accelerated environments. A mathematical approach to predict the carbonation 

depth in the natural environments is proposed based on the accelerated tests and the 

square – root – t – law. 

138


No.389 

Author(s) : Kiatisevi P, Asavamongkolkul A, Phimolsarnti R, Waikakul S, Benjarassamerote S. 

Title : The outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with soft – tissue sarcoma. 



Keywords : Outcomes, Prognostic factors, Soft – tissue sarcoma. 

Abstract : The present study evaluates the outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with soft 

– tissue sarcomas of the extremities, trunk, head and neck region. A retrospective 

study of 104 patients who underwent treatment was conducted on 48 males and 56 

females with a mean age of 44.5 years (range, 10 – 85 years). Seventy – eight patients 

had high – grade sarcomas and most tumors (89.5 percent) were located at the 

extremities. One hundred patients were treated by surgery and 51 patients were 

treated by both surgery and radiation therapy. With the median follow – up time of 

24.5 months, local recurrence developed in 26 patients (25 percent) and distant 

metastasis developed in 29 patients (27.9 percent). The actuarial overall 3 – year 

disease – specific survival rate were 74.2 percent. Multivariate statistical analysis 

revealed that positive surgical margin and occurrence of distant metastasis were 

significant predictors for overall survival. Positive surgical margin was the only factor 

that increased the risk of local recurrence and older age (e•60 years) was only the 

factor that increased the risk of distant metastasis. The results reaffirm the importance 

of the surgical margin where uncontrolled local disease affects the risk of local 

failure and disease – specific survival. Occurrence of distant metastasis is associated 

with older age (e•60 years) and decreases disease – specific survival of the patients. 

No.390 

Author(s) : Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Rattanasiri S, Manosuthi W, Vibhagool A, 

Thakkinstian A. 

Title : Virological and immunological responses of efavirenz – based HAART regimen initiated 

in HIV – infected patients at CD4 < 100 versus CD4 e•100 cells/mm 3 . 



Keywords : AIDS, CD4, Efavirenz, Highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV. 

Abstract : Objective: To compare virological and immunological responsiveness of efavirenz 

(EFV) – based highly active anti retroviral therapy (HAART) between patients with 

baseline CD4 < 100 and CD4 e•100 cells/mm 3 . Material and Method: A prospective 

cohort study in antiretroviral – naive HIV – infected patients was conducted between 

February and April 2002. Donated HAART regimen, consisting of stavudine, didanosine, 

and EFV was initiated. The primary outcome was time to undetectable HIV RNA, < 

50 copies/mL. Patients were followed up every 12 weeks until 48 weeks (the end of 

the study). Results: Forty – six patients were included, 21 patients for CD4 < 100 cells/ 

mm 3 and 25 patients for CD4 e”100 cells/mm 3 . Median CD4 cell counts of these 

corresponding groups were 26.5 and 177 cells/mm 3 . Patients’ characteristics were 

similar between the two groups except CD4. The probability of undetectable HIV 

RNA at 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks were 57.1% (95%CI, 37.7 – 78.1%), 76.2% (95%CI, 

56.9 – 91.3%), 80.9% (95%CI, 62.3 – 94.0%), and 90.5% (95%CI, 68.9 – 99.1%) for the 

former group; and 64.0% (95%CI, 45.8 – 81.8%), 92.0% (95%CI, 77.5 – 98.6%), 96.0% 

(95%CI, 83.0 – 99.7%), and 96.0% (95%CI, 83.0 – 99.7%) for the latter group. Median 

time to undetectable HIV RNA was 12 weeks for both groups. Median CD4 change at 

48 weeks was 171 and 132 cells/mm 3 , respectively (p = 0.232). The adverse events 

were similar between the two groups. Conclusion: Initiation of EFV – based HAART 

regimen in HIV – infected patients at CD4 < 100 and e•100 cells/mm 3 gains similar 

immunological and virological response. 

No.391 

Author(s) : Kiertiburanakul S, Wannaying B, Tonsuttakul S, Kehachindawat P, Apivanich S, 

Somsakul S, Malathum K. 

Title : Tolerability of HIV postexposure prophylaxis among healthcare workers. 

Source : Journal of Hospital Infection. 62 (1): 112 – 114, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Occupational – exposure. 


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No.392 

Author(s) : Kiertiburanakul S, Wannaying B, Tonsuttakul S, Kehachindawat P, Apivanich S, 

Somsakul S, Malathum K. 

Title : Use of HIV postexposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers after occupational 

exposure: A Thai University Hospital setting. 



Keywords : Adverse event, Antiretroviral drug, Health care worker, HIV, Postexposure 

prophylaxis. 

Abstract : Background: PostExposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is widely used after exposures to 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to reduce the risk of infection in the healthcare 

setting. Few data are available on the safety and tolerability of Anti Retro Viral drugs 

(ARV) among Health Care Workers (HCWs) who are prescribed prophylaxis. Objective: 

To collect information about the safety and compliance of taking ARV for HIV PEP 

among HCWs. Material and Method: Retrospective review on registry data regarding 

occupational HIV exposures, the PEP regimens used, and the adverse events associated 

with PEP was performed. Results: During a five year – period, 820 episodes with 

occupational blood or body fluid exposures were reported. Nurses (27%) were the 

largest group at risk. The most common type of exposure was percutaneous injuries 

(82%). Only 125 (15%) HCWs had occupational exposures to HIV, 64 HCWs were 

prescribed HIV PEP and 32 (50%) HCWs did not complete the PEP regimen as initially 

prescribed. The commonly prescribed ARV was zidovudine (38%), lamivudine (33%), 

and indinavir (11%). Overall, 18 (28%) HCWs reported symptoms while on PEP, such 

as nausea (89%), vomiting (55%), and dizziness (39%). None of the HCWs had HIV 

seroconversion. Conclusions: Adverse effects from HIV PEP were very common. 

Clinicians prescribing HIV PEP need to discuss with HCWs about PEP efficacy and 

side effects. Education efforts aimed at occupational exposure prevention are still 

important issues. 

No.393 

Author(s) : Kiertiburanakul S, Wirojtananugoon S, Pracharktam R, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus – negative patients. 

Source : International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 10 (1): 72 – 78, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : AIDS, Cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, C. neoformans, HIV. 

Abstract : Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of 

cryptococcosis in HIV – negative patients. Methods: HIV – negative adult patients 

with positive culture for Cryptococcus neoformans who attended Ramathibodi Hospital 

between 1987 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: During the 17 year 

review period, 40 HIV – negative patients with cryptococcosis were identified. Of 

these, 37 patients had medical records available for study. The mean age was 49 +/– 

18 (range 16 – 83) years and 73% were female. Twenty – four patients (65%) had 

associated underlying conditions. The most common associated conditions included 

immunosuppressive drug treatment (41%), presence of systemic lupus erythematosus 

(16%), malignancies (16%), and diabetes mellitus (14%). C. neoformans was mainly 

recovered from cerebrospinal fluid (32%), blood (28%), and sputum/bronchoalveolar 

lavage/lung tissue (28%). Twenty – three patients (62%) had disseminated 

cryptococcosis. Six of 14 patients with cryptococcal meningitis were asymptomatic. 

About half of the patients were treated with amphotericin B and subsequent 

fluconazole. Five patients (14%) were initially misdiagnosed and treated for tuberculosis 

or bacterial infection. The overall mortality rate was 27%. Conclusions: Cryptococcosis 

is not rare in HIV – negative patients. The mortality rate is high. Early recognition of 

cryptococcosis and use of appropriate antifungal therapy in these patients may improve 

clinical outcomes. 

No.394 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, Dissaranan C, Chalermsanyakorn P, Matchariyakul C, Kochakarn W. 

Title : Hand – assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis 

with nephrocutaneous fistula after failed flank exploration. 

Source : Surgical Laparoscopy Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 

16 (4): 263 – 266, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Hand – assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy, Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, 

Nephrocutaneous fistula. 

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Abstract : Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting with nephrocutaneous fistula is a 

rare condition, and its treatment of choice is nephrectomy. Laparoscopic management 

has been proved to be challenging in these inflammatory renal conditions. However, 

there was no previous report in the literature regarding laparoscopic treatment of 

nephrocutaneous fistula especially after previous operation. In this communication, 

we report the first case of hand – assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy for 

xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with nephrocutaneous fistula after previous 

failed flank exploration. 

No.395 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, Laguna MP, De La Rosette J. 

Title : Control of the large renal vein in limited dissected space during laparoscopic 

nephrectomy: A simple and reliable method. 

Source : International Journal of Urology. 13 (6): 851 – 853, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Laparoscopic nephrectomy, Renal vein, Vascular control. 

Abstract : We describe our technique for large renal vein control in the limited dissected space 

during laparoscopic nephrectomy. This technique is a simple, inexpensive and reliable 

method, especially for large and short renal vein ligation. 

No.396 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, Patcharatrakul S. 

Title : Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy: Its role and some controversial technical 

considerations. 

Source : International Journal of Urology. 13 (3): 206 – 210, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy, Open surgery, Ureteric stone. 

Abstract : Objective: To define the role of laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in the management of 

urolithiasis and evaluate the controversial techniques of this operation. Methods: 

Between July 1997 and December 2004, retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy was 

performed as a primary procedure in 30 patients who had either large or impacted 

stones in the upper ureter. The other indications were stones which could not be 

fragmented by shock wave lithotripsy or the patients could not afford the cost of 

shock wave lithotripsy. The mean (range) age of the patients was 44.07 years (17 – 

78) and the mean (range) stone size was 19.03 mm (10 – 40). The ureter was closed 

with intracorporeal laparoscopic suture without placing a stent.Results: The stone 

was removed in all but one case. The mean (range) operative time was 121.38 min (75 

– 270). No intraoperative complications were recorded. The mean (range) postoperative 

drain removal was 2.86 days (2 – 10). Postoperative complications included prolonged 

urinary leakage in one patient. On the sixth month of follow up, all patients were 

stone free without any evidence of ureteral stricture.Conclusion: Laparoscopic 

ureterolithotomy is a minimally invasive treatment and may be considered as the 

useful first – line management for large impacted upper ureteric stones. The technical 

recommendations were retroperitoneal access and suturing the ureterotomy incision. 

Ureteral stent should be placed in only cases of severe inflammation of the ureter or 

inappropriate suturing. 

No.397 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, Ratana – Olarn K, Chalermsanyakorn P, Nitjaphanich S. 

Title : Laparoscopic management of a single system ectopic ureterocele with transitional 

cell carcinoma in the distal ureter. 

Source : International Journal of Urology. 13 (5): 625 – 627, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Dysplastic kidney, Laparoscopic management, Nephroureterectomy, Single system 

ectopic ureterocele, Transitional cell carcinoma. 

Abstract : Single system ectopic ureterocele associated with transitional cell carcinoma in the 

ureter has not been described previously. Only two cases of transitional cell carcinoma 

in a single ectopic ureter have been reported in the published literature. With the 

development of minimally invasive surgery, we report the first case of single system 

ectopic ureterocele with transitional cell carcinoma in the distal ureter that was 

successfully managed by laparoscopic surgery. 

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No.398 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, Tongdornbom A, Kochakarn W. 

Title : Hand – assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: The first 

case report in Thailand: Case report. 



Keywords : Hand – assisted laparoscopy, Partial nephrectomy, Renal cell carcinoma. 

Abstract : The authors report their first experience on a hand – assisted laparoscopic partial 

nephrectomy surgical technique and the result after it was performed successfully in 

a 45 – year – old woman who presented with an asymptomatic small renal mass. This 

is the first successful case report of this operation in Thailand. 

No.399 

Author(s) : Kijvikai K, van Dijk M, Pes PL, Lertsithichai P, Wijkstra H, De la Rosette J. 

Title : Clinical utility of “blind placement” prostatic stent in patients with benign prostatic 

obstruction: A prospective study. 

Source : Urology. 68 (5): 1025 – 1030, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Bladder outlet obstruction, High – risk patients, Urinary retention, Intraurethral 

catheter, Hyperplasia, Experience. 

Abstract : Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of two versions of a blind placement 

temporary prostatic stent in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic 

obstruction. Methods: Two versions of a prostatic stent (blind placement stent 1 [BPS 

– 1) and BPS – 2) were blindly inserted in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia. 

An assessment of voiding function, symptom scores, and complications was performed 

at baseline, directly after stent insertion, and at 14 and 28 days after stent 

placement.Results. A total of 55 men were enrolled in the trial. Most stents of both 

types were successfully placed. Spontaneous voiding was achieved in all patients 

immediately after stent insertion, with improvements in voiding parameters and 

symptom scores. In patients with the BPS – 1, migration occurred in 85%. In patients 

with the BPS – 2, migration occurred in 5%. The median indwelling time of the stent 

was 16 and 38 days for the BPS – 1 and BPS – 2, respectively. Removal was successful 

in all but 1 case (BPS – 2).Conclusions. The BPS – 1 is not suitable for clinical practice 

because of the significantly high migration rate. The bulbar segment of the BPS – 2 

can prevent stent migration. However, patients experienced significant discomfort 

after insertion of the BPS – 2. The voiding parameters and symptom scores of the 

BPS – 2 were not significantly improved. Therefore, the BPS – 2 is also not useful for 

clinical practice. Additional adjustment in the design of the BPS is needed to overcome 

these problems. 

No.400 

Author(s) : Kim JR, Imwong M, Nandy A, Chotivanich K, Nontprasert A, Tonomsing N, Maji A, 

Addy M, Day NPJ, White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S. 

Title : Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Kolkata, India. 

Source : Malaria Journal. 5: Article No.71, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Merozoite surface protein – 1, Polymerase – chain – reaction, Circumsporozoite protein, 

Malaria, Recombination, Polymorphism, Chloroquine, Thailand, Falciparum, MSP1. 

Abstract : Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria accounts for approximately 60% of malaria 

cases in Kolkata, India. There has been limited information on the genotypic 

polymorphism of P. vivax in this malaria endemic area. Three highly polymorphic and 

single copy genes were selected for a study of genetic diversity in Kolkata strains. 

Methods: Blood from 151 patients with P. vivax infection diagnosed in Kolkata between 

April 2003 and September 2004 was genotyped at three polymorphic loci: the P. vivax 

circumsporozoite protein (pvcs), the merozoite surface protein 1 (pvmsp1) and the 

merozoite surface protein 3 – alpha (pvmsp3 – alpha).Results: Analysis of these three 

genetic markers revealed that P. vivax populations in Kolkata are highly diverse. A 

large number of distinguishable alleles were found from three genetic markers: 11 

for pvcs, 35 for pvmsp1 and 37 for pvmsp3 – alpha. These were, in general, randomly 

distributed amongst the isolates. Among the 151 isolates, 142 unique genotypes were 

detected the commonest genotype at a frequency of less than 2% (3/151). The overall 

rate of mixed genotype infections was 10.6%.Conclusion: These results indicate that 

the P. vivax parasite population is highly diverse in Kolkata, despite the low level of 

transmission. The genotyping protocols used in this study may be useful for 

differentiating re – infection from relapse and recrudescence in studies assessing of 

malarial drug efficacy in vivax malaria. 

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No.401 

Author(s) : Kim Y, Chongviriyaphan N, Liu C, Russell RM, Wang X – D. 

Title : Combined antioxidant ( – carotene, – tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation 

increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen – 

activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model 

Source : Carcinogenesis. 27 (7): 1410 – 1419, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : Interactions among – carotene (BC), – tocopherol (AT) and ascorbic acid (AA) led 

to the hypothesis that using a combination of these antioxidants could be more 

beneficial than using a single antioxidant alone, particularly against smoke – related 

lung cancer. In this investigation, we have conducted an animal study to determine 

whether combined BC, AT and AA supplementation (AOX) protects against 4 – 

(methylnitrosamino) – 1 – (3 – pyridyl) – 1 – butanone (NNK) – induced lung 

carcinogenesis in smoke – exposed (SM) ferrets. Ferrets were treated for 6 months in 

the following four groups: (i) control, (ii) SM + NNK, (iii) AOX and (iv) SM + NNK + 

AOX. Results showed that the combined AOX supplementation (i) prevented the SM 

+ NNK – decreased lung concentrations of retinoic acid (RA) and BC; (ii) inhibited the 

SM + NNK – induced phosphorylation of Jun N – terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular 

– signal – regulated protein kinase (ERK) and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen 

proteins in the lungs of ferrets; and (iii) blocked the SM + NNK – induced up – 

regulation of total p53 and Bax proteins, as well as phosphorylated p53 in the lungs of 

ferrets. In addition, there were no lesions observed in the lung tissue of ferrets in the 

control and/or the AOX groups after 6 months of intervention, but combined AOX 

supplementation resulted in a trend toward lower incidence of both preneoplastic 

lung lesions and lung tumor formation in SM + NNK + AOX group of ferrets, as 

compared with the SM + NNK group alone. These data indicate that combined AOX 

supplementation could be a useful chemopreventive strategy against lung 

carcinogenesis through maintaining normal tissue levels of RA and inhibiting the 

activation of mitogen – activated protein kinase pathways, cell proliferation and 

phosphorylation of p53. 

No.402 

Author(s) : Kiratisin P, Koomanachai P, Kowwigkai P, Pattanachaiwit S, Aswapokee N, 

Leelaporn A. 

Title : Early – onset prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Inquilinus sp. 

Source : Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 56 (3): 317 – 320, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Inquilinus, Inquilinus limosus, Prosthetic valve endocarditis, Tetralogy of Fallot . 

Abstract : Inquilinus is the newly described genus and has never been recognized as a cause of 

infective endocarditis. We report a case of early – onset prosthetic valve endocarditis 

caused by Inquilinus sp. in a tetralogy of Fallot patient who presented with heart 

failure. The bacterium was recovered from 11 consecutive blood cultures and identified 

by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 

No.403 

Author(s) : Kitamura S, Suzuki S, Yumoto T, Poonswad P, Chuailua P, Plongmai K, 

Maruhashi T, Noma N, Suckasam C. 

Title : Dispersal of Canarium euphyllum (Burseraceae), a large – seeded tree species, in a 

moist evergreen forest in Thailand 

Source : Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22: 137 – 146 (Part 2), 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Camera trapping, Frugivore, Frugivory, Ground squirrels, Hornbills, Imperial pigeons, 

Rodents, Seed dispersal, Seed predation, Squirrels. 

Abstract : We investigated the dispersal of a large – seeded tree species. Canarium euphyllum 

(Burseraceae), in the moist evergreen forests of the Khao Yai National Park in 

Thailand. By combining direct observations of fruit consumption in tree canopies 

(543 h) and the camera – trapping observations of fallen fruit consumption on the 

forest floor (175 camera – days), we identified the frugivore assemblage that foraged 

on the fruits of C. euphyllum and assessed their role in seed dispersal and seed 

predation. In the canopy, our results showed that seeds were dispersed by a limited 

set of frugivores, one pigeon and four hornbill species, and predated by two species of 

squirrel. On the forest floor, seven mammal species consumed fallen fruits. A 

combination of high rates of fruit removal and short visiting times of mountain 

imperial pigeons (Ducula badia) and hornbills (Buceros bicornis, Aceros undulatus, 

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Anorrhinus austeni and Anthracoceros albirostris) led us to conclude that these large 

frugivorous birds provide effective seed dispersal for this tree species, in terms of 

quantity. These frugivorous species often have low tolerance to negative human 

impacts and loss of these dispersers would have severe deleterious consequences for 

the successful regeneration of C. euphyllum. 

No.404 

Author(s) : Kitbumrungrat K, Tumrasvin N, Atthirawong W. 

Title : Application of Poisson regression analysis for queueing system of the demand for 

medical and health service. 

Source : Model Assisted Statistics and Applications. 1 (4): 257 – 265, 2006. 


Keywords : Queuing system, Health service system, Poisson regression model, Log – linear model. 


No.405 

Author(s) : Kitcharoen K, Witt CS, Romphruk AV, Christiansen FT, Leelayuwat C. 

Title : MICA, MICB, and MHC beta block matching in bone marrow transplantation: 

Relevance to transplantation outcome 

Source : Human Immunology. 67 (3): 238 – 246 Sp. Iss.SI, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : MIC, MHC block matching, Bone marrow transplantation, HLA. 

Abstract : Genetic testing of the MFIC is required for selection of donors for bone marrow 

transplantation. The outcome of related bone marrow transplantation is usually 

superior to that of unrelated bone marrow transplantation. This may be the result of 

inaccurate or incomplete genetic testing employed for selection of donor for 

transplantation. Based on MHC haplotype matching, MHC block matching has been 

developed for selection of potential unrelated donor. Block matching has been shown 

previously to improve outcome when added to the conventional method of human 

leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing for selection of donors. In this study, we have 

retrospectively analyzed 44 donor recipient pairs from the Australian Bone Marrow 

Donor Registry Repository with respect to matching of HLA – B and HLA – Cw by 

sequence – based typing and MICA and MICB by polymerase chain reaction – sequence 

specific primer and MHC beta block matching and correlated these results with 

survival. Beta block matching was correlated with MIC matching (p < 0.005) and with 

HLA – B and HLA – Cw matching. Patients who were HLA – B and – Cw matched had 

significantly improved survival when they were additionally matched for MHC beta 

block (p(c) = 0.04) or MIC (p(c) = 0.05). 

No.406 

Author(s) : Kitchener S, Nissen M, Nasveld P, Forrat R, Yoksan S, Lang J, Saluzzo JF. 

Title : Immunogenicity and safety of two live – attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine 

formulations in healthy Australian adults 

Source : Vaccine. 24 (9): 1238 – 1241, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Dengue, Vaccine, Clinical trial. 

Abstract : We conducted a Phase 1b Study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of two 

live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccines in healthy adult Volunteers. After one 

injection, all subjects reported systemic reactions consistent with a mild dengue – like 

syndrome. Seven volunteers developed dengue 3 viraemia after vaccination. All 

subjects developed a neutralizing antibody response against serotype 3 with partial 

response against other serotypes. The trial was stopped early (after 10 subjects 

enrolled) due to formulation issues, which were related to the dengue 3 vaccine 

component. Managing viral interference and balancing attenuation to produce 

acceptable tetravalent immunogenicity with minimal reactogenicity may be a recurring 

problem for future multivalent live vaccines. 

No.407 

Author(s) : Kitiyakara C, Yamwong S, Sritara P, Domrongkitchaiporn S, Thanomsup S, 

Cheepudomwit S. 

Title : Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in a Southeast Asian cohort 

Source : Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 21 (Suppl.4): 394 – 395, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : –


No.408 

Author(s) : Kitjaroentham A, Suthiphongchai T, Wilairat P. 

Title : Effect of metalloprotease inhibitors on invasion of red blood cell by Plasmodium 

falciparum. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 97 (1): 5 – 9, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum, Red blood cell invasion, Metalloprotease, 1, 10 – 

phenanthroline. 

Abstract : For successful invasion, the malaria merozoite needs to attach to the red blood cell 

membrane, undergo reorientation, form a junction of the apical end with the host 

membrane, and internalize. Malaria proteases have been implicated in the invasion 

process, but their specific cellular functions remain unclear. To demonstrate the 

involvement of metalloprotease in the process of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite 

entry into host red blood cell, schizont – infected red blood cells and parasitophorous 

vacuolar membrane – enclosed merozoite structures were treated with 1,10 – 

phenanthroline, a metal chelator, resulting in a reduction of invasion with IC50 value 

of 25 and 29 mu M, respectively. Absence of an accumulation of schizont stages after 

treatment with 1, 10 – phenanthroline indicated that the inhibitory effect was not 

due to suppression of merozoite release from red blood cells, but on the invasion step. 

Although treatment with GM6001, a well – known inhibitor of the mammalian matrix 

and disintegrin metalloprotease family, was less effective, nevertheless this study 

points to the importance of metal – requiring protease in the process of invasion of 

host red blood cell by the malaria parasite. 

No.409 

Author(s) : Kittayapong P, Chansang U, Chansang C, Bhumiratana A. 

Title : Community participation and appropriate technologies for dengue vector control at 

transmission foci in Thailand 

Source : Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 22 (3): 538 – 546, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Aedes aegypti, Bacillus thuringiensis, Copepod, Community participation, Dengue, 

Lethal ovitrap, Vector control. 

Abstract : A community – based dengue vector control trial was conducted at transmission foci 

in Plaeng Yao District, Chachoengsao Province, eastern Thailand. Implementation 

was done by the local community in collaboration with local administration, public 

health, and school authorities. Our cost – effective approaches combined a source 

reduction campaign with appropriate vector control technologies applied within the 

foci (within 100 in around the foci) and also within schools attended by children from 

the treated areas. Vector management measures by local government included 

cleanup campaigns before the rainy season followed by a routine garbage pickup 

during the rainy season. Locally made screen covers for water jars, a combination of 

local Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides 

(copepod), and locally made lethal ovitraps were appropriate technologies used by the 

community in this campaign. The success of our intervention was evidenced by the 

significant reduction of dengue vectors and dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in treated 

areas compared with untreated areas. 

No.410 

Author(s) : Kittigul L, Uthaisin A, Ekchaloemkiet S, Utrarachkij F, Luksamijarulkul P. 

Title : Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus in water samples in Thailand 

Source : Journal of Applied Microbiology. 100 (6): 1318 – 1323, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Hepatitis A virus, Genetic sequence, Water samples, Virus concentration method. 

Abstract : Aims: Outbreaks of hepatitis A in Thailand have been reported continuely and 

associated with water supply. However, the genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus 

(HAV) in water is limited. This study described the application of virus concentration 

method and reverse transcriptase – nested polymerase chain reaction (RT – nested 

PCR) to detect HAV RNA and analyse the genetic sequence of the virus in 

environmental water samples. Methods and Results: The HAV from water samples 

was concentrated by using a developed virus concentration method (adsorption – 

elution and subsequent speedVac reconcentration) and the viral RNA was detected 

by RT – nested PCR followed by sequencing of the amplified DNA products. Detection 

limit of HAV determined by the RT – nested PCR was 1.29 radioimmunofocus assay 

(RIFA) units ml(–1). The DNA band appeared at 183 basepairs. No cross – reactivity 

was observed in the presence of other enteric viruses (poliovirus and rotavirus). A 

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146 

total of 180 water samples were collected, concentrated, and detected for HAV. The 

HAV was found in 6/40 (15%) of water samples collected from a swamp and 3/30 (10%) 

collected from a canal. Ten river samples and 100 tap water samples stored in 

containers for drinking and domestic uses were negative for HAV. In sequence 

analysis of the DNA products and alignment with the HAV sequence deposited in the 

GenBank, six water samples showed the nucleotide sequence associated with HAV. 

The 120 nucleotides in the N – terminal VP1 region obtained from two swamp samples 

showed 95 and 96.7% identity to HAV genotype IA. In nearly all water samples where 

HAV was present bacterial indicators (faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli) were 

found for faecal contamination.Conclusions: A coupled virus concentration method 

and RT – nested PCR was successfully applied to examine HAV in water samples 

collected from various sources. DNA sequencing of nested PCR products showed the 

genotype IA associated with HAV that is predominate in Thailand.Significance and 

Impact of the Study: This research is the first study of genetic sequence of HAV in 

water samples in Thailand. The presence of naturally occurring HAV might pose a 

potential health risk for people. 

No.411 

Author(s) : Klongpanichapak S, Govitrapong P, Sharma SK, Ebadi M. 

Title : Attenuation of cocaine and methamphetamine neurotoxicity by coenzyme Q (10) 

Source : Neurochemical Research. 31 (3): 303 – 311, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Dopamine, CoQ(10), Complex I, Tyrosine hydroxylase, 

Alpha synuclein, F – 18 – DOPA, Drug addiction. 

Abstract : The neurotoxic effects of cocaine and methamphetamine (METH) were studied in 

mice brain with a primary objective to determine the neuroprotective potential of 

coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) in drug addiction. Repeated treatment of cocaine or METH 

induced significant reduction in the striatal dopamine and CoQ(10) in mice. Cocaine 

or METH – treated mice exhibited increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances 

(TBARs) in the striatum and cerebral cortex without any significant change in the 

cerebellum. Complex I immunoreactivity was inhibited in both cocaine and METH – 

treated mice, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity was decreased in 

METH – treated mice and increased in cocaine – treated mice. Neither cocaine nor 

METH could induce significant change in alpha – synuclein expression at the doses 

and duration we have used in the present study. CoQ(10) treatment attenuated 

cocaine and METH – induced inhibition in the striatal F – 18 – DOPA uptake as 

determined by high – resolution microPET neuroimaging. Hence exogenous 

administration of CoQ(10) may provide neuroprotection in drug addiction. 

No.412 

Author(s) : Klunklin S, Channoonmuang K. 

Title : Snack consumption in normal and undernourished preschool children in Northeastern 

Thailand 



Keywords : Nutritional status, Preschool children, Snack consumption, Sodium. 

Abstract : Objective: A cross – sectional study was conducted in a rural area of the Northeastern 

region in Thailand. The study aimed to investigate factors influencing nutritional 

status and to explore the pattern of snack consumption. Material and Method: Subjects 

were 85 normal and 85 undernourished pre – school children with ages ranging from 

2 – 6 years old. The authors collected demographic data including socio – economic 

status and family background by using an interview administered questionnaire. A 5 

– day food record was used to evaluate nutritional intake. Results: The results indicated 

that children in both groups preferred crispy snacks between breakfast and lunch. 

Energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium and sodium intake derived from snacks 

and overall intake were significantly lower in undernourished children than those in 

normal children (p – value < 0.01). The results indicated that energy intake in pre – 

school malnourished children (2 – 3 years) as percentage of recommended daily 

allowance was lower than the recommended level. High sodium intake was observed 

in the presented study children and the results supported the observation that snack 

foods contribute to excessive sodium intake. Conclusion: The present results have 

highlighted the impact of snack consumption. Programmes aimed at increasing 

nutritional knowledge and information for parents and guardians are important. 

Furthermore, promotion of nutritious snack consumption among children is 

important.


No.413 

Author(s) : Komalamisra N, Trongtokit Y, Palakul K, Prummongkol S, Samung Y, Apiwathnasorn 

C, Phanpoowong T, Asavanich A, Leemingsawat S. 

Title : Insecticide susceptibility of mosquitoes invading tsunami – affected areas of Thailand. 





Abstract : In order to control the mosquitoes invading tsunami – affected areas of Thailand, the 

insecticide susceptibility status of field larvae and mosquitoes (Anopheles sundaicus 

and Culex sitiens) was tested under laboratory conditions. Larval bioassay tests were 

conducted using the WHO standard method. Three larvicides: temephos, malathion, 

and plant extract (ethanolic extract of the Southeast Asian long pepper. Piper 

retrofractum Vahl), were used in the experiments. The results revealed that Cx. 

sitiens was more susceptible to temephos than malathion and the plant extract, with 

LC50 ranges of 0.0008 – 0.0014 mg/l, 0.0046 – 0.0078 mg/l, and 5.3180 – 10.1030 mg/ 

l, respectively. Cx. quinquefasciatus showed greater tolerance to every tested larvicide 

than Cr sitiens. Adult bioassay tests using a WHO test kit and diagnostic doses of 5% 

malathion, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, and 4% DDT were also conducted. 

The results revealed that Cx. sitiens and An. sundaicus were susceptible to all tested 

insecticides. The LT50 of 5% malathion ranged between 25.7 – 26.0 minutes for Cx. 

sitiens, and 44.7 minutes for An. sundaicus. In addition, Cx. quinquefasciatus showed 

susceptibility to malathion, with LT10 of 19.7 minutes. However, it showed resistance 

to both pyrethroid insecticides, with LT50 of 33.1 minutes for 0.75% permethrin, and 

19.6 minutes. for 0.05% deltamethrin; it showed low percentage mortality at 24 hour 

post – exposure, of 48 and 32%, respectively. In conclusion, every tested larvicide 

could be used for controlling Cx. sitiens larvae, even in brackish water, pyrethroid 

insecticides for adult Cx. sitiens and An. sundaicus, and malathion for all three 

species. 

No.414 

Author(s) : Konchom S, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Chuprapawan S, Thimasarn K, Kidson 

C, Yimsamran S, Rojanawatsirivet C. 

Title : Early detection of malaria in an endemic area: Model development. 





Abstract : A malaria epidemic warning system was established in Thailand in 1984 using graphs 

displaying the median or mean incidence of malaria over the previous five years 

compiled from malaria surveillance data throughout the country. This reporting 

mechanism is not timely enough to detect the occurrence of a malaria epidemic 

which usually occurs at the district level over a short period of time. An alternative 

method for early detection of a malaria epidemic employing the Poisson model has 

been proposed. The development of this early malaria epidemic detection model 

involved 3 steps: model specification, model validation and model testing. The model 

was based on data collected at the Vector Borne Disease Control Unit (VBDU) Level. 

The results of model testing reveal the model can detect increasing numbers of cases 

earlier, one to two weeks prior to reaching their highest peak of transmission. The 

system was tested using data from Kanchanaburi Province during 2000 to 2001. 

Results from model testing show the model may be used for monitoring the weekly 

malaria situation at the district level. The Poisson model was able to detect malaria 

early in a highly endemic province with a satisfactory level of prediction. As the 

application is essential for the malaria officers in monitoring of malaria epidemics, 

this early detection system was introduced into malaria epidemiological work. The 

model may be helpful in the decision making process, planning and budget allocation 

for the Malaria Control Program. The software for early malaria detection is currently 

implemented in several endemic areas throughout Thailand. 

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No.415 

Author(s) : Kongpetchsatit O, Phatihattakorn W, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Eampokalarp B, 

Boonyasopun J, Ramasoota P. 

Title : Mutation in the rpoB gene of the rifampicin resistant M. avium complex strains from 

Thailand. 

Source : Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 37 (Suppl.3): 165 – 73, 2006. 



Abstract : Forms of mutation never before described in the rpoB gene are reported for a sample 

of 20 rifampicin – resistant Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) strains isolated 

from AIDS patients in Thailand. All strains were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction 

– single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR – SSCP) and polymerase chain 

reaction – DNA sequencing (PCR – DNA sequencing). Sequence analysis of these 

strains revealed that only one strain (5%) has missense mutation at Lys – 626 (Thr) 

and the rest of the strains had 15 different silent mutations within a 542 bp region of 

the rpoB gene. Five strains (25%) had a silent mutation at only one position, 7 (35%) 

at 2 positions, 7 (35%) at 3 positions, and 1 (5%) at 7 positions. The silent mutation at 

the Ala – 630 codon occurred in the largest proportion of the strains (15 strains, 75%), 

followed by the Val – 581 in 8 strains (40%), Tyr – 578 and Thr – 600 in 4 strains (20%), 

and Gly – 597 in 3 strains (15%). This investigation demonstrates that mutation in the 

rpoB gene of MAC strains from Thailand are more varied than previously reported 

for RIF MAC strains. PCR – SSCP screening clearly separated RIFr strains from 

rifampicin – susceptible (RIFs) strains. 

No.416 

Author(s) : Kongsakon R, Pocham N. 

Title : Legal Harm Reduction among Intravenous Drug Users. 



Keywords : Addiction, Drug abuse, Harm reduction, HIV, IDUs, Law. 

Abstract : Objective: HIV/AIDS infection in injecting drug users occurs with explosive rapidity 

and, having occurred, they can form a core group for further sexual and vertical 

transmission. As HIV transmission among injecting drug users can be extremely 

rapid, various approaches to intervention and obstructing the spread of HIV infection 

have been explored. Overall, these have been relatively ineffective so what has 

emerged, both in the developed and developing world, is harm reduction. Material 

and Method: In the light of these general considerations, the authors reviewed the 

law of Thailand in relation to drug abuse and dependence according to the harm 

reduction for the prevention of HIV/AIDS infection in injecting drug users. Results: 

With the review, the authors recommend some changes in the law: 1. Introducing a 

law that allows IDUs to possess sterile syringes & needles while under supervision of 

a physician. 2. Introducing a law that allows for testing for HIV in people in custody in 

whom there are grounds for suspecting drug abuses. 3. Establishing and financing a 

Multi – disciplinary Coordinating Committee on the Prevention of HIV/AIDS (MCCPH/ 

A). Conclusion: It should be emphasized that, as in other countries, drug abuse and 

dependence should, where appropriate, be decriminalized. A large proportion of people 

with drug – related problems are ill and in need of treatment rather than criminals 

requiring harsh penalties handed down by the courts. 

No.417 

Author(s) : Kongsakon R, Trinidad – Oate P, Chaudhry HR, Raza SB, Leynes CR, Khan I – U – R, 

Ismail HC, Chan B, Ignacio JC, Rodriguez SC, Lowry AJ, Brnabic AJM, 

Buenaventura R. 

Title : Asian outpatients with schizophrenia: A double – blind randomized comparison of 

quality of life and clinical outcomes for patients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. 



Keywords : Antipsychotic, Asia, Haloperidol, Olanzapine, Quality of life, Schizophrenia. 

Abstract : To examine the quality of life (QoL) and clinical outcomes for Asian schizophrenic 

outpatients treated with olanzapine or haloperidol. Patients were randomized to 24 – 

weeks’ treatment with either olanzapine (n = 144) or haloperidol (n = 132) in a double 

– blind, prospective, multi – country study. The QLS and WHO – BREF were assessed 

for QoL; the PANSS, BPRS and CGI scales for clinical status; the BAS, AIMS and SAS 

scales for physical dysfunction. Regardless of antipsychotic, QoL improved significantly 

at 8 weeks and maintained this improvement at 24 weeks. Compared with haloperidol, 

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olanzapine treatment was associated with significantly better QoL in the WHO – 

BREF physical and social relationship domains, better improvements in extrapyramidal 

symptoms in BAS and SAS scores, as well as lower incidence of adverse events. 

Patients taking haloperidol were more likely to be co – prescribed anticholinergics. 

The comparatively superior side – effect profile and tolerability of olanzapine may 

have contributed to enhance domain – specific QoL for these Asian outpatients. 

No.418 

Author(s) : Kongtip P, Thongsuk W, Yoosook W, Chantanakul S. 

Title : Health effects of metropolitan traffic – related air pollutants on street vendors. 

Source : Atmospheric Environment. 40 (37): 7138 – 7145, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Traffic – related air pollutants, Air pollution, Street vendors, Health effects. 

Abstract : Traffic – related air pollutants are a commonly important source of air pollution. 

Research on the effects of multiple traffic – related air pollutants on street vendors is 

scarce. This study evaluated the health effect of traffic – related air pollutants in 

street vendors. It was designed as a panel study, covering 61 d of data collection, on 

the daily concentration of air pollutants and daily percentage of respiratory and other 

health symptoms reported. An adjusted odds ratio was used to estimate the risk of 

developing respiratory and other adverse health symptoms for street vendors exposed 

to multiple air pollutants, fine particulate (PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), ozone (O 3 ), 

carbon monoxide (CO) and total volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), after controlling 

for confounding factors. In the first model, significant associations were found with 

the adjusted odds ratios of 1.022 and 1.027 for eye irritation and dizziness for PM 2.5 

respectively. The adjusted odds ratio of total VOCs was 1.381 for phlegm, 4.840 for 

chest tightness and 1.429 for upper respiratory symptoms, and the adjusted odds 

ratio for CO was 1.748 for a sore throat and 1.880 for a cold and 1.655 for a cough. In 

the second model, the effect of PM 2.5 , total VOCs and CO gave a slightly lower effect 

with the symptoms. The results clearly show the health effects of traffic – related air 

pollutants on street vendors, and imply suggestions about how to reduce exposure of 

street vendors. 

No.419 

Author(s) : Koolvisoot A, Rungbanaphan U, Katchamat W, Chinsawangwatanakul W. 

Title : The preservation method and timing on accuracy of manual leukocytes counts in 

synovial fluid. 



Keywords : EDTA, Heparin, Leukocyte count, Preservation, Synovial fluid analysis. 

Abstract : Objectives: To compare the efficacy of heparin and EDTA and determine the impact 

of time delays in stabilizing leukocyte counts in synovial fluid. Material and Method: 

33 specimens were collected in heparin – preserved and EDTA – preserved containers. 

Total cell count was performed manually at 1 hour and 24 hours. Correlation between 

cell counts from both preservatives and the leukocyte number at 1 hour and 24 hours 

were analyzed by means of agreement measurement. Results: There were good 

correlations between the leukocyte numbers from the specimens preserved by heparin 

and EDTA (ICC = 0.889, r = 0.879, P < 0.0001 at 1 hour and ICC = 0.822, r = 0.693, p 

< 0.0001 at 24 hour). At 24 hours, total cell counts from EDTA – preserved samples 

were comparable to those obtained at 1 hour (ICC = 0.985, r = 0.986, p < 0.0001) and 

were not different from those of the heparinized samples (ICC = 0.833, r = 0.751, p < 

0.0001) but the ICC value was higher. Conclusion: EDTA was as effective as heparin 

for preservation of synovial fluid. Therefore, it can be used routinely as a preservative 

of synovial fluid. 

No.420 

Author(s) : Kooncumchoo P, Sharma S, Porter J, Govitrapong P, Ebadi M. 

Title : Coenzyme Q (10) provides neuroprotection in iron – induced apoptosis in dopaminergic 

neurons 

Source : Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 28 (2): 125 – 141, 2006. 


Keywords : Iron, Coenzyme Q(10), Apoptosis, Ferritin, Melanin, Parkinson’s disease. 

Abstract : The exact molecular mechanism of progressive loss of neuromelanin containing 

nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains unknown, 

yet evidence suggests that iron might play an important role in PD pathology. In this 

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150 

study we have determined the neuroprotective role of coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) in 

iron – induced apoptosis in cultured human dopaminergic (SK – N – SH) neurons, in 

metallothionein gene – manipulated mice, and in alpha – synuclein knockout (alpha 

– synko) mice with a primary objective to assess a possible therapeutic and anti – 

inflammatory potential for CoQ(10) in PD. Iron – induced mitochondrial damage and 

apoptosis were characterized by reactive oxygen species production, increased 

metallothionein and glutathione synthesis, caspase – 3 activation, NF – kappa B 

induction, and decreased Bcl – 2 expression, without any significant change in Bax 

expression. Lower concentrations of FeSO4 (1 – 10 mu M) induced perinuclear 

aggregation of mitochondria, whereas higher concentrations (100 – 250 mu M) 

induced CoQ(10) depletion, plasma membrane perforations, mitochondrial damage, 

and nuclear DNA condensation and fragmentation. FeSO4 – induced deleterious 

changes were attenuated by pretreatment with CoQ(10) and by deferoxamine, a 

potent iron chelator, in SK – N – SH cells. 1 – Methyl, 4 – phenyl, 1,2,3,6 – 

tetrahydropyridine(MPTP) – induced striatal release of free iron, and NF – kappa B 

expression were significantly increased; whereas ferritin and melanin synthesis were 

significantly reduced in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of MTdko mice as 

compared with control(wt) mice, MTtrans mice, and alpha – synko mice. CoQ(10) 

treatment inhibited MPTP – induced NF – kappa B induction in all of the genotypes. 

These data suggest that glutathione and metallothionein synthesis might be induced 

as an attempt to combat iron – induced oxidative stress, whereas exogenous 

administration of CoQ(10) or of metallothionein induction might provide CoQ(10) – 

mediated neuroprotection in PD. 

No.421 

Author(s) : Kosachunhanun N, Benjasuratwong Y, Mongkolsomlit S, Rawdaree P, Plengvidhya 

N, Leelawatana R, Bunnag P, Pratipanawatr T, Krittiyawong S, Suwanwalaikorn S, 

Deerochanawong C, Chetthakul T, Ngarmukos C, Komoltri C. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Glycemic control in Thai type 2 diabetes and its 

relation to hypoglycemic agent usage 



Keywords : Diabetes, Diabetes registry, Glycemic control, Hypoglycemic agents. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the pattern of hyperglycemic agent usage in Thai type 2 

diabetics (T2 DM) who attended the diabetes clinic in university and tertiary – care 

hospitals. The achievement of target glycemic control by various modalities of 

treatment was also analyzed. Material and Method: A cross – sectional, hospital – 

based diabetes registry of 8,913 type 2 diabetic patients in 11 tertiary care hospitals 

and medical schools was carried out from April to December 2003. Demographic data, 

usage of hypoglycemic agents and level of glycemic control were collected to determine 

the pattern of use, associated factors, and achievement of glycemic control. Results: 

Overall, 2,342(26.3%) of T2 DM achieved HbA1C less than 7%. The percentage of 

patients treated with metformin was 70.8%, sulfonylureas (SU) was 68.7% and insulin 

was 25.3%. Only 7.0% of patients received alpha – Glucosidase Inhibitor (AGI), 5.7% 

received ThaiZoliDinediones (TZD), 1.1% received repaglinide, and 3.2% was on diet 

control alone. Target glycemic control was achieved in 57.6%, 37.1%, 52%, 16.7%, 

62.5%, 52% and 16.9% of patients who were on diet control only, monotherapy with 

SU, metformin, TZD, AGI, repaglinide and insulin, respectively. Sulfonylureas were 

the most commonly used drug for monotherapy. Metformin with sulfonylurea was 

the most common combination therapy and was used in 39.5% of patients. More than 

60% of the patients treated with metformin monotherapy had body mass index (BMI) 

of more than 25 kg/m 2 , as compare to less than half of patient treated with other 

monotherapy agent. Mean duration of diabetes in the patients treated with metformin 

alone was 5.9 5.5 years, less than that in the SU – treated patients (8.3 7.1 years) 

and also in the insulin – treated patients (14.8 9.0 years). TDZ were commonly 

prescribed in combination with sulfonylureas and metformin in subjects with relatively 

longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion: Better treatment strategies for glucose control 

of diabetic patients on medical treatments should be encouraged to improve glycemic 

control and reduce long term complications.


No.422 

Author(s) : Kosaisavee V, Suwanarusk R, Nosten F, Kyle DE, Barrends M, Jones J, Price R, 

Russell B, Lek – Uthai U. 

Title : Plasmodium vivax: Isotopic, PicoGreen, and microscopic assays for measuring 

chloroquine sensitivity in fresh and cryopreserved isolates 

Source : Experimental Parasitology. 114 (1): 34 – 39, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Plasmodium vivax, Chloroquine, Antimalarial sensitivity, In vitro, Isotopic, PicoGreen, 

Microscopic, Cryopreservation. 

Abstract : In vitro susceptibility tests provide information on the intrinsic response of 

Plasmodium vivax to antimalarials, free from confounding factors such as host 

immunity or relapse. This study examined the utility of radioisotope and PicoGreen 

assays as alternatives to the traditional microscopic examination for assessing 

response of P. vivax to antimalarial drugs. There was no significant difference in the 

mean chloroquine IC50 of P. vivax (n = 40) as determined by the microscopic (33.4 ng/ 

ml), isotopic (33.6 ng/ml), and PicoGreen (39.1 ng/ml) assays, respectively (F= 0.239, 

df = 2, 51, and p = 0.788). However measurement of IC(50)s by the microscopic 

method was slightly more successful in producing valid assays (57%), compared to the 

isotopic (32.5%) and PicoGreen (45.5%) methods. In a paired comparison of 20 fresh 

and cryopreserved isolates as examined by the microscopic method, there were no 

significant differences between the mean IC50 responses (T = 1.58, df = 15, and p = 

0.34). Detailed methodologies for the short time culture of field and cryopreserved P. 

vivax are described. Although the microscopic in vitro assay provides a useful method 

for characterizing the drug susceptibility phenotype of P. vivax isolates, its utility is 

limited by a laborious methodology and need for highly skilled microscopists. Future 

efforts should focus on further development of high throughput assays such as the 

PicoGreen assay as described in this study. 

No.423 

Author(s) : Kositchaiwat S, Suwanthanmma W, Suvikapakornkul R, Tiewthanom V, 

Rerkpatanakit P, Tinkornrusmee C. 

Title : Comparative study of two bowel preparaton regimens for colonoscopy: Senna tablets 

vs sodium phosphate solution. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (34): 5536 – 5539, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Senna tablet, Sodium phosphate solution, Colonoscopy. 

Abstract : Aim: To compare the efficacy and acceptance of senna tablet and sodium phosphate 

solution for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Methods: One hundred and thirty 

four patients, who needed elective colonoscopy, were randomly allocated to take 180 

mg senna tablet or 95 mL sodium phosphate solution on the day before colonoscopy. 

The efficacies of both laxatives were compared using the mean difference of colon – 

cleanliness score of the rectum, sigmoid segments, descending colon, transverse 

colon and cecum. The scores were rated by two observers who were blinded to the 

laxatives administered. The higher score means that the colon is cleaner. The efficacy 

of both laxatives were equivalent if the 95% confidence interval of the mean difference 

of the score of colon lie within –1 to +1. Results: On intention – to – treat analysis, the 

mean cleanliness scores in the four segments of colon except the cecum were higher 

in the sodium phosphate group than those in senna group (7.9 +/– 1.7 vs 8.3 +/– 1.5, 

8.0 +/– 1.8 vs 8.5 +/– 1.4, 7.9 +/– 2.0 vs 8.5 +/– 1.3, 7.9 +/– 2.0 vs 8.2 +/– 1.4 and 7.2 +/ 

– 1.7 vs 6.9 +/– 1.4, respectively). The 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of mean 

difference in each segment of colon were not found to lie within 1 point which 

indicated that their efficacies were not equivalent. The taste of senna was better than 

sodium phosphate solution. Also, senna had fewer side effects. Conclusion: The efficacy 

of senna is not equivalent to sodium phosphate solution in bowel preparation for 

colonoscopy, but senna may be considered an alternative laxative. 

No.424 

Author(s) : Kraivaphan P, Amornchat C, Triratana T, Leethochawalit U. 

Title : Clinical effect of a triclosan containing dentifrice on gingivitis during pregnancy and 

post – partum. 





Abstract : One hundred forty pregnant women 3 months gestation were enrolled in a 9 month, 

double – blind clinical study to evaluate the effect of 0.3% triclosan/copolymer dentifrice 

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152 

on gingivitis, compared to a placebo dentifrice. Women were stratified into two 

balanced groups according to their baseline gingivitis scores. They then received oral 

prophylaxis and were assigned to use either a placebo or the triclosan dentifrice for 

the next 9 months. The 3, 5 and 9 month results of this study showed that the 

triclosan dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis of 19.73, 

27.91 and 38.45%, respectively, compared to the placebo dentifrice. 

No.425 

Author(s) : Krajaejun T, Kunakorn M, Pracharktam R, Chongtrakool P, Sathapatayavongs B, 

Chaiprasert A, Vanittanakom N, Chindamporn A, Mootsikapun P. 

Title : Identification of a novel 74 – kilodalton immunodominant antigen of Pythium 

insidiosum recognized by sera from human patients with pythiosis. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (5): 1674 – 1680, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Assay, Thalassemia, Infections, Diagnosis, Arteritis, Vaccine, Horses, Fungi. 

Abstract : The oomycetous, fungus – like, aquatic organism Pythium insidiosum is the etiologic 

agent of pythiosis, a life – threatening infectious disease of humans and animals that 

has been increasingly reported from tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries. 

Human pythiosis is endemic in Thailand, and most patients present with arteritis, 

leading to limb amputation and/or death, or cornea ulcer, leading to enucleation. 

Diagnosis of pythiosis is time – consuming and difficult. Radical surgery is the main 

treatment for pythiosis because conventional antifungal drugs are ineffective. The 

aims of this study were to evaluate the use of Western blotting for diagnosis of 

human pythiosis, to identify specific immunodominant antigens of P. insidiosum, and 

to increase understanding of humoral immune responses against the pathogen. We 

performed Western blot analysis on 16 P. insidiosum isolates using 12 pythiosis 

serum samples. These specimens were derived from human patients with pythiosis 

who had different forms of infection and lived in different geographic areas throughout 

Thailand. We have identified a 74 – kDa immunodominant antigen in all P. insidiosum 

isolates tested. The 74 – kDa antigen was also recognized by sera from all patients 

with pythiosis but not by control sera from healthy individuals, patients with 

thalassemia, and patients with various infectious diseases, indicating that Western 

blot analysis could facilitate diagnosis of pythiosis. Therefore, the 74 – kDa antigen is 

a potential target for developing rapid serodiagnostic tests as well as a therapeutic 

vaccine for pythiosis. These advances could lead to early diagnosis and effective 

treatment, crucial factors for better prognosis for patients with pythiosis. 

No.426 

Author(s) : Krajaejun T, Sathapatayavongs B, Pracharktam R, Nitiyanant P, Leelachaikul P, 

Wanachiwanawin W, Chaiprasert A, Assanasen P, Saipetch M, Mootsikapun P , 

Chetchotisakd P, Lekhakula A, Mitarnun W, Kalnauwakul S, Supparatpinyo K, 

Chaiwarith R, Chiewchanvit S, Tananuvat N, Srisiri S, Suankratay C, Kulwichit W, 

Wongsaisuwan M, Somkaew S. 

Title : Clinical and epidemiological analyses of human pythiosis in Thailand. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (5): 569 – 576, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Pathogen pythium – insidiosum, Immunodiffusion test, Fungal – infections, 

Thalassemia, Diagnosis, Keratitis, Arteritis, Vaccines, Horses, Brazil. 

Abstract : Background. Pythiosis is an emerging and life – threatening infectious disease in 

humans and animals that is caused by the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. 

Human pythiosis is found mostly in Thailand, although disease in animals has been 

increasingly reported worldwide. Clinical information on human pythiosis is limited, 

and health care professionals are unfamiliar with the disease, leading to 

underdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and poor prognosis. Methods. To retrospectively 

study the clinical and epidemiological features of human pythiosis, we analyzed clinical 

data from patients with pythiosis diagnosed during the period of January 1985 through 

June 2003 at 9 tertiary care hospitals throughout Thailand.Results. A total of 102 

cases of human pythiosis were documented nationwide. A substantial proportion 

(40%) of cases occurred in the last 4 years of the 18 – year study interval. Clinical 

presentations fell into 4 groups: cutaneous/subcutaneous cases (5% of cases), vascular 

cases (59%), ocular cases (33%), and disseminated cases (3%). Almost all patients with 

cutaneous/subcutaneous, vascular, and disseminated pythiosis (85%) had underlying 

thalassemia – hemoglobinopathy syndrome. Most ocular cases (84%) were associated 

with no underlying disease. A majority of the patients were male (71%), were aged 20 

– 60 years (86%), and reported an agricultural occupation (75%). Regarding treatment


outcomes, all patients with disseminated infection died; 78% of patients with vascular 

disease required limb amputation, and 40% of these patients died; and 79% of patients 

with ocular pythiosis required enucleation/evisceration.Conclusions. Here, we report, 

to our knowledge, the largest case study of human pythiosis. The disease has high 

rates of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are urgently 

needed to improve clinical outcomes. Because P. insidiosum is distributed worldwide 

and can infect healthy individuals, an awareness of human pythiosis should be 

promoted in Thailand and in other countries. 

No.427 

Author(s) : Krittaphol W, Bailey KB, Pongcharoen T, Winichagoon P, Gibson RS. 

Title : Low zinc, iron, and calcium intakes of Northeast Thai school children consuming 

glutinous rice – based diets are not exacerbated by high phytate. 

Source : International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 

57 (7 – 8): 520 – 528, 2006 (Nov – Dec). 


Keywords : Food, Minerals, Micronutrients, Bioavailability, Phytate, Rice, Thailand, Deficiency. 

Abstract : Phytate, a salt of phytic acid (myo – inositol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 – hexakisphosphate), is 

found in certain plant – based foods. It strongly chelates minerals, forming insoluble 

complexes in the small intestine that cannot be digested or absorbed. Information on 

the phytate content of rice – based diets of children in Northeast Thailand is limited. 

In this study 1 – day weighed duplicate diet composites were collected from 40 Northeast 

Thai children (age 6 – 13 years) randomly selected from participants (n = 567) of an 

efficacy trial in Ubon Ratchathani province. Diet composites were analyzed for zinc, 

iron, and calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and for phytate (as inositol 

penta – phosphate and hexa – phosphate) by high – performance liquid 

chromatography; the accuracy and precision were established using a certified 

reference material for the minerals and an inter – laboratory comparison for phytate. 

The median (1st, 3rd quartiles) zinc, iron, and calcium contents of the diet composites 

were 4.3 (3.7, 6.1), 4.3 (3.2, 6.5) and 130 (82, 216) mg/day, respectively. The inositol 

penta – phosphate and hexaphosphate levels were so low they were below the detection 

limit, attributed in part to leaching of water – soluble potassium and magnesium 

phytate from glutinous rice after soaking overnight before cooking. Clearly, phytate 

will not compromise mineral absorption from these diets. Instead, low zinc intakes 

are probably primarily responsible for the low zinc status of these children. In contrast, 

although intakes of dietary iron appear low, the prevalence of biochemical iron 

deficiency was also low, suggesting that iron absorption may have been higher than 

previously assumed. Whether the low calcium intakes compromise optimal bone 

health in these growing Northeast Thai school children is unknown. 

No.428 

Author(s) : Krittaphol W, Bailey KB, Pongcharoen T, Winichagoon P, Thomson C, Gibson RS. 

Title : Primary school children from northeast Thailand are not at risk of selenium deficiency. 



Keywords : Selenium, Serum, Diet, Zinc, Children, Thailand. 

Abstract : Selenium has important roles as an antioxidant, in thyroid hormone metabolism, 

redox reactions, reproduction and immune function, but information on the selenium 

status of Thai children is limited. We have assessed the selenium status of 515 

northeast Thai children (259 males; 256 females) aged 6 to 13 years from 10 rural 

schools in Ubon Ratchthani province. Serum selenium (n=515) was analyzed by 

Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and dietary selenium intake 

by Hydride Generation Absorption Spectrophotometry from one – day duplicate diet 

composites, from 80 (40 females; 40 males) randomly selected children. Inter – 

relationships between serum selenium and selenium intakes, and other biochemical 

micronutrient indices were also examined. Mean (SD) serum selenium was 1.46 

(0.24) mu mol/L. Concentrations were not affected by infection or 

haemoglobinopathies, but were dependent on school (P


154 

high serum selenium concentrations (38 +/– 17 vs. 51 +/– 24 g/d; P


No.431 

Author(s) : Krittayaphong R, Sriratanasathavorn C, Dumavibhat C, Pumprueg S, Boonyapisit 

W, Pooranawattanakul S, Phrudprisan S, Kangkagate C. 

Title : Electrocardiographic predictors of long – term outcomes after radiofrequency ablation 

in patients with right – ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. 

Source : Europace. 8 (8): 601 – 606, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : ECG, RF ablation, RVOT tachycardia, Ventricular tachycardia. 

Abstract : Aims: The objectives of this study were to identify electrocardiographic (ECG) 

predictors of long – term outcomes after radiofrequency (RF) ablation in patients 

with right – ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia. Methods and results: We 

correlated ECG characteristics with RF ablation outcomes in 144 patients with RVOT 

tachycardia who underwent RF ablation for > 1 year. Unfavourabte RF ablation 

outcomes were predefined as unsuccessful RF ablation or recurrence of tachycardia 

requiring repeated ablation. RF ablation was not successful in 11 (7.6%) patients and 

16 (12%) patients had arrhythmia recurrence requiring repeated ablation. Average 

follow – up time was 72.2 +/– 28.4 months. Selected parameters from univariate 

analysis included number of RF applications, pacemapping, application of bonus burn, 

procedure time, monophasic R – wave in lead 1, QS pattern in leads I and aVL, QRS 

duration in leads 11 and V – 2, and right axis deviation, in ventricular tachycardia. 

From logistic regression analysis, only monophasic R – wave in lead I remained in the 

final equation (P = 0.004, odds ratio 12.9).Conclusion: Monophasic R – wave in lead I 

during RVOT tachycardia is associated with unfavourable outcomes after RF ablation. 

This finding may help clinicians in the selection of patients for RF ablation and for the 

prediction of RF ablation outcome. 

No.432 

Author(s) : Krittiyawong S, Ngarmukos C, Benjasuratwong Y, Rawdaree P, Leelawatana R, 

Kosachunhanun N, Plengvidhya N, Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, 

Pratipanawatr T, Chetthakul T, Mongkolsomlit S, Bunnag P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence and risk factors associated with lower 

extremity amputation in Thai diabetics. 



Keywords : Lower extremity amputation, Revascularization, Semmes – weinstein monofilament. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with lower extremity 

amputation (LEA) in Thai diabetics. Material and Method: A cross – sectional, 

multicenter, hospital – based diabetes registry was carried out from April to December 

2003. Baseline characteristics and risk factors were analysed from 9,419 diabetic 

patients. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) was defined as absent or diminished 

dorsalis pedis (DP) and posterior tibialis (PT) pulses to palpation in the same limb. 

LEA was defined as surgical removal of part of a lower extremity. Results: The 

prevalence of LEA was 1.5% (142). Mean diabetes duration was 10 years (SD = 7.6). 

Out of 556 patients with a history of foot ulcer, 123 (22.1%) underwent amputation. 

PVD was present in 370 patients. Most of LEAs were toe amputations (64.1%). Multiple 

logistic regression analysis of risk factors (adjusted OR, [95% confidence interval], p 

value) revealed a high risk of LEA in patients with a history of ulcer (59.2, [32.8 – 

106.8], p < 0.001), peripheral vascular disease (5.3, [3.1 – 9.2], p < 0.001), diabetic 

retinopathy (2.2, [1.3 – 3.8], p = 0.004), and insulin injection (1.9, [1.1 – 3.2], p < 0.023). 

Conclusion: Patients at risk for LEA were those with a history of foot ulcer, absence 

of peripheral pulse, diabetic retinopathy and insulin injection. Preventive strategies 

should be considered in these groups of patients. Data should be interpreted with 

caution as the number of patients with amputation was few and information on 

neuropathy was not available. 

No.433 

Author(s) : Krobbuaban B, Diregpoke S, Kumkeaw S. 

Title : An assessment of the ratio of height to thyromental distance compared to thyromental 

distance as a predictive test for prediction of difficult tracheal intubation in Thai 

patients. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89(5): 638 – 42, 2006 (May). 



Abstract : Background and Rationale: Preoperative evaluation is important in the detection of 

patients at risk for difficult tracheal intubation. Thyromental distance (TMD) is often 

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156 

used for these purposes, but its value as an indicator for difficult intubation is 

questionable, as it varies with patient size and body proportions. The purpose of the 

present study was to evaluate and compare the accuracies of the ratio of patient’s 

height to TMD (ratio of height to TMD = RHTMD) and TMD alone in the prediction of 

difficult tracheal intubation in Thai patients. Material and Methods: The authors 

collected data on 382 consecutive patients scheduled to receive general anesthesia 

requiring endotracheal intubation for elective surgery. Thyromental distance and 

RHTMD were evaluated preoperatively. Difficult intubation was defined in the present 

study by Cormack and Lehane grade 3 or 4. The optimal predictive value was chosen 

using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The areas under the ROC 

curves (AUC) of TMD and RHTMD were compared to determine the performance of 

the different predictive tests used. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative 

predictive values of each of the predictive tests were calculated according to standard 

formulae. Results: Difficult intubation occurred in 42 patients (10.9 %). The predictive 

advantage of RHTMD has a similar specificity with improved sensitivity in comparison 

with TMD. The AUC of RHTMD was significantly greater than the AUC of TMD (p = 

0.00). The authors concluded that RHTMD had better accuracy in predicting difficult 

intubation than TMD. 

No.434 

Author(s) : Kroll MH, Twomey PJ, Srisawasdi P. 

Title : Evaluation of the half – life of NT – proBNP. 

Source : Clinical Chemistry. 52 (6): A132 – A132 D35 Suppl. S, 2006 (Jun). 




No.435 

Author(s) : Krongsuk S, Kerdcharoen T, Hannongbua S. 

Title : The hydration structure of 18 – crown – 6/K+ complex as studied by Monte Carlo 

simulation using ab initio fitted potential. 

Source : Journal of Molecular Graphics & Modelling. 25 (1): 55 – 60, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : ab initio fitted potential, Simulation, Solvation, Coordination number, 18 – crown – 6/ 

K+. 

Abstract : The intermolecular potential between a 18 – crown – 6/K+ complex and a water 

molecule is derived from 1200 energy points obtained from quantum chemical 

calculations using the 6 – 31G** basis set. The ab initio fitted potential was then 

applied to study the structural properties of the complex in an aqueous solution using 

the Monte Carlo simulation method. The radial distribution function (RDF) centered 

at K+ to the oxygen atom of water shows a sharp first peak at 2.88 angstrom. The 

corresponding coordination number, integrated up to the first minimum at 3.76 

angstrom, is 2 water molecules. The results indicate clearly that the 18 – crown – 6/ 

K+ complex was solvated by the two nearest neighbors, one above and other below 

the ligand’s plane. Evaluation was focused on the precise position and orientation of 

the two water molecules. It was found that the oxygen atoms of the two nearest 

neighbors bind to the K+ while their hydrogen atoms rotate freely around the vector 

perpendicular to the ligand’s molecular plane. 

No.436 

Author(s) : Krongsuk S, Kerdcharoen T, Kiselev M, Hannongbua S. 

Title : Solvation structures of the 18 – crown – 6 in carbon tetrachloride as studied by Monte 

– Carlo simulation based on ab initio potential models. 

Source : Chemical Physics. 324 (2 – 3): 447 – 454, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : ab initio potential, 18 – crown – 6, Solvation, Simulation, Carbon tetrachloride. 

Abstract : Solvation structure of the 18 – crown – 6 molecule in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was 

investigated by Monte – Carlo simulation technique using ab initio pair potential 

function. The 18 – crown – 6 – CCl4 and the CCl4 – CCl4 pair potential functions were 

constructed from sets of interaction energies computed quantum mechanically at the 

HF/D95** and MP2/6 – 31G** levels. The simulation was carried out for a system 

consisting of 259 CCl4 molecules plus one 18 – crown – 6 molecule. The simulation 

results reveal that there are two CCl4 molecules in the first solvation shell; one lies 

above the ligand plane and other lies below it. The CCl4 molecules prefer to approach


closer to the O atoms than the C atoms of the 18 – crown – 6 molecule. The entire 

solvation structure around the 18 – crown – 6 was observed even the 18 – crown – 6 

– CCl4 interaction is rather weak. 

No.437 

Author(s) : Krudsood S, Wilairatana P, Tangpukdee N, Chalermrut K, Srivilairit S, Thanachartwet 

V, Muangnoicharoen S, Luplertlop N, Brittenham GM, Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Safety and tolerability of elubaquine (bulaquine, CDRI 80/53) for treatment of 

Plasmidium vivax malaria in Thailand. 

Source : The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 44 (3): 221 – 228, 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : We conducted a study to compare the safety and tolerability of anti – relapse drugs 

elubaquine and primaquine against Plasmodium vivax malaria. After standard therapy 

with chloroquine, 30 mg/kg given over 3 days, 141 patients with P. vivax infection 

were randomized to receive primaquine or elubaquine. The 2 treatment regimens 

were primaquine 30 mg once daily for 7 days (group A, n = 71), and elubaquine 25 mg 

once daily for 7 days (group B, n = 70). All patients cleared parasitemia within 7 days 

after chloroquine treatment. Among patients treated with primaquine, one patient 

relapsed on day 26; no relapse occurred with elubaquine treatement. Both drugs 

were well tolerated. Adverse effects occurred only in patients with G6PD deficiency 

who were treated with primaquine (group A, n = 4), whose mean hematocrit fell 

significantly on days 7, 8 and 9 (P = 0.015, 0.027, and 0.048, respectively). No significant 

change in hematocrit was observed in patients with G6PD deficiency who were 

treated with elubaquine (group B, n = 3) or in patients with normal G6PD. In 

conclusion, elubaquine, as anti – relapse therapy for P. vivax malaria, was as safe and 

well tolerated as primaquine and did not cause clinically significant hemolysis. 

No.438 

Author(s) : Kuhakarn C, Kittigowittana K, Ghabkham P, Pohmakotr M, Reutrakul V. 

Title : Mild oxidation of alcohols with o – iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in a water/CH2Cl2 mixture 

in the presence of phase – transfer catalyst. 

Source : Synthetic Communications. 36 (19): 2887 – 2892, 2006. 


Keywords : Alcohols, IBX, Oxidation, Phase – transfer catalyst. 

Abstract : A mild oxidation of alcohols to the respective carbonyl compounds with o – 

iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) catalyzed by n – Bu4NBr in a water/dichloromethane (1:1) 

mixture is described. The method offers the advantage of a simple, inexpensive 

catalyst and the diminution of organic solvent employed in the reaction. 

No.439 

Author(s) : Kujawa M, Ebner H, Leitner C, Hallberg BM, Prongjit M, Sucharitakul J, Ludwig R, 

Rudsander U, Peterbauer C, Chaiyen P, Haltrich D, Divne C. 

Title : Structural basis for substrate binding and regioselective oxidation of monosaccharides 

at C3 by pyranose 2 – oxidase. 

Source : Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (46): 35104 – 35115, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Electron – transfer flavoprotein, P – cresol methylhydroxylase, Fungus trametes – 

multicolor, Crystal – structure, Phanerochaete – chrysosporium, Cellobiose 

dehydrogenase, Alcohol oxidase, Covalent flavinylation, Catalytic mechanism, Lignin 

degradation. 

Abstract : Pyranose2 – oxidase(P2Ox) participates in fungal lignin degradation by producing the 

H2O2 needed for lignin – degrading peroxidases. The enzyme oxidizes cellulose – and 

hemicellulose – derived aldopyranoses at C2 preferentially, but also on C3, to the 

corresponding ketoaldoses. To investigate the structural determinants of catalysis, 

covalent flavinylation, substrate binding, and regios – electivity, wild – type and 

mutant P2Ox enzymes were produced and characterized biochemically and 

structurally. Removal of the histidyl – FAD linkage resulted in a catalytically competent 

enzyme containing tightly, but noncovalently bound FAD. This mutant (H167A) is 

characterized by a 5 – fold lower k(cat), and a 35 – mV lower redox potential, although 

no significant structural changes were seen in its crystal structure. In previous 

structures of P2Ox, the substrate loop (residues 452 – 457) covering the active site 

has been either disordered or in a conformation incompatible with carbohydrate 

binding. We present here the crystal structure of H167A in complex with a slow 

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158 

substrate, 2 – fluoro – 2 – deoxy – D – glucose. Based on the details of 2 – fluoro – 2 – 

deoxy – D – glucose binding in position for oxidation at C3, we also outline a probable 

binding mode for D – glucose positioned for regioselective oxidation at C2. The tentative 

determinant for discriminating between the two binding modes is the position of the 

O6 hydroxyl group, which in the C2 – oxidation mode can make favorable interactions 

with Asp(452) in the substrate loop and, possibly, a nearby arginine residue (Arg(472)). 

We also substantiate our hypothesis with steady – state kinetics data for the alanine 

replacements of Asp(452) and Arg(472) as well as the double alanine 452/472 mutant. 

No.440 

Author(s) : Kulkeratiyut S, Kulkeratiyut S, Blum FD. 

Title : Bound carbonyls in PMMA adsorbed on silica using transmission FTIR. 

Source : Journal of Polymer Science Part B–Polymer Physics. 44 (15): 2071 – 2078, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Adsorbed PMMA, Bound carbonyls, Hydrogen bonding, Silica, Transmission, FTIR. 

Abstract : The fraction of directly – bound carbonyls of surface – adsorbed poly (methyl 

methaerylate) (PMMA) was determined using transmission Fourier – transform 

infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The small size of the silica used allowed these 

measurements to be made directly in the transmission mode from dried casts deposited 

on KBr salt plates. Curve fitting of the carbonyl – stretching region allowed the 

estimation of both the relative amounts and also the relative ratio of the absorption 

coefficients for the free and bound carbonyls. The bound – carbonyl fractions were 

found to vary smoothly from 0.3 to 0.1 for adsorbed amounts from 0.5 to 1.8 mg of 

PMMA/m(2). The bound fractions depended primarily on the adsorbed amount of 

polymer. Only very small, perhaps even negligible, direct effects of the solvent 

composition (toluene us. benzene/acetonitrile) or molecular mass (32 to 420 kg/mol) 

were observed. 

No.441 

Author(s) : Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Gorvanich T, Pinkaew S. 

Title : Autologous serum skin test in chronic idiopathic urticaria: Prevalence, correlation 

and clinical implications. 

Source : Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 24 (4): 201 – 206, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Chronic autoimmune urticaria, Affinity IgE receptor, FC – epsilon – RI, Autoantibodies, 

Features. 

Abstract : Some cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) have histamine – releasing IgG 

autoantibodies in their blood. This disease subgroup is called “autoimmune urticaria”. 

To date, the autologous serum skin test (ASST) is the best in vivo clinical test for the 

detection of basophil histamine – releasing activity in vitro. This study aimed to find 

the prevalence of ASST positive cases in Thai patients with CIU, to identify factors 

related to the positivity of ASST and to find the clinical implications of ASST in CIU. 

A retrospective study was performed among 85 CIU patients who attended the Urticaria 

Clinic at the Department of Dermatology, Siriraj Hospital and were willing to perform 

ASST, from January 2002 to December 2003. Twenty – one (24.7%) patients had a 

positive ASST. There was no significant difference between patients with positive 

ASST and negative ASST as to the severity of the disease (wheal numbers, wheal 

size, itching scores and the extent of body involvement) as well as the duration of the 

disease. 

No.442 

Author(s) : Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Taiyaitiang C, Pinkaew S, Suthipinittharm P. 

Title : Direct immunofluorescence study in Thai patients with scleroderma. 



Keywords : Immunofluorescence, Scleroderma. 

Abstract : Objective: Previous reports of direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies of the skin 

biopsies in scleroderma were either negative or positive at various percentages and 

patterns. The present study was designed to evaluate the positive yield and pattern of 

DIF in Thai patients with scleroderma and its possible clinical correlation. Material 

and Method: Twenty – two patients with localized or systemic sclerosis, who attended 

the Department of Dermatology, Siriraj Hospital, from 1996 to 2002, were enrolled in 

the present study. Skin biopsy was performed for DIF studies. Results: Nine out of 22 

patients were diagnosed with systemic sclerosis (SS), eleven with morphea, and two


with overlapping syndrome. Fifteen of 22 patients (68%) had positive DIF findings; 

seven of nine (78%) patients with SS, six of eleven (55%) patients with morphea and 

two of two (100%) with overlapping syndrome. The common sites of deposit in SS, 

morphea and overlapping syndrome were dermo – epidermal junction and epidermal 

nuclei. The common immunoreactant deposit in all groups was IgM. There was no 

significant difference in the comparison of DIF findings with duration of biopsy lesion, 

clinical correlation, and the positive result of serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) in 

the three groups of patients. Conclusion: Positive DIF yield in the present study was 

higher than previous reports from Western countries. Similar to the study reported 

from Western country, there was no statistical significant difference in comparison 

of DIF findings with the duration of lesion, clinical correlation, and the positive result 

of serum ANA in our three groups of patients. However, patients with SS had a 

tendency to give more frequently positive ENS and DEJ deposits than those with 

morphea. 

No.443 

Author(s) : Kumnungkit K, Tang IM. 

Title : A mathematical model for erythroid regulation. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics. 5 (6): 701 – 705, 2006 (Jun) 


Keywords : Critical delay time, Delay, Erythropoiesis, Hopf bifurcation. 

Abstract : A mathematical model connecting the dynamics of the essential components in this 

process; the erythrocytes (RBC), the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) and the oxygen 

is proposed. A time delay is included to simulate the dynamics of the maturation 

steps. A bifurcation analysis is performed to determine the ranges of parameter 

values. The effects of the time delay are seen in the simulated production of the 

erythrocytes as the delay time is increased past the critical value. 

No.444 

Author(s) : Kumnungkit K, Tang IM, Bunyaratavej A. 

Title : Effect of time delay in a physiological process containing both a positive and negative 

feedback response. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics. 5(9):1045 – 1051, 2006(Sep). 


Keywords : Hopf bifurcation, Negative feedback response, Positive feedback response, 

Three nonlinear autonomous equations, Time delay. 

Abstract : A mathematic model for any physiological process which requires three variables, 

one of which experiences a positive feedback response and another one which 

experiences a negative feedback response is proposed. A time delay is incorporated 

into the positive feedback loop. A bifurcation analysis of the three nonlinear 

autonomous first order differential equations comprising the model is done. It is 

found that the model allows for a bifurcation to a limit cycle behavior as the delay 

time is varied. It is seen that the model describes process call erythropoiesis, the 

production of red blood cells. Numerical solutions agree with behaviors predicted by 

the mathematical analysis. 

No.445 

Author(s) : Kunastitchai S, Pichert L, Sarisuta N, Muller BW. 

Title : Application of aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process for preparation of 

liposomes in a dry and reconstitutable form. 

Source : International Jouranl of Pharmaceutics. 316 (1 – 2): 93 – 101, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Supercritical carbon dioxide, Aerosol solvent extraction system, ASES, Liposomes. 

Abstract : The aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process was applied to prepare liposomes 

in a dry and reconstitutable form. Dry ASES microparticles containing miconazole 

(MCZ) as a model drug were prepared by an optimized ASES process with various 

compositions of spraying solution containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and 

Poloxamer 407. The influence of such compositions and the pH of hydration medium 

on the physico – chemical properties of the produced microparticles were investigated 

before and after hydration. At optimized conditions, partially crystalline, spherical, 

and nonporous microparticles associated in aggregates varying from a few microns to 

40 mu m were produced with the residual content of methylene chloride and methanol 

lower than 30 and 86 ppm, respectively. The percentage of drug recovered in the 

produced microparticles was increased with an increase of the drug concentration in 

the spraying solution. The entrapment efficiency of hydrated MCZ microparticles 

was improved by increasing the pH of the hydration medium. 

159


No.446 

Author(s) : Kung AWC, Pasion EG, Sofiyan M, Lau EMC, Tay BK, Lam KS, Wilawan K, 

Ongphiphadhanakul B, Thiebaud D. 

Title : A comparison of teriparatide and calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal Asian women 

with osteoporosis: a 6 – month study. 

Source : Current Medical Research and Opinion. 22 (5): 929 – 937, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Asia, Bone mineral density, Calcitonin, Osteoporosis, Teriparatide. 

Abstract : Objective: The number of hip fractures is expected to double in the next 20 years, 

with current estimates that Asia will account for 37% of these cases. As bone mineral 

density (BMD) may be used as a measure of fracture risk, we sought to compare the 

effects of teriparatide with salmon calcitonin treatment on changes in BMD, 

biochemical bone markers, and safety in postmenopausal Asian women with 

osteoporosis. Methodology: A total of 104 patients (n = 47 teriparatide [20 mu g/day 

subcutaneously] and n = 57 calcitonin [100 IU/day subcutaneously]) were enrolled in 

Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. Calcium (500 mg/day) 

and vitamin D (200 – 400 IU/day) supplements were taken throughout the 6 – month 

controlled, randomized study. Results: Teriparatide was associated with a 5.03 +/– 

4.77% increase in lumbar spine BMD (p < 0.0001, mean +/– SD change from baseline), 

whereas changes in lumbar spine BMD for patients on calcitonin were not statistically 

significant (mean change of 0.36 +/– 4.12%, p = 0.16). Comparison of the two groups 

indicated that teriparatide treatment improved lumbar spine BMD statistically 

significantly more than calcitonin (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant changes 

were observed for total hip or femoral neck BMD. Serum bone – specific alkaline 

phosphatase (BSAP) increased by 55.9% (median change from baseline, p < 0.0001) in 

the teriparatide group, and remained stable with calcitonin (5.0% change, p = 0.24); 

osteocalcin increased by 156.15% (median change from baseline, p < 0.0001) with 

teriparatide, and decreased with calcitonin (– 15.25%, p = 0.03). Similar rates of 

adverse events were observed, with nausea and dizziness the most commonly reported 

for both groups (teriparatide versus calcitonin, 13.0% versus 23.2% p = 0.21, 10.9% 

versus 21.4% p = 0.19, respectively). There were no clinically relevant changes 

observed in laboratory parameters. Conclusions: Both treatments were similarly 

tolerated, however teriparatide was associated with greater increases in lumbar 

spine BMD and bone formation markers, demonstrating the unique mechanism of 

action and safety of this treatment for osteoporosis in these Asian women. 

No.447 

Author(s) : Kwanbunjan K, Mas – Ngammueng R, Chusongsang P, Chusongsang Y, Maneekan 

P, Chantaranipapong Y, Pooudong S, Butraporn P. 

Title : Health and nutrition survey of tsunami victims in Phang – Nga Province, Thailand. 





Abstract : The post – tsunami health and nutritional statuses of survivors were surveyed three 

months after the disaster struck. Non – participant observations and questionnaires 

were used to study the effects of the disaster on their lifestyles and health while 

residing in temporary shelters provided by the government and private donors. 

Anthropometries were measured and dietary surveys conducted to elicit nutritional 

status. Our findings indicated good management of drinking water in the temporary 

shelters. Toilet construction and water supply were adequate, but wastewater and 

sewage systems were poorly managed. The study group still suffered from injuries 

after the disaster, and complained of back pain, stress, and sleep disorders. Most in 

the study group had unsatisfactory health behaviors, and obesity was an increasing 

problem among female participants. 

No.448 

Author(s) : Kwanbunjan K, Saengkar P, Cheeramakara C, Tangjitgamol S, Chitcharoenrung K. 

Title : Vitamin B12 status of Thai women with neoplasia of the cervix uteri. 





Abstract : The vitamin B12 statuses of Thai women with high – and low – grade cervical dysplasia 

were studied and compared with women with normal cytological smears. Serum 

160


vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 intakes were assessed, as well as demographic 

characteristics, sexual behavior, reproductive and menstrual history, exogenous 

hormone use, personal and familial medical history, smoking habit, and other risk 

factors. The presence or absence of genital HPV DNA was determined by polymerase 

chain reaction (PCR). Serum vitamin B12 levels in women with normal cytological 

smears were significantly higher than those with both high – and low – grade 

cervical dysplasia (p


162 

pouch is composed of a folded inner pseudostratified columnar epithelium and a 

smooth outer stratified cuboidal epithelium. Three tissue layers between the inner 

and the outer epithelia are an inner loose connective tissue layer, a middle smooth 

muscle layer and an outer dense irregular connective tissue layer. In the normal 

stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is thick and vascularised with small 

blood vessels; the muscle layer consists of scattered unorganised muscle fibres. In the 

embryo – carrying stage, the inner epithelial and inner loose connective tissue layers 

become distended and highly vascularised with enlarged blood vessels. In the embryo 

– release stage, the inner loose connective tissue layer is extensively vascularised 

with very large blood vessels and the smooth muscle fibres invade the outer dense 

irregular connective tissue layer. Structures altered during gestation gradually resume 

their normal condition in the repair stage. Extensive vascularisation of the brood 

pouch during gestation suggests an intricate paternal – embryo relationship implying 

other significant roles besides protective function of the pouch. 

No.452 

Author(s) : Lamoolphak W, Goto M, Sasaki M, Suphantharika M, Wangnapoh C, Prommuag C, 

Shotipruk A. 

Title : Hydrothermal decomposition of yeast cells for production of proteins and amino 

acids. 

Source : Journal of Hazardous Materials. 137 (3): 1643 – 1648, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Subcritical water, Proteins, Amino acids, Hydrolysis, Baker’s yeast, 

Spent Brewer’s yeast. 

Abstract : This study examines hydrothermal decomposition of Baker’s yeast cells, used as a 

model for spent Brewer’s yeast waste, into protein and amino acids. The reaction was 

carried out in a closed batch reactor at various temperatures between 100 and 250 

degrees C. The reaction products were separated into water – soluble and solid 

residue. The results demonstrated that the amount of yeast residue decreased with 

increasing hydrolysis temperature. After 20 min reaction in water at 250 degrees C, 

78% of yeast was decomposed. The highest amount of protein produced was also 

obtained at this condition and was found to be 0.16 mg/mg dry yeast. The highest 

amount of amino acids (0.063 mg/mg dry yeast) was found at the lowest temperature 

tested after 15 min. The hydrolysis product obtained at 200 degrees C was tested as a 

nutrient source for yeast growth. The growth of yeast cells in the culture medium 

containing 2 w/v% of this product was comparable to that of the cells grown in the 

medium containing commercial yeast extract at the same concentration. These results 

demonstrated the feasibility of using subcritical water to potentially decompose 

proteinaceous waste such as spent Brewer’s yeast while recovering more useful 

products. 

No.453 

Author(s) : Laohavechvanich P, Kangsadalampai K, Tirawanchai N, Ketterman AJ. 

Title : Effect of different Thai traditional processing of various hot chili peppers on urethane 

– induced somatic mutation and recombination in Drosophila melanogaster: 

Assessment of the role of glutathione transferase activity. 

Source : Food and Chemical Toxicology. 44 (8): 1348 – 1354, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Chili, Urethane, SMART, Glutathione transferase, Antimutagens. 

Abstract : Four different Thai traditional chili peppers, namely bird pepper (Capsicum frutescens), 

red chili spur peppers (Capsicum annuum), green bell peppers and sweet pepper (C. 

annuum) were investigated for their antimutagenic properties. Each chili was 

prepared in three formulations commonly used for chili food processing; raw paste 

(chili ground in water), pickled in vinegar or stir – fried in palm oil. Each sample was 

tested for its antimutagenic effect against urethane by using the somatic mutation 

and recombination of wing hair of Drosophila melanogaster as an indicator. Three – 

day – old larvae, trans – heterozygous for two genetic markers, multiple wing hairs 

mwh and orrigon (ORR; fir(3)), were exposed to urethane alone or in combination 

with each chili formulation. The various processing methods for chilies differentially 

extracted the antimutagenic chili components. The specific chili as well as the method 

of processing influenced the observed antimutagenic properties against urethane. 

This suggested each chili contains a unique complex mixture of many antimutagens. 

Co – treatment and pre – treatment experiments showed that both direct and indirect 

protective mechanisms are involved in an ‘activation’ process to give antimutagenesis 

effects. An association between antigenotoxicity and glutathione transferase activity 

could not be established.


No.454 

Author(s) : Laosiripisan J, Wattanapermpool J. 

Title : Cardioprotective effects of exercise training on the altered SR CA(2+) – uptake 

function in ovariectomized rats. 

Source : Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 40 (6): 910 – 911, 2006 (Jun). 




No.455 

Author(s) : Laosiritaworn Y, Yimnirun R, Poulter J. 

Title : The effect of uniaxial stress to spin reorientation transition in magnetic thin – films: 

Monte Carlo investigation. 

Source : Current Applied Physics. 6 (3): 469 – 473, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Uniaxial stress, Magnetic thin – films, Spin reorientation, Monte Carlo. 

Abstract : In this work, we studied magnetic thin – films with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 4 

layers via Monte Carlo simulations. The magnetic systems were modelled using 

anisotropic classical Heisenberg spins under the influence of mechanical uniaxial 

stresses. The study was performed with a spin – flip algorithm to investigate how the 

averaged magnetic properties, including their microscopic orientation, depend on 

temperatures, thicknesses and the magnitude of the mechanical uniaxial stress. 

From our results, it is found that the applied stress reduces the spin reorientation 

temperatures (from the out – of – plane to the in – plane direction) in a same way as 

increasing the number of thicknesses. The observations are in good agreement with 

related experiments. 

No.456 

Author(s) : Laosombat V, Sattayasevana B, Chotsampancharoen T, Wongchanchailert M. 

Title : Glucose – 6 – phosphate dehydrogenase variants associated with favism in Thai 

children. 

Source : International Journal of Hematol. 83(2): 139 – 43, 2006 (Feb). 



Abstract : In a study conducted at Songklanagarind Hospital in the south of Thailand, the 

subjects were 225 patients (210 boys and 15 girls) with glucose – 6 – phosphate 

dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Favism was found in 3.6% of the G6PD – deficient 

children. Approximately one half of the G6PD – deficient patients with favism were 

younger than 2 years. Sudden onset of anemia was found within 1 to 3 days after 

ingestion of dried fava beans. The classic features of favism, which are pallor, 

hemoglobinuria, and jaundice, were detected in all cases. To characterize the known 

G6PD mutations in Thai children, molecular analysis was performed for 8 G6PD – 

deficient children with favism by a combination of polymerase chain reaction – 

restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and amplification refractory 

mutation system analysis. The G6PD variants in these children were G6PD Kaiping 

1388, G – –>A; G6PD Mahidol 487,G – –>A; G6PD Viangchan 871,G – –>A; and 

uncharacterized mutation with silent mutation 1311,C – –>T. 

No.457 

Author(s) : Laothamatas J, Tosti CL, Golay X, Van Cauteren M, Lekprasert V, Tangpukdee N, 

Krudsood S, Leowattana W, Wilairatana P, Swaminathan SV, DeLaPaz RL, Brown 

TR, Looareesuwan S, Brittenham GM. 

Title : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of white matter injury in patients with 

acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 




Keywords : Article. 


163


No.458 

Author(s) : Lapanantasin S, Chongthammakun S, Floyd CL, Berman RF. 

Title : Effects of 17 beta – estradiol on intracellular calcium changes and neuronal survival 

after mechanical strain injury in neuronal – glial cultures. 

Source : Synapse. 60 (5): 406 – 410, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Neuroprotection, 17 beta – estradiol, Cell injury, Intracellular calcium, Neuronal 

astroglial cultures, Traumatic brain injury. 

Abstract : The neuroprotective effects of 17 beta – estradiol (E2) were investigated using an in 

vitro model of traumatic brain injury in which cortical neuronal cultures were subjected 

to mechanical strain – injury. The rise in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) following 

neuronal injury was reduced by addition of 10 or 100 nM E2 to the cultures immediately 

following injury. Neuronal damage was measured 24 h after injury by propidium 

iodide uptake and cell viability by carboxyfluorescein diacetate uptake. Addition of 1, 

10, or 100 nM E2 to cell cultures immediately following injury decreased neuronal 

damage and increased neuronal viability compared to vehicle – treated neurons. 

These results demonstrate the neuroprotective activity of E2 in an in vitro model of 

neuronal injury, and suggest that such effects may be related to the ability of E2 to 

modulate [Ca2+](i). 

No.459 

Author(s) : Lapanantasin S, Floyd CL, Chongthammakun S, Berman RF. 

Title : Post – treatment with 17 beta – estradiol following traumatic brain injury reduces 

neuronal degeneration in rat. 





No.460 

Author(s) : Larbcharoensub N, Cert NT, Praneetvatakul V, Pongtippan A, Leopairat J, 

Sirikulchayanonta V. 

Title : Epstein – Barr virus associated lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland; a 

clinicopathological report of three cases. 



Keywords : Epstein – Barr virus, In situ hybridization, Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, Parotid gland, 

Undifferentiated carcinoma. 

Abstract : Lymphoepithelial carcinoma is a relatively uncommon malignant tumor of the salivary 

gland demonstrating malignant epithelial cells with dense lymphoid stroma. The 

authors report three cases of lymphoepithelial carcinoma associated with Epstein – 

Barr virus of the right parotid gland with clinically presenting as painless, gradual 

enlargement of the preauricular mass. The histopathologic examination of the parotid 

gland is characterized by malignant epithelial cells with dense lymphoid stroma. 

Immunohistochemical stains show positive reactivity to cytokeratin and p53 in 

malignant epithelial cells. In situ hybridization of the Epstein – Barr virus – encoded 

Ribonucleic acid shows positivity in malignant epithelial cells. Clinical and pathologic 

features with relevant literatures are discussed. These are the first reported cases of 

primary parotid lymphoepithelial carcinoma associated with Epstein – Barr virus 

infection in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

No.461 

Author(s) : Larbcharoensub N, Chobpradit N, Kijvikai K, Chalermsanyakorn P. 

Title : Primary renal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. 

Source : Urologia Internationalis. 76 (1): 94 – 96, 2006. 


Keywords : Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Pseudotumor, Kidney. 

Abstract : A case of primary renal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the left kidney in a 51 

– year – old man clinically presenting bleeding from the gums with thrombocytopenia 

and left flank mass is reported. Pathological examination of the left renal tumor 

characterizes macroscopically by a cortical mass and histologically by spindle cells 

admixed with variable amounts of extracellular collagen, lymphocytes and plasma 

cells. Immunohistological stainings are positive vimentin and focal positive smooth 

muscle actin. Clinical and pathological features with a brief review of the relevant 

literature are discussed. This is the first reported description in the literature of 

primary renal inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor associated with thrombocytopenia. 

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No.462 

Author(s) : Larbcharoensub N, Sornmayura P, Ariyaprakai W. 

Title : Bilateral leiomyoma of epididymides. 



Keywords : Bilateral, Epididymis, Leiomyoma, Smooth muscle tumor. 

Abstract : Leiomyoma is a relatively uncommon neoplasm of the epididymis derived from smooth 

muscle cells. A case of primary leiomyomas simultaneously occurring in both 

epididymides is reported in a 58 – year – old man, clinically presenting painless intra 

– scrotal masses. The examination of the epididymis characterizes clinically by a firm 

solid, well – circumscribe mass, and histological spindle cells arranged in interlacing 

bundles with varying admixtures of fibrous and hyalinized connective tissue. Clinical, 

histopathologic and immunohistopathologic features, with briefly reviewed relevant 

literatures describing 7 cases of bilateral leiomyoma of epididymides are discussed. 

The patients with the mean age of 56.6 years (range 47 – 62 years) had epididymal 

mass measuring 5 to 75 millimeters (mean 21.3 millimeters). This is the first reported 

description of bilateral leiomyoma of epididymides in Thailand. 

No.463 

Author(s) : Larsson R, Folkesson B, Spaziante PM, Veerasai W, Exell RHB. 

Title : A high – power carbohydrate fuel cell. 

Source : Renewable Eergy. 31 (4): 549 – 552, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Biomass conversion, Fuel cell, Flow battery, Carbohydrate, Sugar, Vanadium. 

Abstract : This paper reports the development of a fuel cell consisting of a vanadium flow 

battery in which the vanadium ions are reduced by sugar (from a carbohydrate) to 

oxidation state +3 on one side of a membrane, and are oxidized to state +5 on the 

other side by oxygen. The theoretical upper limit to the conversion efficiency of the 

energy in sugar by this method under standard conditions is 54%. We have obtained 

efficiencies up to 45% in our laboratory tests. This way of using biomass for electricity 

production avoids the Carnot cycle losses in heat engines. 

No.464 

Author(s) : Lassarat S, Jootar S. 

Title : Ongoing challenges of a global international patient assistance program. 

Source : Annals of Oncology. 17 (Suppl.8): 43 – 46, 2006. 


Keywords : Glivec, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Gastrointestinal stromal tumours, Patient 

access, Developing countries. 

Abstract : The Glivec International Patient Assistance Program (GIPAP(TM)) that is supported 

by Novartis Oncology provides Glivec (imatinib), an innovative oral therapy for chronic 

myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours, at no cost to patients 

in developing countries who could otherwise not afford treatment. Using a novel 

direct – to – patient approach this program is currently successfully providing Glivec 

to underserved patients in 81 countries. A number of challenges were faced in the 

implementation of this program in countries where cancer is not a priority, and 

where the healthcare and other infrastructure can be very limited. By working 

within the existing healthcare system of each country, and with any national cancer 

control programme that may be in place, through careful selection of qualified 

institutions and physicians, while maintaining a global approach to ensure consistency 

and quality, GIPAP has become an efficient and sustainable access program. Novartis 

has made a long – term commitment to GIPAP, and is currently exploring new 

patient access programs for other drugs. 

No.465 

Author(s) : Laupattarakasem P, Wangsrimongkol T, Surarit R, Hahnvajanawong C. 

Title : In vitro and in vivo anti – inflammatory potential of Cryptolepis buchanani. 

Source : Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 108 (3): 349 – 354, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Cryptolepis buchanani, Asclepiadaceae, Anti – inflammation, Acute toxicity, Traditional 

medicine. 

Abstract : Cryptolepis buchanani Roem. & Schult. (Asclepiadaceae), a climbing tree, is used as 

folk medicine in southeast Asia. In Thailand, the stem of this plant is traditionally 

used for the treatment of inflammation, including arthritis, and muscle and joint 

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pain. In the current study, the potential anti – inflammatory activity of a 50% ethanol 

extract of this plant was evaluated in a number of experimental models. For anti – 

acute inflammatory activity, results showed that the extract caused reduction of 

carrageenan – induced rat paw edema in addition to significant reduction of eicosanoid 

production from calcium ionophore A23187 – stimulated rat peritoneal leukocytes. In 

a test for anti – chronic inflammatory potential utilizing the cotton thread – induced 

granuloma, the extract caused significant lowering of granulation tissue formation. 

The reduction of tumor necrosis factor – alpha (TNF – alpha) release from LPS – 

stimulated human monocytic cell line (THP – 1),was also demonstrated in cells that 

were pre – incubated with the extract. An additional important feature of Cryptolepis 

buchanani is its low toxicity, especially by oral treatment, which significantly 

encourages clinical trials of this extract in the human. In conclusion, the results give 

scientific support to the traditional use of this plant for combating inflammation. 

Further investigations are required to identify the active constituents responsible for 

the anti – inflammatory activity of Cryptolepis buchanani. Subacute and chronic 

toxicological studies in animals are also needed before clinical trials. 

No.466 

Author(s) : Lee SJ, Steer PJ, Filippi V. 

Title : Seasonal patterns and preterm birth: a systematic review of the literature and an 

analysis in a London – based cohort. 

Source : BJOG – An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 



Keywords : Preterm birth, Seasonality, Systematic review. 

Abstract : Objective: The objectives of this study included a systematic review of the countries 

in which a seasonal pattern of preterm birth has been reported and an analysis on the 

seasonal variability of preterm birth in a London – based cohort. Design Cross – 

sectional study.Setting Eighteen maternity units in a London health region from 

1988 to 2000.Population The study population comprised 482 765, live singleton births 

born after 24 weeks of gestation and weighing more than 200 g.Methods Systematic 

review and secondary analysis of seasonality over 13 years of births from the St 

Mary’s Maternity Information System (SMMIS).Main outcome measure Annual 

patterns of preterm birth and a comparison of risk by seasons.Results Three studies 

from developing countries and three from developed countries reported a seasonal 

pattern of preterm birth. One study from the USA reported no seasonal pattern of 

preterm birth. No British studies were located. Rates of preterm birth in developed 

countries were highest twice a year (once in winter and again in summer). In London 

(SMMIS data set), however, preterm births peaked only once a year, in winter. 

Babies born in winter were 10% more likely to be preterm compared with those born 

in spring (OR 1.10, 95%CI 1.07 – 1.14).Conclusion: Establishing a seasonal pattern of 

birth can have important implications for the delivery of healthcare services. Most 

studies from both developed and developing countries support the existence of preterm 

birth seasonality. This study has shown that the seasonality of preterm births in this 

London – based cohort differs from other developed countries that have previously 

reported a seasonal pattern of preterm birth. 

No.467 

Author(s) : Leechawengwongs M, Leechawengwongs E, Sukying C, Udomsubpayakul U. 

Title : Role of drowsy driving in traffic accidents: A questionnaire survey of Thai commercial 

bus/truck drivers. 



Keywords : Bus/truck drivers, Drowsy driving, Traffic accidents. 

Abstract : Objective: The authors assessed the relationship between traffic accidents and 

drowsiness. Material and Method: A self – answered questionnaire survey of 4331 

commercial bus/truck drivers was done. Result: Sixty – nine percent of the drivers 

reported accidents and one third of these accidents was attributable to drowsiness. 

Drowsy driving and microsleeps were experienced by 75% and 28% of drivers 

respectively. Forty – five percent of drivers had excessive daytime sleepiness based 

on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS score e•11). This excessive daytime sleepiness 

was strongly associated with feeling drowsy, microsleeps, and accidents. The major 

causes of drowsiness were sleep deprivation (90%), medications that caused sleepiness 

(78%), drinking alcohol the previous night (23%), and chronic loud snoring with or 

without obesity (17%). 61% of drivers worked longer than 12 hours with no days off.


The feeling of drowsiness at the wheel was also closely related to long hours of 

driving (> 4 hours). Countermeasures that drivers used to keep them awake were 

talking to someone, drinking coffee or caffeinated – energy drinks, chewing snacks 

or gum and pulling over to have a nap. Conclusion: There is a strong relationship 

between accidents and drowsiness in commercial bus/truck drivers. The main cause 

of drowsiness was sleep deprivation. The authors hope that this information will help 

the public authority develop a policy to reduce the traffic accidents attributable to 

drowsy driving in commercial bus/truck drivers. 

No.468 

Author(s) : Leelacharas S. 

Title : Illness representations in Thai women diagnosed with hypertension and relationships 

to medication – taking behavior. 





No.469 

Author(s) : Leelakusolvong S, Sinpeng T, Pongprasobchai S, Tanwandee T, Kachintorn U, 

Manatsathit S. 

Title : Effect of botulinum toxin injection for achalasia in Thai patients. 



Keywords : Achalasia, Botox, Botulinum toxin, Thais. 

Abstract : Background: Achalasia is a disorder of the esophagus. The lower esophageal sphincter 

fails to relax and increases the loss of body peristalsis. It is an uncommon disease 

worldwide. Data regarding its treatment are derived mostly from North America and 

European countries. Few data regarding this treatment were available in Asia and no 

data about using botulinum toxin injection for this disease was available in Thailand. 

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin in achalasia in Thai patients. 

Material and Method: Eleven achalasia adult Thai patients with a mean age of 56.5 16.9 

were studied. There are nine females and two males. The duration of symptom 

before treatment was 27.5 34.5 months. All patients receiving botulinum toxin injection 

at Siriraj hospital between 2001 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Pretreatment 

of baseline lower esophageal sphincter, symptom score and body weight were 

compared. Time to second botulinum toxin injection or the need to receive treatment 

for recurrence was recorded to evaluate the time of recurrence. Adverse events from 

this procedure were collected. Results: Eleven patients were involved in this study. 

One patient that received 40 units of botulinum toxin showed no response after a six 

months follow up. The other ten patients received botulinum toxin 80 units for each 

session and were enrolled in this study. All ten patients demonstrated good response 

to the first botulinum toxin injection and subsequent injections. Four patients received 

only one session of botulinum toxin injection during study period. Meanwhile, five 

patients received two sessions and only one patient required four sessions. Symptom 

score of all ten patients improved significantly compared with pretreatment score 

(7.3 1.3 for pretreatment and 0.4 0.5, 0.9 0.7 and 1.6 1.3 after 2 weeks, 3 months 

and 6 months, respectively). Body weight increased significantly when compared 

with pretreatment (47.7 6.5 Kg for pretreatment and 49.2 5.8, 50.5 6.4, and 50.7 5.8 

Kg after 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively). Previous treatments prior 

botulinum toxin injection do not seem to influence the effect of this treatment. Mean 

time of recurrence is 444 132 days (270 – 718 days). Minor adverse events such as 

chest pain and reflux symptoms were seen in this therapy. Conclusion: Botulinum 

toxin injection in Thai achalasia patients is an effective, simple, and safe treatment. 

These results showed the similar outcomes as in Caucasian patients. 

No.470 

Author(s) : Leelarasamee A, Tatong W, Kasattut N, Sriboonruang T, Ayudhya DPN. 

Title : Bioequivalence study of clindamycin phosphate injection (Clinott – P) in Thai healthy 

volunteers. 



Keywords : Bioequivalence study, Clindamycin phosphate. 

Abstract : Background and Objective: Generic clindamycin given intramuscularly, should have 

identical active ingredient(s), strength, and demonstrable bioequivalence to those of 

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original product. The aim of this investigation was to compare the bioavailability of a 

single, intramuscular injection, of 2 ml. of 300 mg. of a generic clindamycin (Clinott – 

P) and the original preparation (Dalacin C). Material and Method: A randomized, 

double – blinded, crossover study was conducted. Twenty – four healthy males were 

recruited at Siriraj Hospital and randomized to receive a single intramuscular injection 

of either Clinott – P or Dalacin C. Treatment was followed by a two – week washout 

period. Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 

hours after the injection. Plasma samples were analysed for clindamycin by a validated 

HPLC method at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University. 

Results: Twenty – four volunteers enrolled in and completed the study. They exhibited 

an average height of 167.92 cm (SD = 5.82), weight of 60.10 kg (SD = 7.36), body mass 

index of 21.27 (SD = 1.73) and normal blood chemistries. The C max of Clinott – P was 

3.94225 g/ml at T max 1.75 hours and of Dalacin C, 3.6847 g/ml at T max 2.09 hours. The 

AUC 0 – 24 of Clinott – P was 16.32 6.13 g.hr/ml and Dalacin C was 17.24 7.46 g.hr/ml. 

Ninety percent confidence intervals of the mean ratios (test/reference) of log 

transformed of C max (93.07 – 123.43%), AUC (0 – 24) (82.58 – 112.31%) and AUC (0 – inf) (81.54 

– 110.06%) were all within the standard range (80 – 125 %) for bioequivalence study. 

Tenderness after injection around the deltoid area was assessed blindly and was 

found to be slight (visual basic score < 5) and presented for one or two days after the 

injection. Conclusion: The two brands of clindamycin exhibit comparable 

pharmacokinetic parameters and volunteers exhibited slight and tolerable tenderness 

at the injection site. 

No.471 

Author(s) : Leelawat K, Leelawat S, Ratanachu – Ek T, Trubwongchareon S, Wannaprasert J, 

Tripongkaruna S, Chantawibul S, Tepaksorn P. 

Title : Circulating hTERT mRNA as a tumor marker in cholangiocarcinoma patients. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (26): 4195 – 4198, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Cholangiocarcinoma, Telomerase, hTERT, Real – time reverse transcriptase – 

polymerase chain reaction. 

Abstract : Aim: To investigate human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in the 

serum of cholangiocarcinoma patients.Methods: The serum of thirty three 

cholangiocarcinoma patients, forty one benign biliary tract disease patients and ten 

healthy volunteers were collected and analyzed for the expression of hTERT mRNA 

by real – time reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR). We then 

examined the correlation between values of serum hTERT mRNA and the pathological 

staging of cholangiocarcinoma. Results: hTERT mRNA was detected in 28 of 33 

(84.85%) of serum obtained from cholangiocarcinoma patients and 9 of 41 (21.9%) of 

serum obtained from benign biliary tract disease patients. hTERT mRNA was not 

detected in any serum obtained from healthy volunteers. on the other hand the 

common tumor marker, CA19 – 9 was detected in 20 of 33 (60.6%) of serum obtained 

from cholangiocarcinoma patients and 8 of 41 (19.5%) of serum obtained from benign 

biliary tract disease patients. However, no correlation was found between the present 

of serum hTERT mRNA and tumor staging. Conclusion: These results indicate that 

the detection of circulating hTERT mRNA was identified in almost all 

cholangiocarcinoma patients. It offers a, novel tumor marker, which can be used as 

a complementary study for diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. 

No.472 

Author(s) : Leelawat K, Leelawat S, Tepaksorn P, Rattanasinganchan P, Leungchaweng A, 

Tohtong R, Sobhon P. 

Title : Involvement of c – Met/hepatocyte growth factor pathway in cholangiocarcinoma cell 

invasion and its therapeutic inhibition with small interfering RNA specific for c – Met. 

Source : Journal of Surgical Research. 136 (1): 78 – 84, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Cholangiocarcinoma, c – Met, Migration, Invasion, MEK1/2. 

Abstract : Background: Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c – Met) plays an important role in 

many functions of cancer cells. We examined the roles of c – Met and its downstream 

signaling molecules in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines RMCCA1 and HuCCA1. Materials 

and methods: The expression of c – Met and their signaling cascades were determined 

in RMCCA1 and HuCCA1 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines by Western blotting. Small 

interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for c – Met was used to suppress the expression of 

c – Met. The proliferation, migration and invasion assay were tested in these 

cholangiocarcinoma cells treated with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Results:


Activation of c – Met with HGF triggered the signaling via the ERK cascade mediated 

by sequential phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and MAPK and induction of 

cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion. The expression of c – Met in cholangiocarcinoma 

cells was suppressed by treatment with small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for c 

– Met, and resulted in decrease in phosphorylation of MEK1/2. Furthermore, treatment 

with siRNA specific for c – Met or MEK inhibitor U0126 inhibited cholangiocarcinoma 

cell invasion induced by HGF. Conclusions: These results indicated that HGF and c – 

Met involved in the mechanism of cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion. It implies a 

potential role for the inhibition of c – Met in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. 

No.473 

Author(s) : Leelawattana R, Pratipanawatr T, Bunnag P, Kosachunhanun N, 

Suwanwalaikorn S, Krittiyawong S, Chetthakul T, Plengvidhya N, 

Benjasuratwong Y, Deerochanawong C, Mongkolsomlit S, Ngarmukos C, 

Rawdaree P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence of vascular complications in long – 

standing type 2 diabetes. 



Keywords : Long – standing diabetes, Vascular complications. 

Abstract : Objective: To explore the nature of diabetic complications in type 2 diabetic patients 

who had had diabetes for longer than 15 years (long – DM), compared to those with 

duration of less than 15 years (short – DM). Material and Method: Patients studied 

were adult type 2 diabetic patients registered to the Diabetes Registry Project, a 

nationwide cross – sectional study of diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Information 

collected included demographic data, age at diagnosis of diabetes, blood pressure, 

body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum creatinine, and major diabetic 

vascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), albuminuria or renal 

insufficiency (diabetic nephropathy; DN), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, 

peripheral arterial disease (PAD), foot ulcer and amputation. Results: There were 

9284 patients, consisting of 2244 (24.17%) subjects with long – DM (mean SD, mean 

duration of DM 21.3 5.8 years), and 7040 subjects with short – DM (mean duration 

7.0 3.9 years). The long – DM group was older than the short – DM group (65.5 10.3 

vs 58.2 12.6 year – old, p less than 0.0001), and had higher HbA1c (8.5 vs 8.0%, p = 

0.009). The prevalence of diabetic complications in the long – DM group was higher 

than that in the short – DM group (DN 49.4% vs 33.9%, DR 54.3% vs 22.8%; MI 9.4% 

vs 3.5%, PAD 17.3% vs 5.5%, foot ulcer 13.4% vs 5.3%,, stroke 9.4% vs 7.0% and 

amputation 5.5% vs 2.0%; all p values less than 0.01). The duration of DM significantly 

affected the risk of diabetic complications after adjustment for age, hypertension, 

and levels of glycemic control. Conclusion: Diabetic duration was independently 

associated with increased risk of having diabetes – related complications without 

threshold. Monitoring of complications in patients having long – standing diabetes is 

warranted in order to provide appropriate management. 

No.474 

Author(s) : Leelayoova S, Subrungruang I, Suputtamongkol Y, Worapong J, Petmitr PC, 

Mungthin M. 

Title : Identification of genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from stool samples from human 

immunodeficiency virus – infected patients in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (8): 3001 – 3004, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Macaques macaca – mulatta, Molecular characterization, Fecal samples, 

Microsporidiosis, Prevalence, Spicimens, Strains, Cattle, Swine, Pigs. 

Abstract : We identified genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from 33 stool samples of Thai 

human immunodeficiency, virus (HIV) – infected adult patients. Genotype D was 

identified at the highest frequency (36.4%), while genotype E was the second most 

common (15.1%). Genotypes O and PigEBITS 7, previously found only in pigs, were 

observed in Thai HIV – infected patients. Phylogenetic analysis supported a zoonotic 

nature for E. bieneusi. 

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No.475 

Author(s) : Leelayuwat C, Paspimarnboon B, Siriwern R, Jumnainsong A, Jearanaikoon P. 

Title : Soluble MICA in cervical cancer of north – eastern Thais: High level with no association 

with disease stages. 

Source : Tissue Antigens. 67 (6): 537 – 537 P – 201, 2006 (Jun). 




No.476 

Author(s) : Leetachewa S, Katzenmeier G, Angsuthanasombat C. 

Title : Novel preparation and characterization of the alpha 4 – loop – alpha 5 membrane – 

perturbing peptide from the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba delta – endotoxin. 

Source : Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 270 – 277, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Bacillus thuringiensis, Calcein release, Alpha – helical hairpin, Membrane – pore 

formation, Mosquito – larvicidal protein, Tryptic cleavage. 

Abstract : Helices 4 and 5 of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba delta – endotoxin have been 

shown to be important determinants for mosquito – larvicidal activity, likely being 

involved in membrane – pore formation. In this study, the Cry4Ba mutant protein 

containing an additional engineered tryptic cleavage site was used to produce the 

alpha 4 – alpha 5 hairpin peptide by an efficient alternative strategy. Upon 

solubillization of toxin inclusions expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequent digestion 

with trypsin, the 130 – kDa mutant protoxin was processed to protease – resistant 

fragments of ca. 47, 10 and 7 kDa. The 7 – kDa fragment was identified as the alpha 

4 – loop – alpha 5 hairpin via N – terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry, and 

was successfully purified by size – exclusion FPLC and reversed – phase HPLC. Using 

circular dichroism spectroscopy, the 7 – kDa peptide was found to exist predominantly 

as an a – helical structure. Membrane perturbation studies by using fluorimetric 

calcein – release assays revealed that the 7 – kDa helical hairpin is highly active 

against unilamellar liposomes compared with the 65 – kDa activated full – length 

toxin. These results directly support the role of the alpha 4 – loop – alpha 5 hairpin in 

membrane perturbation and pore formation of the full – length Cry4Ba toxin. 

No.477 

Author(s) : Leewansangtong S, Taweemonkongsap T. 

Title : Is laparoscopic radical prostatectomy after transurethral prostatectomy appropriated? 



Keywords : Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, Prostate, Prostatic carcinoma. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the appropriateness and morbidity of laparoscopic radical 

prostatectomy (LRP) in patients who had previous trans urethral prostatectomy 

(TURP). Material and Method: From February 2005 to February 2006, 27 patients 

with clinical localized prostate cancer underwent LRP with the same technique by a 

single surgeon. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with trans rectal ultrasound guided 

biopsy (TRUSBX) and eight patients were diagnosed with TURP. Operative data and 

pathological outcomes were evaluated between the two group. Results: Mean operative 

time and blood loss in TURSBX group were 233 minutes and 610 ml while those in 

TURP group were 251 minutes and 812 ml, respectively. These were not significantly 

different (all p valve > 0.1). There was no significant complication or mortality in 

either groups. LRP could achieve high free margin rate. Of 19 patients with pathological 

localized disease, 17 (89.4%) had free margin. It was found in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%) 

in TRUSBX group and in all patients in the TURP group. Conclusion: LRP is appropriate 

to undergo in prostate cancer patients with previous TURP. LRP after TURP did not 

have a higher morbidity than LRP after TRUSBX and did not compromise free margin 

rate. 

No.478 

Author(s) : Lekhanont K, Rojanaporn D, Chuck RS, Vongthongsri A. 

Title : Prevalence of dry eye in Bangkok, Thailand. 

Source : Cornea. 25 (10): 1162 – 1167, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Prevalence, Dry eye, Thai population. 

Abstract : Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of dry eye in the adult population of Bangkok, 

Thailand. Methods: Five hundred fifty volunteers 40 years of age or more who 

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presented to the Ramathibodi Hospital for annual eye examinations were enrolled. 

Interviewers administered a dry eye symptoms questionnaire. Slit – lamp examination 

and objective dry eye assessment consisting of tear film breakup time (TBUT), 

fluorescein corneal staining, Schirmer tests, and meibomian gland evaluation were 

performed. Outcome measures included frequency of symptoms and positive dry eye 

tests. Results: Thirty – four percent reported significant symptoms, which were 

defined as having one or more symptoms often or a] I of the time (95% confidence 

interval, 28.1 – 40.6). Approximately one half had meibomian gland disease (MGD) or 

pingueculum/pterygium (46.2 and 53.8%, respectively). Individuals with significant 

symptoms tended to be women (83.4%, P = 0.024), had MGD (63.6%, P = 0.006), had 

current artificial tear use (33.2%, P = 0.024), and had positive TBUT (80.7%, P = 0.000) 

and fluorescein staining (16.6%, P = 0.013.) The presence of pingueculum/pterygium 

and MGD were significantly associated with positive dry eye tests.Conclusion: This is 

the first report of prevalence of dry eye inclusive of signs and symptoms in an elderly 

Thai population. The prevalence of disease diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and 

dry eye tests was approximately 2 to 3 times higher than reported in whites. Women 

were more likely to report symptoms. Positive associations with dry eye tests were 

found in subjects with pingucculum/pterygium and MGD. 

No.479 

Author(s) : Lenbury Y, Rattanakul C, Li DN. 

Title : Stability of solution of Kuramoto – Sivashinsky – Korteweg – de Vries system. 

Source : Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 52 (3 – 4): 497 – 508, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Kuramoto – Sivashinsky, Korteweg – de Vries, Linear stability. 

Abstract : A model consisting of a mixed Kuramoto – Sivashinsky – Korteweg – de Vries equation, 

linearly coupled to an extra linear dissipative equation has been proposed in [1] in 

order to describe the surface waves on multilayered liquid films and stability criteria 

are discussed using wave mode analysis. In this paper, we study the linear stability of 

solutions to the model from the viewpoint of energy estimate. 

No.480 

Author(s) : Lertsapcharoen P, Khongphatthanayothin A, La – orkhun V, Supachokchaiwattana 

P, Charoonrut P. 

Title : Self – expanding nanoplatinum – coated nitinol devices for atrial septal defect and 

patent ductus arteriosus closure: A swine model. 

Source : Indian Heart Journal. 58 (4): 315 – 320, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Atrial septal defect, Nanoplatinum – coated nitinol device, Patent ductus arteriosus. 

Abstract : Objectives: Our purpose was to evaluate self – expanding nanoplatinum – coated 

nitinol devices for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects and patent ductus 

arteriosus in a swine model. The devices were braided from platinum – activated 

nitinol wires and filled with polyester to enhance thrombogenicity. The platinum 

activation of the nitinol wires was carried out with the help of Nanofusion technology. 

The coating of platinum covers the exposed surface of the nitinol wires and prevents 

the release of nickel into the blood stream after the implantation of the device but 

does not affect its shape memory, which makes the device self – expanding after it is 

loaded from the catheter. Methods and Results: Atrial septal defects were created in 

12 piglets by balloon dilation of the patent foramen ovale. The size of the device was 

selected on the basis of the diameter of the balloon and the size of the defect, measured 

by transthoracic echocardiography. The devices were successfully deployed in all 12 

piglets under fluoroscopic study. Transthoracic color Doppler echocardiograms showed 

complete closure of the atrial septal defect within 15 minutes of device implantation. 

Twelve patent ductus arteriosus closure devices were deployed in the right or left 

subclavian arteries in 10 piglets. Angiograms showed complete occlusion of the 

subclavian arteries within a few minutes of device deployment. In the atrial septal 

defect cases, the autopsy findings showed complete organizing fibrin thrombus 

formation and complete neo – endothelialization on the outer surface of the devices 

within one week and six weeks of implantation, respectively. Conclusion: The use of 

self – expanding nanoplatinum – coated nitinol devices for the transcatheter closure 

of atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus is feasible. The excellent occlusion 

result and complete neo – endothelialization of the devices in the swine model is an 

indication of the potential of these devices in human application. 

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No.481 

Author(s) : Lertsithichai P. 

Title : Health research, fair benefits and access to medicines. 



Keywords : Access, Benefit, Research. 

Abstract : Access to medicines within the context of health research is viewed as a negotiation 

for “fair benefits” where it is judged by the host country that access to medicines is 

the most important and desirable benefit. Research ethics committees in the host 

country, both local and central, are set to be key players in that determination. 

However, access to medicines, or “reasonable availability” of medicines in research 

ethics guidelines, may be difficult to achieve in practice. In extreme cases, the problem 

of access to medicines may need to be viewed as a global problem, beyond the 

negotiations within the fair benefits framework. 

No.482 

Author(s) : Lertwanich P, Lamsam C, Kulthanan T. 

Title : Difference in isokinetic strength of the muscles around dominant and nondominant 

shoulders. 



Keywords : Isokinetic, Muscle strength, Shoulder. 

Abstract : Background: Muscle training usually plays an important role in the treatment of 

shoulder disorders. Clinicians traditionally predict the pre – injury strength of an 

injured shoulder by using the contralateral uninjured side as the baseline data. 

Objective: The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the difference 

in isokinetic peak torque of dominant and nondominant shoulders. Material and 

Method: Both shoulders of 39 healthy subjects (24 men, 15 women) were tested 

isokinetically by using the CON – TREX MJ dynamometer at two angular velocities 

(60 and 180 o/sec) during abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, internal rotation 

and external rotation. Result: There were statistical differences of contralateral peak 

torque in almost all directions of shoulder muscle contractions except in shoulder 

flexion at both speeds. Peak torque of shoulder adduction, extension, and internal 

rotation were greater in the dominant side. Shoulder abduction and external rotation 

peak torque were greater in the nondominant side. Conclusion: Therefore, clinicians 

should not directly use the isokinetic strength of the contralateral shoulder as normal 

baseline data for an injured side without consideration. 

No.483 

Author(s) : Liammongkolkul S, Wasant P, Shinka T. 

Title : D – glyceric aciduria in Thai infant with vesical stone: First reported case. 

Source : Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 29 (Suppl.1): 123 – 123, 2006 (Aug). 




No.484 

Author(s) : Lien YC, Daosukho C, St Clair DK. 

Title : TNF receptor deficiency reveals a translational control mechanism for adriamycin – 

induced Fas expression in cardiac tissues. 

Source : Cytokine. 33 (4): 226 – 230, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Adriamycin, AP – 1, Fas, p53, TNF receptors. 

Abstract : Adriamycin, ADR, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, has been demonstrated to cause 

cardiomyocyte apoptosis, in part, via the Fas/Fas ligand – mediated cell death pathway. 

Our previous Studies suggested that TNF – alpha receptors may mediate 

cardioprotection against ADR toxicity by the Suppression of the Fas – mediated 

pathway. However, the role of TNF – alpha receptors in this process is unclear. In the 

present study, we extended our initial observation to determine the molecular 

mechanisms by which ADR induced Fas expression in the presence and absence of 

TNF receptors. Our results demonstrated that ADR – mediated p53 and AP – 1 

interaction and increased Fas mRNA levels independent of TNF receptors. However, 

the levels of Fas proteins only increased in the cardiac tissues of TNF receptor – 

deficient mice. These results demonstrated that the Suppression of ADR – induced 

Fas expression by TNF receptors was not regulated at transcriptional levels, but may 

be regulated at a translational level. 

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No.485 

Author(s) : Lien YC, Lin SM, Nithipongvanitch R, Oberley TD, Noel T, Zhao Q, Daosukho C, 

St Clair DK. 

Title : Tumor necrosis factor receptor deficiency exacerbated Adriamycin – induced 

cardiomyocytes apoptosis: an insight into the Fas connection. 

Source : Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 5 (2): 261 – 269, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Manganese superoxide – dismutase, Doxorubicin – induced apoptosis, Cytochrome – 

C release, Induced cardiomyopathy, Mediated apoptosis, Cardiac myocytes, 

Mitochondrial dysfunction, Induced cardiotoxicity, Oligomerizes bak, Transgenic mice. 

Abstract : Cardiomyopathy is a major dose – limiting factor for applications of Adriamycin, a 

potent chemotherapeutic agent. The present study tested the hypothesis that increased 

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) – alpha signaling via its receptors protects against 

Adriamycin – induced cardiac injury. We used mice in which both TNF receptor I and 

II have been selectively inactivated (DKO) with wild – type mice as controls. 

Morphometric studies of cardiac tissue following Adriamycin treatment revealed 

greater ultrastructural damage in cardiomyocyte mitochondria from DKO mice. 

Biochemical studies of cardiac tissues showed cytochrome c release and the increase 

in proapoptotic protein levels, suggesting that lack of TNF – alpha receptor I and II 

exacerbates Adriamycin – induced cardiac injury. The protective role of TNF receptor 

I and II was directly confirmed in isolated primary cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, 

following Adriamycin treatment, the levels of Fas decreased in the wild – type mice. 

In contrast, DKO mice had an increase in Fas levels and its downstream target, 

mitochondrial truncated Bid. These results suggested that TNF – alpha receptors 

play a critical role in cardioprotection by suppression of the mitochondrial – mediated 

associated cell death pathway. 

No.486 

Author(s) : Liewluck T. 

Title : Severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy, mental subnormality and 

chorea. 

Source : Neurology India. 54 (4): 445 – 445, 2006 (Dec). 




No.487 

Author(s) : Liewluck T, Pho – Iam T, Limwongse C, Thongnoppakhun W, Boonyapisit K, 

Raksadawan N, Murayama K, Hayashi YK, Nishino I, Sangruchi T. 

Title : Mutation analysis of the one gene in distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV) 

patients in Thailand. 

Source : Muscle & Nerve. 34 (6): 775 – 778, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles, DMRV, GNE, Hereditary, Inclusion – body 

myopathy, UDP – N – acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N – acetylmannosamine, Kinase. 

Abstract : Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV) is an early – adult – onset, distal 

myopathy caused by a mutation of the UDP – N – acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N – 

acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) gene. We herein report four Thai patients with 

DMRV who carried compound heterozygous mutations of the GNE gene including 

three novel (p.G89R, p.P511T, and p.1656N) and two known mutations (p.A524V and 

p.V696M). All patients shared p.V696M in one allele. Our study demonstrates the 

mutation spectrum of the GNE gene in Thai patients with DMRV. 

No.488 

Author(s) : Liewluck T, Raksadawan N, Limwongse C, Nishino I, Sangruchi T. 

Title : Floppy infant caused by MTM1 mutation: A first genetically – confirmed X – linked 

myotubular myopathy patient in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (1): 99 – 105, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Centronuclear myopathy, Congenital myopathy, Floppy infant, MTM1, Muscle biopsy, 

Myotubularin, X – linked myotubular myopathy. 

Abstract : Floppy infant syndrome (FIS) refers to a condition wherein an infant manifests 

generalized hypotonia since birth or in early life. It is heterogeneous and can be 

caused by various central nervous system disorders, neuromuscular diseases and 

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174 

genetic disorders. X – linked myotubular myopathy (XMTM) is a progressive congenital 

myopathy morphologically characterized by the presence of centrally placed nuclei in 

numerous muscle fibers without any other particular pathological abnormalities. 

Patients are frequently born with floppiness and respiratory distress. The vast majority 

of patients carry a truncating or missense mutation in MTM1. The authors report 

here a full term male baby with clinicopathological features of XMTM. The diagnosis 

is validated by the finding of a c.141 – 144delAGAA mutation of MTM1. To the best of 

the authors’ knowledge, the present case is the first genetically confirmed XMTM in 

Thailand. A brief review of various neuromuscular disorders causing floppy infant 

syndrome is also included. 

No.489 

Author(s) : Likitmaskul S, Wacharasindhu S, Rawdaree P, Ngarmukos C, Deerochanawong C, 

Suwanwalaikorn S, Chetthakul T, Bunnag P, Kosachunhanun N, Plengvidhaya N, 

Leelawatana R, Krittiyawong S, Benjasuratwong Y, Pratipanawatr T. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Type of diabetes, glycemic control and prevalence 

of microvascular complications in children and adolescents with diabetes. 



Keywords : Children and adolescents with diabetes, Glycemic control, Juvenile diabetes, 

Microvascular complications, Type of diabetes. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the etiology, glycemic control and prevalence of microvascular 

complications in Thai diabetic patients who were diagnosed at the age of less than 18 

years and who attended diabetes clinics in university or tertiary care hospitals. Material 

and Method: A cross – sectional, multi – center, hospital – based diabetes registry was 

carried out from diabetes clinics of 11 tertiary centers. Demographic data including 

laboratory results and microvascular complications were recorded. Results: Two – 

hundred – and – fifty out of the 9419 (2.66%) diabetic patients were diagnosed before 

the age of 18 years, 78% had Type1 diabetes (T1DM), 18.4% had Type2 diabetes 

(T2DM) and 3.6% had other types of diabetes. Mean HbA1C of T1DM was 9.3 2.5, 

T2DM was 9.7 2.6 and other types of diabetes were 8.6 4%. The majority of patients 

had poor glycemic control according to ADA and WHO guidelines. The percentage of 

patients who had diabetes for more than 5 years but had not been screened for 

nephropathy and retinopathy were 57.7% and 16% in T1DM and were 46.4% and 

14.2% in T2DM respectively. A significant correlation between microvacular 

complications (nephropathy and retinopathy) and duration of disease was found in 

T1DM (p


induce the release of entrapped calcein from liposomes was much weaker than that 

of the wild – type toxin. These results suggest that the highly conserved Asn(183) 

located in the middle of the transmembrane alpha 5 of Cry4Ba plays a crucial role in 

toxicity and toxin oligomerisation in the lipid membranes. 

No.491 

Author(s) : Limmathurotsakul D, Chaowagul W, Chierakul W, Stepniewska K, Maharjan B, 

Wuthiekanun V, White NJ, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Risk factors for recurrent melioidosis in northeast Thailand. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (8): 979 – 986, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole, Burkholderia – pseudomallei, Maintenance 

treatment, Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline, Ceftazidime, Relapse, Therapy. 

Abstract : Background: Recurrent melioidosis occurs in similar to 6% of patients in the first year 

following the initial presentation. A recent study revealed that 25% of patients with 

recurrence had reinfection rather than a relapse resulting from a failure to cure. The 

aim of this study was to reevaluate these 2 patient groups to define their individual 

risk factors. Methods: All adult patients who presented to Sappasithiprasong Hospital 

(Ubon Ratchathani, in northeast Thailand) with culture – confirmed melioidosis during 

the period 1986 – 2004 and who survived to receive oral antimicrobial therapy were 

observed until July 2005. Clinical factors and antimicrobial treatment of patients with 

recurrent disease due to relapse or reinfection, as confirmed by bacterial genotyping, 

were compared using a time – varying Cox proportional hazard model.Results: Of 889 

patients who survived and underwent follow – up, 86 patients (9.7%) presented with 

relapse, and 30 patients (3.4%) became reinfected. There was no difference in acute 

outcome between the relapse and reinfection groups. No risk factors for reinfection 

were identified. Multivariate analyses identified choice and duration of oral 

antimicrobial therapy as the most important determinants of relapse, followed by 

positive blood culture result ( hazard ratio [HR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 

1.18 – 2.92) and multifocal distribution ( HR, 1.95; 95%CI, 1.03 – 3.67). Patients 

treated with an appropriate oral antibiotic regimen for 12 – 16 weeks had a 90% 

decreased risk of relapse (HR, 0.10; 95%CI, 0.02 – 0.44), compared with patients who 

were treated for


No.493 

Author(s) : Lindegardh N, Davies GR, Hien TT, Farrar J, Singhasivanon P, Day NPJ, White NJ. 

Title : Rapid degradation of oseltamivir phosphate in clinical samples by plasma esterases. 



Keywords : RO 64 – 0802, Butyrylcholinesterase, Influenza, Pharmacokinetics, Individuals, 

Mutations Gene. 

Abstract : The anti – influenza drug oseltamivir is an ester prodrug activated by hepatic 

carboxylesterases. Plasma esterases also convert up to 31.8% of the parent compound 

to the active metabolite after 4 h ex vivo, with wide interindividual variation. This 

source of error is removed by adding the esterase inhibitor dichlorvos to blood 

collection tubes. 

No.494 

Author(s) : Lindegardh N, Giorgi F, Gailetti B, Di Mattia M, Quaglia M, Carnevale D, White NJ, 

Mazzanti A, Day NPJ. 

Title : Identification of an isomer impurity in piperaquine drug substance. 

Source : Journal of Chromatography A. 1135 (2): 166 – 169, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Antimalarial, Impurity, Positional isomer, Liquid chromatography, MS, NMR, 

Piperaquine. 

Abstract : A significant contaminant of the antimalarial drug piperaquine (1, 3 – bis – [4 – (7 – 

chloroquinolyl – 4) – piperazinyl – 1] propane) has been identified using liquid 

chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC – MS) and 2D NMR spectroscopy (H – 1 – 

H – 1 COSY, H – 1 – C – 13 HSQC, H – 1 – C – 13 HMBC). The impurity was identified 

as the positional isomer 1 – [(5 – chloroquinolin – 4) – piperazinyl] – 3 – [(7 – 

chloroquinolin – 4) – piperazinyl] propane. The impurity is formed because of 

contamination of batches of 4, 7 – dichloroquinoline (a precursor in the synthesis of 

piperaquine) with 4, 5 – dichloroquinoline. The amount of impurity (peak area impurity/ 

peak area piperaquine using LC – UV at 347 nm) in old batches of piperaquine and in 

Artekin (the combination of dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine) ranged from 1.5 to 

5%. 

No.495 

Author(s) : Lindegardh N, Hien TT, Farrar J, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Day NPJ. 

Title : A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic assay for evaluation of potentially 

counterfeit Tamiflu (R). 

Source : Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 42 (4): 430 – 433, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Avian influenza, Birdflu, Counterfeit, Oseltamivir, Tamiflu (R), LC. 

Abstract : A simple and rapid liquid chromatographic assay for the evaluation of potentially 

counterfeit oseltamivir (Tamiflu (R)) has been developed and assessed. The assay 

uses approximately 1 mg Tamiflu (R) powder when used for authentication and 

content estimate. The procedure was validated using 50 replicates analysed during 

five independent series with a total R.S.D. of 11.2%. The assay can also be used to 

monitor the exact content of oseltamivir in Tamiflu (R) capsules. One Tamiflu (R) 

capsule was transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask and 150 mL water was added. 

The flask was placed in an ultrasonic bath at 40 degrees C for 20 min to dissolve the 

capsule. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature before the flask was 

filled up to the mark (250 mL). A small aliquot was centrifuged and then directly 

injected into the LC – system for quantification. Oseltamivir was analysed by liquid 

chromatography with UV detection on a Hypersil Gold column (150 mm x 4.6 mm) 

using a mobile phase containing methanol – phosphate buffer (pH 2.5; 0.1 M) (50:50, 

v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The assay was implemented for the analysis of 

Tamiflu (R) purchased over the Internet and at local pharmacies in Thailand and 

Vietnam. 

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No.496 

Author(s) : Lindsay JA, Moore CE, Day NP, Peacock SJ, Witney AA, Stabler RA, Husain SE, 

Butcher PD, Hinds J. 

Title : Microarrays reveal that each of the ten dominant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus 

has a unique combination of surface – associated and regulatory genes. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (2): 669 – 676, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Nasal carriage, Methicillin – resistant, Natural – populations, Virulence, Strains, 

Genome, Protein, Toxin, Epidemiology, Evolution. 

Abstract : Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of hospital – acquired infection. In 

healthy hosts outside of the health care setting, S. aureus is a frequent colonizer of 

the human nose but rarely causes severe invasive infection such as bacteremia, 

endocarditis, or osteomyelitis. To identify genes associated with community – acquired 

invasive isolates, regions of genomic variability, and the S. aureus population structure, 

we compared 61 community – acquired invasive isolates of S. aureus and 100 nasal 

carriage isolates from healthy donors using a microarray spotted with PCR products 

representing every gene from the seven S. aureus sequencing projects. The core 

genes common to all strains were identified, and 10 dominant lineages of S. aureus 

were clearly discriminated. Each lineage carried a unique combination of hundreds 

of “core variable” (CV) genes scattered throughout the chromosome, suggesting a 

common ancestor but early evolutionary divergence. Many CV genes are regulators 

of virulence genes or known or predicted to be expressed on the bacterial surface and 

to interact with the host during nasal colonization and infection. Within each lineage, 

isolates showed substantial variation in the carriage of mobile genetic elements and 

their associated virulence and resistance genes, indicating frequent horizontal 

transfer. However, we were unable to identify any association between lineage or 

gene and invasive isolates. We suggest that the S. aureus gene combinations necessary 

for invasive disease may also be necessary for nasal colonization and that community 

– acquired invasive disease is strongly dependent on host factors. 

No.497 

Author(s) : Liu Z, Sobhon P, Withyachumnarnkul B, Hanna P. 

Title : Identification of a putative egg – laying hormone in neural and ovarian tissues of the 

black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using immunocytochemistry. 

Source : Invertebrate Neuroscience. 6 (2): 41 – 46, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Egg – laying hormone, Immunocytochemistry, Neurosecretory cells, Ovary, Penaeus 

monodon. 

Abstract : The existence of an egg – laying hormone (ELH) was identified for the first time in 

the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, by means of immunoenzyme and 

immunofluorescence techniques. This was achieved using a polyclonal antibody 

produced against expressed recombinant ELH of the female Australian blacklip 

abalone, Haliotis rubra. The shrimp ELH reactive material was found to be localised 

within female neurosecretory tissues and the secretory tissue of the antennal gland, 

but was not identified in the X – organ sinus gland within the eyestalk. It was also 

present in the ovary, where the amount of ELH present was observed to be greatest 

in the period prior to spawning. These findings implied that the induction of P. 

monodon spawning might be involved with humoral regulation relating to ELH 

expression. 

No.498 

Author(s) : Liua L, Kanga P, Wub Y, Wiwatanapatapheec B. 

Title : Positive solutions of singular boundary value problems for systems of nonlinear 

fourth order differential equations. 

Source : Nonlinear Analysis. 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Positive solutions, Systems of fourth order differential equations, Singular boundary 

value problems. 

Abstract : In this paper, we study the singular boundary value problems for systems of nonlinear 

fourth order differential equations. Under some weaker conditions, we show the 

existence of single and multiple positive solutions of the above problem by applying 

the fixed – point theorem of cone expansion and compression type due to 

Krasnosel’skill. 

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No.499 

Author(s) : Lohsiriwat S, Puengna N, Leelakusolvong S. 

Title : Effect of caffeine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in Thai healthy volunteers. 

Source : Diseases of the Esophagus. 19 (3): 183 – 188, 2006. 

Document Type : Article.+ 

Keywords : Caffeine, Esophageal contraction, Esophageal manometry, GERD, LES pressure. 

Abstract : Caffeine affects many aspects of body function including the gastrointestinal system. 

A single – blinded experimental study was performed to evaluate the effect of caffeine 

on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and esophageal peristaltic contractions in healthy 

Thai adults. The volunteers were six men and six women aged 19 – 31 years. Subjects 

drank 100 mL of water. Five wet swallows were performed 30 min after the drink. 

The basal LES pressure was continuously measured using esophageal manometric 

technique. They then consumed another 100 mL of water containing caffeine at the 

dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight. The swallows and basal LES pressure monitoring 

were repeated. The results showed no change in basal LES pressure after a water 

drink while caffeine consumption significantly lowered the pressure at 10, 15, 20 and 

25 min. The mean amplitude of contractions and peristaltic velocity were decreased 

at the distal esophagus at 3 and 8 cm above LES. The mean duration of contraction 

was decreased at the distal part but increased at the more proximal esophagus. The 

heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were increased significantly at 10 – 

20 min after caffeine ingestion. This study indicated that caffeine 3.5 mg/kg affected 

esophageal function, resulting in a decrease in basal LES pressure and distal esophageal 

contraction, which is known to promote the reflux of gastric contents up into the 

esophagus. 

No.500 

Author(s) : Lothuvachai T, Likittanasombat K, Milindankura S, Sakulsaengprapha A, 

Kitiyakara C. 

Title : Chryseobacterium meningosepticum infection and cardiac tamponade in a long – 

term hemodialysis patient. 

Source : American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 48 (4): E49 – E53, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Flavobacterium, Pericarditis, Pericardial, Dialysis, Kidney, Gram – negative, Bacteria, 

Renal. 

Abstract : Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is a lactose – nonfermenting gram – negative 

bacilli ubiquitously found in the natural and hospital environment. Clinical Infection 

caused by C meningosepticum is very rare among healthy adults. We present the 

case of a patient with end – stage renal disease who developed purulent pericarditis 

with C meningosepticum infection, which rapidly evolved into cardiac tamponade 

and death. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which C meningosepticum 

caused fatal purulent pericarditis in a hemodialysis patient. 

No.501 

Author(s) : Lotrakul M. 

Title : Suicide in Thailand during the period 1998 – 2003. 

Source : Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 60 (1): 90 – 95, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Economic recession, Epidemiology, HIV infection, Suicide, Thailand. 

Abstract : The aim of this study was to examine the characteristic features of suicides in Thailand 

between 1998 and 2003. Collected data during 1998 – 2003 from the Bureau of Policy 

and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health were analyzed to reveal the mortality from 

suicide according to age, gender, rate and methods of suicides. Suicide rates were 

found to have increased to a peak of 8.6 per 100 000 (5290 suicides) in 1999 and then 

to have decreased to 7.1 per 100 000 in 2003. The average suicide rate during 1998 – 

2003 was 7.9 per 100 000 with a male to female ratio of 3.4:1. Male suicide reached a 

peak for those aged 25 – 29 years (21.9 per 100 000) while female suicide showed less 

variation with age. Hanging was the most common method used, followed by ingestion 

of agricultural toxic substances. Suicide was most prevalent in upper northern region 

where HIV infection might be related to the high prevalence. Suicide prevention 

program should focus on males in early adulthood, and particular measures should 

be conducted to reduce risk factors related to HIV infection among people in northern 

Thailand. 

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No.502 

Author(s) : Lotrakul M, Saipanish R. 

Title : Psychiatric services in primary care settings: A survey of general practitioners in 

Thailand. 

Source : BMC Family Practice. 7: Article No.48, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : Background: General Practitioners (GPs) in Thailand play an important role in treating 

psychiatric disorders since there is a shortage of psychiatrists in the country. Our aim 

was to examine GP’s perception of psychiatric problems, drug treatment and service 

problems encountered in primary care settings. Methods: We distributed 1,193 postal 

questionnaires inquiring about psychiatric practices and service problems to doctors 

in primary care settings throughout Thailand. Results: Four hundred and thirty – 

four questionnaires (36.4%) were returned. Sixty – seven of the respondents (15.4%) 

who had taken further special training in various fields were excluded from the 

analysis, giving a total of 367 GPs in this study. Fifty – six per cent of respondents 

were males and they had worked for 4.6 years on average (median = 3 years). 65.6% 

(SD = 19.3) of the total patients examined had physical problems, 10.7% (SD = 7.9) had 

psychiatric problems and 23.9% (SD = 16.0) had both problems. The most common 

psychiatric diagnoses were anxiety disorders (37.5%), alcohol and drugs abuse (28.1%), 

and depressive disorders (29.2%). Commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs were 

anxiolytics and antidepressants. The psychotropic drugs most frequently prescribed 

were diazepam among anti – anxiety drugs, amitriptyline among antidepressant 

drugs, and haloperidol among antipsychotic drugs. Conclusion: Most drugs available 

through primary care were the same as what existed 3 decades ago. There should be 

adequate supply of new and appropriate psychotropic drugs in primary care. Case – 

finding instruments for common mental disorders might be helpful for GPs whose 

quality of practice was limited by large numbers of patients. However, the service 

delivery system should be modified in order to maintain successful care for a large 

number of psychiatric patients. 

No.503 

Author(s) : Louisirirotchanakul S, Siritantikorn S, Kositanont U, Kantakamalakul W, 

Sutthent R, Auewarakul P, Chuachoowong R, Wasi C, Puthavathana P. 

Title : Trends of HIV seropositivity at Siriraj Hospital: 13 year’s observation from 1992 – 

2004. 



Keywords : Anti – HIV, Emigrating workers, Pregnant women, Seroprevalence, Thailand. 

Abstract : Objective: The aim of the present report was to observe the trend of seroprevalence 

rates of HIV seropositivity for routine services at Siriraj Hospital for 13 years. Material 

and Method: The prevalence rate of HIV seropositivity was analyzed in three groups 

of subjects: 1) patients who attended the hospital with HIV related diseases; 2) pregnant 

women at first visit to the antenatal care clinic; 3) emigrating workers who have 

applied for employment in foreign countries. Results: Of the 13 year – observation, 

HIV seroprevalence rates in the groups of patients, pregnant women and emigrating 

workers was 10.6% (95%CI 8.9 – 12.3%), 2.0% (95%CI 1.8 – 2.2%) and 0.6% (95%CI 0.4 

– 0.8%), respectively. Conclusion: The low prevalence of HIV seropositivity in the 

group of emigrating workers may be due to self selection, whereas the prevalence in 

pregnant women, which was rather consistent at about 2.0%, may represent the 

infection rate in the general population. The seroprevalence rate measured in the 

group of pregnant women demonstrates that Thailand should increase efforts to 

confine the spread of HIV infection in the community. 

No.504 

Author(s) : Lu DFF, Eichmann D, Konicek D, Park HT, Ucharattana P, Delaney C. 

Title : Standardized nursing language in the systematized nomenclature of medicine clinical 

terms – A cross – mapping validation method. 

Source : CIN – Computers Informatics Nursing. 24 (5): 288 – 296, 2006 (Sep – Oct). 


Keywords : Knowledge representation, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), Nursing 

Outcomes Classification (NOC), SNOMED CT, Standardized healthcare language. 

Abstract : Many standardized healthcare languages have been mapped to the Systematized 

Nomen clature of Medicine Clinical Terms known as SNOMED CT, which was 

developed by the College of American Pathologists. This study describes a methodology 

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for detecting misassigned concepts from source systems to SNOMED CT and presents 

the results of applying this methodology to a subset of concepts from two standardized 

nursing languages, the Nursing Interventions Classification and the Nursing Outcomes 

Classification. The methodology is based on comparing the knowledge representations 

of a set of nursing concepts between source systems (nursing languages) and 

SNOMED CT, if any nursing concept differs in knowledge representation in the 

target system compared with the source system, editorial misassignment of the concept 

was declared and recommendations for target system developers were made. In a 

total of 75 nursing concepts used to test this method, five misassigned concepts (6.6%) 

were found in SNOMED CT. This method can be used to validate other healthcare 

languages. 

No.505 

Author(s) : Luechapudiporn R, Morales NP, Fucharoen S, Chantharaksri U. 

Title : The reduction of cholesteryl linoleate in lipoproteins: an index of clinical severity in 

beta – thalassemia/Hb E. 

Source : Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 44 (5): 574 – 581, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Cholesteryl linoleate, Hypocholesterolemia, Non – transferrin bound iron, 

Oxidative stress, Thalassemia. 

Abstract : Background: Oxidative modification of lipoproteins has been reported in beta – 

thalassemia and has been suggested to relate to atherogenesis – risk. This study 

focused on the change in cholesteryl esters in plasma lipoproteins under oxidative 

stress resulting from iron overload in beta – thalassemia/hemoglobin E (beta – thal/ 

Hb E) patients. Methods: Markers of oxidative damage and cholesteryl esters (CEs) 

were measured in plasma and lipoproteins from 30 beta – thal/Hb E patients and 

compared to those from 10 healthy volunteers. CEs in plasma, low – density lipoprotein 

(LDL) and high – density lipoprotein (HDL) were separated and identified using 

HPLC. Results: beta – Thal/Hb E patients presented iron overload, a precipitous 

decrease in alpha – tocopherol and increased lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid – 

reactive substances; TBARs) in both plasma and lipoproteins. Cholesteryl linoleate, 

the most abundant CE in lipoproteins, showed a reduction of 70% in LDL, while other 

CEs showed a lower reduction (50%). An inverse relationship between the cholesteryl 

linoleate/cholesteryl oleate ratio (CL/CO) and the degree of clinical severity suggested 

that the CL/CO ratio is an index of damaged lipoproteins and could be used as a 

pathologic marker of underlying iron overload. Good correlation of non – transferrin 

– bound iron (NTBI) and TBARs (r = 0.8, p < 0.01) in LDL strongly supported the 

contention that iron overload is responsible for initiating the lipid peroxidation in 

beta – thal/Hb E. Conclusions: This study suggests that cholesteryl linoleate is the 

primary target of oxidative modification induced by NTBI in beta – thal/Hb E patients 

and that reduction in cholesteryl linoleate in lipoproteins could be used as a severity 

index for beta – thal/Hb E. 

No.506 

Author(s) : Luksamijarulkul P, Parikumsil N, Poomsuwan V, Konkeaw W. 

Title : Nosocomial surgical site infection among photharam hospital patients with surgery: 

Incidence, risk factors and development of risk screening form. 



Keywords : Incidence, Nosocomial surgical site infection, Risk factors, Risk screening form. 

Abstract : Objective: A cross – sectional analytic study of 268 patients who received surgery at 

Photharam Hospital was conducted to assess the incidence and risk factors of 

nosocomial surgical site infection (SSI). Material and Method: The studied patients 

who voluntarily participated and signed informed consents were interviewed. Pus 

specimens from SSI patients diagnosed by use of CDC criteria were cultured. After 

risk factor analysis, the risk screening form was developed and calculated by the 

Receiving Operating Curve. Results: The results revealed that incidence of nosocomial 

SSI was 20.52% (55/268 cases). Of 55 SSI patients, 45.46% were positive for bacterial 

culture. Risk factors for nosocomial SSI from univariate analysis were (a) age of 

patients > 60 years, OR = 1.91 (p = 0.043), (b) gender as male, OR = 2.20 (p = 0.024), 

(c) admitted ward as male surgical ward, OR = 2.42 (p = 0.028), (d) current patients’ 

illness as diabetes mellitus (DM), OR = 7.92 (p < 0.001) and tuberculosis, OR = 11.88 

(p = 0.001), (e) abnormal ASA score, OR = 3.47 (p < 0.001), (f) smoking, OR = 3.72 (p 

< 0.001), (g) incorrect prophylactic drug use, OR = 2.98 (p = 0.002), (h) duration of 

admission > 10 days, OR = 4.87 (p < 0.001), and (i) wound dressing > 1 time/day, OR


= 4.16 (p < 0.001). After multiple logistic regression analysis, the significant risk 

factors were (a) current patient’s illness as DM, OR = 14.43 (p = 0.005), (b) smoking, 

OR = 13.18 (p = 0.001), (c) duration of admission > 10 days, OR = 4.88 (p = 0.032) and 

(d) wound dressing >1 time/day, OR = 23.32 (p < 0.001). The risk screening form was 

developed and showed approximately 65% sensitivity and 78% specificity when a cut 

– off score at risk > 18 was used. Conclusion: This risk screening form should be 

considered in other hospitals. When a postoperative patients has a score of 18, they 

should be considered a potential risk for nosocomial SSI and preventive measures 

should be integrated to reduce the risk for nosocomial SSI. 

No.507 

Author(s) : Lulitanond A, Chanawong A, Sribenjalux P, Kaewkes W, Vorachit M, Chongtrakool 

P, Leumsai D, Monpou P. 

Title : Detection of heterogeneous, intermediate – vancomycin – resistant Staphylococcus 

aureus (hVISA) using low – concentration vancomycin disks. 





Abstract : Heterogeneous, intermediate – vancomycin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus 

(hVISA) represents a threat of an incurable infection since the first report in 1997. 

The method used to detect hVISA isolates is a population analysis profile (PAP); 

however, it is impractical for routine laboratory analysis. We therefore tested a 

simple, reliable and inexpensive method for the detection of hVISA. Eighteen isolates 

of hVISA and 22 of vancomycin – sensitive S. aureus (VSSA) were included. The 

organisms were tested by the disk diffusion method, using 15 – g vancomycin disks 

on four different media: Mueller – Hinton agar (MHA), MHA plus 2% NaCl (MHAS), 

Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHA), and BHA plus 2% NaCl (BHAS). In addition, two 

different inoculum sizes, bacterial suspensions adjusted to 0.5 and 2.0 McFarland, 

were tested. The inhibition zone was read independently by three medical technologists 

after incubation at 37 o C for 24 and 48 hours. The use of MHAS with an inoculum size 

of 2.0 McFarland and 48 – hour incubation period yielded the highest sensitivity 

(94.4%), specificity (81.8%), positive predictive value (80.9%), and negative predictive 

value (94.7%). The disk diffusion test with 15 – g vancomycin disk is simple and may 

be used as a screening method for the detection of hVISA. 

No.508 

Author(s) : Lumjiaktase P, Diggle SP, Loprasert S, Tungpradabkul S, Daykin M, Camara M, 

Williams P, Kunakorn M. 

Title : Quorum sensing regulates dpsA and the oxidative stress response in Burkholderia 

pseudomallei. 

Source : Microbiology – SGM. 152: 3651 – 3659 (Part 12), 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Gram – negative bacteria, DNA – binding protein, Pseudomonas – aeruginosa, Yersinia 

– pseudotuberculosis, Intracellular survival, Escherichia – coli, Nitric – oxide, System, 

Gene, Mitagenesis. 

Abstract : Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal human tropical 

disease. The non – specific DNA – binding protein DpsA plays a key role in protecting 

B. pseudomallei from oxidative stress mediated, for example, by organic 

hydroperoxides. The regulation of dpsA expression is poorly understood but one 

possibility is that it is regulated in a cell population density – dependent manner via N 

– acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) – dependent quorum sensing (as) since a lux – box 

motif has been located within the dpsA promoter region. Using liquid chromatography 

and tandem mass spectrometry, it was first established that B. pseudomallei strain 

PP844 synthesizes AHLs. These were identified as N – octanoylhomoserine lactone 

(C8 – HSL), N – (3 – oxooctanoyl)homoserine lactone (3 – oxo – C8 – HSL), N – (3 – 

hydroxyoctanoyl) – homoserine lactone (3 – hydroxy – C8 – HSL), N – 

decanoylhomoserine lactone (C10 – HSL), N – (3 – hydroxydecanoyl) homoserine 

lactone (3 – hydroxy – C10 – HSL) and N – (3 – hydroxydodecanoyl)homoserine 

lactone (3 – hydroxy – C12 – HSL). Mutation of the genes encoding the Luxl homologue 

Bpsl or the LuxR homologue BpsR resulted in the loss of C8 – HSL and 3 – oxo – C8 

– HSL synthesis, demonstrating that Bpsl was responsible for directing the synthesis 

of these AHLs only and that bpsl expression and hence C8 – HSL and 3 – oxo – C8 – 

HSL production depends on BpsR. In bpsl, bpsR and bpsIR mutants, dpsA expression 

was substantially down – regulated. Furthermore, dpsA expression in Escherichia 

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coli required both BpsR and C8 – HSL. bpsIR – deficient mutants exhibited 

hypersensitivity to the organic hydroperoxide tert – butyl hydroperoxide by displaying 

a reduction in cell viability which was restored by provision of exogenous C8 – HSL 

(bpsl mutant only), by complementation with the bpsIR genes or by overexpression of 

dpsA. These data indicate that in B. pseudomallei, QS regulates the response to 

oxidative stress at least in part via the BpsR/C8 – HSL – dependent regulation of 

DpsA. 

No.509 

Author(s) : Lungkaphin A, Lewchalermwongse B, Chatsudthipong V. 

Title : Relative contribution of OAT1 and OAT3 transport activities in isolated perfused 

rabbit renal proximal tubules. 

Source : Biochimica et Biophysics Acta – Biomembranes. 1758 (6): 789 – 795, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Organic anion transporter 1, Organic anion transporter 3, Renal proximal tubule. 

Abstract : The expression of both OAT1 and OAT3 along the isolated rabbit renal proximal 

tubule (RPT) was determined using RT – PCR. They were found to be very strong in 

S2 segment and weak in S1 and S3 segments. We further examined the relative 

transport activity of these transporters in isolated perfused rabbit RPT using [H – 

3]para – aminohippurate ([H – 3]PAH), and estrone sulfate ([H – 3]ES) as specific 

substrates for rbOAT1 and rbOAT3, respectively. The transport activity of OAT1 was 

in the order S2 > S1 = S3 segments and that of OAT3 was in the order S1=S2 >> S3 

segments. The addition of a – ketoglutarate (100 mu M) in the bathing medium 

increased both OAT1 and OAT3 transport activities in all segments of proximal tubule. 

The kinetics of [H – 3]succinic acid transport, used to measure the activity of sodium 

dicarboxylate transporter 3 (NaDC3), were examined. The J(max) for succinic acid 

was in the order S2 > S3 and unmeasurable in the S I segment. Our data indicate that 

both OAT1 and OAT3 play quantitatively significant roles in the renal transport of 

organic anions along the proximal tubule but predominately in S2 segment. The 

relative contribution of both transporters depends on their relative expression levels 

and may possibly be affected by the activity of NaDC3 in RPT. 

No.510 

Author(s) : Luplerdlop N, Misse D, Bray D, Deleuze V, Gonzalez JP, Leardkamolkarn V, Yssel H, 

Veas F. 

Title : Dengue – virus – infected dendritic cells trigger vascular leakage through 

metalloproteinase overproduction. 

Source : Embo Reports. 7 (11): 1176 – 1181, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Endothelial cells, Haemorrhagic fever viruses, Matrix metalloprotease inhibitors, 

Plasma leakage, SB – 3CT. 

Abstract : Dengue virus (DV) is an important re – emerging arthropod – borne virus of global 

significance. The defining characteristic of DV infection – associated pathology is 

haernorrhagic fever, which often leads to a fatal shock – like syndrome (DHF/DSS) 

owing to an increase in vascular endothelial permeability. Here, we show, in a viral 

dose – dependent manner, that DV – infected immature dendritic cells overproduce 

soluble gelatinolytic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) – 9 – and to a lesser extent 

MMP – 2 – which enhances enclothelial permeability, but which are reduced by 

specific inhibitors and a neutralizing anti – MMP – 9 antibody. This permeability was 

associated with a loss of expression of the platelet enclothelial adhesion molecule 1 

(PECAM – 1) and vascular endothelium (VE) – cadherin cell adhesion molecules and 

redistribution of F – actin fibres. These in vitro observations were confirmed in an in 

vivo vascular – leakage mouse model. These results provide a molecular basis for 

DHF/DSS that could be a basis for a general model of haernorrhagic fever – inducing 

viruses, and identify a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of viral – induced 

vascular leakage by specifically targeting gelatinolytic metal loproteases.


No.511 

Author(s) : Lutgendorf C, Rojanawatsirivet C, Wernsdorfer G, Sirichaisinthop J, Kollaritsch H, 

Wernsdorfer WH. 

Title : Pharmacodynamic interaction between atovaquone and other antimalarial compounds 

against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. 

Source : Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, Supplement. 118 (3): 70 – 76, 2006. 


Keywords : Artemisinin, Atovaquone, Plasmodium falciparum, Proguanil, Synergism. 

Abstract : Atovaquone, a 2 – hydroxy – 1,4 – naphthoquinone, was first introduced as a drug 

against opportunistic infections in immuno – compromised patients. Early clinical – 

parasitological experiences in the treatment of malaria were disappointing due to 

highly variable and poor absorption, a phenomenon typical for naphthoquinones. 

Proguanil was found to potentiate the activity of atovaquone and the combination of 

the two drugs was introduced as an antimalarial drug with blood schizontocidal and 

causal prophylactic activity. It is now widely used in therapy and prophylaxis. Despite 

the enhanced activity, the combination does not always overcome the problem of 

poor absorption of atovaquone, especially in the presence of gastro – intestinal disorders. 

Therefore, further combination with a fast – acting blood schizontocide, e.g. one of 

the artemisinins, could accelerate clinical improvement and normalization of 

absorption. The interaction between artemisinin and atovaquone and that of 

artemisinin and atovaquone + proguanil has been investigated in 37 fresh isolates of 

Plasmodium falciparum from northwestern Thailand, an area with high prevalence 

of multi – drug resistance. Interaction between atovaquone and artemisinin was 

synergistic above the EC30, with mean “FIC (Berenbaum) values of 0.9679 at the 

EC50, 0.4014 at the EC 90 and 0.2214 at the EC99. Synergism was more pronounced 

with the triple combination, i.e. atovaquone + proguanil and artemisinin, starting at 

the EC10 level. The mean “FIC values were 0.7626 at the EC50, 0.2939 at the EC90, 

and 0.1527 at the EC 99. The strong synergism at the therapeutically relevant effective 

concentrations suggests that the therapeutic efficacy of atovaquone – proguanil can 

be considerably enhanced by the additional administration of a suitable artemisinin 

derivative, e.g. artesunate. 

No.512 

Author(s) : Maek – A – Nantawat W, Buranapraditkun S, Ruxrungthum K. 

Title : Intracellular IL – 17 expression in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD4 – T cells of HIV – 

infected individuals. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117 (2): S287 – S287 1108 Suppl. S, 2006 

(Feb). 




No.513 

Author(s) : Maenthaisong R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Cost – effectiveness analysis of chlorhexidine gluconate compared with povidone – 

iodine solution for catheter – site care in Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. 



Keywords : Catheter – related bloodstream infections, Chlorhexidine gluconate, Cost effectiveness, 

Povidone – iodine. 

Abstract : Background: Catheter – related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are an important 

cause of patient morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. Use of an 

antiseptic solution for skin disinfection at the catheter insertion site helps prevent 

catheter – related infections. In Thailand, povidone – iodine solution is the most 

commonly used agent for this purpose. However, the results of several studies including 

a meta – analysis indicated that the use of chlorhexidine gluconate is more effective 

than the use of povidone – iodine as an antiseptic for preventing CRBSI. This study 

evaluated the cost – effectiveness of chlorhexidine gluconate versus povidone – 

iodine for catheter – site care using the Siriraj Hospital perspective. Material and 

Method: We used a decision analytic modeling for estimating the cost – effectiveness 

of antiseptic solutions. The CRBSI rate was obtained from the Center for Nosocomial 

Infection Control at Siriraj Hospital, while the efficacy of cholorhexidine compared to 

povidone – idone was based on a meta – analysis. The cost of managing infections was 

derived from the Thai Drug Related Group (DRG). A series of sensitivity analyses 

were performed. Since the time horizon of the analysis was less than 1 year, there 

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was no need for discounting. Results: We found that the use of chlorhexidine, rather 

than povidone iodine, for central catheter site care resulted in a 1.61 % decrease in 

the incidence of CRBSI, a 0.32 % decrease in the incidence of death, and savings of 

304 baht per catheter used. For peripheral catheter site care, the results were similar, 

although the differences were smaller. Conclusion: Use of chlorhexidine gluconate 

in place of the current standard solution for vascular catheter site care is a cost – 

effective method of improving patient safety in Siriraj Hospital. 

No.514 

Author(s) : Mahabusarakam W, Kuaha K, Wilairat P, Taylor WC. 

Title : Prenylated xanthones as potential antiplasmodial substances. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (10): 912 – 916, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Mangostin, G. mangostana, Guttiferae, Prenylated xanthones, Antiplasmodial, 

Plasmodium falciparum. 

Abstract : Mangostin, the major xanthone of Garcinia mangostana, and a series of synthetic 

derivatives were investigated for their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against 

Plasmodium falciparum. Mangostin itself showed moderate activity, but prenylated 

xanthones containing alkylamino functional groups exhibited quite potent 

antiplasmodial activity. Some structure – activity relationships are proposed. 

No.515 

Author(s) : Mahachoklertwattana P. 

Title : Zoledronic acid for the treatment of thalassemia – induced osteonecrosis. 

Source : Haematologica. 91 (9): 1155A, 2006 (Sep). 

Document Type : Note. 



No.516 

Author(s) : Mahachoklertwattana P, Pootrakul P, Chuansumrit A, Choubtum L, Sriphrapradang 

A, Sirisriro R, Rajatanavin R. 

Title : Association between bone mineral density and erythropoiesis in Thai children and 

adolescents with thalassemia syndromes. 

Source : Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 24 (2): 146 – 152, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Bone mineral density, Erythropoiesis, Soluble transferrin receptor, Thalassemia, 

Children. 

Abstract : Increased marrow erythropoiesis in patients with thalassemia syndromes results in 

the expansion of bone marrow cavities and consequently decreases bone tissues, 

leading to osteoporosis. Whether the soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), a marker of 

erythropoietic activity, correlates with the bone mineral density (BMD) in thalassemic 

patients has not previously been addressed. Forty – six children and adolescents with 

thalassemia syndromes, who were either not transfused or suboptimally transfused, 

were studied. BMD was determined by dual – energy X – ray absorptiometry. Blood 

samples were obtained in order to determine sTfR and hemoglobin. The patients 

were categorized into four groups: 1, beta – thalassemia/hemoglobin E (beta – thal/E) 

with transfusion – dependency (TD) (n = 18); 2, beta – thal/E with transfusion – 

independency (TI) (n = 15); 3, beta – thalassemia major (beta – major) (n = 6); 4, 

hemoglobin H (HbH) (n = 7). All patients had normal serum free thyroxine (FT4) and 

thyroid – stimulating hormone (TSH), and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum 

calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and 25 – OH – vitamin D levels. The BMD of patients in 

the beta – major and beta – thal/E with TD groups were not significantly different. In 

comparison with the beta – major and beta – thal/E with TD groups, the beta – thal/ 

E with TI and HbH groups had significantly higher BMD of the total body (TB), 

femoral neck (FN), and lumbar spine (LS), as well as higher levels of hemoglobin. In 

contrast, the sTfR levels of the beta – major, beta – thal/E with TI, and HbH groups 

were significantly lower than those of the beta – thal/E with TD group. The BMD of 

TB, FN, and LS was negatively correlated with the sTfR level, but positively correlated 

with the hemoglobin level. In conclusion, increased marrow erythropoiesis is one of 

the major determinants of reduced bone mass in thalassemic patients with either no 

transfusion or suboptimal transfusion.


No.517 

Author(s) : Mahagita C, Tanphichai K, Suksamrarn A, Ballatori N, Piyachaturawat P. 

Title : 4 – Hydroxyacetophenone – induced choleresis in rats is mediated by the Mrp2 – 

dependent biliary secretion of its glucuronide conjugate. 

Source : Pharmaceutical Research. 23 (11): 2603 – 2610, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Electrolyte, Glucuronide conjugate, Hepatic bile secretion, Mrp2/Abcc2, 4 – 

hydroxyacetophenone. 

Abstract : Purpose: The present study examined the underlying mechanism by which 4 – 

hydroxyacetophenone (4 – HA), a bioactive compound found in several medicinal 

herbs, exerts its potent stimulatory effects on hepatic bile secretion. Methods: Bile 

flow, and biliary excretion of 4 – HA, its metabolites, and inorganic electrolytes was 

examined in both normal Wistar rats and in TR – Wistar rats that have a congenital 

defect in the multidrug resistance – associated protein – 2, Mrp2/Abcc2. The effects of 

4 – HA were also examined in animals treated with buthionine sulfoximine to decrease 

hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels. Results: In normal rats, 4 – HA dramatically increased 

bile flow rate, whereas it failed to exert a choleretic effect in TR – rats. This choleresis 

was not explained by increased biliary output of Na+, K+, Cl – or HCO(3)( – )s, or by 

increased biliary GSH excretion. Depletion of hepatic GSH with buthionine sulfoximine 

had no effect on the 4 – HA – induced choleresis. HPLC analysis revealed that a single 

major compound was present in bile, namely.4 – hydroxyacetophenone – 4 – O – beta 

– glucuronide, and that the parent compound was not detected in bile. Biliary excretion 

of the glucuronide was directly correlated with the increases in bile flow. In contrast 

to normal rats, this 4 – HA metabolite was not present in bile of TR – rats. Conclusions: 

These results demonstrate that the major biliary metabolite of 4 – HA in rats is the 4 

– O – beta – glucuronide, a compound that is secreted into bile at high concentrations, 

and may thus account in large part for the choleretic effects of 4 – HA. Transport of 

this metabolite across the canalicular membrane into bile requires expression of the 

Mrp2 transport protein. 

No.518 

Author(s) : Mahaisavariya B. 

Title : Late treatment of displaced supracondylar fractures of the humerus using early 

wedge osteotomy. 



Keywords : Cubitus varus, Humerus, Malunion, Osteotomy, Supracondylar fracture. 

Abstract : Malalignment of supracondylar fracture after inappropriate treatment with partial 

healing is sometimes difficult to manage. This usually occurs in patients who received 

initial treatment by a traditional bone setter or inadequately treated by an 

inexperienced orthopaedist. Open reduction in such circumstances may not be easy 

and effective. Waiting for solid union and scheduling for corrective surgery a few 

years later is justified but may not be practical for poor compliance patients who live 

in rural areas with poor socioeconomic status. Early correction of the deformity by 

using simple wedge osteotomy and fixation by 2 Kirscher wires combined with tension 

– band wire loop is proposed for this situation. This proposed method was used in nine 

patients with varus deformity after supracondylar fracture. The patient ages ranged 

from 3 to 10 years (average, 5.1). The operation was made 1 to 4 months postinjury. 

All patients were followed – up with an average of 13 months (range, 5 – 48). All 

patients had satisfactory cosmetic results after correction with an average carrying 

angle of 4.6 degrees (range, 0 – 8 degrees). Average maximum elbow flexion was 127 

degrees (range, 115 – 140 degrees). The maximum extension average was 4 degrees 

(range, 0 – 10 degrees). No operative complications or flexion contracture occurred in 

this study group. 

No.519 

Author(s) : Mahaisavariya B, Riansuwan K. 

Title : Delay fixation of trochanteric fractures using dynamic hip screw: A minimally invasive 

technique. 



Keywords : Fixation, Fracture, Hip screw, Minimal invasive, Trochanter. 

Abstract : Fixation using dynamic hip screw (DHS) is well accepted as a treatment method for 

stable type trochanteric fractures. In delayed fixation cases, the conventional technique 

for DHS fixation with large exposure may disturb fracture callus and retard fracture 

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healing. To minimize the disturbance of the fracture area, a minimally invasive 

method of DHS insertion has been developed. The method includes the insertion of 

lag screw guide – wire by free hand technique. Tapping and lag screw insertion is 

performed as in the conventional technique. The position of the T – handle is rotated 

90 degrees clockwise before removal. The barrel is inserted with the side – plate in 90 

degrees upward direction until the side – plate reaches the cortex. The side – plate is 

gradually rotated counter – clockwise until it is parallel to the femoral shaft. The 

screw insertion to fix the side – plate to the femoral shaft is performed using 

fluoroscopic assisted technique. This method was successfully applied in 15 patients 

whose ages ranged from 67 – 86 years with an average of 78 years. The mean 

operation time was 37 minutes (range, 30 – 50) with average fluoroscopic time of 45 

seconds (range, 30 – 80). Blood loss averaged 40 ml (range, 30 – 70). The mean length 

of skin incision was 3.5 cm (range, 3 – 5). The proposed method had minimal blood 

loss, short skin incision, and was performed without open manipulation at the fracture 

zone. There was no intra – operative complication. Fourteen cases were followed up 

until fractures healed with average fracture healing time of 14 weeks (range; 10 – 18) 

after surgery. 

No.520 

Author(s) : Mahaisavariya B, Sitthiseripratip K, Oris P, Tongdee T. 

Title : Rapid prototyping model for surgical planning of corrective osteotomy for cubitus 

varus: Report of two cases. 

Source : Injury Extra. 37 (5): 176 – 180, 2006 (May). 




No.521 

Author(s) : Mahaisavariya B, Sitthiseripratip K, Suwanprateeb J. 

Title : Finite element study of the proximal femur with retained trochanteric gamma nail 

and after removal of nail. 

Source : Injury – International Journal of the Care of the Injured. 37(8):778–785, 2006(Aug). 


Keywords : Fracture, Trochanteric fracture, Intramedullary nail, Gamma nail, Finite element 

study. 

Abstract : This study aims to evaluate the stress and strain distributions in the healed proximal 

femur after fixation with a trochanteric gamma nail (TGN) and after TGN removal, 

using the finite element method. The stress distributions in the proximal femur with 

retained TGN and after TGN removal were very similar. The strain and the strain 

energy density in the femoral neck region with retained TGN were much higher 

than in the lag screw hole at the subtrochanter and the distal locking screw hole at 

the proximal femur, and even higher after TGN removal. Stair climbing resulted in 

higher strain and higher strain energy density at the femoral neck than normal 

walking. The conclusion can be drawn that removal of the TGN may result in high 

risk of femoral neck fracture. 

No.522 

Author(s) : Mahaisavariya B, Songcharoen P, Riansuwan K. 

Title : Technique of closed unlocked femoral nailing using ultrasound guidance. 

Source : Injury–International Journal of the Care of the Injured. 37(10):1000–1003,2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Femoral fracture, Intramedullary nail, Ultrasound, Fracture fixation, Closed nailing. 

Abstract : We report a method of closed femoral nailing, without locking, using only ultrasound 

guidance from the beginning to end of the operation. The method was evaluated as a 

prospective study in 150 cases of unilateral femoral mid – shaft fracture that underwent 

surgery within 1 week. There were 132 mates and 18 females aged from 16 to 70 

years (mean 26). The interval from injury to operation averaged 2.3 days (range 1 – 

7). Twenty – seven cases had Winquist I comminution and 123 cases had no 

comminution. In 145 cases (97%), we were successful using this method, with an 

average operation time of 35.8 min (range 30 – 50). In five cases, we had to change to 

using fluoroscopic control. Of these, in one case the fracture could not be reduced 

under ultrasound monitoring, one had nail incarceration, in one there was breakage 

of the flexible reamer and in two cases we were unable to pass the guide – wire across 

the fracture within 10 min. Ultrasound is readily available in most hospitals and can 

be used as an alternative method for monitoring the fracture alignment in closed 

unlocked femoral nailing.


No.523 

Author(s) : Mahakittikun V, Boitano JJ, Tovey E, Bunnag C, Ninsanit P, Matsumoto T, Andre C. 

Title : Mite penetration of different types of material claimed as mite proof by the Siriraj 

chamber method. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 118 (5): 1164 – 1168, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Mite – proof covers, Antimite covers, Encasement of beddings. 

Abstract : Background: There are different materials and principles used in the construction of 

bed encasings. Although these covers claim to have antimite properties, they might 

not be mite proof. Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of mite penetration 

of these covers by using the Siriraj chamber method. Methods: Thirty – two covers 

collected from 9 different countries were categorized according to the materials used 

to manufacture them. They were (1) tightly woven, (2) film or membrane coated and 

loosely woven, (3) acaricidal coated and loosely woven, (4) nonwoven, (5) film coated 

and nonwoven, (6) acaricidal coated and nonwoven, and (7) plastic. Adult mites, 

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, were placed on either the outer or inner surfaces 

of each of the test fabrics for 3 replications, resulting in a total of 6 samples per fabric. 

All samples were observed for penetration every day for 1 week under a 

stereomicroscope. If a single mite penetrated any fabric, it was scored as a 

penetration.Results: Mites penetrated (1) into all samples of film – coated woven and 

nonwoven covers, an acaricide – coated nonwoven cover, and nonwoven types; (2) 

from both sides and colonized within the matrix of some samples; and (3) completely 

in other cases. All of the woven covers and the plastic cover prevented mite 

penetration. Photomicrographs documented all penetrations.Conclusions: Tightly 

woven covers and plastic prevent mite penetration, whereas nonwoven, loosely woven, 

acaricide – coated, and laminated materials do not. The Siriraj chamber method 

adequately evaluates the effectiveness of antimite barriers. 

No.524 

Author(s) : Mahakittikun V, Sirikasemlert C, Rungsimuntakul N, Deemark P, Boitano JJ, Tovey 

E, Matsumoto T, Andre C 

Title : Mite – proof covers: Mite penetration of different types of materials claimed to be 

mite – proof by the Siriraj Chamber method. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117(2): S27–S27108 Suppl. S, 2006 (Feb). 




No.525 

Author(s) : Mahanonda R, Pothiraksanon P, Sa – Ard – Lam N, Yamazaki K, Schifferle RE, 

Hirunpetcharat C, Yongvanichit K, Pichyangkul S. 

Title : The effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS and Actinobacillus 

actinomycetemcomitans LPS on human dendritic cells in vitro, and in a mouse model 

in vivo 



Keywords : Periodontal – disease, Lipopolysaccharide, Expression, Induction, Responses, 

Type – 1. 

Abstract : interaction between different bacterial plaque pathogens and dendritic cells may 

induce different types of T helper (Th) cell response, which is critical in the 

pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study we investigated the effects of 

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus 

actinomycetemcomitans on human monocyte – derived dendritic cells (Mo – DCs) 

with respect to co – stimulatory molecule expression, cytokine production and Th cell 

differentiation. Unlike Escherichia coli and A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS, P. 

gingivalis LPS induced only low levels of CD40, CD80, HLA – DR and CD83 expression 

on Mo – DCs. LPS from both bacteria induced considerably lower TNF – alpha and IL 

– 10 than did E. coli LPS. LPS from all three bacteria induced only negligible IL – 12 

production. In a human mixed – leukocyte reaction, and in an ovalbumin – specific T 

cell response assay in mice, both types of LPS suppressed IFN – gamma production. 

In conclusion, stimulation by P. gingivalis LPS and A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS 

appears to bias Mo – DCs towards Th2 production. 

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No.526 

Author(s) : Maharom P, Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Implementation of clinical practice policy on the continuous intravenous administration 

of amphotericin B deoxycholate. 



Keywords : Amphotericin B, Continuous – infusion, Infusion – related reactions, Nephrotoxicity. 

Abstract : Background: Systemic fungal infections have significantly increased. The mainstay 

of treatment is amphotericin B deoxycholate. A limitation of using amphotericin B 

includes infusion – related reactions and nephrotoxicity. A continuous infusion of 

amphotericin B was found to reduce nephrotoxicity and infusion – related reactions. 

Objective: To implement clinical practice policy on the continuous intravenous 

administration of amphotericin B in the patients hospitalized in general medical 

wards at Siriraj Hospital. Method: A one – page evidence – based clinical practice 

policy on continuous intravenous administration of amphotericin B was prepared 

and disseminated to all general medical wards in Siriraj Hospital. The information on 

the patients who received amphotericin B treatment between March 2004 and March 

2006 was collected. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate 

analysis and multiv ariate analysis as appropriate. A p – value of < 0.05 was considered 

statistically significant. Results: Of 166 courses of amphotericin B treatment in 148 

patients, 102 courses (61.4%) were given continuous intravenous administration of 

amphotericin B (CI group) and 64 courses (38.6%) were given conventional 4 – to 6 – 

hour intravenous administration (RI group). The mean age of the patients in the CI 

group was significantly greater than that in the RI group. The CI group had more 

patients with neutropenia with persistent fever whereas the RI group had more 

patients with HIV/AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The incidence of amphotericin 

B – related nephrotoxicity was 27.5% in the CI group compared with 39.1% in the RI 

group (p=0.164). Chills were observed in 6.9% of the patients in the CI group compared 

with 26.6% in the RI group (p=0.001). Overall mortality at the end of therapy was 

significantly higher in the CI group. However, most of the deaths in the CI group 

were unrelated to fungal infections or amphotericin administration. Conclusion: 

Continuous infusion of amphotericin B was associated with a decrease in infusion – 

related reactions and tended to have less nephrotoxicity than those in the 4 – to 6 – 

hour infusion group. 

No.527 

Author(s) : Mahasirimongkol S, Chantratita W, Promso S, Pasomsab E, Jinawath N, 

Jongjaroenprasert W, Lulitanond V, Krittayapoositpot P, Tongsima S, 

Sawanpanyalert P, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y, Sura T. 

Title : Similarity of the allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium pattern of single nucleotide 

polymorphisms in drug – related gene loci between Thai and northern East Asian 

populations: implications for tagging SNP selection in Thais 

Source : Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (10): 896 – 904, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Thai, Thailand, Allele frequency, Linkage disequilibrium, Hapmap, TagSNP, 

Transferability. 

Abstract : The similarity of the marker allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium structure 

between two populations are major factors for the determination of the transferability 

and efficiency of haplotype tagging SNP derived from one population to use for an 

indirect association study in another population. To prove the similarity between 

northern East Asian populations in Hapmap and Thais, 861 SNP in 166 drug – related 

genes shared between Thais, Han Chinese and Japanese were analyzed for their 

correlation statistics. Allele frequency, Fst statistics and linkage disequilibrium 

statistics (r(2)) showed a high correlation between these populations. TagSNP sets 

derived by an aggressive tagging algorithm from these 861 SNP in Japanese and 

Chinese were used to test the coverage of East Asia – derived tagSNP in Thais. 

TagSNP derived from Japanese and Chinese are comparable in the percentage of 

coverage of the alleles captured with tagSNP at r(2)>= 0.8 (93% vs. 93%) in these drug 

– related gene loci. Additional tagSNP sets derived from the combination of Japanese 

– and Chinese – derived tagging SNP sets were used to test the coverage in Thais. 

The later set improved the percentage of coverage of alleles captured with tagSNP at 

r(2)>= 0.8 – 98% for these sites. High similarity between Thais and northern East 

Asian allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium statistics supported that tagSNPs 

derived from the northern East Asian population should be useful for an indirect 

association study in Thais. The combination of non – overlapping Japanese derived 

tagSNP and Chinese – derived tagSNP improved the percentage of genomic coverage 

in Thais, at least in these drug – related gene loci. 

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No.528 

Author(s) : Maillard JC, Gonzalez JP. 

Title : Biodiversity and emerging diseases. 




Keywords : Biodiversity, Emerging diseases, Immunogenetics, Breeding intensification. 

Abstract : First we remind general considerations concerning biodiversity on earth and 

particularly the loss of genetic biodiversity that seems irreversible whether its origin 

is directly or indirectly linked to human activities. Urgent and considerable efforts 

must be made from now on to cataloge, understand, preserve, and enhance the value 

of biodiversity while ensuring food safety and human and animal health. Ambitious 

integrated and multifield research programs must be implemented in order to 

understand the causes and anticipate the consequences of loss of biodiversity. Such 

losses are a serious threat to sustainable development and to the quality of life of 

future generations. They have an influence on the natural balance of global 

biodiversity in particularly in reducing the capability of species to adapt rapidly by 

genetic mutations to survive in modified ecosystems. Usually, the natural immune 

systems of mammals (both human and animal), are highly polymorphic and able to 

adapt rapidly to new situations. We more specifically discuss the fact that if the 

genetic diversity of the affected populations is low the invading microorganisms, will 

suddenly expand and create epidemic outbreaks with risks of pandemic. So biodiversity 

appears to function as an important barrier (buffer), especially against disease – 

causing organisms, which can function in different ways. Finally, we discuss the 

importance of preserving biodiversity mainly in the wildlife ecosystems as an integrated 

and sustainable approach among others in order to prevent and control the emergence 

or reemergence of diseases in animals and humans (zoonosis). Although plants are 

also part of this paradigm, they fall outside our field of study. 

No.529 

Author(s) : Maneechotesuwan K, Lertworawiwat A, Tscheikuna J, Wamanuttajinda V. 

Title : Comparison of telomerase activity between malignant and tuberculous pleural 

effusions 



Keywords : Malignancy, Pleural effusion, Telomerase activity, Tuberculosis. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine if telomerase activity can differentiate malignant from 

tuberculous pleural effusions. Design: Telomerase activity in malignant and 

tuberculous pleural effusions was measured in a blinded manner using a PCR – 

based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. Material and Method: 

Fifty – two patients with lymphocytic exudative pleural effusions were identified on 

thoracocentasis over a period of 18 months Results: Telomerase activity was detected 

in 34% of malignant pleural fluid samples and 50% of tuberculous pleural effusions. 

The positive rate of telomerase activity was 30.7% for primary lung cancer and 37.5% 

for metastatic pleural effusion. The sensitivity and specificity of telomerase activity 

assay were extremely low (35.7% and 52.9%, respectively), compared with that of 

cytological examination (52.6% and 65.4%, respectively). Moreover, the diagnostic 

accuracy of telomerase activity in combination with cytology was even lower than 

cytological examination alone (46.7% vs. 60%, respectively). This finding was in 

contrast to previous reports and demonstrated that the detection rate of telomerase 

activity in tuberculous pleural effusions was greater than that observed in malignant 

pleural exudates. Conclusion: Telomerase activity does not appear to be a useful 

marker for differentiating malignant from tuberculous effusions. 

No.530 

Author(s) : Maneesriwongul WL, Tulathong S, Fennie KP, Williams AB. 

Title : Adherence to antiretroviral medication among HIV – positive patients in Thailand 


43 (Suppl.1): S119 – S122, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Adherence, Thailand, VAS. 

Abstract : Background: The use of antiretroviral (ARV) medications is expanding rapidly in 

Thailand. The determinants of optimal adherence for HIV – positive patients in 

Thailand are unknown. Methods: A sample of 149 Thai patients receiving ARV therapy 

at Bhumrasnaradura Infectious Disease Institute located near Bangkok completed a 

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structured questionnaire and reported medication adherence on a 30 day visual 

analog scale. HIV RNA test results were abstracted from the medical record.Results: 

Adherence ranged from 25% to 100%. The median was 100% and the mean was 96%. 

The majority of subjects (114, 77%) had an HIV RNA = 95% (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0; 95% confidence 

interval [CI] 1.3 to 7. 1; P = 0.02) and with a lower mean number of months on ARV 

therapy (22 versus 32 months; P = 0.03). Gender, educational level, method of payment, 

use of GPO – VIR, and whether or not the patient was on his or her initial ARV 

regimen were not associated with an undetectable viral load. In the multivariate 

analysis, only length of time in months was associated with an undetectable viral 

load. For each additional month, the odds of being undetectable were 0.975. (OR = 

0.975; 95%CI 0.954 to .996; P = 0.02).Conclusions: Adherence was high in this cohort 

and was associated with HIV – RNA levels. However, these data confirm that 

adherence is only I factor that determines the effectiveness of ARV treatment. 

Duration of treatment was associated with virologic failure, controlling for adherence. 

No.531 

Author(s) : Manojlovic I, Bogdanovic – Dusanovic G, Gritsanapan W, Manojlovic N. 

Title : Isolation and identification of anthraquinones of Caloplaca cerina and Cassia tora. 

Source : Chemical Papers – Chemicke Zvesti. 60 (6): 466 – 468, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Anthraquinones, Caloplaca cerina, Cassia tora, Isolation, Identification. 

Abstract : Five hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives physcion, emodin, fallacinal, teloschistin, 

and 1,3 – dimethoxy – 8 – hydroxy – 6 – methyl – 9,10 – anthraquinone were isolated 

from the lichen Caloplaca cerina growing in Serbia. Three anthraquinone derivatives, 

namely physcion, emodin, and rhein were isolated and identified from the Thai 

medicinal plant Cassia tora. 

No.532 

Author(s) : Manonai J, Chittacharoen A, Theppisai U. 

Title : Transvaginal color Doppler sonographic assessment of uterus and ovaries in 

postmenopausal women: The effect of local estrogen treatment. 

Source : European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 



Keywords : Local estrogen treatment, Transvaginal color Doppler sonography, Postmenopause. 

Abstract : Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of local estrogen treatment on the 

uterus and ovaries using transvaginal color Doppler sonography. Materials and 

methods: A 12 – week randomized open – label study of postmenopausal women 

taking local estrogen treatment and controls was conducted. The study group was 

treated with either a 25 – mu m estradiol vaginal tablet or 1 g of conjugated estrogen 

cream intravaginally each day for 2 weeks followed by twice a week for 10 weeks. 

The control group did not receive any type of hormone replacement therapy. All 

women underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging of the 

uterine arteries both before starting local estrogen treatment and after treatment. 

The uterine volume, ovarian volume, endometrial thickness, and uterine arterial 

blood flow of the two groups were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using 

paired and unpaired Student’s t – test. A p value of 0.05), and the mean pulsatility indices did not differ between the study 

and the control groups. Conclusion: The volumes of the uterus and the ovaries, 

including endometrial thickness, were not affected and did not show any significant 

influence of the 12 – week local estrogen treatment. The uterine arterial blood flow 

did not significantly change after treatment.


No.533 

Author(s) : Manonai J, Poowapirom A, Kittipiboon S, Patrachai S, Udomsubpayakul U, 

Chittacharoen A. 

Title : Female urinary incontinence: a cross – sectional study from a Thai rural area. 

Source : International Urogynecology Journal. 17 (4): 321 – 325, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Urinary incontinence, Rural area, Prevalence, Associated factors, Quality of life. 

Abstract : The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of 

female urinary incontinence in a Thai rural area and to investigate the impact of 

female urinary incontinence on quality of life. A population – based cross – sectional 

survey was performed from September 2003 to February 2004. A total of 1,126 

women completed the questionnaires. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence 

was 36.50%, i.e. stress urinary incontinence (33.60%), urge urinary incontinence 

(11.00%) and mixed urinary incontinence (8.07%). Urinary incontinence adversely 

affected quality of life; the mixed urinary incontinence group reported significantly 

greater impairment than the stress and urge urinary incontinence groups. Advancing 

age, labouring occupation, postmenopausal status, years since menopause, medical 

diseases, childbirth and vaginal delivery were associated with this problem. 

No.534 

Author(s) : Manonai J, Songchitsomboon S, Chanda K, Hong JH, Komindr S. 

Title : The effect of a soy – rich diet on urogenital atrophy: A randomized, cross – over trial 

Source : Maturitas. 54 (2): 135 – 140, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Soy – rich diets, Urogenital symptoms, Vaginal health index, Vaginal cytology. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the effect of a soy – rich diet on urogenital symptoms, vaginal 

health index, and vaginal cytology in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. 

Materials and methods: Thirty – six perimenopausal and postmenopausal women 

(mean age 52.5 +/– 5.1 years) participated in a randomized, cross – over trial with two 

12 – week diet periods and two 4 – week washout periods before and between 

treatments. The study diet consisted of a control diet (soy – free diet) and an isocaloric 

soy – rich diet (25 g soy protein in various forms of soy food containing more than 50 

mg/day of isollavones substituted for an equivalent amount of animal protein). Subjects 

were assessed for urogenital symptoms, vaginal health index, vaginal pH and vaginal 

cytology. The single physician and the single cytopathologist were blinded with regard 

to onset, period and randomization number. Statistical analyses were performed 

using paired t – test or Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, significance was set as P < 0.05. 

Results: Good compliance to the diet was shown by the significant elevation of serum 

levels of daidzein and genistein during the soy – rich diet period. The symptoms of 

urge incontinence and vaginal dryness had significantly increased after 12 – week of 

soy – free diet. All other urogenital symptoms did not change in both periods. The 

vaginal health index, the vaginal pH, the karyopyknotic index, and the maturation 

value were not significantly changed in both periods. Conclusion: A soy – rich diet did 

not relieve the urogenital symptoms or restore the vaginal epithelium or improve the 

vaginal health in perimenopausal and postmenopausal Thai women. 

No.535 

Author(s) : Manonukul J, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Wisuthsarewong W, Thirapote P. 

Title : Histopathologic aid to diagnosis of sarcoidosis: Report of 8 cases. 



Keywords : Diagnosis, Histopathology, Sarcoidosis. 

Abstract : Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology. The disease is common in 

blacks and is very rare in Thailand. It presents as one of the most variable 

manifestations usually affecting the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes. Other 

organs such as liver, spleen, joints and eyes including skin are also involved. The 

common cutaneous lesions are maculopapular, erythematous plaque, subcutaneous 

nodule, scar and lupus pernio. No reliable indicator is useful for diagnosis except the 

histopathologic change which is the only way for approaching this disease. Sarcoidosis 

is the disease of exclusion. Various infections producing granulomas should be excluded 

histologically. The ultimate diagnosis requires clinical correlation, laboratory 

investigations, chest X – ray as well as available tissue culture. Herein, the authors 

reported eight cases of sarcoidosis by retrospective study primarily diagnosed by 

histopathological findings at Siriraj Hospital from January, 1997 to December, 2004 

with many different clinical presentations. Despite the diverse clinical pictures, 

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interestingly, the presented patients almost had the same histopathologic findings as 

small, uniform, discrete naked granulomas usually without necrosis. These findings 

act as a hallmark for diagnosis of this disease. 

No.536 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Chottanapand S, Thongyen S, Chaovavanich A, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Survival rate and risk factors of mortality among HIV/tuberculosis – coinfected patients 

with and without antiretroviral therapy. 




Keywords : HIV, Tuberculosis, Antiretroviral therapy, Survival rate, Risk factors. 

Abstract : Background: The impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on survival among patients 

coinfected with HIV and tuberculosis (TB) has not been well established. Methods: A 

retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV – infected patients with TB 

between January 2000 and December 2004. Patients were categorized into ART+ 

group (received ART) and ART – group (did not receive ART) and were followed until 

April 2005. Results: A total of 1003 patients were identified; 411 in ART+ group and 

592 in ART – group. Median (interquartile range) CD4 count was 53 (20 – 129) cells/ 

mm(3). Survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years after TB diagnosis were 96.1%, 94.0%, and 

87.7% for ART+ group and 44.4%, 19.2%, and 9.3% for ART – group (log – rank test, 

P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard model showed that ART was associated with 

lower mortality rate; gastrointestinal TB and multidrug resistant TB were associated 

with higher mortality rate (P < 0.05). Among patients in ART+ group, the patients 

who delayed ART >= 6 months after TB diagnosis had a higher mortality rate than 

those who initiated ART < 6 months after TB diagnosis (P 0.018, hazard ratio = 2.651, 

95% confidence interval = 1.152 – 6.102). Conclusions: Antiretroviral therapy 

substantially reduces mortality rate among HIV/TB – coinfected patients. Initiation of 

ART within 6 months of TB diagnosis is associated with greater survival. 

No.537 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Phoorisri T, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of tuberculosis among HIV – infected 

patients receiving antituberculous and antiretroviral therapy. 

Source : Journal of Infection. 53 (6): 357 – 363, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Immune reconstitution, Inflammatory syndrome, Paradoxical reaction, Human 

immunodeficiency virus, Tuberculosis, Rate, Risk factor. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the frequency, risk factors and mortality rate of immune 

reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) of tuberculosis (TB) in patients co – 

infected with HIV/TB and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods : 

A retrospective study was conducted in Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute 

and Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand. Results: There were 167 patients with a mean 

age of 34.5 years. Median (IQR) CD4 cell counts was 36 (15 – 69) cells/mm(3) and 

median (IQR) HIV RNA was 427,000 (189,000 – 750,000) copies/ml. ART was initiated 

at a median (IQR) duration of 2.2 (1.4 – 3.7) months after TB treatment. IRIS was 

identified in 21 (12.6%) patients. Patients with IRIS had a higher proportion of 

extrapulmonary TB than patients without IRIS (P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, 

extrapulmonary TB was a risk factor for IRIS (odds ratio = 8.225, 95% confidence 

interval = 1.785 – 37.911, P = 0.007). Of 21 patients with IRIS, 15 patients developed 

IRIS within the first two months of ART. The mortality rate in patients with and 

without IRIS was not different (9.5% versus 2.1%, P = 0.119).Conclusions: The rate of 

TB IRIS is 13% in patients co – infected with HIV and TB. Extrapulmonary TB is a risk 

factor for IRIS. Closely monitored clinical care in the first few months of ART initiation 

and further interventional studies to minimize mortality of TB IRIS are needed. 

No.538 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S, Ruxrungtham M, Vibhagool A, 

Rattanasiri S, Thakkinstian A. 

Title : Efavirenz 600 mg/day versus efavirenz 800 mg/day in HIV – infected patients with 

tuberculosis receiving rifampicin: 48 weeks results 

Source : AIDS. 20 (1): 131 – 132, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Pharmacokinetic interactions, Induction, Size. 

Abstract : The potential of drug – drug interaction between efavirenz and rifampicin is a major 

concern in the treatment of HIV and tuberculosis. The optimal efavirenz dosage is


still unclear. Our randomized control trial study recently reported the similar efavirenz 

level between efavirenz 600 and 800 mg/day in HIV – infected patients receiving 

rifampicin. We report the similar virological and immunological outcomes at 48 weeks 

between the two groups. Efavirenz 600 mg/day should be sufficient for concurrent 

use with rifamipicin. 

No.539 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Sungkanuparph S, Thakkinstian A, Rattanasiri S, Chaovavanich A, 

Prasithsirikul W, Likanonsakul S, Ruxrungtham K. 

Title : Plasma nevirapine levels and 24 – week efficacy in HIV – infected patients receiving 

nevirapine – based highly active antiretroviral therapy with or without rifampicin 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (2): 253 – 255, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Tuberculosis, Efavirenz, Regimens, Safety. 

Abstract : Seventy human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) – infected patients receiving rifampicin 

and 70 HIV – infected patients not receiving rifampicin were enrolled to receive 400 

mg of nevirapine – based highly active antiretroviral therapy per day. Mean plasma 

nevirapine levels at 8 and 12 weeks were lower in patients receiving rifampicin (P = 

.048). However, viro.048 logical and immunological outcomes at 24 weeks were not 

different between the 2 groups (P > .05). 

No.540 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Sungkanuparph S, Thongyen S, Chumpathat N, Eampokalap B, 

Thawornwan U, Foongladda S. 

Title : Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans cerebrospinal fluid isolates 

and clinical outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV – infected patients with/ 

without fluconazole prophylaxis. 



Keywords : Amphotericin B, C. Neoformans, Fluconazole, HIV, Susceptibility. 

Abstract : Objectives: To compare the MICs of FLUconazole (FLU) and amphotericin B against 

isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) obtained from the CerebroSpinal 

Fluid (CSF); and clinical outcomes of HIV – infected patients diagnosed with 

cryptococcal meningitis. Material and Method: There were two groups including those 

who did not receive FLU (group A) and those who did receive either FLU 400 mg/ 

week for primary prophylaxis cryptococosis or 200 mg/day for secondary prophylaxis 

cryptococosis (group B). CSF isolates of C. neoformans from group A and group B 

between January 2003 and October 2004 were retrospectively studied. The MICs 

were determined by using the standard NCCLS broth microdilution methods (M27 – 

A). The MICs of FLU and amphotericin B, and clinical outcomes after 10 weeks of 

cryptococcal meningitis treatment were determined. Results: There were 98 isolates; 

80 in group A and 18 in group B. The patients in group B had a higher proportion of 

previous opportunistic infections (p = 0.008). The other baseline characteristics 

between the two groups were not different. The median (range) MIC of FLU was 8.0 

(0.5 – 32) g/ml in group A, and 6.0 (0.5 – 32) g/ml in group B (p = 0.926). The 

median (range) MIC of amphotericin B was 0.25 (0.03 – 1.0) g/ml in group A, and 

0.25 (0.12 – 1.0) g/ml in group B (p = 0.384). Sixty patients from group A and 14 from 

group B received standard treatment and continued to follow – up. After the 10 – 

week treatment, 39/60 (65%) patients in group A and 7/14 (50%) in group B had 

complete recovery (p = 0.364; RR = 0.538, 95%CI = 0.166 – 1.742). The overall mortality 

rate was 14/60 (23.3%) in group A and 7/14 (50.0%) in group B (p = 0.096; RR = 3.286, 

95%CI = 0.983 – 10.979). Conclusion: The MICs of FLU and amphotericin B against 

CSF isolates of C. neoformans and clinical outcomes between HIV – infected patients 

who receive or did not receive FLU prophylaxis are not different. 

No.541 

Author(s) : Manosuthi W, Thongyen S, Chumpathat N, Muangchana K, Sungkanuparph S. 

Title : Incidence and risk factors of rash associated with efavirenz in HIV – infected patients 

with preceding nevirapine – associated rash. 

Source : HIV Medicine. 7 (6): 378 – 382, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Efavirenz, HIV, Incidence, Nevirapine, Rash, Risk factor. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors of rash associated with efavirenz 

in HIV – infected patients with preceding nevirapine – associated rash.Methods:A 

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retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV – infected patients diagnosed with 

nevirapine – associated rash who subsequently received efavirenz between July 

2003 and January 2005. Patients were followed up for 3 months after receiving 

efavirenz. Possible risk factors, including demographics, previous opportunistic 

infections, CD4 cell count, viral load, severity of nevirapine – associated rash and 

concurrent drugs, were studied and compared between those who had (group A) and 

did not have (group B) rash associated with efavirenz.Results: A total of 122 patients 

(52.5% male) were included in the study, with a mean age of 38.2 years. Median (and 

interquartile range) CD4 cell count and viral load were 55 (20 – 167) cells/mu L and 86 

150 (35 321 – 700 750) HIV – 1 RNA copies/mL, respectively. Of the 122 patients, 10 

(8.2%) developed rash associated with efavirenz and all required discontinuation of 

efavirenz. The baseline characteristics of group A (10 patients) and group B (112 

patients) were similar. Median (and interquartile range) time from nevirapine 

discontinuation to efavirenz initiation was 12 (9 – 21) days in group A and 11 (7 – 21) 

days in group B (P=0.765). None of the risk factors investigated was associated with 

developing rash associated with efavirenz. The preceding development of severe 

nevirapine – associated rash had a trend towards a higher rate in group A than in 

group B (20.0% vs 10.7%; odds ratio=2.08; 95% confidence interval 0.39 – 10.97; 

P=0.322).Conclusions: The majority (> 90%) of HIV – infected patients with CD4 

counts < 200 cells/mu L who had preceding nevirapine – associated rash could tolerate 

efavirenz well. Efavirenz may be an option for subsequent use in these patients, 

particularly in those who had preceding nevirapine – associated rash. 

No.542 

Author(s) : Manotham K, Ongvilawan B, Urusopone P, Chetsurakran S, Tanamai J, 

Limkuansuwan P, Eiam – Ong S, Tungsanga K. 

Title : Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) partially ameliorated intrarenal hypoxia in chronic 

kidney disease. 





No.543 

Author(s) : Manuyakorn W, Kamchaisatian W, Benjaponpitak S, Wattanasirichaigoon D, 

Direkwattanachai C. 

Title : Novel mutation of BTK gene in an XLA patient with late manifestation of chronic 

arthritis, encephalopathy and pseudomonas, sepsis 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117(2):S292–S292 1126 Suppl.S, 2006 

(Feb). 




No.544 

Author(s) : Mao SR, Bakowsky U, Jintapattanakit A, Kissel T. 

Title : Self – assembled polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes between chitosan derivatives and 

insulin. 

Source : Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 95 (5): 1035 – 1048, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Chitosan, Trimethyl chitosan, PEGylation, Insulin, Polyelectrolyte complexes, 

Nanocomplexes. 

Abstract : Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) formed from chitosan derivatives and insulin was 

prepared and parameters influencing complex formation were characterized. 

Turbidimetric titration, in combination with dynamic light scattering (DLS) and laser 

doppler anemometry (LDA), were used to study the complexation process. The 

morphology of the PECs was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). PEC 

formation was predominantly pH – dependent. Complexation with insulin occurred 

only above critical pH value (pHc) of 6.0 for all the chitosan derivatives investigated. 

Soluble PECs in the size range of 200 – 500 mn with spherical or subspherical 

morphology and smooth surface structure were obtained at optimized polymer/insulin 

charge ratios. Optimal conditions were obtained when the pH of PECs was in the 

range of 6.5 – 8.0, depending on polymer structure. The stability of PECs was influenced 

by polymer chain length. Only when the MW of the polymers was >= 25 – kDa PEC


precipitation could be avoided. An increase in the ionic strength of the medium 

accelerated complex dissociation. Chitosan methylation and PEGylation significantly 

improved the stability of insulin in the PECs. Moreover, the PEC could protect insulin 

from degradation even at 50 degrees C for at least 6 h. All complexes could be 

lyophilized without influencing the particle size, complex concentration, and stability 

of insulin. On the basis of our results, we suggest that interactions involved in PEC 

formation were predominantly electrostatic in nature, involving the positively charged 

amino groups of chitosan and the negatively charged insulin above its isoelectric 

point. Intranasal absorption of the polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes will be studied in 

vivo. 

No.545 

Author(s) : Marahatta SB, Punyarit P, Bhudisawasdi V, Paupairoj A, Wongkham S, Petmitr S. 

Title : Polymorphism of glutathione S – transferase omega gene and risk of cancer. 

Source : Cancer Letters. 236 (2): 276 – 281, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Glutathione S – transferase omega, Polymorphism, Cancer. 

Abstract : Polymorphic glutathione S – transferase (GST) genes causing variations in enzyme 

activity may influence individual susceptibility to cancer. Though polymorphisms 

have been reported in GSTO1 and GSTO2, their predisposition to cancer risk has not 

yet been explored. In this case control study, 28 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 30 

cases of cholangiocarcinoma, 31 cases of colorectal cancer, 30 cases of breast cancer 

and 98 controls were compared for frequencies of GSTO1 and GSTO2 genotypes. 

The statistical analysis provided the support for the difference in genotypic distribution 

for GSTO1*A140D between hepatocellular carcinoma (OR 23.83, CI 95%: 5.07 – 127), 

cholangiocarcinoma (OR 8.5, CI 95%: 2.07 – 37.85), breast cancer (OR 3.71, CI 95%: 

1.09 – 13.02) and control. With regards to GSTO2*N140D polymorphism, there was 

no difference in genotypic distribution between all the types of cancer and control. 

The study suggests that GSTO1*A140D polymorphism could play an important role 

as a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma 

and breast cancer. 

No.546 

Author(s) : Marotta F, Barreto R, Kawakita S, Minelli E, Pavasuthipaisit K, Lorenzetti A, 

Nishiwaki M, Gelosa F, Fesce E, Okura R. 

Title : Preventive strategy for Candida gut translocation during ischemia – reperfusion 

injury supervening on protein – calorie malnutrition. 

Source : Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases. 7 (1): 33 – 38, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Candida albicans, Gut translocation, Ischemia – reperfusion, Polygodial – anethole 

compound, Protein – calorie malnutrition. 

Abstract : Objective: The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that protein – 

calorie malnutrition aggravates the gut translocation of Candida albicans triggered 

by mesenteric ischemia – reperfusion (IR) injury in an experimental model while 

testing a natural product containing the antifungal anethole/polygodial mixture 

(Kolorex ). Methods: MFI strain white mice (n = 90) were randomly allocated to a 4 – 

week dietary regimen: (1) standard pellet diet containing 25% casein; (2) lowprotein 

(2.5%) casein diet; (3) as group 2 plus oral supplementation with 20 L of a 5% 

solution of Kolorex during the last 4 days. Twenty rats from each of these groups 

(termed 1a, 2a and 3a) were orally inoculated with Candida suspension 6 h prior to 

mesenteric IR injury. Animals of each group but without Candida inoculation (termed 

1b, 2b and 3b) served as control. A colon permeability study was carried out as well. 

Rats were killed prior to the IR injury and 3 h afterwards. Control rats were killed at 

the same time. Results: Over 60% of the mesenteric lymph nodes and 30% of kidney 

samples were positive for C. albicans in the low – protein – fed rats after IR injury. 

Kolorex significantly decreased that rate of positivity and also significantly reduced 

the concentration of C. albicansper gram of each positive tissue sample examined. 

Protein – calorie malnourished animals showed a statistically significant increase in 

colon permeability and this phenomenon further increased after IR injury. The groups 

of rats treated with Kolorex compound showed a partial, although significant, 

improvement of this parameter. Conclusions: These results suggest that Kolorex 

might exert a competitive effect against with C. albicans colonization. The present 

study represents the first experimental in vivo investigation of the anethole/polygodial 

– containing compound under the specific conditions of calorie – protein malnutrition 

and the results have potential clinical interest. 

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No.547 

Author(s) : Marotta F, Pavasuthipaisit K, Yosmda C, Albergati F, Marandola P. 

Title : Relationship between aging and susceptibility of erythrocytes to oxidative damage: In 

view of nutraceutical interventions. 

Source : Rejuvenation Research. 9 (2): 227 – 230, 2006. 


Keywords : Fermented papayp preparation, Age, Sensitivity, Antioxidant, People, State, Donor, 

Cell. 

Abstract : Twelve (12) healthy elderly subjects were divided into two groups: (a) those given an 

antioxidant/NO – modulating fermented papaya preparation (FPP) 9 g/day for 4 weeks, 

and (b) a placebo group. No protein/lipid distribution in erythrocytes (RBC) membranes 

was noted among different ages and treatments. Higher RBC concentration of 

malondialdehyde and nitric oxide synthase were found in the elderly (p < 0.05 versus 

“young” controls), whereas superoxide dismutase was unaltered. Such abnormalities 

were prevented by FPP supplementation (p < 0.01). RBC and RBC ghosts showed an 

enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation by using cumene hydroperoxide (p < 0.01 

versus young) but FPP supplementation significantly protected intact RBC (p < 0.05). 

These preliminary data suggest that nutraceuticals with antioxidant/NO – regulating 

properties significantly protect from RBC oxidative damage, and are potential weapons 

for the aging process and chronic and degenerative diseases. 

No.548 

Author(s) : Marukatat R. 

Title : Structure – Based Rule Selection Framework for Association Rule Mining of Traffic 

Accident Data. 

Source : Computational Intelligence and Security, 2006 International Conference on 

Publication. 1: 781 – 784, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Data analysis, Data mining, Traffic information systems. 

Abstract : A rule selection framework is proposed which classifies, selects, and filters out 

association rules based on the analysis of the rule structures. It was applied to real 

traffic accident data collected from local police stations. The rudimentary nature of 

the data required several passes of association rule mining to be performed, each 

with different sets of parameters, so that semantically interesting rules can be spotted 

from the pool of results. It was shown that the proposed framework could find 

candidate rules that offer some insight into the phenomena being studied. 

No.549 

Author(s) : Massimine KM, McIntosh MT, Doan LT, Atreya CE, Gromer S, Sirawaraporn W, 

Elliott DA, Joiner KA, Schirmer RH, Anderson KS. 

Title : Eosin B as a novel antimalarial agent for drug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum. 



Keywords : Human glutathione – reductase, Thioredoxin reductase, Malaria parasite, Invitro 

growth, Dihydrofolate reductase, Infected erythrocytes, Continuous culture, Red – 

cells, Inhibition, Dyes. 

Abstract : 4', 5' – Dibromo – 2', 7' – dinitrofluorescein, a red dye commonly referred to as eosin 

B, inhibits Toxoplasma gondii in both enzymatic and cell culture studies with a 50% 

inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 180 mu M. As a non – active – site inhibitor of the 

bifunctional T. gondii dihydrofolate reductase – thymidylate synthase (DHFR – TS), 

eosin B offers a novel mechanism for inhibition of the parasitic folate biosynthesis 

pathway. In the present study, eosin B was further evaluated as a potential 

antiparasitic compound through in vitro and cell culture testing of its effects on 

Plasmodium falciparum. Our data revealed that eosin B is a highly selective, potent 

inhibitor of a variety of drug – resistant malarial strains, with an average IC50 of 124 

nM. Furthermore, there is no indication of cross – resistance with other clinically 

utilized compounds, suggesting that eosin B is acting via a novel mechanism. The 

antimalarial mode of action appears to be multifaceted and includes extensive damage 

to membranes, the alteration of intracellular organelles, and enzymatic inhibition 

not only of DHFR – TS but also of glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase. 

In addition, preliminary studies suggest that eosin B is also acting as a redox cycling 

compound. Overall, our data suggest that eosin B is an effective lead compound for 

the development of new, more effective antimalarial drugs. 

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No.550 

Author(s) : Mayxay M, Thongpraseuth V, Khanthavong M, Lindegardh N, Barends M, Keola S, 

Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Newton PN. 

Title : An open, randomized comparison of artesunate plus mefloquine vs. dihydroartemisinin 

– piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 

the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos). 

Source : TTropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (8): 1157 – 1165, 2006 (Aug). 

Document Type : Article 

Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum, Malaria, Artemisinin – based combination therapy, 

Dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine, Laos. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of oral dihydroartemisinin – 

piperaquine (DP, Artekin(TM)) in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium 

falciparum malaria in southern Laos. Methods: An open, randomized clinical trial of 

oral artesunate – mefloquine (AM) vs. DP in 220 patients with acute uncomplicated 

falciparum malaria in Savannakhet Province, Laos. Conclusion: The 42 – day cure 

rates (95% CI), as determined by survival analysis and adjusted for reinfection, were 

excellent and similar for the two groups [99 (94 – 100)% and 100 (100 – 100)% for AM 

and DP, respectively]. The median (range) fever and parasite clearance times for the 

AM and DP groups were also similar [20 (4 – 63) h and 2 (1 – 4) days vs. 20 (7 – 57) and 

2 (1 – 4) days, logrank P = 0.4 and 0.17, respectively]. There were more patients with 

at least one potential side effect following treatment in the AM group when compared 

with the DP group [64/110 (58%) vs. 48/110 (44%), respectively, P = 0.031]. 

No.551 

Author(s) : McFarland EG, Sanguanjit P, Tasaki A, Keyurapan E, Fishman EK, Fayad LM. 

Title : The reverse shoulder prosthesis: a review of imaging features and complications. 

Source : Skeletal Radiology. 35 (7): 488 – 496, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, Prosthesis, Complications. 

Abstract : Background: The reverse shoulder prosthesis is a prosthesis that has been in clinical 

use in Europe since 1985 and was approved for use in the United States in 2004. This 

unique prosthesis has a baseplate attached to the glenoid, which holds a spherical 

component, while the humeral component includes a polyethylene insert that is flat. 

This design is the “reverse” configuration of that seen with a conventional arthroplasty, 

in which the spherical component is part of the humeral component. The indications 

for the reverse prosthesis are: (1) painful arthritis associated with irreparable rotator 

cuff tears (cuff tear arthropathy), (2) failed hemiarthroplasty with irreparable rotator 

cuff tears, (3) pseudoparalysis due to massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears, (4) some 

reconstructions after tumor resection, and (5) some fractures of the shoulder not 

repairable or reconstructable with other techniques. This prosthesis can produce a 

significant reduction in pain and some improvement in function for most of the 

indications mentioned. However, the unique configuration and the challenge of its 

insertion can result in a high incidence of a wide variety of unusual complications. 

Some of these complications, such as dislocation of the components, are similar to 

conventional shoulder replacement. Other complications, such as notching of the 

scapula and acromial stress fractures, are unique to this prosthesis. Conclusion: The 

configuration of the reverse prosthesis, its normal radiographic appearance and 

potential complications associated with its use are reviewed. 

No.552 

Author(s) : McFarland EG, Selhi HS, Keyurapan E. 

Title : Clinical evaluation of impingement: What to do and what works. 

Source : Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 88A (2): 432 – 441, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Ratator – cuff tears, Superior glenoid impingement, Disabled throwing shoulder, 

Subacromial impingment, Subscapularis tendon, Slap lesions, Internal impingement, 

Supraspinatus tendon, Physical – examination, Isolated rupture. 


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No.553 

Author(s) : McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, Ashley EA, La Y, Singhasivanon P, 

White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with 

uncomplicated falciparum malaria 

Source : European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (12): 1021 – 1031, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Artemether, Lumefantrine, Pregnancy, Falciparum malaria. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of artemether and 

lumefantrine (AL) in pregnant women with recrudescent uncomplicated multi – 

drug resistant falciparum malaria. Methods: Pregnant women who had recurrence 

of parasitaemia following 7 days supervised quinine treatment were treated with AL. 

Serial blood samples were taken over a 7 – day period, and pharmacokinetic parameters 

were estimated. For lumefantrine, these data were compared in a population 

pharmacokinetic model with data from non – pregnant, mainly male adults with 

acute malaria. Results: The pregnant women (five in the second trimester and eight 

in the third trimester) had lower concentrations of artemether, dihydroartemisinin 

and lumefantrine, and the elimination of lumefantrine in pregnant women was more 

rapid than reported previously in non – pregnant adults. Conclusion: Pregnancy is 

associated with reduced plasma concentrations of both artemether and lumefantrine. 

This is likely to be of therapeutic significance as plasma concentrations of lumefantrine, 

after elimination of artemether, are an important determinant of cure. Further 

studies are needed to determine the optimum dose regimen of artemether – 

lumefantrine in pregnancy. 

No.554 

Author(s) : McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, 

White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of 

pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 

Source : European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (5): 367 – 371, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Artesunate, DHA, Pharmacokinetics, Pregnancy. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) 

following oral artesunate treatment in women with recrudescent multidrug resistant 

falciparum malaria, in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: Serial 

plasma concentrations of artesunate and DHA were measured in 24 women after the 

final dose of a 3 day treatment with artesunate (4 mg kg(–1) day(–1)) and atovaquone 

(20 mg kg(–1) day(–1)) plus proguanil (8 mg kg(–1) day(–1)), daily. Conventional non 

– compartmental modelling and a population one – compartment pharmacokinetic 

model were applied to the data. Results: Artesunate was very rapidly eliminated. For 

DHA the median [90% range] estimate of oral clearance (CI/F) was 4.0 [0.8 – 20.7] 1 

hour(–1) kg(–1), total apparent volume of distribution (Vd/f) was 3.4 [0.9 – 60.7] l/kg, 

and terminal elimination half – life was 1.0 [0.6 – 2.4] h. Conclusion: The kinetics of 

DHA are modified by pregnancy. The plasma levels of the active antimalarial metabolite 

DHA are lower than reported previously in non – pregnant adults. Dose – optimisation 

studies in pregnant women are needed. 

No.555 

Author(s) : Meejoo S, Maneeprakorn W, Winotai P. 

Title : Phase and thermal stability of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite prepared via microwave 

heating 

Source : Thermochimica Acta. 447 (1): 115 – 120, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Ceramics, Hydroxyapatite, Microwave heating, Nanocrystals, Morphology, 

Thermal stability, Thermal analyses. 

Abstract : A simple method to prepare nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAP) is performed 

using a precipitation method assisted with microwave heating method. This method 

can be reported notably with high reproducibility and productivity. The received 

ceramic powder possesses characteristic of needle – shaped nanocrystals with 

dimension about 50 nm in diameter and 200 nm in length. The particle size distribution 

has been confirmed being in the range of 28 – 159 nm. Thermal analyses revealed 

that nHAP has at least three thermal events influenced by elevated temperatures. 

Phase stability and microstructure evolution of the nHAP calcined at temperatures 

range between 700 and 1200 degrees C are discussed in terms of the formation of 

198


secondary phases, the decomposition of HAP releasing carbonate and water. Various 

experimental techniques have been employed in this work, including powder X – ray 

diffraction, IR spectroscopy, DSC and TGA thermal analyses, dynamic light scattering 

and scanning electron microscopy. 

No.556 

Author(s) : Meepool A, Wanichanon C, Viyanant V, Sobhon P. 

Title : Development and roles of vitelline cells in eggshell formation in Fasciola gigantica. 

Source : Invertebrate Reproduction & Development. 49 (1 – 2): 9 – 17, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Vitelline cell, Eggshell formation, Reproductive system, 

Ultrastructure. 

Abstract : In Fasciola gigantica, vitelline cells are the major contributors to the formation of the 

eggshell. The vitelline cells develop in vitelline follicles that are located in the posterior 

third of the adult parasite’s body, in the areas lateral to the uterus and the testis. 

Mature vitelline cells are released and transported to the Mehlis’ gland – ootype 

complex via a series of vitelline ducts. Based on ultrastructural features, the developing 

vitelline cells are classified into four stages: stem cell, protein – synthetic, carbohydrate 

– synthetic and mature cell stages. At the protein – synthetic stage, the eggshell 

globules are formed, whereas during the carbohydrate – synthetic stage glycogen 

particles and glycan vesicles are synthesized. The mature vitelline cells are detached 

from the nurse cells, and pass successively into the intrafollicular, interfollicular, 

longitudinal and transverse vitelline ducts, to be stored in the vitelline reservoir 

before being transported to the ootype via the median vitelline duct. At the same 

time, ova are transported from the ovary through the oviduct into the ootype lumen 

where each becomes surrounded by a number of vitelfne cells. Vitelline cells secrete 

eggshell globules to surround a group of vitelline cells and an ovum in the ootype 

lumen, and these globules coalesce into the definitive eggshell. In the middle part of 

the uterus fertilization occurs, after which the eggshell is completely formed. Within 

the egg proper, vitelline cells break down, releasing glycogen and other products to 

nourish the developing embryo. 

No.557 

Author(s) : Meeratana P, Withyachumnarnkul B, Damrongphol P, Wongprasert K, Suseangtham 

A, Sobhon P. 

Title : Serotonin induces ovarian maturation in giant freshwater prawn broodstock, 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. 

Source : Aquaculture. 260 (1 – 4): 315 – 325, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Broodstock, Serotonin, Oocyte, Ovarian maturation. 

Abstract : This study investigated the effects of serotonin (5 – hydroxyttyptamine or 5HT) on 

ovarian development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Adult female prawns at 

the ovarian stage I (spent) were injected with 5HT at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mu g g(–1) 

body weight (BW) intramuscularly on days 0, 5 and 10, and sacrificed on day 15. The 

doses as related to the effect could be categorized into three levels: low (1 and 5 mu g 

g(–1) BW of 5HT), medium (10 and 20 mu g g(–1) BW of 5HT) and high (50 mu g g(– 

1) BW of 5HT). The low – dose, especially at 1 mu g g(–1) BW, caused prawns to 

exhibit a significant increase in ovarian index (ovarian weight/body weight x 100) 

(5.79 +/– 0.09%) as compared to the control (1.49%). The ovaries of most of these 

prawns could develop to stage IV (mature) and contained synchronously mature 

oocytes while most of the control ovaries remained at stage I and 11 (proliferative), 

and contained only oogonia to previtellogenic (Oc1, Oc2) and early vitellogenic oocytes 

(00). The medium – and high – dose treated prawns exhibited ovaries that could reach 

stages III and IV and contained various types of oocytes of different maturity. 

Pretreatment with 5HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine (CYP), at 10 gg g – 1 BW 

before 5HT injection significantly suppressed the effect of 5HT. Intramuscular injection 

of the 5HT – primed thoracic ganglion culture medium into CYP – pretreated prawns 

resulted in the increase of ovarian index about 5 – 6 times more than in the control, 

and in the groups injected with 5HT – primed media from muscle strip, eyestalk and 

brain. The ovaries of most prawn could develop up to stage IV and contained 

synchronously developed vitellogenic (Oc4) and mature oocytes (Oc5). These findings 

suggest that 5HT indirectly induces ovarian development and oocytes maturation in 

M rosenbergii, probably via a putative ovarian stimulating factor released from the 

thoracic ganglia. 

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No.558 

Author(s) : Mekkriengkrai D, Sakdapipanich JT, Tanaka Y. 

Title : Structural characterization of terminal groups in natural rubber: Origin of nitrogenous 

groups 

Source : Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 79 (2): 366 – 379, 2006. 



Abstract : The nitrogenous groups in natural rubber (MR) from Hevea brasiliensis have been 

regarded as an important factor governing cured rubber properties, although there is 

no structural evidence. The nitrogenous compounds in highly purified NR were 

characterized to disclose the origin of nitrogenous groups. The rubber particles in 

fresh latex were purified by washing, i.e., successive dilution of the cream fraction 

and concentration by centrifugation in the presence of surfactant. The nitrogen 

content of natural rubber from the washed rubber particles decreased from 0.281% 

to 0.015% level after washing 3 – 5 times, the level of which was similar to that of 

deproteinized natural rubber with a proteolytic enzyme. The presence of 1 – 2 nitrogen 

atoms per rubber chain was presumed based on the nitrogen content and Nn value. 

The nitrogen content of fractionated rubber fractions from rubber particles washed 

5 times increased with increasing molecular weight. The nitrogenous group in the 

rubber chain is postulated to originate from mostly phospholipids associating with 

branch – points and from functional groups formed by oxidation and successive 

reactions in latex. 

No.559 

Author(s) : Mekviwattanawong S, Srifuengfung S, Chokepaibulkit K, Lohsiriwat D, 

Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections and the prevalence of infection 

caused by community – acquired methicillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 

hospitalized patients at Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Cohort study, Community – acquired, Cross sectional study, Methicillin – resistant, 

Prevalence, Staphylococcus aureus, Thailand. 

Abstract : Background: The CA – MRSA infections have emerged in many parts of the world 

over the past decade. To our knowledge, the prevalence of CA – MRSA infections in 

Thai patients is unknown. Objective: To determine an epidemiology of Staphylococcus 

aureus (S. aureus) infections in hospitalized patients in Siriraj Hospital and the 

prevalence of infections caused by community – acquired methicillin – resistant S. 

aureus (CA – MRSA). Material and Method: The study was carried out at Siriraj 

Hospital from January to May 2005. The eligible patients were hospitalized patients 

whom S. aureus were isolated from their clinical specimens submitted to Department 

of Microbiology. S. aureus isolate was classified into infection or colonization. S. 

aureus infections were further classified into methicillin – resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 

or methicillin – sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infections, and hospital – acquired (HA) or 

community – acquired (CA) infections. CA – MRSA infection is defined as infection 

caused by MRSA isolated from the patient within 72 – hour of hospitalization and has 

no features of HA MRSA infections. Results: There were 669 S. aureus isolates from 

448 patients. Two hundred and sixty two patients (58.5%) were MSSA whereas 186 

(41.5%) were MRSA infections. CA – MRSA was found in three isolates (0.9% of total 

MRSA) from two patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of CA – MRSA infections in 

hospitalized patients in Siriraj Hospital was uncommon and these patients could 

probably be HA MRSA infections. 

No.560 

Author(s) : Mesomya W, Pakpeankitvatana V, Komindr S, Leelahakul P, Cuptapun Y, Hengsawadi 

D, Tammarate P, Tangkanakul P. 

Title : Effects of health food from cereal and nata de coco on serum lipids in human 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (Suppl.1): 23 – 28, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Hyperlipidemic, Mung bean, Nata de coco, Sweet corn, Unpolished rice. 

Abstract : The purpose of this study was to evaluate cereals and nata de coco supplementation 

on the lipid status in 22 subjects with hyperlipidemia. Subjects consisted of eleven 

men and eleven women aged 32 – 75 years, and had serum total cholesterol (TC) level 

of e”5.2 mmol/L, serum total triglyceride (TG) level of e”1.7 mmol/ L and low density 

lipoprotein – cholesterol (LDL – c) level of e”3.4 mmol/L. The study consisted of four 

200


weeks of control and 20 weeks of supplementation period. The subjects were given 

15 g of the supplement twice daily for 20 weeks. The daily 30 g supplement consisted 

of unpolished rice, hulled mung bean, sweet corn, and nata de coco and provided 

122.6 kcal, 5.5 g of protein, 0.5 g of fat, 24.1 g of carbohydrate and 2.7 g of dietary 

fiber. After 20 weeks, the subjects were divided into two groups, according to their 

dietary compliance, group A: e”90% compliance, and group B: < 90% compliance with 

the assigned supplement intake. There were 15 subjects in group A, and 7 in group B. 

Results showed that in group A the mean TG levels at weeks 4, 8, and 16 were 

significantly different (P


202 

categorized the MIDAS score into four severity grades (I, the lowest, through IV, the 

highest). The authors analysed the data using chi(2), t test, one – way analysis of 

varience and logistic regression for calculated odds ratios. Results: Patients with OFP 

had a greater prevalance of headache than did patients in the GD group (72.7 percent 

versus 31.9 percent, respectively, P < .001), with a higher total MIDAS score, number 

of headache days in the previous three months and headache severity (P < .001). 

Within the OFP group, the diagnostic prevalance of PH, MS and NP was 71.1 percent, 

79.8 percent and 13.1 percent, respectively (P < .001). The authors categorized 56 

percent of patients with OFP and headache into the high – impact headache group 

(MIDAS grades III and IV: P < .001). Conclusions: Patients with OFP had a higher 

prevalence of headache with greater disability impact than did control subjects. The 

degree of disability was related strongly to the MS diagnosis. Clinical Implications: 

The coexistance of PH and MS disorders can lead to higher headache disability. 

Clinicians need to treat both disorders concomitantly, which will result in improved 

treatment outcomes. 

No.564 

Author(s) : Mitrpanont JL, Fugkeaw S. 

Title : Design and development of a multiversion OLAP application 

Source : Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. 1: 493 – 497, 2006. 


Keywords : Multidimensional database, OLAP query, Query rewriting technique, Temporal 

version. 

Abstract : This paper proposes a temporal version mapping concept and a SQL query rewriting 

technique to support the OLAP query analysis in multidimensional database (MDB) 

systems modeled on multiversion schema. Based on our proposed model, an integration 

solution of MDB schema change and multiversion OLAP query analysis performed 

over the changed database schema are taken into account. In addition, we present 

the system design and implementation of our prototype system to demonstrate our 

research idea. 

No.565 

Author(s) : Mitrpanont JL, Fugkeaw S. 

Title : Direct Access Versioning for Multidimensional Database Schema Creation. 

Source : Computer and Information Technology, 2006. CIT ’06. The Sixth IEEE International 

Conference on Publication. 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : This paper proposes a multidimensional schema management approach by focusing 

on the dimension version update to support the multiple versions query in OLAP 

application. The evolution support of the multidimensional database (MDB) is based 

on the schema versioning concept. We introduce the Direct Access Versioning (DAV) 

technique to minimize cost of schema version creation of the MDB schema appearing 

in data warehouse (DW) systems. The technique maintains the change of dimension 

data by retaining only the changed class of dimensions in a supporting dimension 

version (SDV) which will be available for an immediate construction of any schema 

version. Thus, the efficiency of schema version construction is significantly improved 

since no dynamic dimension instance conversion is required. 

No.566 

Author(s) : Mongkolsapaya J, Duangchinda T, Dejnirattisai W, Vasanawathana S, Avirutnan P, 

Jairungsri A, Khemnu N, Tangthawornchaikul N, Chotiyarnwong P, Sae – Jang K, 

Koch M, Jones Y, McMichael A, Xu XN, Malasit P, Screaton G. 

Title : T cell responses in dengue hemorrhagic fever: Are cross – reactive T cells suboptimal? 

Source : Journal of Immunology. 176 (6): 3821 – 3829, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Heterologous antiviral immunity, Respiratory syncytial virus, Original antigenic sin, 

Disease severity, Infection, Antibody, Immunopathology, Enhancement, Lymphocytes, 

Epitopes. 

Abstract : Dengue virus infection poses a growing public health and economic burden in a 

number of tropical and subtropical countries. Dengue circulates as a number of 

quasispecies, which can be divided by serology into four groups or serotypes. An 

interesting feature of Dengue, recognized over five decades ago, is that most severe 

cases that show hemorrhagic fever are not suffering from a primary infection. Instead,


they are reinfected with a virus of different serotype. This observation poses 

considerable problems in vaccine design, and it is therefore imperative to gain a full 

understanding of the mechanisms underlying this immunological enhancement of 

disease. In this study, we examined a T cell epitope restricted by HLA – A*24, a major 

MHC class I allele, in Southeast Asia in a cohort of children admitted to a hospital 

with acute Dengue infection. The cytokine profiles and the degranulation capacity of 

T cells generated to this epitope are defined and compared across different viral 

serotypes. Cross – reactive Dengue – specific T cells seem to show suboptimal 

degranulation but high cytokine production, which may contribute to the development 

of the vascular leak characteristic of Dengue hemorrhagic fever. 

No.567 

Author(s) : Monshupanee T, Fa – Aroonsawat S, Chungjatupornchai W. 

Title : A cyanobacterial strain with all chromosomal rRNA operons inactivated: a single 

nucleotide mutation of 23S rRNA confers temperature – sensitive phenotypes 

Source : Microbiology – SGM. 152: 1417 – 1425 (Part 5), 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Escherichia – coli, Anacystis – nidulans, tRNA(PRO) gene, Cell – division, PCC 6803, 

Expression, Resistance, Plasmids, Sequence, Promotor. 

Abstract : The presence of a multicopy chromosome, with each copy containing two rRNA 

operons (rrnA and rrnB), has been an obstacle to analysing mutated rRNA in 

Synechococcus PCC 7942. To create a system for expressing homogeneous mutated 

rRNA, the chromosomal rrn operons were sequentially inactivated and a final strain 

was successfully obtained with all the chromosomal rrn operons inactivated but 

carrying a replaceable multicopy plasmid containing a single rrn operon. The lag time 

required for growth response on dark/light shift of mutant strains with chromosomal 

rrnA or rrnB inactivated was increased 50% over that of the wild – type strain; 

however, the presence of the plasmid – borne rrn operon restored the lag time. The 

doubling time of mutant strains carrying only a functional rrnB operon, but not 

strains carrying only a functional rrnA operon, was significantly longer than that of 

the wild – type strain. A strain in which essentially all the cellular 23S rRNA contained 

the mutation C2588A was temperature sensitive at 16 degrees C and 45 degrees C. 

Position C2588 is equivalent to C2611 of the peptidyltransferase centre in domain V 

of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA. 

No.568 

Author(s) : Moravec F, Taraschewski H, Anantaphruti MT, Maipanich W, Laoprasert T. 

Title : Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) anguillae sp n. (Camallanidae) and some other 

nematodes from the Indonesian shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor in Thailand. 

Source : Parasitology Research. 100 (1): 69 – 75, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Fresh – water fishes, Coral – reef fishes, Mexico. 

Abstract : A new species of parasitic nematode, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) anguillae sp. 

n. (family Camallanidae), is described based on specimens recovered from the intestine 

of the Indonesian eel Anguilla bicolor McClelland (type host) from southern Thailand 

(type locality Phuket Island). It is characterized mainly by the presence of 10 – 13 

spiral ridges in the buccal capsule, length of spicules (366 – 372 mu m and 198 216 mu 

m), presence of a gubernaculum, arrangement of caudal papillae, and by the broad 

female tail with a digit – like projection bearing two cuticular spikes. In addition, two 

species of larval nematodes, Physalopteridae gen. sp. and Anisakis cf. simplex (Rudolphi 

1809), were recorded from A. bicolor. All species are briefly described and illustrated. 

No.569 

Author(s) : Muangman P, Chuntrasakul C, Silthram S, Suvanchote S, Benjathanung R, Kittidacha 

S, Rueksomtawin S. 

Title : Comparison of efficacy of 1% silver sulfadiazine and acticoat for treatment of partial 

– thickness burn wounds. 



Keywords : Burn, Silver sulfadiazine, Silver – coated dressing. 

Abstract : Background: Acticoat (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK) is a silver – coated dressing 

reported to reduce infection and exhibit antimicrobial activity in wounds. Objective: 

The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of acticoat and 1% silver 

sulfadiazine (1% AgSD) for treatment of partial thickness burn wounds. Material and 

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204 

Method: The authors reviewed 50 patients who had partial thickness burn wounds 

less than 25% admitted to Siriraj Burn Unit from May 2002 to September 2005. All 

patients were divided into 2 groups: the acticoat treated group (25 patients) and the 

1% silver sulfadiazine treated group (25 patients). The 2 groups were compared for 

the etiology of burn wound, demographic data including age, sex,% Total Body Surface 

Area burn (TBSA%), cultured organisms, wound infection and outcome of Length Of 

hospital Stay (LOS) and level of pain. Results: The authors found no significant 

differences in age, TBSA(%) between both groups. 7 patients (28%) developed wound 

infection. There were no differences in wound infection and LOS between both 

groups (p > 0.05). All of the patients who developed wound infection responded well 

to targeted topical and systemic antibiotic treatment. The 1% AgSD treated group (6 

of 25, 24%) obtained more split thickness skin graft to close the granulation defects 

compared to patients who were treated with acticoat (4 of 25,16%) but no statistical 

significance, p = 0.32). Average pain scores in the acticoat treated groups were 

significantly lower than the 1% AgSD treated group (4 0.6 versus 5 0.7, respectively). 

Conclusion: The present study confirms the efficacy of acticoat % treatment in partial 

thickness burn wound. The authors conclude that acticoat % has an advantage of 

limiting the frequency of replacement of the dressing and provides a less painful 

alternative to wound care with 1% AgSD with comparable incidence of burn wound 

infection. This is due to its long wear time and the ease of application and removal. 

No.570 

Author(s) : Muangman P, Sullivan SR, Honari S, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM, Gibran NS. 

Title : The optimal time for early excision in major burn injury. 



Keywords : Burn, Early excision, Grafting, Optimal time. 

Abstract : Introduction: Early excision and grafting (E&G) drastically changed burn care in 

America by reducing morbidity, mortality and hospital length of stay (LOS). The 

present study was intended to determine whether an optimal time window exists 

between resuscitation and wound sepsis for the first E&G in a patient with a large 

burn. Material and Method: The authors conducted a retrospective study of patients 

admitted between January 1994 and December 2000 with > 40% TBSA burns and at 

least 1 E&G procedure. Patients were grouped according to the day of their first 

operation. Patients allowed to heal indeterminate burns prior to excision and grafting 

of deep partial or full thickness burns were grouped as e•d7 and were excluded from 

the present study. The authors correlated the time of first excision with infection, 

mortality and LOS. Results: Seventy – five patients were identified and 12 patients 

allowed to heal indeterminate burn prior to excision and grafting of deep partial or 

full thickness burns were excluded. Sixty – three remaining patients included 51males 

and 12 females. Mean burn size was 49% of total body surface area (TBSA) (44% deep 

partial or full thickness) and the mean age was 36 years. There were 61 flame (2 

combined with electrical injuries), 1 scald and 1 chemical burn. Twelve died (19%) and 

52 patients developed 121 infections. Whereas there was no statistical difference in 

mortality for patients operated on different days (p > 0.2), 60% of patients operated 

within the first 48 hours after injury died; this was not significant due to a small 

patient number. Conclusions: The present data suggest that patients who undergo 

early excision and grafting within seven days following a major burn > 40% TBSA 

have equivalent infection or mortality rates regardless of when the first operation 

occurs between post burn day(PBD) 2 and PBD 7 (p > 0.2). 

No.571 

Author(s) : Mueller EA, van Vugt M, Kirch W, Andriano K, Hunt P, de Palacios PI. 

Title : Efficacy and safety of the six – dose regimen of artemether – lumefantrine for 

treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adolescents and adults: 

A pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 100 (1 – 2): 41 – 53, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Malaria, Artemether – lumefantrine, Efficacy, Safety, Six – dose regimen, Pooled 

analysis. 

Abstract : To demonstrate the superiority of the six – dose over the four – dose regimen of 

artemether – lumefantrine (co – artemether, Coartem (R)) in patients > 12 years, 

data from 11 randomized clinical trials were pooled and analyzed. A total of 1368 

patients with uncomplicated Plasinodium falciparum malaria (six – dose: 598; four – 

dose: 770) were included in the analysis, together with 717 patients treated with


comparators. Analysis of the 28 – day cure rate based on the ITT and evaluable 

populations yielded corrected cure rates for the six – dose regimen of 87% and 97% 

compared with 74% and 87%, respectively, with the four – dose regimen (P < 0.0001, 

for both comparisons). For mefloquine/artesunate, the most frequently used 

comparator, cure rates were 87% and 99%, respectively. The six – dose regimen was 

well tolerated and not markedly different to the four – dose regimen. The main 

finding of our analysis is that the six – dose regimen of co – artemether is more 

effective than the four – dose regimen in adolescents and adults without compromising 

safety. 

No.572 

Author(s) : Muensoongnoen J, Phulsuksombati D, Parichatikanond P, Sangjan N, Pilakasiri C, 

Sripaoraya K, Roongruangchai J, Koedpuech K, Pilakasiri K. 

Title : A histopathological study of hearts and spleens of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) 

infected with Leptospira interrogans, serovar pyrogenes. 


37(4):720–728, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : The effects of Leptospira interrogans on the heart and spleen of hamsters were 

studied histopathologically. Infected hamsters were sacrificed at 1 hour, 6 hours and 

on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 after inoculation with Leptospira interrogans serovar 

pyrogenes. The heart and spleen of each of the sacrificed animals were removed and 

processed for routine conventional light microscopy. Infected hearts showed 

degenerative change of the cardiac muscle cells composed of cellular swelling, 

condensation of chromatin granules, pyknotic nuclei and acidophilic cytoplasm. 

Congestion of the cardiac blood vessels and hemorrhagic areas were found. Necrosis 

of the cardiac muscle cells was surrounded by numerous inflammatory cells. In the 

spleen, cellular necrosis was found scattered throughout the splenic cord. The splenic 

sinusoids were dilated and congested with many hemorrhagic areas. Inflammatory 

cell infiltration was also noted in the splenic parenchyma and the splenic sinusoids. 

No.573 

Author(s) : Mungnirandr A, Zeeh U. 

Title : Results of surgical repair of primary obstructive megaureter. 



Keywords : Modified Lich – Gregoir, Primary obstructive megaureter, Surgical results, Ureteral 

reimplantation. 

Abstract : Surgical treatment of primary obstructive megaureter is generally recommended 

when ureteral dilatation is likely to contribute to symptoms such as pyelonephritis or 

calculi. The authors’ objective for this study was to present the surgical results 

performing ureteral reimplantation, combined with modified Lich – Gregoir antireflux 

procedure (using anchoring stitch) over a 10 year period. The average operative time 

for ureteral reimplantation was 259.64 minutes. The authors’ success rate was 92% 

and all patients had no postoperative ureteral obstruction from intussusception of 

reimplanted ureter. Follow – up postoperative renal sonography at 22 weeks showed 

a decrease in hydronephrosis in 92%. The authors concluded that the surgical results 

were comparable with surgical results of other techniques and an anchoring stitch 

should be considered to prevent postoperative ureteral obstruction from ureteral 

intussusception. 

No.574 

Author(s) : Mutirangura P, Ruangsetakit C, Wongwanit C, Sermsathanasawadi N, 

Chinsakchai K. 

Title : Atherosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities in Thai patients 



Keywords : Atherosclerosis obliterans, Lower extremities, Peripheral arterial disease. 

Abstract : Background: Major limbs loss and high mortality rate were observed in the 

management of Thai patients with atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO) of the lower 

extremities. These were the results of delayed diagnosis and treatment together with 

the associated morbidities. There is a lack of information of this disease resulting in 

a lack of knowledge and awareness of this problem among general practitioners in 

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206 

Thailand. Objectives: The purposes of this study were (1) to identify the prevalence of 

this disease in a tertiary care hospital, (2) to enumerate the risk factors and 

comorbidities, (3) to identify clinical characteristics of the disease and (4) to evaluate 

the outcomes of treatment. Material and Method: A prospective study of patients 

with ASO of the lower extremities was carried out between January 2000 and 

December 2004. Patients having clinical manifestations of chronic and acute arterial 

occlusion with the absence of ankle pulse were included in the present study. Evidence 

of atheromatous plaque by angiography, operative finding, and histopathology of 

arterial wall from amputated specimens were used to confirm the diagnosis. The 

selection of surgical treatments for this disease such as revascularization, major 

amputation, minor amputation and debridement depended on the severity of limb 

ischaemia, the status of distal artery and the patients’ general condition. The risk 

factors, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, site of arterial occlusion, severity of 

ischaemia, types of surgical treatment and outcomes of management were analyzed. 

Results: Four hundred and fourteen consecutive patients with ASO were diagnosed 

in the present study with a prevalence of 1.02:1,000. Femoro – popliteal arterial 

segment was the most common site (221 cases, 53.4%) of the affected arteries. Diabetes 

mellitus (253 cases, 61. 1%) was the most common risk factor of ASO followed by 

hypertension (217 cases, 52.4%), smoking (195 cases, 47.1%) and hyperlipidemia (172 

cases, 41.5%). Ischaemic heart disease (108 cases, 26.1%) was the most common 

comorbidity of ASO followed by major stroke (56 cases, 13.5%) and chronic renal 

failure (20 cases, 4.8%). Patients with ASO presented mostly as chronic manifestations 

(385 cases, 93%) or with limb – threatening condition (326 cases, 78.7%). The clinical 

manifestations were ischaemic ulcer and/or digital gangrene (251cases, 60.6%), rest 

pain (182 cases, 44.0%) incapacitating claudication (62 cases, 15.0%) and acute 

ischaemic pain (29 cases, 7.0%). One hundred and thirty eight (33.3%) patients had 

significant lower limb infection at the time of admission. One hundred and seventy 

one (41.3%) patients underwent revascularization procedures as the major primary 

treatments to salvage the limbs. The success rate of limb salvage after revascularization 

was 76.6% (131/171). Major amputation after revascularization was 16.9% (29/171). 

Perioperative mortality rate of revascularization procedure was 8.2% (14/171). Major 

amputation was required as the primary treatment due to infective (18.4%, 76/414) 

and ischaemic process (6.5%, 27/414). The mortality rate of primary major amputation 

for infection and ischaemia were 19.7% (15/76) and 25.9% (7/27) respectively. The 

total mortality rate in the present study was 11.3% (47/414). The common causes of 

death were sepsis and ischaemic heart disease. Conclusion: ASO of the lower 

extremities is one of the major problems for national health care causing major limb 

loss and death. Arterial bypass surgery was the most effective treatment for limb 

salvage. Management of this disease at the terminal stage causes high morbidity and 

mortality. Hence, early detection of this disease and correction of the risk factors 

should be the most effective strategy to improve the overall outcome of the 

management of this complicated problem. 

No.575 

Author(s) : Naini AMA, Amini M, Karajibani M, Khalifian AL, Nourisaeedloo S, Salimi M, 

Shafaghi KH, Yhoung – Aree J. 

Title : Association of obesity with food habits and body image in school children of Nakhon 

Pathom Province, Thailand 

Source : Iranian Journal of Public Health. 35 (2): 42 – 48, 2006. 


Keywords : Obesity, Schoolchildren, Food habits, Thailand. 

Abstract : In order to assess the relationship between obesity with food habit and body image, 

this case control study was conducted among 85 urban primary school children male 

and female aged 10 – 12 years old, attending Anuban School in Nakhon Pathom 

Province, in Thailand. Two different questionnaires were used for data collection for 

caregivers and students. The standard used for definition of overweight and obesity 

was body mass index [BMI]. Obesity was defined as percentile >= 95th of the sex – 

specific BMI – for – age growth chart, CDC. Obese children commonly (> 4 times per 

week) ate blanched/steamed foods as well as spicy foods. While sugar consumption 

was the same between the two groups, oil consumption was higher among the obese 

group. Compared with control children, obese children had more snacks before 

breakfast as well as during lunch and dinner on weekdays and weekends. Normal 

students had more foods – except for leafy vegetable and fried BBQ snacks. Two – 

thirds of the children knew about the food groups, but only one – third of them could 

classify foods into the food groups. Obese children knew about the food groups and 

could classify foods better than the way normal children could. Children gained


information about foods from their parents, teachers, sisters, books, and television. 

Most of obese children knew they were obese, and they were not happy with their, 

status. In conclusion, Programs must be designed to improve nutrition and in this 

way, parents and/or caregivers must be involved. 

No.576 

Author(s) : Nakamura A, Yao M, Chimnaronk S, Sakai N, Tanaka I. 

Title : Ammonia channel couples glutaminase with transamidase reactions in GatCAB. 

Source : Science. 312 (5782): 1954 – 1958, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Tranfer – RNA – synthetase, Escherichia – coli, Glu – tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, 

Protein Gln – tRNA(Gln), Translation, Software, Reveals. 

Abstract : The formation of glutaminyl. transfer RNA (Gln – tRNA(Gln)) differs among the 

three domains of life. Most bacteria employ an indirect pathway to produce Gln – 

tRNA(Gln) by a heterotrimeric glutamine amidotransferase CAB (GatCAB) that acts 

on the misacylated Glu – tRNA(Gln). Here, we describe a series of crystal structures 

of intact GatCAB from Staphylococcus aureus in the apo form and in the complexes 

with glutamine, asparagine, Mn2+, and adenosine triphosphate analog. Two identified 

catalytic centers for the glutaminase and transamidase reactions are markedly distant 

but connected by a hydrophilic ammonia channel 30 angstrom in length. Further, we 

show that the first U – A base pair in the acceptor stem and the D loop of tRNA(Gln) 

serve as identity elements essential for discrimination by GatCAB and propose a 

complete model for the overall concerted reactions to synthesize Gin – tRNA(Gln). 

No.577 

Author(s) : Naknaimueang S, Allen MA, Muller SC. 

Title : Spiral wave dynamics under feedback via an equilateral triangular sensory domain 

Source : Physical Review E. 74 (6): Article No.066209 (Part 2), 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Periodicmodulation, Rotating spirals, Excitable medium, Media. 

Abstract : We perform a numerical study of the trajectories of spiral wave cores in excitable 

systems whose excitability is modulated in proportion to the integral of the activity in 

a sensory domain in the shape of an equilateral triangle. As a result of this domain 

shape having vertices opposite sides, unusual forms of lobed limit cycles occur, which 

are destroyed and then re – form as the domain size is varied. Some key results are 

also demonstrated experimentally using the light – sensitive Belousov – Zhabotinsky 

reaction. To characterize the observed behavior, we introduce the concept of express 

and stagnation zones, which are regions where the trajectory moves particularly 

rapidly or slowly. The location and strength of the zones far from the domain are 

accounted for by approximating the parts of the spiral wave crossing the domain by a 

series of plane waves. 

No.578 

Author(s) : Nako A, Siritho S, Chotinaiwattarakul W, Ratanamart V, Udompunthuruk S, 

Jamjumrus P, Senanarong V. 

Title : Patterns of Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) among patients with 

dementia in the Memory Clinic at Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Dementia, SPECT, Thai. 

Abstract : Objective: The authors hypothesized that there is a pattern difference in cerebral 

perfusion of the 99 – Technitium L, L – ethyl cysteinate dimer Single Photon Emission 

Computer Tomography (99 – Tc ECD SPECT) between mild and moderate to severe 

dementia. Material and Method: The authors reported a retrospective study in the 

Memory Clinic, Siriraj Hospital between January 2001 and October 2003 including 

only patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and mixed dementia. Clinical 

dementia rating (CDR) was used to document dementia severity. Patterns of 

hypoperfusion were classified into no definite hypoperfusion, regional hypoperfusion, 

and diffused hypoperfusion. Results: One hundred and seven patients were included 

in the present study. Only mean Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE) score was 

different between the two groups. There was no significant correlation between 

pattern of hypoperfusion in brain SPECT and severity of dementia. Conclusion: The 

authors cannot demonstrate the pattern of hypoperfusion of 99 – Tc ECD SPECT 

among patients’ difference in dementia severity. 

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No.579 

Author(s) : Nakornchai S, Konthiang P. 

Title : Activity of azithromycin or erythromycin in combination with antimalarial drugs 

against multidrug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 100 (3): 185 – 191, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Antimalarial drugs, Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, 

Drug resistance. 

Abstract : Azithromycin, an azalide analog of erythromycin was assayed for its in vitro activity 

against multidrug – resistant Plasmodium fialciparum K1 strain by measuring the H 

– 3 – hypoxanthine incorporation. Azithromycin caused inhibitory effects on the 

parasite growth with IC50 and IC90 values of 8.4 +/– 1.2 mu M and 26.0 +/– 0.9 mu M, 

respectively. Erythromycin inhibited growth of P. falciparum with IC50 and IC90 

values of 58.2 +/– 7.7 mu m and 104.0 +/– 10.8 mu M, respectively. The activity of 

antimalarial drugs in combination with azithromycin or erythromycin against P. 

falciparum K1 were compared. Combinations of chloroquine with azithromycin or 

erythromycin showed synergistic effects against parasite growth in vitro. 

Combinations of quinine – azithromycin and quinine – erythromycin showed 

potentiation. Additive effects were observed in mefloquine – azithromycin and 

mefloquine – erythromycin combinations. Similar results were also produced by 

pyronaridine in combination with azithromycin or erythromycin. However, artesunate 

– azithromycin and artesunate – erythromycin combinations had antagonistic effects. 

The in vitro data suggest that azithromycin and erythromycin will have clinical utility 

in combination with chloroquine and quinine. The worldwide spread of chloroquine – 

resistant P. falciparum might inhibit the ability to treat malaria patients with 

chloroquine – azithromycin and chloroquine – erythromycin in areas of drug – resistant. 

The best drug combinations against multidrug – resistant P. falciparum are quinine – 

azithromycin and quinine – erythromycin. 

No.580 

Author(s) : Nakornchai S, Konthiang P. 

Title : Potentiation of antimalarial drug action by chlorpheniramine against multidrug – 

resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55 (3): 195 – 199, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : P. falciparum, Antimalarials, Antihistaminic drug, Drug resistance, Drug combination. 

Abstract : Chlorpheniramine, a histamine H I receptor antagonist, was assayed for in vitro 

antimalarial activity against multidrug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain 

and chloroquine – resistant P falciparum T9/94 clone, by measuring the H – 3 – 

hypoxanthine incorporation. Chlorphenirame inhibited P. falciparum K1 and T9/94 

growth with IC50 values of 136.0 +/– 40.2 mu M and 102.0 +/– 22.6 mu M respectively. 

A combination of antimalarial drug and chlorpheniramine was tested against resistant 

P falciparum in vitro. Isobologram analysis showed that chlorpheniramine exerts 

marked synergistic action on chloroquine against P. falciparum K1 and T9/94. 

Chlorpheniramine also potentiated antimalarial action of mefloquine, quinine or 

pyronaridine against both of the resistant strains of P. falciparum. However, 

chlorpheniramine antagonism with artesunate was obtained in both P. falciparum 

K1 and T9/94. The results in this study indicate that antihistaminic drugs may be 

promising candidates for potentiating antimalarial drug action against drug resistant 

malarial parasites. 

No.581 

Author(s) : Nantakomon D, Udomsangpetch R, Pattanapunyasat K, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 

Day NP, Chotivanich K. 

Title : Circulating cell – derived microparticles in malaria patients. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (5): 45 – 45 151 Suppl. S, 2006 

(Nov). 




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No.582 

Author(s) : Narkwong L, Thirakhupt P. 

Title : Postoperative radiotherapy with high dose rate Iridium 192 mould for prevention of 

earlobe keloids 



Keywords : Earlobe, High dose rate, Iridium 192, Keloids, Mould. 

Abstract : Background: A 50% to 80% recurrence rate of earlobe keloids can occur following a 

simple excision. Many modalities, including radiotherapy, have been suggested to 

reduce the postoperation recurrence. Objective: The aim of the present study was to 

determine the efficacy of postoperative radiotherapy by a high dose rate Iridium 192 

mould in the prevention of earlobe keloids recurrence. Material and Method: Between 

March 1999 and March 2003, 22 patients with 24 earlobe keloids were treated by 

radiotherapy immediately following surgical excision. A dose of 15 Gray in 3 fractions 

was delivered at a point placed 5 mm from the axis of the Iridium sources. Results: 

From the 22 patients with 24 keloids who were treated, 15 patients with 16 keloids 

were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Recurrence occurred in two keloids 

(12.5%). There were no severe adverse effects. Conclusion: Postoperative radiotherapy 

by high dose rate Iridium 192 mould was an effective prevention of earlobe keloids 

recurrence. It was well tolerated and did not present any significant side effects. 

No.583 

Author(s) : Nathalang O, Tantimavanich S, Nillakupt K, Arnutti P, Jaruchaimontree C. 

Title : HLA – B27 testing in Thai patients using the PCR – SSP technique. 

Source : Tissue Antigens. 67 (3): 233 – 236, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : HLA – B27, Microlymphocytotoxicity test, PCR – SSP technique, Thai patients. 

Abstract : We develop the HLA – B27 test kit using the PCR – SSP technique. Five hundred 

forty blood samples were tested for HLA – B27 by microlymphocytotoxicity test (LCT) 

and PCR – SSP. It was found that 127 (23.5%) and 134 (24.8%) of these samples were 

positive for HLA – B27 by LCT and PCR – SSP, respectively. The sensitivity and 

specificity of the PCR – SSP were 94.8 and 100%, respectively, when using LCT as the 

standard method. The PCR – SSP positive predictive value was 100%, negative 

predictive value was 98.3%, and a concordance rate of 98.7%. This study shows that 

the PCR – SSP is simple, convenient, and a more cost – effective in – house test kit. 

No.584 

Author(s) : Neatpisarnvanit C, Suthakorn J. 

Title : Intramedullary Nail Distal Hole Axis Estimation using Blob Analysis and Hough 

Transform. 

Source : Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics, 2006 IEEE Conference on Publication. 2006 

(Dec). 


Keywords : Closed Nailing, Computer – Integrated Surgery, Fluoroscopic Navigation, 

Intramedullary, Orthopedics Surgery, Robot – Assisted Surgery. 

Abstract : In a closed intramedullary nailing of femoral surgery, one of the most difficult task 

for surgeons is to identify the position and orientation of the screwing holes at both 

ends of the intramedullary nail (IMN) after being inserted into a patient’s femoral 

canal. The distal hole location may be shifted by external forces and torques applied 

to the IMN during the insertion procedure resulting in the IMN to deform. To recover 

the position and orientation (or “pose”) of the screwing holes in the conventional 

operation, surgeons require high degree of experience, and a number of trial – and – 

error adjustments to correct the path for inserting the screws. Both surgeon and 

patient are also continuously exposed to a great amount of X – ray exposure from the 

fluoroscopic imaging system. This paper discusses a necessary part of a surgical 

navigation research for assisting orthopedic surgeons. This work addresses a problem 

of estimating the intramedullary nail (IMN) distal hole axis from a 2D image taken 

from the fluoroscopic imaging system. The proposed approach is based on the geometric 

properties of the nail itself. The Hough transform and blob analysis were employed as 

main image processing tools. The preliminary results show that the proposed method 

performed satisfactorily. However, there are several limitations associated with this 

approach. In particular, the proposed method cannot differentiate estimated distal 

hole angles in the first quadrant from the second quadrant. 

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No.585 

Author(s) : Nelstrop L, Chandler – Oatts J, Bingley W, Bleetman T, Corr F, Cronin – Davis J, 

Fraher D – M, Hardy P, Jones S, Gournay K, Johnston S, Pereira S, Pratt P, Tucker 

R, Tsuchiya A. 

Title : A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of restraint and seclusion as 

interventions for the short – term management of violence in adult psychiatric 

inpatient settings and emergency departments 

Source : Worldviews on Evidence – Based Nursing. 3 (1): 8 – 18, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Physical intervention, Restraint, Seclusion, Violence. 

Abstract : Aims: The aim of this review was to assess whether restraint and seclusion are safe 

and effective interventions for the short – term management of disturbed/violent 

behaviour. Staff and service user perspectives on the use of these interventions were 

also considered. The review was undertaken as part of the development process for 

a national guideline on the short – term management of disturbed/violent behaviour 

in adult psychiatric inpatient settings and emergency departments in the United 

Kingdom. Method: An exhaustive literature search was undertaken. Systematic 

reviews, before and after studies, as well as qualitative studies were included. Searches 

were run from 1985 to 2002. Findings: Thirty – six eligible studies were identified. 

However, none were randomised controlled trials. Most of the included studies had 

many limitations, such as small sample sizes, confounders not adequately accounted 

for, potential selection bias, poorly reported results, and lack of clarity as to whether 

mechanical restraints were used. This review must therefore be viewed as a mapping 

exercise, which illustrates the range and quality of studies that have been undertaken 

in this area to date. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: Insufficient evidence is 

available to determine whether seclusion and restraint are safe and/or effective 

interventions for the short – term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in 

adult psychiatric inpatient settings. These interventions should therefore be used 

with caution and only as a last resort once other methods of calming a situation and/ 

or service user have failed. 

No.586 

Author(s) : Neungton N, Srisawat C, Junnu S, Peerapittayamongkol C, Futrakul A, Soi – 

ampornkul R, Senanarong V, Praditsuwan R, Assantachai P. 

Title : Platelet amyloid precursor protein ratio as a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer disease 

in Thai patients. 

Source : Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2 (3): S398, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : Background: The diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily comes from clinical 

assessment although the preclinical pathology occurs several years before the cognitive 

impairment. Recently the peripheral marker, platelet amyloid precursor protein ratio, 

APPr, has been reported as one of the sensitive markers for early AD with sensitivity 

(80 – 100%) and specificity (63 – 100%). The ratio is higher in normal subjects than in 

AD patients and tends to decrease with declining cognitive functions. Objective: Our 

study aims to evaluate the usefulness of platelet APPr as a diagnostic marker for AD 

in Thai patients. Methods: Twenty seven healthy elderly and 18 AD subjects confirmed 

by neurologists were recruited for study. The cognitive functions were assessed 

using Thai Mental State Examination (TMSE). Platelet APP analyzed by 

immunoblotting, appeared as three bands with estimated molecular weight of 130, 

120, and 110 kD. The densitometric analysis of the bands was performed using Scion 

Image for windows beta 4.0.2 (Scion Corporation) and the ratio between the upper 

two and one lower bands was calculated. Results: The mean ages (ranges) of controls, 

6 males/21 females and AD group, 4 males/14 females were 68.3 (60 – 84) and 80.9 (70 

– 97) years, respectively. Based on clinical evaluation and TMSE score we then 

classified normal, mild – to – moderate AD and severe AD at the scores of 24 or more, 

17 – 24 and 16 or less respectively. Platelet APPr (mean, range) from all AD subjects 

(8.34, 5.83 – 12.19) was significantly lower than control group (9.13, 5.39 – 17.75) and 

only the values from mild cases (7.32, 5.83 – 9.51) that were statistically different 

from normal subjects (p


No.587 

Author(s) : Newton PN, Barnes KI, Smith PJ, Evans AC, Chierakul W, Ruangveerayuth R, 

White NJ. 

Title : The pharmacokinetics of intravenous artesunate in adults with severe falciparum 

malaria. 

Source : European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (12): 1003 – 1009, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Artesunate, Pharmacokinetics, Plasmodium falciparum, Severe malaria. 

Abstract : Objective: Intravenous artesunate is commonly used in the emergency treatment of 

patients with severe falciparum malaria in Asia. The choice of doses used has been 

empirical. To inform dosage recommendations we assessed the pharmacokinetics of 

intravenous artesunate after the first dose. Methods: As part of a clinical trial of 

artesunate in adults with severe falciparum malaria in western Thailand, we assayed 

plasma concentrations of artesunate and the principal biologically active metabolite 

dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in 17 patients given an initial dose of 2.4 mg/kg body 

weight of intravenous artesunate. Drug levels were measured using high performance 

liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy – electrospray ionisation detection. 

Results Median (range) observed DHA Cmax was 2128 (513 – 5789) nmol/L, elimination 

half – life was 0.34 (0.14 – 0.87) h, and the time to the last detectable DHA was 2 h. 

Conclusion: The large inter – individual variability (10 fold) in DHA Cmax and AUC in 

patients with potentially lethal, severe malaria, suggests that 2.4 mg/kg should be the 

minimum daily dose in severe malaria. 

No.588 

Author(s) : Newton PN, Green MD, Fernandez FM, Day NPJ, White NJ. 

Title : Counterfeit anti – infective drugs. 

Source : Lancet Infectious Diseases. 6 (9): 602 – 613, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Desorption electrospray – ionization, Flight mass – spectrometry, Developing – 

countries, Antimalarial – drugs, Diethylene glycol, Southeast – asia, Fake grugs, Lao 

PDR, Ambient conditions, Substandard drugs. 

Abstract : The production of counterfeit or substandard anti – infective drugs is a widespread 

and under – recognised problem that contributes to morbidity, mortality, and drug 

resistance, and leads to spurious reporting of resistance and toxicity and loss of 

confidence in health – care systems. Counterfeit drugs particularly affect the most 

disadvantaged people in poor countries. Although advances in forensic chemical 

analysis and simple field tests will enhance drug quality monitoring, improved access 

to inexpensive genuine medicines, support of drug regulatory authorities, more open 

reporting, vigorous law enforcement, and more international cooperation with 

determined political leadership will be essential to counter this threat. 

No.589 

Author(s) : Newton PN, McGready R, Fernandez F, Green MD, Sunjio M, Bruneton C, Phanouvong 

S, Millet P, Whitty CJM, Talisuna AO, Proux S, Christophel EM, Malenga G, 

Singhasivanon P, Bojang K, Kaur H, Palmer K, Day NPJ, Greenwood BM, Nosten F, 

White NJ. 

Title : Manslaughter by fake artesunate in Asia – Will Africa be next? 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (6): 752 – 755, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Southeast – asia, Malaria, Antimalarials, Artemether, Drugs. 


No.590 

Author(s) : Newton PN, Ward S, Angus BJ, Chierakul W, Dondorp A, Ruangveerayuth R, Silamut 

K, Teerapong P, Suputtamongkol Y, Looareesuwan S, White NJ. 

Title : Early treatment failure in severe malaria resulting from abnormally low plasma 

quinine concentrations. 


186, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Quinine, Pharmacokinetics, Treatment failure, 

Thailand. 

Abstract : A patient admitted with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Thailand 

had an early treatment failure with quinine, despite full dosing. Plasma quinine 

concentrations were subtherapeutic. Abnormal quinine pharmacokinetics may explain 

sporadic reports of quinine treatment failures in severe malaria. 

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No.591 

Author(s) : Ngai HHY, Sit WH, Jiang PP, Thongboonkerd V, Wan JMF. 

Title : Comparative proteomics analysis reveals haptoglobin as a possible novel marker in 

human membranous nephropathy. 

Source : Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 5 (10): S120 – S120 496 Suppl. S, 2006 (Oct). 




No.592 

Author(s) : Ngai HHY, Sit WH, Jiang PP, Xu RJ, Wan JMF, Thongboonkerd V. 

Title : Serial changes in urinary proteome profile of membranous nephropathy: Implications 

for pathophysiology and biomarker discovery. 

Source : Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (11): 3038 – 3047, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Heymann nephritis, Urine, Kidney, Glomerulus, Proteomics, Proteome, Biomarker, 

Pathophysiology. 

Abstract : Membranous nephropathy is one of the most common causes of primary glomerular 

diseases worldwide. The present study adopted a gel – based proteomics approach to 

better understand the pathophysiology and define biomarker candidates of human 

membranous nephropathy using an animal model of passive Heymann nephritis 

(PHN). Clinical characteristics of Sprague – Dawley rats injected with rabbit anti – 

Fx1A antiserum mimicked those of human membranous nephropathy. Serial urine 

samples were collected at Days 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 after the injection with anti – 

Fx1A (number of rats = 6; total number of gels = 36). Urinary proteome profiles were 

examined using 2D – PAGE and SYPRO Ruby staining. Quantitative intensity analysis 

and ANOVA with Tukey post – hoc multiple comparisons revealed 37 differentially 

expressed proteins among 6 different time – points. These altered proteins were 

successfully identified by MALDI – TOF MS and classified into 6 categories: (i) proteins 

with decreased urinary excretion during PHN; (ii) proteins with increased urinary 

excretion during PHN; (iii) proteins with increased urinary excretion during PHN, 

but which finally returned to basal levels; (iv) proteins with increased urinary excretion 

during PHN, but which finally declined below basal levels; (v) proteins with 

undetectable levels in the urine during PHN; and ( vi) proteins that were detectable 

in the urine only during PHN. Most of these altered proteins have functional 

significance in signaling pathways, glomerular trafficking, and controlling the 

glomerular permeability. The ones in categories (v) and (vi) may serve as biomarkers 

for detecting or monitoring membranous nephropathy. After normalization of the 

data with 24 – h urine creatinine excretion, changes in 34 of initially 37 differentially 

expressed proteins remained statistically significant. These data underscore the 

significant impact of urinary proteomics in unraveling disease pathophysiology and 

biomarker discovery. 

No.593 

Author(s) : Ngarmukos C, Bunnag P, Kosachunhanun N, Krittiyawong S, Leelawatana R, 

Prathipanawatr T, Plengvidhya N, Benjasuratwong Y, Suwanwalaikorn S, 

Deerochanawong C, Chetthakul T, Mongkolsomlit S, Rawdaree P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence, characteristics and treatment of 

patients with diabetic nephropathy. 



Keywords : Blood pressure, Diabetes registry, Glycemic control, Nephropathy, Prevalence, 

Thailand. 

Abstract : Objectives: To identify the prevalence and characteristics of patients with Diabetic 

Nephropathy (DN) and to evaluate adequacy of glycemic and blood pressure control 

of these patients in the authors, registry. Material and Method: A cross – sectional, 

multicenter, hospital – based diabetic registry was carried out in diabetes clinics of 11 

tertiary centers in Thailand. DN was defined as the presence of at least two out of 

three of these symptoms; positive microalbuminuria, positive dipstick proteinuria or 

creatinine levels equal to or greater than 2 mg/dl. One center that did not perform 

urine microalbumin measurement was excluded from the analysis. Overt nephropathy 

was defined as the presence of gross proteinuria or renal insufficiency. Results: The 

study included 4,875 patients (females 63.8%) with a mean (SD) duration of diabetes 

of 12.8(8.2) years. The prevalence of DN was 42.9% (microalbuminuria 19.7% and 

overt nephropathy 23.2%). There were 373 (7.7%) patients with renal insufficiency 

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and 24 (0.47%) with end – stage renal disease. By multivariate analysis, factors 

associated with DN were age, duration of diabetes, male sex, smoking, blood pressure, 

HbA1c, dyslipidemia and presence of diabetic retinopathy. Prevalence of ischemic 

heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in patients with DN was 11.5% and 6.6% 

respectively. Mean (SD) HbA1c in patients with nephropathy was 8.2 (2.6)%. Only 

25% of subject had HbA1c of less than 7%, 46% had blood pressure of more than 140/ 

90 mmHg and 84% received at least one antihypertensive drug. However, the target 

blood pressure of less than 130/80 mmHg could be achieved in only 18% of these 

patients. The mean (SD) number of antihypertensive drugs was 1.7 (1.1). Nearly 60% 

of patients received either ACE inhibitors or ARBs. Conclusion: DN was very common. 

The overall picture of DN in the present survey suggests the seriousness of the 

problem and prompts more aggressive intervention. 

No.594 

Author(s) : Nickerson EK, Wuthiekanun V. 

Title : Meticillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rural Asia. 

Source : Lancet Infectious Diseases. 6 (2): 70 – 71, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Susceptibility, Bacteremia. 


No.595 

Author(s) : Nilpairach S, Udomkichdaecha W, Tang IM. 

Title : Coercivity of the co – precipitated prepared hexaferrites, BaFe12 – 2xCoxSnxO19. 

Source : Journal of the Korean Physical Society. 48 (5): 939 – 945, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Substituted barium ferrite, Co – precipitation, Magnetic properties. 

Abstract : Two series of Co – Sn doped M – type barium hexaferrites were fabricated using a co 

– precipitation method. Hexaferrites having the nominal composition BaFe12O19 

were soaked at various temperatures (950, 1000, 1050, 1100. 1150 and 1200 degrees 

C) for four h. The particle sizes of the resulting ferrites were seen to increase as the 

soaking temperatures were raised. A second series having the composition BaFe12 – 

2xSnxCoxO19 (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00) were also fabricated using one 

soaking temperature (1000 degrees C). EDX (Energy dispersive X – ray) 

measurements were used to determine the actual chemical compositions of the 

specimens. The coercivities of the specimens of both series were measured with a 

vibrating samples magnetometer. We observed that the coercivities of the undoped 

series decreased as the soaking temperature increased and that the coercivities of 

the doped series increased as the impurity concentration increased. 

No.596 

Author(s) : Nimmanpipug P, Tashiro K, Rangsiman O. 

Title : Factors governing the three – dimensional hydrogen – bond network structure of 

poly (m – phenylene isophthalamide) and a series of its model compounds (4): Similarity 

in local conformation and packing structure between a complicated three – arm 

model compound and the linear model compounds. 

Source : Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (42): 20858 – 20864, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Crytal – structure prediction, X – ray – diffraction. 

Abstract : Crystal structure of a three – arm model compound of poly(m – phenylene 

isophthalamide) (PMIA), N,N’,N” – triphenyl trimesamide Phi(CONH Phi)(3), has 

been analyzed by the X – ray diffraction method. The torsional angles around the 

bonds connecting the amide group and the central benzene ring are 24 – 34 degrees, 

almost the same as those observed for many kinds of aromatic amide compounds, 

reflecting mainly the intramolecular energetic balance between the amide and benzene 

groups. On the other hand, the torsional angles around the bonds connecting the 

amide group and the outer benzene ring were found to distribute over a wide range 

of 2 – 51 degrees due to the additional effect of intermolecular interactions. This is 

the first example to show experimentally clearly the role of intra – and intermolecular 

interactions in the control of torsional angle around the benzene – amide linkage. 

The hydrogen bonds are formed between the amide groups of the neighboring 

molecules, resulting in the construction of three – dimensional network structure. 

The local packing structure of the three – arm compound was found to be essentially 

the same as those observed for PMIA and the linear model compounds, indicating a 

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214 

characteristic structural feature of the meta – linkage – type aromatic amide 

compounds. The energy calculation was made using the software Polymorph Predictor 

to extract the energetically most stable crystal structure, which was compared 

successfully with the X – ray analyzed structure. 

No.597 

Author(s) : Niticharoenpong K, Chalermsanyakorn P, Panvichian R, Kitiyakara C. 

Title : Acute deterioration of renal function induced by star fruit ingestion in a patient with 

chronic kidney disease 

Source : Journal of Nephrology. 19 (5): 682 – 686, 2006 (Sep – Oct). 


Keywords : Averrhoa carambola, Star fruit, Oxalate crystals, Renal failure, Oxalate nephropathy, 

Acute renal failure. 

Abstract : Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is a popular tropical fruit, usually consumed as fresh 

fruit or as fruit juice. In patients on dialysis, consumption of star fruits can lead to 

alterations of consciousness. In this case report, we describe a patient with underlying 

chronic kidney disease, who developed a rapid increase in serum creatinine and 

oxalate nephropathy after chronic ingestion of star fruit juice without overt 

neurotoxicity. The decline in renal function was not fully reversible after stoppage. 

This case demonstrates that star fruit consumption should be considered as a cause 

of rapid deterioration in renal function in patients with underlying chronic kidney 

disease that may result in permanent renal injury. 

No.598 

Author(s) : Niwetpathomwat A, Doungchawee G. 

Title : Western immunoblot analysis using a ten leptospira serovars combined antigen for 

serodiagnosis of leptospirosis. 





Abstract : Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease throughout the world. There are unavailable 

accuracy diagnostic methods for the acute phase of infection. To demonstrate the 

advantage of Western immunoblot, a mixed leptospira serovars antigen for the 

serodiagnosis of leptospirosis was employed. SDS – PAGE and Western immunoblot 

was performed using a 10 mixed leptospira serovars antigen and stained with 16 

reference rabbit anti – leptospirosis antibodies. The result showed different 

immunoreactive band patterns for each reference serum. The bands with molecular 

weights of 15 – 20, 23 – 24, 41 and 45 kDa were commonly found (88% to 100% of the 

16 reference sera). Using combined leptospira antigens in a Western immunoblot 

technique is an alternative and practical strategy for a more sensitive leptospirosis 

serodiagnosis. 

No.599 

Author(s) : Niwetpathomwat A, Luengyosluechakul S, Geawduanglek S. 

Title : A serological investigation of leptospirosis in sows from central Thailand 





Abstract : Leptospirosis is a major pig – associated zoonosis worldwide. There are also human 

occupational disease exposure risks. For better public health and sanitation, the 

prevalence of this disease was investigated. Four hundred sera were obtained from 

sows in central Thailand during August 2004 to January 2005 and examined with 20 

reference leptospira serovars by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The results 

showed that 10% of samples gave a positive reaction. The most prevalent serovar was 

grippotyphosa which accounted for 55% of all positive cases. Other minor serovars 

were canicola and a non – pathogenic strain (patoc). It follows that, the sow may be 

one of the disease transmitting sources for humans in this area. The disease correlation 

between pigs, humans and the environments should be evaluated.


No.600 

Author(s) : Niyomrattanakit P, Yahorava S, Mutule I, Mutulis F, Petrovska R, Prusis P, 

Katzenmeier G, Wikberg JES. 

Title : Probing the substrate specificity of the dengue virus type 2 NS3 serine protease by 

using internally quenched fluorescent peptides. 

Source : Biochemical Journal. 397: 203 – 211 (Part 1), 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Dengue virus, Fluorescence, 3 – nitrotyrosine, Dengue virus non – structural protein 

3 (NS3) serine protease, Polyprotein, Substrate specificity. 

Abstract : The NS3 (dengue virus non – structural protein 3) serine protease of dengue virus is 

an essential component for virus maturation, thus representing an attractive target 

for the development of antiviral drugs directed at the inhibition of polyprotein 

processing. In the present study, we have investigated determinants of substrate 

specificity of the dengue virus NS3 protease by using internally quenched fluorogenic 

peptides containing Abz (o – amino – benzoic acid; synonymous to anthranilic acid) 

and 3 – nitrotyrosine (nY) representing both native and chimaeric polyprotein cleavage 

site sequences. By using this combinatorial approach, we were able to describe the 

substrate preferences and determinants of specificity for the dengue virus NS2B(H) 

– NS3pro protease. Kinetic parameters (k(cat)/K – m) for the hydrolysis of peptide 

substrates with systematic truncations at the prime and nonprime side revealed a 

length preference for peptides spanning the P4 – P3' residues, and the peptide Abz – 

RRRRSAGnY – amide based on the dengue virus capsid protein processing site was 

discovered as a novel and efficient substrate of the NS3 protease (k(cat)/K – m = 

11087 M – 1 . s(–1)). Thus, while having confirmed the exclusive preference of the 

NS3 protease for basic residues at the P1 and P2 positions, we have also shown that 

the presence of basic amino acids at the P3 and P4 positions is a major specificity – 

determining feature of the dengue virus NS3 protease. Investigation of the substrate 

peptide Abz – KKQRAGVLnY – amide based on the NS2B/NS3 polyprotein cleavage 

site demonstrated an unexpected high degree of cleavage efficiency. Chimaeric peptides 

with combinations of prime and non – prime sequences spanning the P4 – P4' positions 

of all five native polyprotein cleavage sites revealed a preponderant effect of non – 

prime side residues on the K – m values, whereas variations at the prime side sequences 

had higher impact on k(cat). 

No.601 

Author(s) : Noedl H, Krudsood S, Chalermratana K, Silachamroon U, Leowattana W, 

Tangpukdee N, Looareesuwan S, Miller RS, Fukuda M, Jongsakul K, Sriwichai S, 

Rowan J, Bhattacharyya H, Ohrt C, Knirsch C. 

Title : Azithromycin combination therapy with artesunate or quinine for the treatment of 

uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adults: a randomized, phase 2 clinical 

trial in Thailand. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (10): 1264 – 1271, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Double – blind, Sensitivity, Prophylaxis, Mefloquine, Resistance, Trachoma, Uganda, 

Assay. 

Abstract : Background: Because antimalarial drug resistance is spreading, there is an urgent 

need for new combination treatments for malaria, which kills > 1 million people 

every year. Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is particularly attractive as an 

antimalarial because of its safety in children and the extensive experience with its 

use during pregnancy. Methods: We undertook a randomized, controlled, 28 – day 

inpatient trial involving patients with acute, uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum 

malaria. We compared the safety and efficacy of 2 azithromycin – artesunate 

combinations and 2 azithromycin – quinine regimens in adults with malaria. 

Treatments were as follows: cohort 1 received 3 days of azithromycin (750 mg twice 

daily) plus artesunate (100 mg twice daily), cohort 2 received 3 days of azithromycin 

(1000 mg once daily) plus artesunate (200 mg once daily), cohort 3 received 3 days of 

azithromycin (750 mg twice daily) plus quinine (10 mg/kg twice daily), and cohort 4 

received 3 days of azithromycin (500 mg 3 times daily) plus quinine (10 mg/kg 3 times 

daily). The enrollment target was 25 evaluable subjects per group. Results: The 28 – 

day cure rates were similarly high in the artesunate and the standard – dose quinine 

cohorts: 92.0% (95%confidence interval [CI], 74.0% – 99.0%), 88.9% (95%CI, 70.8% – 

97.6%), and 92.0% (95%CI, 74.0% – 99.0%), for cohorts 1, 2, and 4, respectively. Late 

R1 treatment failures were seen in each of the artesunate and the standard – dose 

quinine cohorts. The cure rate for cohort 3 was 73.3% (95%CI, 44.9% – 92.2%). In this 

cohort, 3 early treatment failures led to the termination of enrollment after 16 

subjects had been enrolled. With mean parasite and fever clearance times (+/– SD) of 

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34 +/– 13 h and 20 +/– 20 h, the artesunate combinations were found to have led to a 

significantly (P < .001) faster clinical and parasitological improvement than occurred 

in the quinine cohorts (74 +/– 32 h and 43 +/– 37 h, respectively). Treatment – related 

adverse events were significantly more common in the quinine cohorts (P < .001). No 

deaths or drug – related serious adverse events were observed. In vitro results 

suggest that the treatment failures – particularly in the low – dose quinine cohort – 

were associated with decreased susceptibility to quinine, as well as with mefloquine 

cross – resistance. Conclusions: These data suggest that azithromycin – artesunate, 

even when given only once daily for 3 days, and azithromycin – quinine, given 3 times 

daily, are safe and efficacious combination treatments for uncomplicated falciparum 

malaria, and they deserve additional study in special patient populations. 

No.602 

Author(s) : Nookabkaew S, Rangkadilok N, Satayavivad J. 

Title : Determination of trace elements in herbal tea products and their infusions consumed 

in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (18): 6939 – 6944, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Trace elements, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Camellia sinensis, Morus alba, Herbal 

tea, Infusion. 

Abstract : Nineteen elements, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Sr, Sb, Ba, As, Cd, 

Hg, and Pb, were determined in three types of popular herbal tea products, 

Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Camellia sinensis, and Morus alba. These herbal tea 

products, both imported and locally made products, are widely consumed in Thailand 

and worldwide. Microwave – assisted acid digestion was used for all of the samples, 

and the element contents were determined by ICP – MS. The concentrations of all 

elements varied among these herbal teas. Ca and Mg were the most abundant elements 

in all herbal samples (1384 – 34070 and 783 – 7739 mg/kg, respectively). Most elements 

in these herbal tea powders were also released into the infusions at different 

percentages depending on types of herbs. G. pentaphyllum infusion contained essential 

elements (Mg, Ca, V, and Fe) at higher levels than C. sinensis and M. alba infusions. 

Al and Ni were present at high levels in C. sinensis infusion, and Cd level was high in 

M. alba infusion. The daily intake of all elements from these herbal tea infusions 

(three cups/day) is still within the average daily intake. Therefore, it may not produce 

any health risks for human consumption, if other sources of toxic metal contaminated 

food are not taken at the same time. 

No.603 

Author(s) : Noonpakdee W, Foger F. 

Title : Inhibition of P. falciparum proliferation by antisense and antisense nanoparticles 

against malarial topoisomerase II. 

Source : FEBS Journal. 273 (Suppl.1): 66 – 66, 2006 (Jun). 




No.604 

Author(s) : Norgren AS, Buttner F, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, Arvidsson PI. 

Title : Beta(2) – amino acids in the design of conformationally homogeneous cyclo – peptide 

scaffolds. 

Source : Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (18): 6814 – 6821, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Beta – amino acids, Proteinogenic side – chains, Gamma – peptides, Structural 

elucidation, Secondary structures, Histone deacetylase, Hemolytic – activity, In – 

vitro, X – ray, Analogs. 

Abstract : Herein, we report studies on the influence of chiral, beta(2) – amino acids in the 

design of conformationally homogeneous cyclic tetrapeptide scaffolds. The cyclic alpha 

– tetrapeptide cyclo(– Phe – D – Pro – Lys – Phe –) (1) and its four mixed analogues, 

having one of the alpha – Phe replaced by either an (S) – or an (R) – beta(2)hPhe 

residue (i.e., cyclo(– (R) – beta(2)hPhe – D – Pro – Lys – Phe) (2a), cyclo(– (S) – 

beta(2)hPhe – D – Pro – Lys – Phe –) (2b), cyclo(– Phe – D – Pro – Lys – (R) – 

beta(2)hPhe –) (3a), and cyclo(– Phe – D – Pro – Lys – (R) –, 2hPhe –) (3b)), were all 

synthesized through solidphase procedures followed by solution – phase cyclization. 

Initially, all five cyclo – peptides were analyzed by H – 1 NMR spectroscopic studies in


different solvents and at variable temperatures. Subsequently, a detailed 2D NMR 

spectroscopic analysis of three of the mixed peptides in water was performed, and the 

information thus extracted was used as restraints in a computational study on the 

peptides’ conformational preference. An X – ray crystallographic study on the side 

chain – protected (Boc) 2a revealed the solid – state structure of this peptide. The 

results presented herein, together with previous literature data on beta(3) – amino 

acid residues, conclusively demonstrate the potential of beta – amino acids in the 

design of conformationally homogeneous cyclic peptides that are homologous to 

peptides with known applications in biomedicinal chemistry and as molecular receptors. 

No.605 

Author(s) : Nosten F, Hutagalung R, Carrara VI, Ashley E, White N. 

Title : Untitled. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (6): 940 – 940, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Control auditory evaluation, Severe falciparum – malaria, Artemether, Artemisinin, 

Quinine, Trial. 


No.606 

Author(s) : Nualyong C, Srinualnad S, Taweemonkongsap T, Amornvesukit T. 

Title : Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: Preliminary result of Thailand series. 



Keywords : Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, Laparoscopy, Prostate cancer, Radical 

prostatectomy. 

Abstract : Objectives: Several published series from Western countries have demonstrated that 

laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a safe and feasible approach to the management 

of localized prostate cancer. The authors report the initial experience with the first 56 

cases of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Material and Method: Between June 

2001 and November 2005, 56 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent 

transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Their mean (range) age was 64.98 

(50 – 77) years, prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 9.92 (2.1 – 33.8) ng/ml, and 

Gleason sum was 6.28 (3 – 8). Results: Complete laparoscopic removal of the prostate 

was achieved in 47 cases and conversions to open surgery were needed in 9 cases. 

The mean (range) operating time was 350 (200 – 750) min. and blood loss was 883 

(200 – 2050) ml. The transfusion rate was 27.6%. Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy 

was done in 31 cases and all were negative. The positive surgical margin rate was 

29.8%. There were 20 postoperative complications; catheter dislodged (2), urine leakage 

more than 2 weeks (5), peroneal nerve numbness (1), flank hematoma (1), pelvic 

collection (1), late recto – urethral fistula (1), anastomotic stricture (2), port site 

hernia (1), and inguinal hernia (6). Median catheter time was 7 (6 – 90) days. The 

complete continence rate at 3, 6 and 12 months were 27.7%, 55.9% and 72.2%. 

Conclusion: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is a demanding procedure that is a 

feasible option for the surgical treatment of localized prostate cancer. Intraoperative 

results were improved once experience was gained. Some parameters of the present 

results, i.e. transfusion rate, positive surgical margin and continence rate were still 

inferior compared to those reported by other centers. 

No.607 

Author(s) : Nudmamud – Thanoi S, Thanoi S, Sobhon P. 

Title : Increase of glutamate/N – methyl – d – aspartate receptor immunodensity in the 

dentate gyrus of rats following pseudoephedrine administration. 

Source : Neurotoxicology. 27 (4): 623 – 627, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Pseudoephedrine, NMDA receptor, Hippocampus, Dentate gyrus, 

Immunohistochemistry. 

Abstract : Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug in which its structure is similar to 

amphetamine. Although pseudoephedrine is not as potent as amphetamine, it has 

been reported that the actions of pseudoephedrine on the central nervous system via 

dopamine release resemble to amphetamine. Changes of dopamine function can 

induce malfunction of glutamatergic system because there are well – documented 

interactions between glutamate/N – methyl – D – aspartate (NMDA) receptors and 

dopaminergic system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects 

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of acute and chronic pseudoephedrine administration on NMDA receptors in 

hippocampal formation. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the alteration 

of NMDA receptor density in rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus following acute and 

chronic pseudoephedrine administration. The density of NMDA receptors was 

increased significantly (p < 0.005) in the dentate gyrus of animals treated with 

pseudoephedrine chronically when compared with the acute and control groups. 

Similarly, the density of NMDA receptors in an acute group was also higher than the 

control group (p < 0.01). These results indicate that pseudoephedrine could induce an 

increase of NMDA receptors in the dentate gyrus. This might be a compensatory 

effect of NMDA receptor in response to the degeneration or loss of glutamatergic 

neurons. 

No.608 

Author(s) : Nuntiyagul A, Naruedomkulb K, Cerconec N, Wongsawangd D. 

Title : Adaptable learning assistant for item bank management. 

Source : Computers & Education. 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Applications in subject areas, Architectures for educational technology, Authoring 

tools and methods, Elementary education, Secondary education. 

Abstract : We present PKIP, an adaptable learning assistant tool for managing question items 

in item banks. PKIP is not only able to automatically assist educational users to 

categorize the question items into predefined categories by their contents but also to 

correctly retrieve the items by specifying the category and/or the difficulty level. 

PKIP adapts the “categorization learning model” to improve the system’s categorization 

performance using the incoming question items. PKIP tool has an advantage over 

the traditional document categorization methods in that it can correctly categorize 

the question item which lacks keywords since it adopts the feature selection technique 

and support vector machine approach to item bank text categorization. In our initial 

experimentation, PKIP was designed and implemented to manage the Thai high 

primary mathematics question items. PKIP was tested and evaluated in terms of both 

system accuracy and user satisfaction. The evaluation result shows that the system 

accuracy is acceptable and PKIP satisfies the need of the users. 

No.609 

Author(s) : Nuntnarumit P, Kiatchoosakun P, Tantiprapa W, Bccnikasidecha S. 

Title : Efficacy of oral erythromycin for treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants. 

Source : Journal of Pediatrics. 148 (5): 600 – 605, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Low – dose erythromycin, Macrolide antibiotics, Prokinetic agents, Controlled – trial, 

Motility, Time, Lactobionate, Toxicity. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of oral erythromycin (EM) for feeding 

intolerance in preterm infants < 35 weeks gestation. Study design In this randomized, 

double – blinded, placebo – controlled trial, preterm infants with feeding intolerance 

were randomly allocated to a treatment group given EM ethyl succinate 10 mg/kg 

every 6 hours for 2 days, followed by 4 mg/kg every 6 hours for another 5 days, or to 

a control group given placebo. The primary outcome was time to full feeding (150 mL/ 

kg/day) after the start of treatment. Results: Each group comprised 23 preterm 

infants, almost all of whom were < 32 weeks gestation. Baseline characteristics were 

similar between the 2 groups. Times to full feeding were significantly shorter and the 

number of withheld feeds were significantly less in the EM group than the control 

group; the respective medians (interquartile ranges) were 7 days (6 to 9 days) versus 

13 days (9 to 15 days) (P < .001) and 1 episode (0 to 2 episodes) versus 9 episodes (2 to 

13 episodes) (P < .001). No significant differences in episodes of sepsis, necrotizing 

enterocolitis, and cholestasis were observed. Conclusions: Oral EM was effective and 

safe for treatment of feeding intolerance in preterm infants. 

No.610 

Author(s) : O – charoenrat P, Khantapura P. 

Title : The role of genetic polymorphisms in the promoters of the matrix metalloproteinase 

– 2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase – 2 genes in head and neck cancer. 

Source : Oral Oncology. 42 (3): 257 – 267, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Head and neck cancer, Matrix metalloproteinase, Single nucleotide polymorphism, 

Squamous cell carcinoma, Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. 

Abstract : Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) 

play an important role in several stages of cancer initiation and development. Single 

nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the promoters of MMP2 (–1306C –> T) and


TIMP2 (–4186 –> C) abolish the Sp1 – binding site and thus may down – regulate 

expression of the genes. We examined the contribution of these polymorphisms to 

susceptibility and aggressiveness of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). 

MMP2 genotypes were determined by PCR – based allele – specific refractory mutation 

analysis and TIMP2 genotypes identified by PCR – RFLP in a panel of HNSCC cell 

Lines and in 239 head and neck cancer patients and 250 frequency matched controls 

in an ethnic Thai population. We found that subjects with the MMP2 CC genotype 

was associated with significantly increased risk (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.97; 95% 

confidence interval (95%CI), 1.23 – 3.15] for developing HNSCC compared with those 

with the variant genotype (–1306CT or TT). For TIMP2, a moderately increased risk 

of the cancer (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.98 – 2.08) was also associated with the variant allele 

(–418GC or CC), compared with the GG common allele. Furthermore, the 

polymorphisms in both genes showed some additive effect and the highest risk for 

head and neck cancer was observed in those with MMP2 CC genotype and TIMP2 

variant GC or CC genotype (OR, 2.34; 95%CI, 1.31 – 4.18). A correlation between 

promoter polymorphisms and the levels of mRNA expression in cell lines and cancer 

tissues was found. Finally, the MMP2 CC genotype was correlated with adverse 

clinicopathological variables. These findings suggest that the genetic polymorphisms 

in the promoters of MMP2 and TIMP2 may be associated with the development and 

aggressiveness of HNSCC. 

No.611 

Author(s) : O – charoenrat P, Leksrisakul P, Sangruchi S. 

Title : A functional polymorphism in the matrix metal lop roteinase – 1 gene promoter is 

associated with susceptibility and aggressiveness of head and neck cancer. 

Source : International Journal of Cancer. 118 (10): 2548 – 2553, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Head and neck cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma, Matrix metalloproteinase, Single 

nucleotide polymorphism. 

Abstract : Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in several steps of cancer 

development. A single guanine insertion polymorphism (2G) in the MMP1 promoter 

sequence at – 1,607 creates an Ets binding site and thus results in enhancing 

transcriptional activity. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of this 2G 

polymorphism on susceptibility and aggressiveness of HNSCC. A panel of HNSCC 

cell lines and peritumoral fibroblasts were examined for the MMPI genotypes and 

expression levels. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 300 patients 

with newly diagnosed HNSCC and from 300 age – and gender – matched cancer – 

free controls. Genotyping was carried out using a PCR – RFLP assay. The levels of 

MMPI mRNA expression were evaluated by the quantitative RT – PCR and a correlation 

with different genotype was determined. Odds ratio (OR) for cancer risk were 

calculated using multivariate logistic regression. In addition, a correlation between 

the 2G/2G genotype and clinicopathological parameters was examined. Eleven out of 

18 HNSCC cell lines showed the 2G/2G genotype (61%) and only 1 cell line had the 

1G/1G genotype (5.6%). Cell lines with the 2G/2G genotype expressed significantly 

higher mean MMPI mRNA level than those with other genotypes. In clinical model, 

subjects carrying the homozygous 2G/2G, genotype had a higher risk of head and 

neck cancer compared with subjects with other genotypes (adjusted OR: 2.28; 95%CI: 

1.58 – 3.27), controlling for major confounders. A correlation between promoter 

polymorphisms and the levels of MMPI expression in cancer tissues was found, and 

this 2G/2G genotype was correlated with the adverse clinicopathological parameters. 

Finally, the highest level of MMPI enhancement was demonstrated in the coculture 

of tumor cells and peritumoral fibroblasts of 2G homozygotes. These findings suggest 

that the presence of 2113 polymorphism at the MMPI promoter is associated with the 

development and progression of HNSCC. 

No.612 

Author(s) : Okabayashi H, Thongthien P, Singhasvanon P, Waikagul J, Looareesuwan S, Jimba 

M, Kano S, Kojima S, Takeuchi T, Kobayashi J, Tateno S. 

Title : Keys to success for a school – based malaria control program in primary schools in 

Thailand. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55 (2): 121 – 126, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Malaria control, School health, Education, Schoolchildren, Thailand. 

Abstract : School – based malaria control has been recognized as a new approach for the control 

of this disease in the Greater Mekong Subregion since 2000. We evaluated a school – 

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based malaria control program near the western border of Thailand using a before – 

after intervention study. The major intervention activities included teacher training 

with specialized malaria teaching materials and participatory learning methods. The 

target population was 17 school principals, 111 teachers and 852 schoolchildren of 

grade 3, 4, and 5 in 17 schools. After the intervention, the teachers taught about 

malaria more actively than before. The teachers who could design a lesson plan on 

malaria increased from 30.7% to 47.7% (p = 0.015) and the teachers who had taught 

about malaria increased from 71.9% to 84.3% (p = 0.035). As a result of the program, 

the schoolchildren changed their behavior positively towards malaria prevention 

with significant difference in 6 of 7 questions. For example, the schoolchildren ‘who 

always took care of mosquito bites’ increased from 42.7% to 62.1% (p < 0.001) and the 

schoolchildren ‘who always reported their parents or teachers when they had fever’ 

increased from 36.0% to 56.0% (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the keys to a successful 

intervention lie in good teaching materials and a participatory approach utilizing the 

well – established Thailand’s school health system. Beyond Thailand, school – based 

malaria control could be applied to other Greater Mekong Subregion countries with 

careful analysis of school health context in each country. 

No.613 

Author(s) : Okonogi S, Puttipipatkhachorn S. 

Title : Dissolution improvement of high drug – loaded solid dispersion. 

Source : AAPS Pharmscitech. 7 (2): Article No.52, 2006. 


Keywords : Ofloxacin, Ternary solid dispersion, Polysorbate 80, Dissolution, Drug loading. 

Abstract : This study focused on an investigation of a high drug – loaded solid dispersion system 

consisting of drug, carrier, and surfactant. Solid dispersions of a water – insoluble 

ofloxacin (OFX) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights, namely 

binary solid dispersion systems, were prepared at drug to carrier not less than 5:5. 

Polysorbate 80, a nonionic surfactant, was incorporated into the binary solid dispersion 

systems as the third component to obtain the ternary solid dispersion systems. The 

powder x – ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric studies indicated 

that crystalline OFX existed in the solid dispersions with high drug loading. However, 

a decreased crystallinity of the solid dispersions obtained revealed that a portion of 

OFX was in an amorphous state. The results indicated a remarkably improved 

dissolution of drug from the ternary solid dispersion systems when compared with 

the binary solid dispersion systems. This was because of polysorbate 80, which 

improved wettability and solubilized the non – molecularly dispersed or crystalline 

fraction of OFX. 

No.614 

Author(s) : Ong – Ajyooth L, Ong – Ajyooth S, Parichatikanond P. 

Title : The effect of – tocopherol on the oxidative stress and antioxidants in idiopathic IgA 

nephropathy. 



Keywords : – tocopherol, Antioxidants, IgA nephropathy, Oxidative stress. 

Abstract : Objective: Nearly 25% of IgA nephropathy patients progress to end – stage renal 

disease over a 20 – 25 year follow – up period. IgA containing immune complex 

stimulates oxygen free radical production by mesangial cells in vitro, which may 

mediate glomerular injury in this disorder. Therefore, we studied whether dietary 

supplementation with the antioxidant agent, vitamin E, attenuates renal damage in 

patients with IgA nephropathy. Material and Method: Twenty – eight patients with 

idiopathic IgA nephropathy were supplemented with vitamin E 400 mg/day for 6 

months. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and renal 

function were studied after 3 and 6 months therapy. Result: The result of the study 

showed high plasma MDA and significant reduction after therapy (1.15 0.45 VS 

0.86 0.30 M, p < 0.0001). The RBC vitamin E was also elevated statistically 

significantly (5.07 2.42 VS 15.70 3.37 M, p < 0.001). Glutathione peroxidase activities 

were decreased (38.52 15.53 VS 23.97 7.63 U/gHb, p < 0.001). Glutathione was also 

decreased (44.80 9.70 VS 32.45 6.74 mg/dl, p < 0.05) but there were no changes in 

red cell catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Creatinine clearance, proteinuria, 

urine N – acetyl glucosaminidase and 2 – microglobulin also showed no improvement. 

Conclusion: Our data demonstrated the particular group of IgA nephropathy patients 

with low vitamin E level and high oxidative stress had significant reduction of oxidative 

stress after vitamin E therapy.


No.615 

Author(s) : Ongvarrasopone C, Roshorm Y, Somyong S, Pothiratana C, Petchdee S, 

Tangkhabuanbutra J, Sophasan S, Panyim S. 

Title : Molecular cloning and functional expression of the Penaeus monodon 5 – HT receptor. 

Source : Biochimica et Biophysica Acta – Gene Structure and Expression. 1759 (7): 328 – 339, 



Keywords : Serotonin receptor, G – protein coupled receptor, Black tiger shrimp, Ovarian 

maturation, Immunohistochemistry. 

Abstract : Serotonin (5 – HT) mediates a number of diverse physiological functions in crustaceans 

by interacting with various 5 – HT receptor subtypes. A putative 5 – HT receptor 

cloned from the ovary of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) consisted of 2291 

nucleotides, encoding a putative 5 – HT1Pem receptor protein of 591 amino acids. 

Transient expression of 5 – HT1Pem in HEK293 cells demonstrated a saturable [H – 

3] – 5 – HT binding with a Kd of 10.43 +/– 1.13 nM and B – max of 1.53 +/– 0.06 pmol/ 

mg. The putative 5 – HT1Pem receptor is expressed in all tissues examined and is 

constitutively expressed in the ovary during ovarian maturation and spent phase. 

Polyclonal antibodies against the third intracellular loop (i3 loop) of the 5 – HT receptor 

showed that the 5 – HT1Pem receptor protein was expressed in the trabeculae of 

ovarian stages 1 and 2 but on the cortical rod and surrounding the oocyte membrane 

of stages 3 and 4, suggesting that receptor localization plays a critical role in regulating 

ovarian maturation and spawning in penaeus shrimp. 

No.616 

Author(s) : Onlamoon N, Hudson K, Bryan P, Mayne AE, Bonyhadi M, Berenson R, Sundstrom 

BJ, Bostik P, Ansari AA, Villinger F. 

Title : Optimization of in vitro expansion of macaque CD4(+) T cells using anti – CD3 and co 

– stimulation for autotransfusion therapy. 

Source : Journal of Medical Primatology. 35 (4 – 5): 178 – 193, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : CD3, CD4 T cell, Co – stimulation, Expansion. 

Abstract : Background: Our laboratory has previously shown that adoptive transfer of in vitro 

– expanded autologous purified polyclonal CD4(+) T cells using anti – CD3/CD28 – 

coated beads induced antiviral responses capable of controlling SIV replication in 

vivo. Methods As CD4(+) T cells comprise several phenotypic and functional lineages, 

studies were carried out to optimize the in vitro culture conditions for maximal 

CD4(+) T – cell expansion, survival and delineate the phenotype of these expanded 

CD4(+) T cells to be linked to maximal clinical benefit. Results and Conclusions The 

results showed that whereas anti – monkey CD3 gamma/epsilon was able to induce T 

– cell proliferation and expansion in combination with antibodies against multiple co 

– stimulatory molecules, monkey CD3 epsilon cross reacting antibodies failed to 

induce proliferation of macaque CD4(+) T cells. Among co – stimulatory signals, anti 

– CD28 stimulation was consistently superior to anti – 4 – 1BB, CD27 or ICOS while 

the use of anti – CD154 failed to deliver a detectable proliferation signal. Increasing 

the relative anti – CD28 co – stimulatory signal relative to anti – CD3 provided a 

modest enhancement of expansion. Additional strategies for optimization included 

attempts to neutralize free radicals, enhancement of glucose uptake by T cells or 

addition of T – cell stimulatory cytokines. However, none of these strategies provided 

any detectable proliferative advantage. Addition of 10 autologous irradiated feeder 

cells/expanding T cell provided some enhancement of expansion; however, given the 

high numbers of T cell needed, this approach was deemed impractical and costly, and 

lower ratios of feeder to expanding T cells failed to provide such benefit. The most 

critical parameter for efficient expansion of purified CD4(+) T cells from multiple 

monkeys was the optimization of space and culture conditions at culture inception. 

Finally, anti – CD3/28 – expanded CD4(+) T cells uniformly exhibited a central memory 

phenotype, absence of CCR5 expression, marked CXCR4 expression in vitro, low 

levels of caspase 3 but also of Bcl – 2 expression. 

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No.617 

Author(s) : Onorbe J, Dominguez – Tenreiro R, Saiz A, Artal H, Serna A. 

Title : Clues on regularity in the structure and kinematics of elliptical galaxies from self – 

consistent hydrodynamical simulations: The dynamical fundamental plane. 

Source : Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 373 (2): 503 – 520, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Dark matter, Galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD, Galaxies: haloes, Galaxies: 

kinematics and dynamics, Galaxies: structure, Hydrodynamics. 

Abstract : We have analysed the parameters characterizing the mass and velocity distributions 

of two samples of relaxed elliptical – like objects (ELOs) identified, at z = 0, in a set of 

self – consistent hydrodynamical simulations operating in the context of a concordance 

cosmological model. ELOs have a prominent, non – rotating, dynamically relaxed 

stellar spheroidal component, with very low cold gas content, and sizes of no more 

than


No.619 

Author(s) : Ounnunkad S, Winotai P, Phanichphant S. 

Title : Cation distribution and magnetic behavior of Mg1 – xZnxFe2O4 ceramics monitored 

by Mossbauer spectroscopy. 

Source : Journal of Electroceramics. 16 (4): 363 – 368, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Magnesium ferrites, Cation distribution, Saturation magnetization, Mossbauer, 

Magnetic. 

Abstract : The properties of magnesium ferrites, Mg1 – xZnx Fe2O4 with 0.0


No.622 

Author(s) : Pack R, Wang YP, Singh A, von Seidlein L, Pach A, Kaljee L, Butraporn P, Gong YL, 

Blum L, Bhutta Z, Santoso SS, Trach DD, Waluyo I, Nyamete A, Clemens J, Stanton 

B. 

Title : Willingness to be vaccinated against shigella and other forms of dysentery: A 

comparison of three regions in Asia. 

Source : Vaccine. 24 (4): 485 – 494, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Shigella, Vaccine, Perception of severity, Willingness to be vaccinated, Multi – site 

analysis. 

Abstract : We conducted a cross sectional survey of 3163 women and men in six Asian countries 

to examine willingness for children and adults to be vaccinated against shigellosis and 

other forms of dysentery. The six sites were clustered into three regions for ease of 

comparison. The regions are: Northeast Asia (China), Southeast Asia (Thailand, 

Vietnam, and Indonesia) and South Asia (Bangladesh and Pakistan). We used multiple 

logistic regression to identify region – specific models for vaccination willingness for 

both adults and children. A vaccine to protect against dysentery, if available would be 

very much in demand throughout the three Asian regions for children. For adults, 

the responses indicate that vaccine uptake by adults will vary. A large proportion of 

respondents in all regions, specifically in China, do not perceive themselves at risk 

yet still consider a shigellosis vaccine desirable. 

No.623 

Author(s) : Padumanonda T, Gritsanapan W. 

Title : Barakol contents in fresh and cooked Senna siamea leaves. 





Abstract : Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin & Barneby is a medicinal plant popularly used in Thailand. 

Young leaves and/or young flowers of this plant have been consumed by Thai people 

as a Khi Lek curry for a long time. The fresh young leaves and flowers are boiled with 

water 2 – 3 times to get rid of the bitterness and the boiled mush is used for curry 

cooking. Barakol, a major constituent of Senna siamea leaves was analyzed for its 

content in the fresh young leaves, the boiled leaves and the boiled filtrates by a high 

– performance thin – layer Chromatographie method. Fresh young leaves of S. 

siamea contained 0.4035% w/w barakol. The amount of barakol in the first and 

second boiled filtrates were 0.2052 and 0.1079% fresh weight, while the first and 

second boiled leaves samples were 0.1408 and 0.0414% fresh weight, respectively. 

The results show the process of preparation of Khi Lek curry by boiling S. siamea 

young leaves twice with water reduced barakol content up to 90% and the content of 

barakol in boiled leaves used for curry has much less tendency to cause liver toxicity. 

This may explain the reason why Thai Khi Lek curry has not caused hepatotoxicity, 

unlike S. siamea leaves consumed as a powdered capsule. 

No.624 

Author(s) : Padumanonda T, Suntornsuk L, Gritsanapan W. 

Title : Quantitative analysis of barakol content in Senna siamea leaves and flowers by TLC 

– densitometry. 

Source : Medical Principles and Practice. 16 (1): 47 – 52, 2006 (Dec) 


Keywords : Barakol, Senna siamea, Thin – layer chromatography – densitometry. 

Abstract : Objective: To develop a TLC – densitometric method for the determination of barakol 

content in Senna siamea leaf and flower extracts, and to compare the barakol content 

in mature leaves, young leaves and young flowers of the plant which are consumed 

as a vegetable in curry. Materials and Methods: The extraction of pure barakol was 

performed by boiling the fresh young leaves of S. siamea with 0.5% sulfuric acid 

followed by chloroform extraction. The extract was further purified and recrystallized 

from absolute ethanol. Authentic sample of barakol was used for the validation of the 

TLC – densitometric method. Chromatography was performed on a TLC aluminium 

plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254as a stationary phase and chloroform – methanol 

(85:15 v/v) as a solvent system. Fifteen percent ethanolic extracts of mature leaves, 

young leaves and flowers of S. siamea were analyzed and compared for barakol 

content using the validated TLC – densitometric method. Both the validation and 

analysis of barakol by TLC – densitometry were carried out at the absorbance mode 

224


of 366 nm. Results: Barakol was extracted as pure lemon – yellow crystals from 

young S. siamea leaves with 0.1% yield. Linearity was found over the range of 200 – 

900 ng/spot (r2 = 0.997). The developed method gave high precision (%RSD < 0.50) 

and accuracy (average 101.12%). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 

8 and 50 ng, respectively. Barakol content in young leaves, mature leaves and young 

flowers were 1.67, 0.78 and 1.43% dry weight, respectively. Rf value of the barakol in 

young leaves, young flowers and authentic sample was the same: 0.45 0.03. 

Conclusion: The TLC – densitometric method was simple, precise and convenient; 

hence it is an effective procedure for the simultaneous determination of barakol in 

plant extracts. 

No.625 

Author(s) : Paijitprapaporn P, Jongjirasiri S, Tangpagasit L, Laothamatas J, Reungratanaamporn 

O, Mahanonda N. 

Title : Accuracy of sixteen – slice CT scanners in detected coronary artery disease. 



Keywords : Coronary angiography, Coronary disease, CT angiography. 

Abstract : Background: The coronary artery disease, now, the incidence is increasing in both 

developed and developing countries. The investigation is evoluted and non – invasive 

multislice CT scanners have been used more frequently, although the gold standard 

is still the coronary angiography. Objective: To investigate the accuracy in detected 

coronary artery disease by using 16 – slice CT scanners compared to the conventional 

coronary angiography. Material and Method: Fifty – five patients were 43 males, 12 

females, median aged 62 years (43 – 82 years), and average heart rates 67 beats/ 

minute (46 – 147 beats/minute) had the ECG – gated CT angiography followed by 

coronary angiography in 3 months. The ECG – gated CT angiography was performed 

by using 16 – slice MSCT detector (0.42 – s rotation time, 16 x 0.75 – mm detector 

collimation). Results: All patients were classified into two major groups; one was 

significant coronary artery stenosis which was designed by stenosis at least 50% and 

the other was non – significant stenosis which was designed by normal or stenosis 

less than 50%. The site having blooming artifact due to calcification that causes 

complete obliteration of the lumen or having significant motional artifacts was ruled 

out. There were 285 evaluable sites in 19 patients with high heart rates, more than 70 

beats/minute. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in significant stenosis were 

72.9%, 99.6%, and 94.0% respectively. In 36 patients with a lower heart rate, there 

were 563 evaluable sites, the sensitivity was 86.5%, specificity was 98.5%, and accuracy 

was 96.6%. The overall showed 81.1% of sensitivity, 98.9% of specificity, and 95.8% of 

accuracy. Conclusion: The accuracy of the 16 – slice CT angiography for patients 

suspected of having coronary artery disease was high. However, blooming artifacts 

from the calcium, respiratory artifacts, and small size of the distal and branching 

artery still caused limited luminal assessment. These problems have challenged the 

new coming generation of MDCT. 

No.626 

Author(s) : Paiphansiri U, Tangboriboonrat P, Landfester K. 

Title : Polymeric nanocapsules containing an antiseptic agent obtained by controlled 

nanoprecipitation onto water – in – oil miniemulsion droplets. 

Source : Macromolecular Bioscience. 6 (1): 33 – 40, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Chlorhexidine digluconate, Inverse miniemulsion, Nanocapsules, Nanoprecipitation. 

Abstract : The modified nanoprecipitation of polymers onto stable nanodroplets has been 

successfully applied to prepare well – defined nanocapsules whose core is composing 

of an antiseptic agent, i.e., chlorhexidine digluconate aqueous solution. The stable 

nanodroplets were obtained by inverse miniemulsions with an aqueous antiseptic 

Solution dispersed in an organic medium of solvent/nonsolvent mixture containing 

an oil – soluble surfactant and the polymer for the shell formation. The change of 

gradient of the solvent/nonsolvent mixture of dichloromethane/cyclohexane, obtained 

by heating at 50 degrees C, led to the precipitation of the polymer in the organic 

continuous phase and deposition onto the large interface of the aqueous miniemulsion 

droplets. The monodisperse polymer nanocapsules with the size range of 240 – 80 nm 

were achieved as a function of the amount of surfactant. Using various polymer 

contents, molecular weights and types, an encapsulation efficiency of 20 – 100% was 

obtained as detected by proton – nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H – 1 

NMR) measurements. The nanocapsules could be easily transferred into water as 

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226 

continuous phase resulting in aqueous dispersions with nanocapsules containing an 

aqueous core with the antiseptic agent. The encapsulated amount of the antiseptic 

agent was evaluated to indicate the durability of the nanocapsule’s wall. fit addition, 

the use of different types of polymers having glass transition temperatures (T – g) 

ranging from 10 to 100 degrees C in this process has been also successful. 

No.627 

Author(s) : Pakarasang M, Wasi C, Suwanagool S, Chalermchockcharoenkit A, Auewarakul P. 

Title : Increased HIV – DNA load in CCR5 – negative lymphocytes without viral phenotypic 

change. 

Source : Virology. 347 (2): 372 – 378, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : HIV – DNA, CCR5, Relative infectivity, Beta – chemokine, RANTES. 

Abstract : We have previously described a selective increase in HIV – DNA content in CCR5 – 

negative lymphocytes from late stage HTV – infected patients. Here, we show that 

this increase occurred even in the absence of viral phenotypic switching from CCR5 

– to CXCR4 – tropic. This leads us to hypothesize that early and late CCR5 – tropic 

viruses might be different in the ability to infect CCR5 – low or – negative cells. We 

compared a set of early CCR5 – tropic viruses with low viral DNA content in CCR5 – 

negative cells to a set of late CCR5 – tropic viruses with high viral DNA content in 

CCR5 – negative cells. We could not find any significant differences between the two 

sets of viruses in the aspects of relative infectivity in CCR5 – low cells and the level of 

inhibition by beta – chemokine. This suggested that there may be some changes in 

cellular phenotype or environment that allows an expansion of susceptible cell 

population in late stages HIV infection. Understanding these changes may provide a 

novel approach for HIV therapy. 

No.628 

Author(s) : Pakdeenarong N, Damrongphol P. 

Title : Effects of All – trans retinoic acid on germ cell development of embryos and larvae of 

the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Source : Biologia. 61 (5): 621 – 625, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : All – trails retinoic acid, Embryo, Larva, Germ cell, Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Abstract : Embryos of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, were treated 

with 1, 10 or 50 mu g ml(–1) all – trans retinoic acid (AtRA) for 2 days. Survival and 

hatching rates were not affected. However, all increase in the number of primordial 

germ cells (PGCs), progenitors of gametes, and a slightly more advanced stage of the 

gonads were found in those treated with 10 or 50 mu g ml(–1) AtRA. Newly hatched 

larvae were treated with 0.1, 0.5 or 1 mu g ml(–1) AtRA for 2 days. Survival rates 

were lower in those treated with 0.5 or 1 mu g ml(–1) AtRA; nevertheless, the gonads 

were slightly more developed. The results indicated that AtRA, all active metabolite 

of vitamin A, affected germ cell and gonad development of embryos and the larvae of 

giant freshwater prawn. 

No.629 

Author(s) : Pakdeenarong N, Damrongphol P. 

Title : Effects of estradiol – 17 beta on embryos and larvae of the giant freshwater prawn, 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). 

Source : Crustaceana. 79: 563 – 572 (Part 5), 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Environmentally relevant concentrations, Follicle – stimulating – hormone, Vertebrate 

steroids, Reproductive – cycle, Germ – cells, 17 – beta – estradiol, Ovary, Crustacea, 

Exposure, Estrone. 

Abstract : The effects of estradiol – 17 ss(E2) on embryos and larvae of the giant freshwater 

prawn, Macro – brachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879), were investigated. Embryos, 

obtained from brooding females within one day of spawning, were exposed to 1, 10, or 

50 mu g/ml estradiol – 17 for 2 days. No significant differences in growth or in 

survival rate with those of controls were found. However, those exposed to 10 mu g/ 

ml E2 showed an increase in hatching rate, in the number of primordial germ cells 

(PGCs), and in the rate of incorporation of the PGCs into the developing gonads. 

Similarly, newly hatched larvae exposed to 1, 5, or 10 mu g/ml E2 for 2 days did not 

show significant differences in growth, survival, or developmental rate from those of 

the controls. However, larvae exposed to 5 or 10 mu g/ml E2 showed slightly more 

developed gonads.


No.630 

Author(s) : Pakunpanya K, Verasertniyom O, Vanichapuntu M, Pisitkun P, Totemchokchyakarn 

K, Nantiruj K, Janwityanujit S. 

Title : Incidence and clinical correlation of anticentromere antibody in Thai patients. 

Source : Clinical Rheumatology. 25 (3): 325 – 328, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Anticentromere antibodies, Autoimmune diseases, CREST syndrome, Scleroderma, 

Thai patients. 

Abstract : Anticentromere antibodies (ACA) are useful in assessing and classifying patients 

with mild variant of systemic sclerosis called calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, 

esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, telangiectasias (CREST) syndrome. From their 

prognostic significance, we are interested in the prevalence and disease correlation 

in Thai patients. A total of 3,233 serum samples of patients with any musculoskeletal 

symptoms were sent for antinuclear antibody determination at Ramathibodi 

Immunology Laboratory Service between the years 1998 and 2001. Forty sera (1.23%) 

were ACA positive. These sera were from 27 patients with autoimmune diseases and 

13 with nonautoimmune diseases. Among autoimmune group, scleroderma was the 

most common diagnosis (33.3%) with limited sclerosis being the most frequent variant. 

The percentages of autoimmune disease were almost the same among the low – titer 

(1:40) and the high – titer (1:640) groups. The study suggests that the prevalence of 

ACA in Thai patients is low. The presence of ACA detected in patients with vague 

musculoskeletal symptoms does not suggest a diagnosis of CREST syndrome. Even 

high – titer ACA can be found in nonautoimmune diseases. 

No.631 

Author(s) : Palacajornsuk P. 

Title : Review: Molecular basis of MNS blood group variants. 

Source : Immunohematology. 22 (4): 171 – 182, 2006. 


Keywords : Genetic mechanism, Glycophorin genes, Hybrid glycophorins, MNS antigens, MNS 

blood group, Molecular basis. 

Abstract : The MNS blood group antigens are expressed in the RBC membrane on glycophorin 

A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or combinations of both. GPA expresses the M or N 

antigen, whereas GPB expresses the S or s antigen and the N antigen (‘N’). Both 

glycophorin genes (GYPA and GYPB) are located on the long arm of chromosome 4 

and share 95 percent sequence identity. This high degree of sequence identity, 

together with the rare involvement of a third homologous gene (GYPE), provides an 

increased chance of recombination, resulting in hybrid molecules that often carry 

one or more novel antigens. Some of the antigens in the MNS system result from a 

single nucleotide substitution. The MNS blood group system now consists of more 

than 40 distinct antigens. This review summarizes the molecular basis associated 

with some of the antigens in the MNS blood group system. 

No.632 

Author(s) : Palacpac NMQ, Leung BWY, Arisue N, Tanabe K, Sattabongkot J, Tsuboi T, Torii M, 

Udomsangpetch R, Horii T. 

Title : Plasmodium vivax serine repeat antigen (SERA) multigene family exhibits similar 

expression patterns in independent infections. 

Source : Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 150 (2): 353 – 358, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Plasmodium vivax, Serine repeat antigen (SERA), Transcription, Polymorphism, 

Malaria. 


No.633 

Author(s) : Palungwachira P, Palungwachira P. 

Title : Incontinentia pigmenti achromians of Ito: An ultrastructural study. 



Keywords : Hypomelanosis of Ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromians), Ultrastructural study. 

Abstract : A clinico – pathological and EM study of a Thai boy with hypomelanosis of Ito, one of 

the neurocutaneous syndromes, is reported. At birth, typical skin hypopigmentation 

on the trunk and a hypopigmented streak on the left lower extremity were noted. 

Associated cutaneous pathology shows a decrease of melanin granules within basal 

227


228 

and malpighian keratinocytes. Ultrastructural studies highlight a normal appearance 

for basal and malpighian keratinocytes, but a lack of melanosomes in the malpighian 

cells. Melanosomes are also dramatically reduced in the basal keratinocytes, which 

appear small, single or clustered and surrounded by a membrane. Melanocytic 

degeneration has been observed and dendritic melanocytes contained various stages 

of nonmelanised (stage II), partially melanised premelanosome (stage III) and rarely 

stage 4 melanosomes. The authors observed an increase in the number of Langerhans 

cell which have not previously been described. There were unmyelinated axon of 

nerve containing melanosomes at the dermoepidermal junction. The significance of 

these findings will be worthwhile to note that abnormal nerve termination in close 

relationship with basal keratinocyte, degenerated melanocyte, premelanosomes and 

langerhans cell are important in explaining the pathogenesis of Hypomelanosis of 

Ito. 

No.634 

Author(s) : Panee R, Noppamars W. 

Title : Effects of carbamazepine and lithium on the open field behavior of isolation stress 

rats. 





No.635 

Author(s) : Panichakul T, Intachote P, Wongkajorsilp A, Sripa B, Sirisinha S. 

Title : Triptolide sensitizes resistant cholangiocarcinoma cells to TRAIL – induced apoptosis. 

Source : Anticancer Research. 26 (1A): 259 – 265, 2006 (Jan – Feb). 


Keywords : Cholangiocarcinoma, TRAIL, Triptolide, Mcl – 1, cFLIP, Apoptosis. 

Abstract : Background: Tumor necrosis factor – related apoptosis – inducing ligand (TRAIL/ 

Apo2L) promotes apoptosis by binding to transmembrane receptors. It is known to 

induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells, but TRAIL – resistant cancers have 

also been documented. In this study, the relative resistance of human 

cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines against TRAIL – induced apoptosis is reported 

and the possible potential synergistic effect with triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide 

extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, in killing TRAIL – resistant 

CCA cells is investigated. Materials and Methods: Six human CCA cell lines were 

treated with various concentrations of TRAIL and the resistant cells were identified 

and subsequently tested for their sensitivity to a combination of TRAIL and triptolide. 

The susceptibility and resistance of the cells were based on analysis of cytotoxic and 

apoptotic induction and expression of anti – apoptotic factors (Mcl – 1 and cFLIP). 

Results: The treatment of TRAIL induced a dose – dependent decrease in cell viability 

in 4 out of the 6 cell lines. A combination of TPAIL and triptolide enhanced cytotoxicity 

and apoptosis in these 2 resistant cell lines. The combined treatment enhanced 

activation of caspase – 8 and its downstream signaling processes compared with the 

treatment with either one alone. Conclusion: The results presented show that human 

CCA cells were heterogeneous with respect to susceptibility to TRAIL – induced 

apoptosis. The combination of TRAIL and triptolide could enhance susceptibility to 

TRAIL – induced apoptotic killing in these TRAIL – resistant CCA cells, thus offering 

an alternative approach for the treatment of TRAIL – resistant cholangiocarcinoma. 

No.636 

Author(s) : Panichkul S, Panichkul P, Sritara C, Tamdee D. 

Title : Cost – effectiveness analysis of various screening methods for osteoporosis in 

perimenopausal Thai women. 

Source : Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 62 (2): 89 – 96, 2006. 


Keywords : Osteoporosis, Cost effective, Screening. 

Abstract : Objective: To perform a health economics analysis of 5 screening programs for 

osteoporosis in perimenopausal Thai women comparing two alternatives; without 

intervention and universal treatment without screening. Design:A decision analysis 

was performed to evaluate five screening strategies: Dual energy X – ray 

absorptiometry (DXA), Quantitative ultrasound sonography (QUS), risk index (clinical 

risk factors), two – step screening with QUS followed by DXA, and screening with


risk index followed by DXA, comparing outcomes without intervention and universal 

treatment without screening. Results: The costs for universal treatment, screening 

by DXA with treatment, screening by QUS with treatment, screening by Risk index 

with treatment, screening by QUS and DXA with treatment, and screening by Risk 

index and DXA with treatment strategies to prevent one fracture were 207.82, 88.42, 

147.05, 127.67, 71.33, and 60.30 USD, respectively. The cost for no intervention to 

prevent one fracture is 8.49 USD (1 USD = 40 Thai baht). Conclusion: At present, no 

intervention is the most cost effective strategy. However, screening with risk index 

and DXA with treatment became the most cost effective when the patients reached 

the postmenopausal period and had a high risk index, for which the prevalence of 

osteoporosis will increase. Cost effective screening guidelines still cannot be explicitly 

established until further data addressing the association between bone mass 

measurements in the hip and hip fracture risk, are available. 

No.637 

Author(s) : Pankao V, Sirishro A, Grams R, Vichasri – Grams S, Meepool A, Kangwanrangsan N, 

Wanichanon C, Ardseungneon P, Viyanant V, Upatham ES, Sobhon P. 

Title : Classification of the parenchymal cells in Fasciola gigantica based on ultrastructure 

and their expression of fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). 

Source : Veterinary Parasitology. 142 (3 – 4): 281 – 292, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Parenchymal cells, Fatty acid binding protein, Glycogen. 

Abstract : Parenchymal cells in adult Fasciola gigantica can be classified into three types based 

on their ultrastructural features and different quantities of fatty acid binding protein 

(FABP) being stored. Parenchymal cell type 1 (Pc – 1) has pale cytoplasm consisting 

largely of a loose network of fine fibers, and it contains few mitochondria but numerous 

glycogen particles. This cell type may be specialized in the storage and metabolism of 

glycogen and glucose. Parenchymal cell type 2 (Pc – 2) has similar cytoplasmic features 

as Pc – 1 but contains more numerous mitochondria, and high concentration of FABP 

as reflected by high density of immunostaining and immunogold labeling using specific 

monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to FABP as probe. Pc – 2 may, thus, specialize in the 

storage and metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids. Parenchymal cell type 3 (Pc – 

3) has dense cytoplasm containing large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 

Golgi complex and mitochondria, which is typical of a secretory cell. Furthermore, Pc 

– 3 has very little glycogen particles and is not stained by MoAb against FABP. It 

could, thus, be concerned with the synthesis of fibers, which form the scaffold of the 

parenchyma. 

No.638 

Author(s) : Panmanee W, Vattanaviboon P, Poole LB, Mongkolsuk S. 

Title : Novel organic hydroperoxide – sensing and responding mechanisms for OhrR, a 

major bacterial sensor and regulator of organic hydroperoxide stress. 

Source : Journal of Bacteriology. 188 (4): 1389 – 1395, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Campestris pv. Phaseoli, Crystal – structure, Antibiotic – resistance, Repressor, 

Xanthomonas, Proteins, Operon, OXYR. 

Abstract : Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli OhrR belongs to a major family of multiple – 

cysteine – containing bacterial organic hydroperoxide sensors and transcription 

repressors. Site – directed mutagenesis and subsequent in vivo functional analyses 

revealed that changing any cysteine residue to serine did not alter the ability of OhrR 

to bind to the P1 ohrR – ohr promoter but drastically affected the organic hydroperoxide 

– sensing and response mechanisms of the protein. Xanthomortas OhrR requires 

two cysteine residues, C22 and C127, to sense and respond to organic hydroperoxides. 

Analysis of the free thiol groups in wild – type and mutant OhrRs under reducing and 

oxidizing conditions indicates that C22 is the organic hydroperoxide – sensing residue. 

Exposure to organic hydroperoxides led to the formation of an unstable OhrR – C22 

sulfenic acid intermediate that could be trapped by 7 – chloro – 4 – nitrobenzo – 2 – 

oxa – 1, 3 – diazole and detected by UV – visible spectral analysis in an oxidized C127S 

– C131S mutant OhrR. In wild – type OhrR, the cysteine sulfenic acid intermediate 

rapidly reacts with the thiol group of C127, forming a disulfide bond. The high – 

performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic fragments 

of alkylated, oxidized OhrR and nonreducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 

analyses confirmed the formation of reversible intersubunit disulfide bonds between 

C22 and C127. Oxidation of OhrR led to cross – linking of two OhrR monomers, 

resulting in the inactivation of its repressor function. Evidence presented here 

229


230 

provides insight into a new organic hydroperoxide – sensing and response mechanism 

for OhrRs of the multiple – cysteine family, the primary bacterial transcription 

regulator of the organic hydroperoxide stress response. 

No.639 

Author(s) : Panyakhan S, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Soonthornsarathoon V, Upatham S. 

Title : Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium and zinc in hydrocotyle umbellate. 



Keywords : Accumulation, Cadmium, Hydrocotyle umbellate, Toxicity, Zinc. 

Abstract : The aquatic plant, Hydrocotyle umbellata, was tested for toxicity and accumulation of 

Cd and Zn under laboratory conditions. H. umbellata were cultured in modified 10% 

Hoagland solution supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mg/L Cd and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 

and 50 mg/L Zn and were separately harvested after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. The toxicity 

symptoms of H. umbellata exposed to Cd and Zn at different concentrations and 

exposure times were stunted growth and chlorosis in leaves. Finally, some plants 

died at higher concentrations of metals. The symptoms were more severe at higher 

metal concentrations. Cd and Zn caused significant decreases in biomass productivity 

and chlorophyll content when the exposure times and concentrations of both metals 

were increased. There were significant increases in metal levels in plant tissues 

when the exposure times and metal concentrations were increased. Both metals 

accumulated in roots more than in shoots. The high values of bioconcentration factor 

(BCF) of Cd (7173, at 0.2 mg/L) and Zn (1717, at 2 mg/L) on day 9 of exposure 

suggested that H. umbellata is a good candidate for removal of Cd and Zn from 

contaminated water. 

No.640 

Author(s) : Parichatikanond P, Chawanasuntorapoj R, Shayakul C, Choensuchon B, 

Vasuvattakul S, Vareesangthip K, Chanchairujira T, Sritippayawan S, Vongwiwatana 

A, Premasathian N, Kiattisunthorn K, Larpkitkachorn R, Ongajyooth L. 

Title : An analysis of 3,555 cases of renal biopsy in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 89 (Suppl.2): S106 – 11, 2006 (Aug). 



Abstract : Background: The knowledge of the epidemiology of biopsied renal diseases provides 

useful information in clinical practice. There are several epidemiologic population – 

based studies of biopsy – proven nephropathies with detailed clinicopathologic 

correlations that could be different according to the country analyzed. Objective: To 

identify the prevalence of primary and secondary glomerular diseases and to study 

the trend of the pattern changes of the glomerulopathy in Thailand. Material and 

Method: A retrospective study of percutaneous renal biopsies during a 23 – year 

period of 1982 to 2005 was performed. A total of 3,555 consecutive native kidney 

biopsies in adult patients between 12 and 84 years of age were analyzed for the 

prevalence and changes in the 5 – year interval over the two decades. Results: From 

the clinical trial of 3,275 patients, the ratio between primary and secondary glomerular 

diseases was 2:1 (2154:1121). The most common primary glomerular disease (2154 

patients) were IgM nephropathy (n = 986, 45.8%) followed by IgA nephropathy (n = 

386, 17.9%); membranous nephropathy (n = 341, 15.8%); diffuse endocapillary 

proliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 114, 5.3%) and diffuse crescentic 

glomerulonephritis (n = 71, 3.3%). Lupus nephritis was the most prevalent cause of 

secondary glomerulonephritis in the present study (n = 992, 88.5%). Examination of 

the 5 – year interval along the study period revealed a significant increase in the 

prevalence of IgA nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Prevalence of focal and 

segmental glomerulosclerosis rose by five times over the last two decades in contrast 

to IgM nephropathy, which prevalence is decreasing. Conclusion: There is high 

prevalence of IgM nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis in Thailand 

which is different from other countries. It could be due to various races and altered 

environments. The information obtained from these results is an important 

contribution for the understanding of the prevalence in renal diseases in Thailand. It 

can be used as the baseline data for making efficient research into the appropriate 

and beneficial way of management in the future.


No.641 

Author(s) : Pasuralertsakul S, Ngrenngarmlert W. 

Title : The exsheathment of Necator americanus infective larvae. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (Suppl.3): 28 – 31, 




Abstract : Infective 3rd – stage larvae of Necator americanus were treated with human sweat 

under various conditions, and compared with human serum, 1.5% saline solution, 

and distilled water. The infective larvae were observed under inverted microscopy. 

The highest percentage (14.0%) of the exsheathed larvae was found in human sweat 

after 2 hours’ incubation at 37 degrees C. The proportion of exsheathed larvae in 

human sweat was significantly different from human serum (p


232 

as defined by the Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert 

Panel Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP – ATPIII), in the US and selected Asian 

populations. Nationally representative survey data from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand 

and the US were used. Analyses were restricted to men and women aged >= 35 

years. The age – standardized prevalence of the NCEP – ATPIII defined metabolic 

syndrome was highest in the US (31% in men, 35% in women), and lowest in Taiwan 

(11% in men, 12% in women). The component risk factors that defined the presence 

of the metabolic syndrome varied between countries. As expected, abnormal waist 

circumference was considerably more prevalent among individuals with the metabolic 

syndrome in the US (72% in men, 94% in women) compared with their Asian 

counterparts, but substantial variation was also observed between the Asian 

populations (13 – 22% in men, 38 – 63% in women). Furthermore, the relative 

contribution of other risk factors to the metabolic syndrome was also substantially 

different between countries. The NCEP – ATPIII definition identifies a heterogeneous 

group of individuals with the metabolic syndrome in different populations. 

No.645 

Author(s) : Patel MM, Miller MA, Chomchai S. 

Title : Polymer fume fever after use of a household product. 

Source : American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 24 (7): 880 – 881, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Inhalation. 


No.646 

Author(s) : Pattanapanyasat K, Shain H, Prasertsilpa V, Noulsri E, Lerdwana S, Eksaengsri A. 

Title : Low cost CD4 enumeration using generic monoclonal antibody reagents and a two – 

color user – defined MultiSET (TM) protocol. 

Source : Cytometry Part B – Clinical Cytometry 70B. (5): 355 – 360, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, CD4 testing, Flow cytometry, Human 

immunodeficiency virus, PanLeucogating. 

Abstract : Background: The standard three – tube, three – color flow cytometric method utilizing 

the TriTEST (TM) reagents in conjunction with the MultiSET (TM) Software 

commonly used in most laboratories in Thailand for CD4 enumeration is expensive 

and thus unavailable to most HIV – infected patients. A more affordable method, i.e., 

the PanLeucogating protocol using only two monoclonal antibody reagents, has been 

described but requires the use of the CellQUEST (TM) software that does not have 

automatic gating and reporting facilities. We describe a simple protocol that utilizes a 

two – color user – defined protocol with the automated MultiSET (TM) software for 

the acquisition, analysis, and reporting of CD4 results. Methods: A two – color user – 

defined protocol was set up following instructions in the Becton Dickinson Biosciences 

MultiSET (TM) manual, adhering strictly to the information regarding the Gate and 

Attractor Hierarchy for analyzing various reagent combinations. This simple two – 

color user – defined MultiSET (TM) soft – ware was evaluated using generic monoclonal 

reagents in comparison with the standard TriTEST (TM)/MultiSET (TM) protocol. 

Results: The two – color user – defined MultiSET (TM) software is easy to use. It 

requires only modification of the original MultiSET (TM) program and the results 

obtained are comparable with those derived from the standard TriTEST (TM)/MultiSET 

(TM) protocol.Conclusion: The use of this easy and reliable two – color user – defined 

MultiSET (TM) protocol represents an affordable alternative to CD4 testing in resource 

– poor settings. (c) 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology. 

No.647 

Author(s) : Pattanee W. 

Title : The nutrition situation of rural people living Southeast Asia. 

Source : Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (6 – 7): 758, 2006 (Sep – Nov). 



Abstract : Biodiversity and nutrition: a common path. Malnutrition continues to exist in rural 

communities of Southeast Asia, although the situation has improved during the last 

two decades (SCN, 2004). Children and women are the most vulnerable groups and 

efforts are made to alleviate these problems (WHO, 2005). Protein – energy 

malnutrition has declined significantly in the Asian region, particularly in Southeast


Asia, although a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies continues (WHO, 

2002; Mason et al., 2005). Dietary diversity is in fact the common feature of rice – 

based Asian diets. However, nutritional adequacy is hampered by seasonality of food 

availability, interactions between nutrient and nutrient or nutrient and non – nutrient 

phytochemical compounds present in the meals, and the wide availability of 

convenience foods (Johns and Sthapit, 2005; Hawkes et al., 2005). In countries or 

subnational regions within a country which are transitioning to more industrialization, 

the emergence of overnutrition, namely, overweight and obesity, hypertension, 

cardiovascular diseases is posing a big challenge of double burden of malnutrition 

(Nishida and Mucavele, 2005; SCN, 2004; WHO, 2005, Chapter 2; Garrett and Ruel, 

2005). More research attention needs to be focused on solutions involving an ecosystem 

approach to better nutrition, specifically a rice – based aquatic ecosystem such as is 

commonly encountered in SE Asian rural communities, and in identifying food sources 

within the ecosystem with high micronutrient contents. 

No.648 

Author(s) : Pattaragarn A, Viprakasit V, Supavekin S, Sumboonnanonda A. 

Title : Immune – mediated hemolytic anemia in pediatric renal transplantation. 

Source : Pediatric Transplantation. 10 (6): 740 – 743, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Alloimmune hemolytic anemia, Passenger lymphocyte syndrome, ABO – non – 

identical organ, Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus. 

Abstract : The aim of the study was to demonstrate clinical course of the first reported cases of 

PLS in pediatric kidney transplantation and therapeutic outcome for such condition 

using a combination of high – dose corticosteroid and tacrolimus. We report a single 

case (a nine – year – old Thai boy) with end – stage kidney disease secondary to 

obstructive uropathy developed immune – mediated hemolytic anemia from the PLS 

at second week after a pre – emptive living – related kidney transplantation. The 

alloimmune hemolysis was a result of anti – B antibodies, derived from blood group O 

– donor lymphocytes. Using a combination of high – dose corticosteroid and a 

substitution of cyclosporin with tacrolimus, there was no further hemolysis although 

the anti – B antibodies remained detectable until the eighth week post – 

transplantation. An impairment of the graft function because of hemoglobinuria was 

resolved after the hemolysis was stopped. The alloimmune hemolysis caused by PLS 

in pediatric kidney transplantation could be controlled with a combination of high – 

dose corticosteroid and tacrolimus. 

No.649 

Author(s) : Pattaraintakorn P, Cercone N, Naruedomkul K. 

Title : Rule analysis with rough sets theory. 

Source : 2006 IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing. Article No. 1635870: 

582 – 585, 2006. 


Keywords : Decision rule, Hybrid intelligent system, Postprocessing, Rough sets, Rule learning, 

Rule reducts. 

Abstract : Postprocessing is a significant step in the data analysis process which is often ignored 

or glossed over. Once we have a large set of generated rules, how can we elicit the 

sufficient and necessary rules? In this paper, we propose an alternative approach for 

decision rule learning with rough sets theory in the postprocessing step called 

‘ROSERULE’. Essentially, we introduce rule reducts, a sufficient and necessary part 

which preserves classification of the rule universe, as a rough sets tool for rule 

analysis. ROSERULE learns and analyzes from the rule set to generate rule reducts 

which can be used to reduce the number of the rules. This is in contrast to common 

rule analysis which simply performs rule selection. We illustrate the performance of 

ROSERULE with several case studies; melanoma, primary biliary cirrhosis, pneumonia 

and a real – world case study, geriatric data sets. ROSERULE is run on these data 

sets and the result is a reduced number of rules that successfully preserve the 

original classification. 

233


No.650 

Author(s) : Pattaraintakorn P, Cercone N, Naruedomkul K. 

Title : Rule learning: Ordinal prediction based on rough sets and soft – computing. 

Source : Applied Mathematics Letters. 19 (12): 1300 – 1307, 2006 (Dec). 



Abstract : This work promotes a novel point of view in rough set applications: rough sets rule 

learning for ordinal prediction is based on rough graphical representation of the 

rules. Our approach tackles two barriers of rule learning. Unlike in typical rule 

learning, we construct ordinal prediction with a mathematical approach, rough sets, 

rather than purely rule quality measures. This construction results in few but 

significant rules. Moreover, the rules are given in terms of ordinal predictions rather 

than as unique values. This study also focuses on advancing rough sets theory in 

favor of soft – computing. Both theoretical and a designed architecture are presented. 

The features of our proposed approach are illustrated using an experiment in survival 

analysis. A case study has been performed on melanoma data. The results demonstrate 

that this innovative system provides an improvement of rule learning both in 

computing performance for finding the rules and the usefulness of the derived rules. 

Keywords: rough sets; flow graphs; rule learning; soft – computing. 

No.651 

Author(s) : Pawakranond L, Laothamatas J. 

Title : MRI findings of the cavernous sinus metastasis with inferior extension mimicking a 

nasopharyngeal carcinoma with cavernous sinus invasion. 



Keywords : Cavernous sinus, Masticator muscle, Metastasis, Muscle denervation, Nasopharyngeal 

cancer. 

Abstract : The authors report the MRI findings in a patient with cavernous sinus metastasis 

with inferior extension to the nasopharynx, mimicking imaging findings of the 

advanced nasopharyngeal cancer with the skull base, and intracranial extension. 

Findings of denervative atrophy of the masticator muscles and obstruction of the 

Eustachian tube resulting in fluid retention of mastoid air cells are seen in both 

processes. 

No.652 

Author(s) : Payong W, Nontakan S, Pongsak U, Kanda P, Vichai R. 

Title : Effects of quinolic and anthraquinolic compounds from Ventilago harmandiana Pierre 

on the production of inflammatory mediators in activated macrophages. 



Keywords : Ventilago harmandiana, Macrophage, TNF – alpha, PGE2. 


No.653 

Author(s) : Peacock SJ. 

Title : Melioidosis. 

Source : Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 19 (5): 421 – 428, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Burkholderia pseudomallei, Melioidosis, Review. 

Abstract : Purpose of review Melioidosis is increasingly recognized around the world. Despite 

several decades of clinical research, the mortality rate for melioidosis remains high. 

This review focuses on studies that relate to patient management, including risk 

factors, diagnosis, treatment and prediction of the outcome. A brief summary of 

studies relating to genomics and genotyping, immunology and pathogenesis is provided. 

Recent findings Involvement in the tsunami of December 2004 is a risk factor for 

melioidosis, and risk may extend to individuals who were uninjured bystanders. 

Several standard microbiological techniques used to culture and identify Burkholderia 

pseudomallei have been evaluated. Polymerase chain reaction has been developed 

for bacterial identification, although limited evaluation has been performed in the 

clinical setting. Two trials of antimicrobial therapy provide evidence with which to 

refine existing treatment protocols. Inexpensive clinical and laboratory predictors for 

poor outcome have been described. Several putative vaccine candidates have been 

proposed and studied in animals, but no vaccine is on the immediate horizon. Summary: 

234


None of the studies reviewed here report strategies that reduce mortality. A key area 

for future research is the identification of affordable interventions that lower the 

death rate, and are applicable to low – resource settings. 

No.654 

Author(s) : Peamkrasatam S, Sriwatanakul K, Kiyotani K, Fujieda M, Yamazaki H, Kamataki T, 

Yoovathaworn K. 

Title : In vivo evaluation of coumarin and nicotine as probe drugs to predict the metabolic 

capacity of CYP2A6 due to genetic polymorphism in Thais. 

Source : Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 21 (6): 475 – 484, 2006 (Dec). 



Abstract : The association between the distribution characteristics of CYP2A6 catalytic activities 

toward nicotine and coumarin, and the frequency distribution of CYP2A6 variant 

alleles reported was estimated in 120 healthy Thais. The distributions of the subjects 

as classified by the amounts of 7 – hydroxycoumarin (7 – OHC) excreted in the urine 

and by cotinine/nicotine ratio in the plasma were clearly bimodal. However, the 

numbers of apparently poor metabolizers for coumarin and nicotine were different. 

The inter – individual variability in the in vivo dispositions of coumarin and nicotine 

closely related to the CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism. There was a close correlation 

between the rate of 7 – OHC excretion in the urine and cotinine/nicotine ratio in the 

plasma among subjects (R=0.92, p


236 

oxidative stress. The role of antioxidants, particularly tocopherol, in Type 1 DM and 

its contribution in the development of vascular complications is not clear. Therefore, 

the present study aims to investigate the relationship between antioxidant status ( 

tocopherol) and lipid peroxidation end products (malondialdehyde; MDA) in the plasma 

of 20 Type 1 DM and 20 nondiabetic healthy control subjects. Material and Method: 

Lipid levels in all subjects were analyzed spectrophotometrically by enzymatic reagent 

kits. Plasma MDA was assessed by spectrofluorometry, whereas plasma tocopherol 

was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography in Type 1 DM as well as in 

the control subjects of matched sex and ages. The results of Type 1 DM were compared 

with a control group using unpaired Student’s t – test. The correlations between 

fasting plasma glucose and other laboratory parameters were assessed by Pearson 

rank correlation coefficient. Results: The plasma MDA concentration was significantly 

higher in Type 1 diabetic patients as compared to controls, (p < 0.01). A significantly 

reduced plasma antioxidant status of Type 1 DM patients was found only in tocopherol 

/ total lipid as compared to controls (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was 

observed in plasma tocopherol and tocopherol / total cholesterol (p < 0.05) as 

compared to the control subjects. The positive correlation between MDA and FPG 

was demonstrated in Type 1 diabetic compared with normal subjects. Conclusion: We 

conclude that antioxidant supplementation may be necessary for treatment to reduce 

oxidative stress for diabetic complication protection in Type 1 DM. 

No.657 

Author(s) : Peerapatdit T, Patchanans N, Likidlilid A, Poldee S, Sriratanasathavorn C. 

Title : Plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidiant nutrients in Type 2 diabetic patients. 



Keywords : Antioxidants, Atherosclerosis, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Type 2 diabetes. 

Abstract : Background and Objective: Observation shows diabetic patients to be more prone to 

oxidative stress because of hyperglycemia. The elevation of free radical production by 

this hyperglycemic production may exacerbate cardiovascular complication in diabetes. 

This study aims to investigate the oxidative stress related parameters in type 2 DM. 

Since the effects of glycemic control and cardiovascular complications in DM on these 

parameters has been not fully determined, the comparison between plasma MDA 

(malondialdehyde) and antioxidant nutrients with their age – matched normal healthy 

group may be used to determine the susceptibility of oxidative stress in this type of 

DM. Material and Method: MDA and antioxidant nutrients (vitamin A, C, E and – 

carotene) were analyzed in plasma of 19 subjects with poorly controlled type 2 DM 

(fasting plasma glucose [FPG] > 180 mg/dl), 26 subjects with fairly controlled type 2 

DM (FPG < 180 mg/dl), and 20 subjects with type 2 DM complicated coronary heart 

disease (CHD) who were matched for age and gender. Twenty healthy subjects with 

normal plasma glucose level (FPG < 110 mg/dl) and matched for age and gender 

served as a control group. In all groups of DM these oxidative stress parameters were 

compared to a normal group. Results: The plasma MDA levels were significantly 

higher in all types of DM compared to age – matched normal control. Plasma antioxidant 

vitamin C and E significantly lower only in poorly controlled and CHD complicated 

type 2 DM, respectively. The mean of plasma vitamin E level was lowest in type 2 DM 

complicated with CHD. No significant differences in both plasma vitamin A and – 

carotene were noted between any types of DM and age – matched normal healthy 

group. The positive correlation between MDA and FPG was demonstrated in most 

group of patients with their normal subjects except in fairly controlled type 2 DM and 

negative correlation between vitamin E and FPG was also demonstrated in type 2 DM 

with CHD. Conclusion: These findings suggested that diabetic patients were susceptible 

to oxidative stress and higher plasma glucose level had an association with free 

radical – mediated lipid peroxidation. The lowest level of vitamin E in type 2 DM 

complicated with CHD indicated that oxidative stress played an important role in 

cardiovascular complication and vitamin E supplementation may be necessary for 

treatment and prevention in this group of diabetics.


No.658 

Author(s) : Peng CT, Fucharoen S, Kontoghiorghes GJ, Tsai CH. 

Title : Report on the proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Oral Chelation 

(ICOC) in the Treatment of Thalassemia and Other Diseases at Taichung, Taiwan, 

April 22 – 26, 2005. 

Source : Hemoglobin. 30 (1): 63 – 68, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Beta – thalassemia, Iron overload, Deferiprone, 1, 2 – dimethyl – 3 – hydroxypyrid – 

4 – one, Therapy. 


No.659 

Author(s) : Pengsaa K, Luxemburger C, Sabchareon A, Limkittikul K, Yoksan S, Chambonneau 

L, Chaovarind U, Sirivichayakul C, Lapphra K, Chanthavanich P, Lang J. 

Title : Dengue virus infections in the first 2 years of life and the kinetics of transplacentally 

transferred dengue neutralizing antibodies in Thai children. 

Source : Journal of Infectious Disease. 194 (11): 1570 – 1576, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Hemorrhagic – fever, Hemagglutination – inhibition, Japanese encephalitis, Infants, 

Live, Vaccines, Immunogenicity, Enhancement, Responses, Disease. 

Abstract : Background: Understanding dengue virus infection in children and the kinetics of 

maternal dengue neutralizing antibodies is essential for effective dengue immunization 

of children in endemic areas. Methods: Serum samples from 219 mother – child pairs 

and 140 children at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age from Bangkok, Thailand, 

were tested for serotype – specific dengue antibodies. Febrile episodes in the children 

were recorded.Results. Antibodies were found in 97% of cord serum samples and 

disappeared in 27%, 80%, and 95% of the children by the age of 6, 9, and 12 months, 

respectively. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the antibodies to 4 dengue serotypes 

decreased to 5.4 – 15.5 in 6 – month – old infants. Eleven of 12 children acquired 

dengue virus infection at 6 months of age and beyond; 1 had the infection at 3 months 

of age. Two exhibited undifferentiated febrile illnesses, and 10 had subclinical infections. 

Conclusions: Evidence of dengue virus infection and very low GMTs against all dengue 

serotypes in children at 6 months of age and beyond was demonstrated. There was no 

evidence that maternal antibodies were harmful to infants. Dengue virus infection 

rates increase from 12 months of age onward. These data provide information for 

supporting the optimal age at vaccination. 

No.660 

Author(s) : Pepore S, Winotai P, Osotchan T, Robkob, U. 

Title : Path integral for a harmonic oscillator with time – dependent mass and frequency. 



Keywords : A harmonic oscillator with time – dependent mass and frequency, Path integral, 

Propagator, Wave function. 

Abstract : The exact solutions to the time – dependent Schrodinger equation for a harmonic 

oscillator with time – dependent mass and frequency were derived in a general form. 

The quantum mechanical propagator was calculated by the Feynman path integral 

method, while the wave function was derived from the spectral representation of the 

obtained propagator. It was shown that the propagator and the wave function depended 

on the s solution of a classical oscillator, in which the amplitude and phase satisfied 

the auxiliary equations. To demonstrate the derivation of the solution from our 

auxiliary equations, exponential and periodic functions of mass with constant 

frequency were imposed to evaluate the propagator and wave function for the 

Caldirola – Kanai and pulsating mass oscillators, respectively. 

No.661 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Bagga HS, Link RE, Romero FR, Jarrett TW, Kavoussi LR. 

Title : Trends in the operative management of renal tumors over a 14 year period. 





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No.662 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Bagga HS, Romero FR, Sroka M, Link RE, Jarretf TW, 

Kavoussi LR. 

Title : Laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy for the treatment of pathologic tinomo 

renal cell carcinoma: A 5 – year survival rate. 





No.663 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Link RE, Nicol TL, Romero FR, Aranyakasemsuk N, Solomon SB, 

Kavoussi LR. 

Title : Renal subcapular saline injection during percutanoues renal cryoablation to prevent 

bowel injury. 





No.664 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Nicol TL, Bagga HS, Kohanim S, Kavoussi L, Solomon SB. 

Title : Prophylactic gelatin sponge tract injection to prevent bleeding after percutaneous 

renal Cryoablation in a swine model. 

Source : Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 17 (9): 1505 – 1509, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Radiofrequency cauterization, Porcine model, Hemorrhage, Complications, 

Embolization, Ablation, Surgery, Biopsy, Tumors, Cryotherapy. 

Abstract : Purpose: Achievement of hemostasis can be a challenge during percutaneous renal 

cryoablation (PRC). This study describes the use of a porcine model to test the ability 

of gelatin sponge injection into the tract to limit bleeding at the site of cryoprobe 

puncture. Materials and Methods: A total of nine swine (18 kidneys) underwent 

bilateral ultrasound – guided PRC with double freeze/thaw cycle protocol with use of 

a 2.4 – mm cryoprobe. The cryoablation location and protocol were applied identically 

to both kidneys in each pig; however, only one side received gelatin sponge injection 

after cryoablation through a coaxial sheath (3 mm). After removal of the sheath, a 

midline laparotomy incision was performed and sponges were placed around the 

kidneys. Blood loss was measured by calculating the change in weight of the sponges 

after 30 minutes of absorption time. Acute blood loss was compared between the two 

groups. The kidneys treated with gelatin sponge were removed and grossly and 

histologically examined to identify the gelatin sponge at the puncture cryolesion. 

Results: The use of gelatin sponge resulted in significantly less blood loss (mean, 8.24 

mg +/– 4.68) compared with the control kidneys (mean, 20.24 mg +/– 8.14; P =.001). 

Gross and histopathologic results confirmed that the gelatin sponge was in the 

cryoablation puncture sites. Mean diameters of cryoablation ice balls on the gelatin 

sponge and control sides were 3.9 cm +/– 0.2 and 3.8 cm +/– 0.4, respectively. The 

lesions were not significantly different between sides. Conclusion: Percutaneous 

tract injection of gelatin sponge appears promising as a method to decrease acute 

blood loss from PRC. 

No.665 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Nicol TL, Kavoussi LR, Jarrett TW. 

Title : Percutaneous bladder cryoablation in porcine model. 

Source : Journal of Endourology. 20 (12): 991 – 995, 2006 (Dec). 



Abstract : Purpose: To demonstrate the morphologic changes of full – thickness bladder 

cryoablation utilizing contemporary percutaneous technology. Materials and Methods: 

Cryoablation of the bladder wall was conducted in 24 pigs. The bladders were exposed 

laparoscopically and inspected cystoscopically. The animals underwent either 

extravesical (serosal) or transvesical (mucosal) approaches for the creation of the 

cryoablation lesion. Single or double freeze/thaw cycles were applied, and no bladder 

drainage was used. The bladder was evaluated for perforation, and histologic 

examination was undertaken to assess the extent of acute, subacute (2 weeks), or 

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chronic (I month) lesions.Results: Cryoablation reliably produced a controlled 

transmural area of necrosis (both serosa and mucosa) by both techniques. The size 

and extent of the lesion were directly proportional to the duration of freezing and the 

type of cryoprobe used. The pathology report confirmed the full – thickness coagulative 

necrosis of muscle. Bladder perforation was not detected clinically or at 

autopsy.Conclusion: Cryoablation produces reliable zones of tissue destruction without 

bladder perforation. These preliminary data show the safety and feasibility for trials 

in the treatment of bladder tumors by laparoscopic, cystoscopic, or image – guided 

techniques. 

No.666 

Author(s) : Permpongkosol S, Yu RN, Link RE, Nicol TL, Romero FR, Lima G, Ramadan A, 

Solomon SB, Kavoussi LR, Jarrett TW. 

Title : The techniques of percutaneous bladder cryoablation. 





No.667 

Author(s) : Perng GC, Noisakran S, Ajariyakhajorn C, Nisalak A, Malasit P, Jarman RG, Mammen 

MP, Gibbons RV. 

Title : Detection of dengue viral antigens and negative strand RNA within platelets suggests 

the susceptibility of platelets to dengue virus infection. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (5): 136 – 136 466 Suppl. S, 

2006 (Nov). 




No.668 

Author(s) : Pernpongkosol S, Nicol TL, Link RE, Yu RN, Romero FR, Lima G, Romadan A, 

Kavoussi LR, Jarrett TW. 

Title : Percutaneous bladder cryoablation in a porcine model. 





No.669 

Author(s) : Petchmanee T, Ploypradith P, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Solid – supported acids for debenzylation of aryl benzyl ethers. 

Source : Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (7): 2892 – 2895, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Lamellarin alkaloids, Efficient synthesis, Beta – nitrostyrenes, Protecting groups, 

Reagents, Cleavage, Deprotection, Catalyst, System, Thioanisole. 

Abstract : Solid – supported acids have been investigated for aromatic debenzylation reactions. 

Stoichiometric amounts of solid – supported acids in refluxing toluene with or without 

4 equiv of methanol effectively provided the desired aromatic debenzylation products 

of various systems in moderate to excellent yields (up to 98%). 

No.670 

Author(s) : Petison P, Johri LM. 

Title : Driving harmony: Philosophy of Toyota Motor Thailand. 

Source : Strategic Direction. 22 (11): 3 – 5, 2006. 


Keywords : Automotive industry, Community relations, Expatriates, Japan, Relocation, Thailand. 

Abstract : Purpose: To describe how Toyota Motor Thailand (TMT) is using local Thai employees 

instead of the traditional Japanese workforce, and why. Design/methodology/approach 

– In – depth interviews with Thai and Japanese employees, suppliers and dealers of 

TMT; and Imai Hiroshi, architect of the philosophy. Findings: A total of seven initiatives 

were discovered in which people played important roles in bringing the company into 

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the community. Practical implications: For building and harnessing local advantages, 

multi – national companies have to bridge cultural, knowledge and skill gaps between 

local and expatriate employees. The actions of these companies have to demonstrate 

long – term commitment to host countries. Originality/value: CEOs of multi – national 

companies, particularly Asian subsidiaries, can learn how to build and harness local 

advantages for global competitiveness. 

No.671 

Author(s) : Petsuksiri J, Frank SJ, Garden AS, Ang KK, Morrison WH, Chao KC, Rosenthal DI, 

Schwartz DL, Ahamad A, Esmaeli B. 

Title : Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. 

Source : International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 66 (3): S441 – S441 

2416 Suppl. S, 2006. 




No.672 

Author(s) : Phadungkit M, Luanratana O. 

Title : Anti – Salmonella activity of constituents of Ardisia elliptica Thunb. 

Source : Natural Product Research. 20 (7): 693 – 696, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Anti – Salmonella activity, Ardisia elliptica Thunb., Syringic acid, Quercetin, 

Isorhamnetin. 

Abstract : Antibacterial activity against veterinary Salmonella was determined using dried fruit 

extracts of Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Chromatographic purification and spectroscopic 

structure studies provided three active anti – Salmonella compounds, namely, syringic 

acid, isorhamnetin and quercetin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 

the isolated compounds ranged between 15.6 and 125.0 mu g mL(–1). 

No.673 

Author(s) : Phaiboon S, Phokharatkul P. 

Title : An empirical based path loss model with tree density effects for 1.8 GHz mobile 

communications using fuzzy regression. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Communications. 5 (3): 564 – 571, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Different forest densities, Fuzzy regression, Low base station, Mobile path loss. 

Abstract : Upper – and lower – bound path loss models in the forests are presented in this paper. 

We performed measurements in different forest densities at a frequency of 1.8 GHz 

with base station antenna height in a range of 3, 4, and 5 m above ground while the 

receiving antenna height was fixed at 1.8 m above ground. The forest was classified 

into different density areas namely, high –, medium – , low – density and grass area. 

We proposed upper – and – lower bounds path loss models which depend on max and 

min values of sample path loss data. It does not depend on sample size. This makes 

our models limit path loss within the boundary lines while the confidence interval of 

standard regression is dependent on the sample size. Comparison between the fuzzy 

regression model and conventional regression model shown that the proposed models 

agree with measured data within the bounds while the conventional regression 

models provide over estimations at their upper – and lower – bounds. The proposed 

models will be useful for the local wireless network and micro – cell design of mobile 

communication systems in forests. 

No.674 

Author(s) : Phaiboon S, Phokharatkul P, Kittitummawong P, Somkuarnpanit S. 

Title : Mobile path loss prediction model for forest areas using MIMO fuzzy logic system. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Communications. 5 (9): 1807 – 1812, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Forests, Low base station, MIMO fuzzy system, Mobile path loss slope. 

Abstract : This paper proposes a method to predic mobile path loss in forests using MIMO fuzzy 

logic system. The multi – input was classified into seven input parameters defined as, 

X1 is number of trees/m2 and X2 to X7 are tree structure parameters. These crisp 

inputs are classified by fuzzifier to fuzzy sets and then inferenced using fuzzy linguistic 

rule base into multi – output path loss slopes via de – fuzzifier. For this study, we


classified the terrains into high –, medium –, low – density and grass area and used 

the simple linguistic rules for prediction the path loss slopes. We performed 

measurements in different forest densities at a frequency of 1.8 GHz with base 

station antenna height in a range of 3, 4, and 5 m above ground while the receiving 

antenna height was fixed at 1.8 m above ground. The results have shown that fuzzy 

logic approach provides more accurate prediction of path loss slopes than that of 

conventional empirical mathematic model. The proposed models will be useful for the 

local wireless network and micro – cell design of mobile communication systems in 

forests. 

No.675 

Author(s) : Phaiboon S, Phokharatkul P, Somkuarnpanit S. 

Title : Muti – Layer Fuzzy Logic Sets for Mobile Path Loss in Forests. 

Source : IEEE Tencon 2006. 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Multi – layer fuzzy system, Forests, Low base station, Mobile path loss slope. 

Abstract : Mobile path loss prediction in forests using multi – layer fuzzy logic system (MLFS) is 

presented in this paper. The MLFS consists of a tree density decision layer which is a 

supervisory layer in order to select the next layers using fuzzy decision. The sub – 

predictions use a set of rule base that provide path loss prediction in each case of an 

environment. These crisp inputs are classified by the fuzzifier to fuzzy sets and then 

inferenced using fuzzy linguistic rule base into multi – output path loss slopes via de 

– fuzzifier. For this study, we classified the terrains into high –, medium –, low – 

density and grass area and used the simple linguistic rules for prediction of the path 

loss slopes. We performed measurements in different forest densities at a frequency 

of 1.8 GHz with base station antenna height in a range of 3, 4, and 5 m above ground 

while the receiving antenna height was fixed at 1.8 m above ground. The results have 

shown that fuzzy logic approach provides more accurate prediction of path loss slopes 

than that of conventional empirical mathematic models. The proposed models will be 

useful for the local wireless network and micro – cell design of mobile communication 

systems in forests. 

No.676 

Author(s) : Phaiboon S, Pitithammawong K, Chulajata T, Somkuarnpanit S. 

Title : Fading analysis of vegetation density effects on path loss for 1.8 GHZ cellular mobile 

with low base station antenna height. 

Source : Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Networks and 

Communication Systems 2006. 2006: 283 – 286, 2006. 


Keywords : Fading, Low base station, Tree densities. 

Abstract : This paper presents studies of propagation characteristics in a suburban forest based 

on a measurement campaign at a frequency of 1.8 GHz. We investigated how tree 

density affected the fast fading characteristic depending on tree density and base 

station antenna height in a range of 3, 4, and 5 m above ground while the receiving 

antenna height was fixed at 1.8 m above ground. Three categories were studied: high 

density area, low density areas and grass area. Measurement of the receiver signal 

over 120 s intervals for a stationary mobile were used to obtain the distribution 

functions for the fading. We found that the distributions followed a Rician distribution, 

whose K – factor depended on tree density and transmitter height. 

No.677 

Author(s) : Phaiboon S, Somkuarnpanit S. 

Title : Mobile path loss characteristics for low base station antenna height in different 

forest densities. 

Source : 2006 1st International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing. 2006: 1 – 6, 



Keywords : Different forest densities, Low base station, Mobile path loss. 

Abstract : This paper presents studies of propagation in a suburban forest based on a 

measurement campaign at a frequency of 1.8 GHz. We investigated how tree density 

affected path loss – distance and the fast fading characteristic depends on base tree 

size and base station antenna height in a range of 3, 4, and 5 m above ground while 

the receiving antenna height was fixed at 1.8 m above ground. The path loss exponent 

is found that to average 3.8, 3.7 and 2.2 for the measurement areas of high, medium, 

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and low densities respectively. The high density area with low tree heights provides 

maximum path loss exponents. Path loss in the same density area depends on the 

number of trees in the direct path between the transmitter and the receiver. The 

measurement of signal variation shows that a multi – path contribution becomes 

more significant as the base station antenna is raised. 

No.678 

Author(s) : Phansuwan – Pujito P, Boontem P, Chetsawang B, Ebadi M, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Dopamine transporter immunoreactive terminals in the bovine pineal gland. 

Source : Neuroscience Letters. 403 (1 – 2): 78 – 83, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Dopamine transporter, Pineal gland, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Dopamine beta – 

hydroxylase. 

Abstract : The dopaminergic system has been proposed to be one of the innervations in 

controlling the mammalian pineal gland function. The dopamine receptors have been 

characterized in the pineal and the biphasic effects of dopamine on melatonin 

production have been demonstrated. Recently, the site of dopamine transporter (DAT), 

a plasma membrane transport protein of dopaminergic neuron, also has been 

characterized in the bovine pineal gland. The aim of the present study was to identify 

the dopaminergic innervation in the bovine pineal gland. The localization and 

expression of DAT have been performed by using an immunohistochemical method 

and a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR) technique. DAT – 

immunoreactivity was found in the nerve terminals throughout the gland, but not in 

pinealocytes or neuronal – like cells. Some DAT – immunoreactive nerve fibers were 

observed along the pineal stalk. DAT mRNA product from RT – PCR was found in the 

bovine substantia nigra, but not in the pineal gland. The colocalization of DAT with 

tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivities 

was observed in nerve terminals. However, no colocalization of DAT with DBH was 

found in some terminals/fibers. The present results showed the central dopaminergic 

innervation in the bovine pineal gland distinctively from noradrenergic nerve fibers, 

and their perikarya origin was located possibly outside of the gland. 

No.679 

Author(s) : Phansuwan – Pujito P, Ebadi M, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Immunocytochemical characterization of delta – opioid and mu – opioid receptor 

protein in the bovine pineal gland. 

Source : Cells Tissues Organs. 182 (1): 48 – 56, 2006. 


Keywords : Delta – opioid receptors, Glial cells, Mu – opioid receptors, Pineal gland, pinealocytes. 

Abstract : Opioidergic innervation has been identified in the mammalian pineal gland. Recently, 

opioid receptors in bovine pineal glands have been characterized; the activation of 

these receptors leads to the stimulation of melatonin synthesis. In this study, the 

precise localization of opioid receptors in bovine pineal glands was determined by an 

immunohistochemical technique using antibodies raised against delta – opioid and 

mu – opioid receptors. Immunoreactivity of these two receptors was present at a 

moderate level in pinealocytes. A double – labeling study has shown that delta – 

opioid receptors are localized predominantly with mu – opioid receptors in the same 

pinealocytes. These immunopositive pinealocytes are often located in a group; however, 

some of them are dispersed individually. In addition, both types of receptors were 

found in glial cells and processes. A small number of delta – receptor – immuno 

reactive nerve fibers were observed in the perivascular space and intraparenchyma 

of the pineal gland. Mu – opioid receptor immunoreactivity was found in a number of 

nerve fibers throughout the gland, and in terminal – like dots on pinealocytes. There 

was immunocolocalization between delta – opioid receptors or mu – opioid receptors 

and leu – enkephalin in some nerve fibers. The results of this study indicate that the 

modulatory effect of the opioid system on melatonin secretion in pineal glands might 

act via opioid receptors on pinealocytes, whereas receptors located on nerve fibers 

might modulate the release of opioid peptides.


No.680 

Author(s) : Phasukkijwatana N, Chuenkongkaew WL, Suphavilai R, Luangtrakool K, Kunhapan 

B, Lertrit P. 

Title : Transmission of heteroplasmic G11778A in extensive pedigrees of Thai Leber 

hereditary optic neuropathy. 

Source : Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (12): 1110 – 1117, 2006. 


Keywords : G11778A mutation, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, mtDNA. 

Abstract : Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is characterized by the acute or subacute 

bilateral painless loss of central vision, predominantly in young males. G11778A is 

the most common mitochondrial DNA mutation responsible for the disease. Thirty – 

seven percent of our LHON pedigrees (which is a much higher prevalence than that 

generally found) carried heteroplasmic G11778A. Analyses of four large Thai LHON 

pedigrees spanning four to six generations strongly suggested that the transmission 

of the heteroplasmic G11778A mutation is under selective pressure in favour of the 

mutated allele and that heteroplasmy influences the disease expression. 

No.681 

Author(s) : Phasukkijwatana N, Chuenkongkaew WL, Suphavilai R, Suktitipat B, Pingsuthiwong 

S, Ruangvaravate N, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Warrasak S, Poonyathalang A, Sura T, 

Lertrit P. 

Title : The unique characteristics of Thai Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: analysis of 30 

G11778A pedigrees. 



Keywords : Mitochondria, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Mitochondrial disease, 

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. 

Abstract : Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is characterized by acute or subacute 

bilateral visual loss, and affects mostly young males. The most common mitochondrial 

DNA mutation responsible for LHON worldwide is G11778A. Despite different genetic 

backgrounds, which are believed to influence the disease expression, most features 

of LHON are quite common in different populations. However, there seem to be a 

few ethnic – specific differences. Analyses of our 30 G11778A LHON pedigrees in 

Thailand showed some characteristics different from those of Caucasians and 

Japanese. In particular, Our pedigrees showed a lower male to female ratio of affected 

persons (2.6:1) and much higher prevalence of G11778A blood heteroplasmy (37% of 

the pedigrees contained at least one heteroplasmic G11778A Individual). 

Heteroplasmicity seemed to influence disease manifestation in our patients but did 

not appear to alter the onset of the disease. The estimated overall penetrance of our 

G11778A LHON population was 37% for males and 13% for females. When each of 

our large pedigrees were considered separately, disease penetration varied from 9 to 

45% between the pedigrees, and also varied between different branches of the same 

large pedigree. Survival analysis showed that the secondary LHON mutations G3316A 

and C3497T had a synergistic deleterious effect with the G11778A mutation, 

accelerating the onset of the disease in our patients. 

No.682 

Author(s) : Phat V, Pairote S. 

Title : Global stabilization of linear periodically time – varying switched systems via matrix 

inequalities. 

Source : Journal of Control Theory and Applications. 4 (1): 26 – 31, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Stabilization, Periodic system, Lyapunov functional, Switched system, Matrix 

inequality. 


No.683 

Author(s) : Phetsombat S, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Upatham S. 

Title : Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in Salvinia cucullata. 

Source : Journal of Environmental Biology. 27 (4): 645 – 652, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Cadmium, Lead, Toxicity, Accumulation, Salvinia cucullata. 

Abstract : The toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in aquatic 

fern, Salvinia cucullata were studied. Plants were cultured in Hoagland’s medium 

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which was supplemented with 0.5,1,2, and 4 mg/l of Cd and 5, 10, and 40 mg/l of Pb 

and were separately harvested after 2,4,6, and 8 days. The toxicity symptoms of Cd 

and Pb to S. cucullata showed chlorosis on leaves. There were significant derceases in 

the relative growth, biomass productivity and total chlorophyll content when the 

exposure time and concentration were increased. The accumulation study showed 

the significant increases of both metals when the exposure time and concentration 

were increased. The roots of S. cucullata had higher Cd and Pb contents than leaves 

suggesting that the metals were bound to the root cells and were partially transported 

to the leaves. 

No.684 

Author(s) : Phetsouvanh R, Phongmany S, Soukaloun D, Rasachak B, Soukhaseum V, 

Soukhaseum S, Frichthavong K, Khounnorath S, Pengdee B, Phiasakha K, Chu V, 

Luangxay K, Rattanavong S, Sisouk K, Keolouangkot V, Mayxay M, Ramsay A, 

Blacksell SD, Campbell J, Martinez – Aussel B, Heuanvongsy M, Bounxouel B, 

Thammavong C, Syhavong B, Strobel M, Peacock SJ, White NJ, Newton PN. 

Title : Causes of community – acquired bacteremia and patterns of antimicrobial resistance 

in Vientiane, Laos. 



Keywords : Blood – strem infections, Typhoid – fever, Northeastern Thailand, Staphylococcus – 

aureus, Septicemia, Children, Meliodosis, Microbiology, Epidemiology, Prevalence. 

Abstract : There is no published information on the causes of bacteremia in the Lao PDR (Laos). 

Between 2000 and 2004, 4512 blood culture pairs were taken from patients admitted 

to Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos, with suspected community – acquired bacteremia; 

483 (10.7%) cultures grew a clinically significant community – acquired organism, 

most commonly Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (50.9%), Staphylococcus aureus 

(19.0%), and Escherichia coli (12.4%). S. aureus bacteremia was common among 

infants (69.2%), while children 1 – 5 years had a high frequency of typhoid (44%). 

Multi – drug – resistant S. Typhi was rare (6%). On multiple logistic regression 

analysis, typhoid was associated with younger age, longer illness, diarrhea, higher 

admission temperature, and lower peripheral white blood cell count than non – 

typhoidal bacteremia. Empirical parenteral ampicillin and gentamicin would have 

some activity against similar to 88% of clinically significant isolates at a cost of US 

$1.4/day, an important exception being B. pseudomallei. Bacteremic infants in this 

setting require an anti – staphylococcal antibiotic. 

No.685 

Author(s) : Phewthongin N, Saeoui P, Sirisinha C. 

Title : Comparison of viscoelastic behaviour in silica filled cured and uncured CPE/NR blends 

with various mixing time 

Source : Applied Rheology. 16 (4): 182 – 189, 2006. 


Keywords : Viscoelastic properties, Rheology, Chlorinated polyethylene, Natural rubber, Silica. 

Abstract : Blends of 30 – phr silica filled elastomeric chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and natural 

rubber (NR) at the blend composition ratio of 80/20 CPE/NR were prepared with 

various mixing time from 120 to 600 s. Viscoelastic behaviours of cured and uncured 

blends were determined using two rheometers with different shear modes, i.e., the 

oscillatory rheometer (Rubber Process Analyser, RPA2000) and the rate – controlled 

capillary rheometer (Goettfert Rheotester 2000). Results obtained reveal that the 

viscoelastic behaviour of blends is influenced by the formation of silica transient 

network, particularly in cured blends. Mixing time affects viscoelastic properties of 

vulcanised blends to some extent which is due probably to the high extent of thermal 

degradation, but plays no significant role in viscoelastic properties of unvulcanised 

blends. The superimposition of oscillatory and steady shear results is possible when 

the elastic component is eliminated from the results. 

No.686 

Author(s) : Phewthongin N, Saeoui P, Sirisinha C. 

Title : Rheological behavior of CPE/NR blends filled with precipitated silica. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100 (4): 2565 – 2571, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Rheological properties, Chlorinated polyethylene, Natural rubber, Polyrner blends, 

Filler.


Abstract : Blends of elastomeric chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and natural rubber (NR) at the 

blend composition ratio of 80/20 CPE/NR with various precipitated silica loadings 

from 0 to 30 phr were prepared. Their rheological behaviors were determined using 

two rheometers with different shear modes, i.e., the oscillatory rheometer (Rubber 

Process Analyzer, RPA2000) and the rate – controlled capillary rheometer (Goettfert 

Rheotester 2000). Results obtained reveal that the viscoelastic behavior of blends is 

influenced remarkably by loadings of silica. Within the oscillatory shear strains of 0.3 

– 30%, the unfilled blend appears to be almost insensitive to shear strain that means 

the unfilled blend possesses a broad linear viscoelastic (LVE) region. As silica is 

incorporated, the elastic modulus (G’) of blends increases, particularly at silica loadings 

of 20 and 30 phr. The increase in G’ as a function of silica loading could be explained 

by a reinforcing effect via a hydrodynamic effect as well as a strong interaction 

between chlorine atoms on CPE molecules and silanol functional groups on silica 

surfaces associated with a formation of silica tridimensional transient network, usually 

known as a secondary filler network. Also, all blends with various loadings of 

precipitated silica reveal an increase in elasticity with increasing frequency, and 

those with high silica loadings (i.e., 20 and 30 phr) give a more time – independent 

elastic response, which Supports the presence of filler transient network in these 

blends. By applying the Cox and Merz concept to the rheological results, the 

Superimposition of flow curves determined from of the oscillatory shear flow and 

steady shear flow in the highly silica filled blends is possible if the silica transient 

network effect is eliminated. 

No.687 

Author(s) : Phiraphinyo P, Taepakpurenat S, Lakkanatinaporn P, Suntornsuk W, Suntornsuk 

L. 

Title : Physical and chemical properties of fish and chicken bones as calcium source for 

mineral supplements. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (2): 327 – 335, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Calcium, Chicken bone, Fish bone, Food supplement. 

Abstract : Physical and chemical properties of two bones of two species of fish, hoki (Macruronus 

novaezelandiae) and giant seaperch (Lates calcarifer Bloch.), were compared with 

chicken bone to evaluate their composition for use as natural calcium supplement. 

The information could be useful for waste utilization in the food and pharmaceutical 

industries. Physical testing and chemical analyses were performed according to the 

USP 24 and BP 1998 standards under calcium carbonate monograph. Loss on drying 

found in hoki, giant seaperch and chicken bones was 12.4, 11.3 and 5.9% w/w, calculated 

on dried basis, respectively. Total calcium determined by complexometric titration 

was 31.8, 28.1 and 32.2% w/w in hoki, giant seaperch and chicken bones, respectively. 

All samples contained carbonate and phosphate anion residues but gluconate, acetate 

and citrate were absent. The presence of calcium carbonate was confirmed by 

thermogravimetry. Results from all bones showed that limit tests for heavy metals, 

arsenic and iron complied with the USP standard, whereas barium, chloride and 

sulfate conformed to the BP standard. The magnesium and alkali metals in giant 

seaperch bone were within the BP limit (1.5%), but those of hoki and chicken bone 

exceeded the limit. 

No.688 

Author(s) : Phokharatkul P, Kamnuanchai S, Kimpan C. 

Title : Membership matching score for invariant image recognition. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Systems. 5 (9): 2056 – 2060, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Elliptic Fourier descriptor, Invariant image recognition, Membership matching score. 

Abstract : This paper describes the use of membership matching score (MMS) to solve the 

recognition errors in invariant image recognition. The method works on boundary 

normalization of images, which to move the starting point back on the semi major 

axis of the ellipses. The set of maximum and minimum values are computed as the 

boundaries for the groups of the images. Then, the voting score of the membership of 

unknown boundary function in the inner boundary set are used as the indicator to 

measure the similarity level. The proposed method in this research is effective to 

solve the problem of invariant images. The results shown that, the elliptic Fourier 

descriptors and MMS are an efficient representation which can provide for reliable 

recognition. 

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No.689 

Author(s) : Phokharatkul P, Kamnuanchai S, Kimpan C, Phaiboon S. 

Title : Comparative study of B – spline and cardinal spline with genetic algorithm for invariant 

shape object recognition. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Computers. 5 (3): 536 – 543, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : B – splines, Cardinal splines, Centroidal profiles, Gaussian filtering, Genetic algorithm, 

Object recognition. 

Abstract : This paper presents an analysis technique that can be used with genetic algorithm to 

select a model shape, that has the best match with invariant input images. First, the 

dominant points are selected from the boundary of the object using Gaussian filtering. 

Secondly the control points and data points are computed using the B – Spline and 

Cardinal Spline respectively. The model shapes of objects are created from these 

points into the training database. Then the genetic matching technique is applied to 

find the best – matched model between the model shapes and input model. The 

results have been compared between the model from B – Spline and Cardinal Spline. 

The recognition rate for the B – Spline implementations are 94.5 % for rotated 

objects, 92.1 % for rotated and scaling objects, and for the Cardinal Spline 

implementations are 95.3 % for rotated objects, 93.5 % for rotated and scaling objects 

respectively. 

No.690 

Author(s) : Phomphrai K, Fenwick AE, Sharma S, Fanwick PE, Caruthers JM, Delgass WN, Abu 

– Omar MM, Rothwell IP. 

Title : Diverse pathways of activation and deactivation of half – sandwich aryloxide titanium 

polymerization catalysts. 

Source : Organometallics. 25 (1): 214 – 220, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Syndiospecific styrene polymerlization, Cationic alkylzirconium complexes, Ziegler – 

natta catalysts, Metal alkyl – compounds, Olefin polymerization, Living polymerization, 

Zirconium complexes (cyclopentadienyl)(aryloxy) titanium (IV) complexes, Crystal – 

structure, Ancillary ligand. 

Abstract : A series of half – sandwich aryloxide titanium complexes, [CpTi(OAr)Me – 2] (CP = 

C5H5; OAr = OC6H3 – Me – 2 – 2, 6, OC6H3Et2 – 2, 6, (OC6H3Pr2) – Pr – i – 2, 6, 

(OC6H3Pr2) – Pr – t – 2, 6, and OC6HPh4 – 2, 3, 5, 6), have been synthesized. These 

compounds react with B(C6F5)(3) to give thermally unstable complexes 

[CpTi(OAr)Me][MeB(C6F5)(3)]. Two different deactivation pathways have been 

identified within the series. The tetraphenylphenoxide, cationic methyl compound 

decomposes cleanly at room temperature to give [CpTi(OC6HPh4 – 

2,3,5,6)(C6F5){CH2B(C6F5)(2)}] and methane with a first – order rate constant of 

7.6(2) x 10( – 4) s( – 1) at 25 degrees C. For relatively smaller aryloxide ligands, OAr 

= (OC6H3Pr2) – Pr – i – 2,6, (OC6H3Bu2) – Bu – t – 2,6, a Me/C6F5 exchange takes 

place, yielding CpTi(OAr)Me(C6F5) and MeB(C6F5)(2). The cationic titanium 

complexes are shown to be active for the polymerization of 1 – hexene. At – 20 and 0 

degrees C, first – order dependence on the concentration of 1 – hexene is observed. 

The rate of polymerization decreases with increasing steric hindrance of aryloxides 

except for OAr = OC6HPh4 – 2,3,5,6. 

No.691 

Author(s) : Phongmany S, Rolain JM, Phetsouvanh R, Blacksell SD, Soukkhaseum V, Rasachack 

B, Phiasakha K, Soukkhaseum S, Frichithavong K, Chu V, Keolouangkhot V, Martinez 

– Aussel B, Chang K, Darasavath C, Rattanavong O, Sisouphone S, Mayxay M, 

Vidamaly S, Parola P, Thammavong C, Heuangvongsy M, Syhavong B, Raoult D, 

White NJ, Newton PN. 

Title : Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. 

Source : Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (2): 256 – 262, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Scrub typhus, Murine typhus, Helvetica infection, Clinical – features, Thailand, 

Diseases, Azithromycin, Operations, Diagnosis, Traveler. 

Abstract : Rickettsial diseases have not been described previously from Laos, but in a prospective 

study, acute rickettsial infection was identified as the cause of fever in 115 (27%) of 

427 adults with negative blood cultures admitted to Mahosot Hospital in Vientiane, 

Laos. The organisms identified by serologic analysis were Orientia tsutsugamushi 

(14.8%), Rickettsia typhi (9.6%), and spotted fever group rickettsia (2.6% [8 R. helvetica, 

1 R. felis, 1 R. conorii subsp. indica, and 1 Rickettsia “AT1”]). Patients with murine 

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typhus had a lower frequency of peripheral lymphadenopathy than those with scrub 

typhus (3% vs. 46%, p < 0.001). Rickettsioses are an underrecognized cause of 

undifferentiated febrile illnesses among adults in Laos. This finding has implications 

for the local empiric treatment of fever. 

No.692 

Author(s) : Phuphaibul R. 

Title : Nursing data set development in Thailand. 

Source : Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 122: 991, 2006. 



Abstract : The survey on nursing minimum data set was performed. Questionnaires were sent 

to 500 randomly selected hospitals, 378 returned questionnaires were analyzed. The 

top 10 minimum nursing data set were identified. They were patient’s hospital number, 

name, personal ID number, medical diagnosis, referral, admission date, patient/family 

history, address and phone, gender, birth, religion, education, laboratory tests, 

discharge/expiration date, condition before discharge, nursing outcome, nursing 

problem, nursing intervention, admission number, health insurance, discharge plan 

and home visit. 

No.693 

Author(s) : Piacham T, Isarankura – Na – Ayuldhya C, Nantasenamat C, Yainoy S, Ye L, Bulow 

L, Prachayasittikul V. 

Title : Metalloantibiotic Mn(II) – bacitracin complex mimicking manganese superoxide 

dismutase. 

Source : Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 341 (4): 925 – 930, 2006 

(Mar). 


Keywords : Antibiotic, Bacitracin, Superoxide dismutase, SOD, SOD mimic, Molecular modeling. 

Abstract : Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of various metallobacitracin complexes were 

evaluated using the riboflavin – methionine – nitro blue tetrazolium assay. The 

radical scavenging activity of various metallobacitracin complexes was shown to be 

higher than those of the negative controls, e.g., free transition metal ions and metal 

– free bacitracin. The SOD activity of the complex was found to be in the order of 

Mn(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). Furthermore, the effect of bacitracin and their 

complexation to metals on various microorganisms was assessed by antibiotic 

susceptibility testing. Moreover, molecular modeling and quantum chemical calculation 

of the metallobacitracin complex was performed to evaluate the correlation of 

electrostatic charge of transition metal ions on the SOD activity. 

No.694 

Author(s) : Piboonpocanun S, Malainual N, Jirapongsananuruk O, Vichyanond P, Thomas WR. 

Title : Genetic polymorphisms of major house dust mite allergens. 

Source : Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 36 (4): 510 – 516, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Allergen, Der f 1, Der f 2, Der p 1, Der p 2, House dust mite, Polymorphisms. 

Abstract : Background: Polymorphic sequence substitutions in the major mite allergens can 

markedly affect immunoglobulin E binding and T cell responses, but there are few 

studies on environmental isolates from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and none 

for D. farinae. Objective: To determine the sequence variation of the group 1 and 2 

allergens from environmental D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae.Methods RNA from 

each species was isolated from homes in Bangkok and the sequence of Der p 1, Der 

p 2, Der f 1, and Der f 2 determined from cDNA produced by high fidelity polymerase 

chain reactions. Results: The enlarged data set revealed preferred amino acid 

substitutions in residues 19, 81, and 215 of Der p 1 as well as sporadic changes. Der p 

2 showed frequent variations with clusters of amino acid substitutions, but the 

canonical Der p 2.0101 was not found in any of 17 sequences. Der f 2 showed variants 

with clusters of substitutions similar to Der p 2 but in different amino acid positions 

and without any structural concordance. Der f 1 in contrast to the other allergens had 

few amino acid sequence substitutions. Conclusion: The sequence information on 

variants provides data important for the optimal design of allergen formulations and 

useful for the genetic engineering and structure – function analyses of the major 

allergens. 

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No.695 

Author(s) : Pichainarong N, Mongkalangoon N, Kalayanarooj S, Chaveepojnkamjorn W. 

Title : Relationship between body size and severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever among 

children aged 0 – 14 years 





Abstract : A hospital based case – control study was conducted from October 2002 to November 

2003 among children aged 0 – 14 years at Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child 

Health (Children’s Hospital), Bangkok, Thailand. This study focused on body size and 

severity of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in children. One hundred five patients 

diagnosed as having DHF grade III or IV were the cases and 105 diagnosed as having 

DHF grade I or II were controls. They were matched at a ratio of 1:1 by their gender 

and age (within 5 years). Normal growth charts were used to differentiate child body 

size into normal, thin and obese. Data were collected using face to face interviews 

with caregivers, questionnaires, laboratory and physical examination reports as 

research tools. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that only two variables 

were related to severity of DHF: obesity (OR = 3.00, 95 % Cl = 1.20 – 7.48) and dengue 

virus type II (OR = 4.94, 95 % Cl = 2.57 – 9.47), respectively. Other variables were 

childhood factors: duration of breast – feeding, education, and parity; caregivers 

factors: age, gender, marital status, education, occupation, family income, knowledge 

of DHF, antipyretic type, treatment before hospitalization, and duration of fever; 

environmental factors: history of DHF patients in house, house pattern, time from 

house to hospital, and residence; and etiological factors: type of infection and history 

of DHF among children. These factors showed no significant association (p>0.05). 

This result can be utilized in a preventive and control program, particularly in more 

aggressive management of overweight children. Health personnel should continue 

to provide health education, particularly, signs and symptoms of shock, to the 

community and private sectors. Government and Non – Government Protective 

Projects in primary schools (5 – 9 years children) should be continued in the high risk 

groups. 

No.696 

Author(s) : Pinotti M, Rizzotto L, Chuansumrit A, Mariani G, Bernardi F. 

Title : Gentamicin induces sub – therapeutic levels of coagulation factor VII in patients with 

nonsense mutations. 

Source : Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 4 (8): 1828 – 1830, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Tissue factor pathway, Stop mutations, CFTR function, Suppression, Deficiency, 

Phenotypes, Mice. 


No.697 

Author(s) : Pinotti M, Rizzotto L, Pinton P, Ferraresi P, Chuansumrit A, Charoenkwan P, Marchetti 

G, Rizzuto R, Mariani G, Bernardi F. 

Title : Intracellular readthrough of nonsense mutations by aminoglycosides in coagulation 

factor VII. 

Source : Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 4 (6): 1308 – 1314, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Aminoglycosides, Coagulation factor VII deficiency, FVII – GFP, In vitro expression, 

Neonatal intracranial bleeding, Nonsense mutations. 

Abstract : Background: Nonsense mutations in coagulation factor (F) VII potentially cause a 

lethal hemorrhagic diathesis. Readthrough of nonsense mutations by aminoglycosides 

has been studied in a few human disease models with variable results. Objectives: We 

investigated the K316X and W364X FVII mutations, associated with intracranial 

hemorrhage, and their correction by aminoglycosides. The rare nonsense mutations 

in FVII represent favorite models to test this strategy, because even tiny increases in 

the amount of functional full – length protein in patients could ameliorate hemorrhagic 

phenotypes. Results: A FVII – green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimaera provided us 

with a fluorescent model of FVII expression in living cells. Appreciable fluorescence 

in cells transfected with nonsense FVII – GFP mutants was detected upon geneticin 

treatment, thus demonstrating suppression of premature translation termination. 

To investigate the rescue of FVII function, nonsense variants of the native FVII 

without GFP (p316X – FVII and p364X – FVII) were transfected and found to secrete 

248


low amounts of FVII (similar to 1% of Wt – FVII activity), thus suggesting a 

spontaneous stop codon readthrough. Geneticin treatment of cells resulted in a 

significant and dose – dependent increase of secreted FVII molecules (p316X – FVII, 

24 +/– 12 ng mL(–1), 3.6 +/– 0.8% of Wt – FVII activity; p364X – FVII, 26 +/– 10 ng 

mL(–1), 3.7 +/– 0.6%) characterized by reduced specific activity, thus indicating the 

synthesis of dysfunctional proteins. Similar results were observed with gentamicin, a 

commonly used aminoglycoside of potential interest for patient treatment. Conclusions: 

Our approach, extendable to other coagulation factors, represents an effective tool 

for a systematic study of the effects of aminoglycosides and neighboring sequences 

on nonsense codon readthrough. These results provide the rationale for a mutation 

– specific therapeutic approach in FVII deficiency. 

No.698 

Author(s) : Pitidhammabhorn D, Kantachuvesiri S, Totemchokchyakarn K, Kitiyanant Y, Ubol 

S. 

Title : Partial construction of apoptotic pathway in PBMC obtained from active SLE patients 

and the significance of plasma TNF – alpha on this pathway. 

Source : Clinical Rheumatology. 25 (5): 705 – 714, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Apoptosis, Systematic lupus erythematosus, Tumor necrosis factor – alpha. 

Abstract : Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder that affects 

various organs and systems. Increased apoptosis, together with defects in the uptake 

of apoptotic bodies, are thought to have a pathogenic role in SLE. By detection of 

chromatin condensation, 30% of apoptosis was detected in peripheral blood 

mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Thai patients with active SLE. Therefore, 

understanding of the molecular processes in PBMC apoptosis may allow us to gain 

insight into pathophysiology of SLE. Thus, genes involved in the apoptosis of PBMC 

from these patients were investigated ex vivo by cDNA array analysis. Seventeen 

apoptosis – related genes were stimulated in active SLE, more than twofold higher 

than in inactive SLE. These genes are classified into six groups, namely death receptors, 

death ligands, caspases, bcl – family, and neutral proteases and genes involved in 

endoplasmic reticulum stress – mediated apoptosis, such as caspase – 4 and GADD153. 

Among those stimulated genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the TNF – receptor 

family were drastically up – regulated 60 – and 19 – fold higher than in healthy 

controls, respectively. Moreover, the degree of apoptosis correlated with the level of 

TNF – alpha in plasma, suggesting that the TNF family plays a role in the induction of 

apoptosis in SLE. To verify this hypothesis, PBMC from healthy individuals were 

treated with plasma from active SLE patients in the presence or absence of etanercept, 

a TNF inhibitor. In the presence of etanercept, active SLE plasma reduced the level 

of apoptosis to 26.43%. In conclusion, massive apoptotic death of PBMC occurred 

during the active stage of SLE. The molecular pathway of SLE – PBMC apoptosis was 

mediated at least via TNF/TNFR signaling pathway, which was confirmed by functional 

test of TNF – alpha in SLE patients’ plasma. 

No.699 

Author(s) : Pitisuttithum P, Gilbert P, Gurwith M, Heyward W, Martin M, van Griensven F, 

Hu D, Tappero JW, Choopanya K. 

Title : Randomized, double – blind, placebo – controlled efficacy trial of a bivalent recombinant 

glycoprotein 120 HIV – 1 vaccine among injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Infectious Diseases. 194 (12): 1661 – 1671, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Antibody – dependent enhancement, Type – 1 subtype E, Prospective cohort, Disease 

progression, Enzyme – immunoassay, B strains, Infection, Immunogenicity, Phase – 

3, Safety. 

Abstract : Background: In Thailand, phase 1/2 trials of monovalent subtype B and bivalent 

subtype B/E (CRF01_AE) recombinant glycoprotein 120 human immunodeficiency 

virus type 1 (HIV – 1) vaccines were successfully conducted from 1995 to 1998, 

prompting the first HIV – 1 vaccine efficacy trial in Asia. Methods: This randomized, 

double – blind, placebo – controlled efficacy trial of AIDSVAX B/E (VaxGen), which 

included 36 – months of follow – up, was conducted among injection drug users 

(IDUs) in Bangkok, Thailand. The primary end point was HIV – 1 infection; secondary 

end points included plasma HIV – 1 load, CD4 cell count, onset of acquired 

immunodeficiency syndrome – defining conditions, and initiation of antiretroviral 

therapy. Results: A total of 2546 IDUs were enrolled between March 1999 and August 

2000; the median age was 26 years, and 93.4% were men. The overall HIV – 1 

249


250 

incidence was 3.4 infections/100 person – years (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 – 

3.9 infections/100 person – years), and the cumulative incidence was 8.4%. There 

were no differences between the vaccine and placebo arms. HIV – 1 subtype E (83 

vaccine and 81 placebo recipients) accounted for 77% of infections. Vaccine efficacy 

was estimated at 0.1% (95%CI, – 30.8% to 23.8%; log – rank test). Pp. 99 No statistically 

significant effects of the vaccine on secondary end points were observed. Conclusion: 

Despite the successful completion of this efficacy trial, the vaccine did not prevent 

HIV – 1 infection or delay HIV – 1 disease progression. 

No.700 

Author(s) : Piyaphanee W, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Pornpininworakij K, Danwiwatdecha 

P, Chamnachanan S, Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Travelers’ malaria among foreigners at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, 

Thailand – a 6 – year review (2000 – 2005). 

Source : The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 44 (3): 229 – 232, 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : We retrospectively examined the charts of travelers admitted to the Hospital for 

Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand, with malaria during the years 2000 – 2005. 

Twenty – one cases of malaria were identified, of which 12 (57%) were Plasmodium 

vivax infections and 9 (43%) were P. falciparum infections. There was one mixed case 

with vivax and falciparum infection. Only 1 P. falciparum case had complications. All 

cases were successfully treated with standard antimalarial drugs. Only 3 of the 21 

cases were thought to be acquired in Thailand, the rest were regarded to be imported. 

No.701 

Author(s) : Piyaphanee W, Krudsood S, Tangpukdee N, Thanachartwet W, Silachamroon U, 

Phophak N, Duangdee C, Haoharn O, Faithong S, Wilairatana P, Leowattana W, 

Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Emergence and clearance of gametocytes in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum 

malaria. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (3): 432 – 435, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Thai – Burmese border, Primaquine, Parasites, Carriage, Glucose – 6 – phosphate – 

dehydrogenase, Gametocytogenesis, Pyrimethamine, Infectivity, Artesunate, 

Mosquitos. 

Abstract : We reviewed the records of 1,175 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum 

malaria to determine the prevalence of gametocytemia. All patients were admitted 

and received arternisinin combination therapy. Blood films were checked daily until 

discharge. Circulating gametocytes were observed in 240 (20.2%) of patients and in 

most cases (222 of 240, 92.5%) gametocytemia was detected during the first 24 hours 

after admission. Gametocytes were first seen in 174 cases on admission, in 24 cases 

at 12 hours, and in 24 cases at 24 hours. The longest interval between admission and 

first appearance of gametocytes was 192 hours. The median gametocyte clearance 

time was 163 hours (range = 12 – 806) in the 219 patients in whom gametocytemia 

resolved. However, 21 patients (9.8%) still had gametocytemia on discharge. 

Gametocytemia generally is present within the first 24 hours after admission, and 

emerges in only 1.9% of patients later on during treatment with artemisinin. 

No.702 

Author(s) : Plengvidhya N, Leelawatana R, Pratipanawatr T, Deerochanawong C, Krittiyawong 

S, Bunnag P, Kosachunhanun N, Suwanwalaikorn S, Benjasuratwong Y, Chetthakul 

T, Ngarmukos C, Vannasaeng S, Mongkolsomlit S, Komoltri C, Rawdaree P. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Prevalence and risk factors of stroke in Thai 

diabetic patients. 



Keywords : Diabetes, Diabetes registry stroke, Systolic blood pressure. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence of stroke and its risk factors in Thai diabetic 

patients who attended the diabetes clinics of university and tertiary – care hospitals. 

Material and Method: A cross – sectional, multi – center, hospital – based diabetes 

registry was carried out at diabetes clinics of 11 university and tertiary – care hospitals. 

Demographic data, clinical characteristics, common drugs used and laboratory 

parameters were analyzed for prevalence and risk factors associated with stroke.


Results: The prevalence of stroke in the patients studied was 3.5%. Most of the 

patients were type 2 diabetes and had ischemic stroke. One of the risk factors associated 

with stroke was age greater than 60 years, and the risk appeared to be highest if the 

patients’ age was greater than 70 years (adjust OR = 3.29, p = 0.012). Other risk 

factors included male sex, systolic blood pressure ofe”140 mmHg, use of oral 

hypoglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents and aspirin. There was no association 

between stroke and duration of diabetes, occupation, educational level, BMI, smoking, 

alcohol drinking, diastolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs or insulin, 

glycemic control, lipid profiles and kidney function. Conclusion: Ischemic stroke was 

common among Thai patients with diabetes especially in the elderly. The present 

result emphasizes the relationship between level of systolic blood pressure and the 

occurrence of stroke. Optimal blood pressure control should be underscored in caring 

for diabetic patients. 

No.703 

Author(s) : Ploypradith P, Petchmanee T, Sahakitpichan P, Litvinas ND, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Total synthesis of natural and unnatural lamellarins with saturated and unsaturated 

D – rings. 

Source : Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (25): 9440 – 9448, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : G trimethyl ether, Ascidian didemnum – obscurum, Mediated drug efflux, Pro – 

adoptopic agent, Topoisomerase – I, Efficient synthesis, Alpha 20 – sulfate, P – Gly, 

Marine alkaloids, Michael – addition. 

Abstract : Twenty – eight natural and unnatural lamellarins with either a saturated or an 

unsaturated D – ring were synthesized according to our developed synthetic route. 

The key step involved the Michael addition/ring closure (Mi – RC) of the 

benzyldihydroisoquinoline and alpha – nitrocinnamate derivatives, which provided 

the 2 – carboethoxypyrrole intermediates in moderate to good yields (up to 78% 

yield). Subsequent hydrogenolysis/lactonization furnished lamellarins with a saturated 

D – ring in excellent yields (up to 93% yield). DDQ oxidation of the saturated lamellarin 

acetates led directly to the corresponding unsaturated analogues in 54 – 95% yield. In 

addition, only two steps in our developed strategy require column chromatography. 

No.704 

Author(s) : Poachanukoon O, Visitsunthorn N, Leurmarnkul W, Vichyanond P. 

Title : Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ): Validation among asthmatic 

children in Thailand. 

Source : Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 17 (3): 207 – 212, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Children, Asthma, Health – related quality of life, Questionnaires, Pediatric asthma 

quality of life questionnaire. 

Abstract : Quality of life (QoL) is an important consideration among asthma sufferers. The 

Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) is one of the most widely 

used instruments for measuring health – related QoL in children with asthma. The 

standardized version of PAQLQ contains 23 questions in three domains, i.e., activity 

limitation, symptoms and emotional function. The objective of this study was to 

validate the Thai – translated version of the PAQLQ. The study design consisted of a 

five – week single cohort study. Patients recorded symptoms, and peak expiratory 

flow rate (PEFR) each morning and evening during the first and fifth week of the 

study in asthma diary. At each clinic visit, a trained – interviewer administered the 

PAQLQ and performed spirometric measurements. Fifty – one children, ages between 

7 and 17 yr participated in the study. Scores from the asthma diary were used to 

classify patients into stable vs. unstable groups. The construct validity of the 

questionnaire was confirmed in both cross – sectional and longitudinal studies by 

demonstrating correlations between various PAQLQ domains with clinical asthma 

parameters (asthma diary, beta – agonist use and PEFR). There was high internal 

consistency for scores of the three domains (Cronbach’s alpha – coefficient = 0.83 – 

0.95). For those with stable asthma, the reliability of PAQLQ was good for the rating 

scale (intra – class correlation coefficient – ICC = 0.84) and for total score (alpha = 

0.97) indicating high reproducibility of the PAQLQ. The significant difference of 

changes QoL scores between stable and unstable groups was observed in all domains. 

We conclude that the Thai version of PAQLQ is valid and reliable for implementing in 

Thai children with asthma. 

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No.705 

Author(s) : Poblap T, Nitatpattana N, Chaimarin A, Barbazan P, Chauvancy G, Yoksan S, Gonzalez 

J – P. 

Title : Silent transmission of virus during a dengue epidemic, Nakhon Pathom Province, 

Thailand 2001. 





Abstract : In the year 2001 a large dengue fever (DF)/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) outbreak 

occurred in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. Three thousand one hundred twelve 

cases of DHF were reported, an attack rate of 393 per 100,000 population. The Nakhon 

Pathom Provincial Health Office Immediately carried out a control action according 

to WHO recommendations. Active serological surveys and viral RNA isolation were 

carried out to detect silent transmission of dengue virus in 329 healthy volunteers in 

Nakhon Pathom Province subdistricts where the dengue epidemic had the highest 

rate of infection of 2.5 per 1,000. Eight point eight percent of these volunteers had a 

serum sample positive for DF/DHF virus IgM antibody. The highest prevalence occurred 

in the 15 to 40 year old group. In two instances viral RNA was detected by PCR and 

dengue serotype 3 was subsequently identified. The data support the hypothesis of 

subclinical infection with dengue virus. This high frequency of virus circulation 

combined with a high population density, urbanization and increasing breeding sites 

for mosquitoes, needs to be taken into account in the evaluation of viral transmission 

during and after epidemics. This underlines the importance of community – based 

control in informing people of their involvement in virus transmission and the 

importance of personal protection. 

No.706 

Author(s) : Pohmakotr M, Boonkitpattarakul K, Ieawsuwan W, Jarussophon S, Duangdee N, 

Tuchinda P, Reutrakul V. 

Title : alpha, alpha – Difluoro – alpha – phenylsulfanylmethyl carbanion equivalent: a novel 

gem – difluoromethylenation of carbonyl compounds. 

Source : Tetrahedron. 62 (25): 5973 – 5985, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Difluoro(phenylsulfanyl)trimethylsilane, Gem – difluoroalkene, Gem – 

difluoromethylenation, Fluoride – catalyzed reaction, Carbonyl compounds. 

Abstract : alpha, alpha – Difluoro – alpha – phenylsulfanyl – alpha – trimethylsilylmethane 

(PhSCF2SiMe3) has been demonstrated as an alpha, alpha – difluoro – alpha – 

plhenylsulfanylmethyl carbanion equivalent. gem – 

Difluorophenylsulfanylmethylation of carbonyl compounds has been successfully 

achieved by using PhSCF2SiMe3 in the presence of TBAF in THE The adducts have 

been converted to the corresponding gem – difluoroalkenes by a novel pyrolytic and/ 

or FVP elimination of the beta – hydroxy – alpha – phenyisufinyl derivatives under 

reduced pressure. 

No.707 

Author(s) : Pohmakotr M, Pinsa A, Mophuang T, Tuchinda P, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, 

Reutrakul V. 

Title : General strategy for stereoselective synthesis of 1 – substituted exo, endo – 2, 6 – 

diaryl – 3, 7 – dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes: Total synthesis of (+/–) – gmelinol 

Source : Journal of Organic Chemistry. 71 (1): 386 – 389, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Beta – dicarbonyl compounds, Radical annulation route, Furofuran lignans, Vicinal 

dianions, Molecular – oxygen, Neolicnans, (+/–) – isogmelinol, (+/–) – palownin, 

Constituents. 

Abstract : A general strategy for stereoselective synthesis of 1 – substituted exo,endo – 2, 6 – 

diaryl – 3, 7 – dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanes including (+/–) – gmelinol from (2, 3 – trans) 

– (4, 5 – cis) – alpha – aroylparaconic esters, which are readily obtained from the 

reaction of vicinal dianions derived from alpha – aroylsuccinic esters with aromatic 

aldehydes, is described. The synthetic sequence involves alpha – methylation or 

alpha – hydroxylation, reduction, bis – lactonization, and reduction followed by 

furofuran formation. 

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No.708 

Author(s) : Pokharel S, Kulczycki A, Shakya S. 

Title : School – based sex education in Western Nepal: Uncomfortable for both teachers and 

students. 

Source : Reproductive Health Matters. 14 (28): 156 – 161, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Sex education, Adolescents, Secondary school teachers, Nepal. 

Abstract : The National Adolescent Health and Development Strategy (2000) of Nepal considers 

adolescents a key target group for information and services. The extent to which sex 

education is being provided in schools has received little attention, however. At 

higher secondary level, students are supposed to be taught basic sex education using 

a chapter in a textbook called Health, Population and Environment. Little is known 

about how or how well this material is covered. In a study in 2002 among adolescents 

in eight schools in the Nowalparasi District in the Western Region of Nepal, we 

interviewed eight teachers responsible for teaching this subject. We also collected 

survey data from 451 students and held four focus group discussions with 26 of them. 

We found that adolescents in these schools did not appear to be getting the information 

they needed. Most of the teachers did not want to deal with sensitive topics and 

feared censure by their colleagues and society some locked the skills to give such 

instruction. Many students also felt uncomfortable with the topics. The challenge is 

to strengthen sex education, make it more appropriate for the students and ensure 

that teachers are more comfortable and able to give instruction on the topic. 

No.709 

Author(s) : Polprasert W, Sawangdee Y, Porrapakham Y, Guo G, Sirirassamee B. 

Title : Influences of socio – demographic and social context risk factors on labor force aged 

mortality from communicable disease. 



Keywords : Communicable disease, Hazard rate, Labor force aged mortality, Social context. 

Abstract : Objective: Study the influences of socio – demographic and social context risk factors 

on labor force aged mortality from communicable disease. Material and Method: A 

sample of 28,298 individuals were used to build a piece – wise exponential hazard 

model. Investigation of the cause of death used “verbal autopsy”. Result: It was found 

that more males are likely to die than females (Exp. = 1.54, S.E. = 0.19). Mortality risk 

for those who work is lower than for the jobless while mortality risk for laborers is 

greater than for the jobless (Exp. = 2.80, S.E. = 0.54). Migrants are more likely to die 

than those who have not migrated (Exp. = 12.68, S.E. = 0.22). People who live in 

households with debt are more likely to die than those who live in debt – free 

households (Exp. = 1.21, S.E. = 0.17). Environmental problems and drinking water 

quality have significant positive relationship with death due to communicable disease. 

Conclusion: A health prevention plan for individual, household, and community level 

for this labor force aged population needs to be provided. 

No.710 

Author(s) : Pongchaiyakul C, Apinyanurag C, Soontrapa S, Soontrapa S, Pongchaiyakul C, Nguyen 

TV, Rajatanavin R. 

Title : Prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men. 



Keywords : Bone mineral density, Epidemiology, Men, Osteoporosis, Thai. 

Abstract : Background: Osteoporosis is a growing health problem not only in women but also in 

men. However, there is a scarcity of epidemiologic data to study osteoporosis in Thai 

men. Objectives: To examine the bone mineral density (BMD) and to determine the 

prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men. Material and Method: A total of 412 men (159 

from Bangkok and 253 from Khon Kaen, respectively) averaging 51 16 years of age, 

were measured for BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine by dual energy X – ray 

absorptiometry (LUNAR Corporation, WI, USA). Results: The peak BMD was observed 

in men 20 – 29 years of age at both the femoral neck (mean SD, 1.10 0.15 g/cm 2 ) and 

lumbar spine (mean SD, 1.17 0.13 g/cm 2 ). The prevalence of osteoporosis in the 

entire group of subjects was 12.6, 4.6 and 3.9 per cent at the femoral neck, lumbar 

spine and both sites, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with 

advancing age and was significantly higher at the femoral neck in urban men than 

rural men (18.2 vs 9.2 per cent, p < 0.05) but comparable at the lumbar spine (5.0 vs 

4.3 per cent, p = 0.81). The correlation between femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs 

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254 

was 0.53 (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, increased age, lower weight and lesser 

height were each associated with lower femoral neck BMD, whereas only lower 

weight and lesser height were associated with lower lumbar spine BMD. However, 

when the three factors were entered simultaneously, only increased age and lower 

weight were significantly associated with lower femoral neck BMD and only lower 

weight had a significant association with lower lumbar spine BMD. Conclusion: The 

present study demonstrated descriptive BMD data, normal BMD reference values for 

diagnosis and reported the prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai men. 

No.711 

Author(s) : Pongchaiyakul C, Nguyen TV, Kosulwat V, Rojroongwasinku N, Charoenkiatkul S, 

Pongchaiyakul C, Sanchaisuriya P, Rajatanavin R. 

Title : Defining obesity by body mass index in the Thai population: an epidemiologic study. 



Keywords : BMI, Percentage body fat, Epidemiology, Thailand, Asian. 

Abstract : The objective of this study was to develop cut – off values and evaluate the accuracy 

of body mass index (BMI) in the definition of obesity in the Thai population. A cross – 

sectional, epidemiologic study in 340 men and 507 women aged 50 +/– 16 yr (mean +/ 

– SD; range: 20 – 84 yr), were sampled by stratified clustering sampling method. Body 

composition, including percentage body fat (%BF), was measured by dual energy X – 

ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Corp, Madison, WI). BMI was obtained by dividing 

weight (in kg) by height (in m(2)). The “golden standard” for defining obesity was 

%BF >= 25% in men and %BF >= 35% in women. The %BF – based prevalence of 

obesity in men and women was 18.8% and 39.5%, respectively. However, using the 

BMI cut – off of 30, only 2.9% of men and 8.9% of women were classified as obese. In 

the cubic regression model, BMI was a significant predictor of %BF, such that in men 

a BMI of 27 kg/m(2) would predict a %BF of 25%, and in women a BMI of 25 kg/m(2) 

would correspond to a %BF of 35%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic 

curve for BMI was approximately 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82 – 0.92) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83 – 

0.90) in men and women, respectively. In conclusion, for the Thai population, BMI is 

a reasonably useful indicator of obesity; however, the cut – off values of BMI for 

diagnosing obesity should be lowered to 27 kg/m(2) in men and 25 kg/m(2) in women. 

No.712 

Author(s) : Pongchaiyakul C, Pongchaiyakul C, Wanothayaroj E, Nguyen TV, Rajatanavin R. 

Title : Association between waist circumference and percentage body fat among rural Thais. 



Keywords : Obesity, Percentage body fat, Rural, Thailand, Waist circumference. 

Abstract : Objective: Determine the association between waist circumference (WC) and 

percentage body fat (%BF) and to develop cut – off values and evaluate the accuracy 

of WC in the definition of obesity in rural Thai population. Material and Method: A 

cross – sectional, epidemiologic study in 181 men and 255 women aged 50 16 yr 

(mean SD; range: 20 – 84 yr) sampled by stratified clustering sampling method, was 

designed. Percentage body fat was measured by dual energy X – ray absorptiometry 

(GE Lunar Corp, Madison, WI). The “golden standard” for defining obesity was%BF 

e•25 in men and%BF e•35 in women. Waist circumference in centimeter was 

measured. Results: In this study, the %BF – based prevalence of obesity in men and 

women was 8.3% and 44%, respectively. However, using the WC cut – off (WHO) of 

102 cm in men and 88 cm in women, only 1.7% of men and 24% of women were 

classified as obese. WC was a significant predictor of %BF, such that in men, a WC of 

93 cm would predict a %BF of 25%, and in women a WC of 84 cm would correspond to 

a %BF of 35%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.87 

and 0.88 in men and women, respectively. In conclusion, waist circumference is a 

reasonably useful indicator of obesity. Conclusion: The cut – off values of WC for 

diagnosing obesity should be lower in Thailand than in Western countries.


No.713 

Author(s) : Pongjanyakul T, Sungthongjeen S, Puttipipatkhachorn S. 

Title : Modulation of drug release from glyceryl palmitostearate – alginate beads via heat 

treatment. 

Source : International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 319 (1 – 2): 20 – 28, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Calcium – alginate bead, Glyceryl palmitostearate, Heat treatment, Micro – Raman 

spectroscopy, Diclofenac sodium. 

Abstract : Diclofenac calcium alginate (DCA) beads containing glyceryl palmitostearate (GPS) 

were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The effect of GPS amount and heat 

treatment on characteristics of the DCA beads was investigated. Incorporation of 

GPS into the DCA beads increased particle size and entrapment efficiency of diclofenac 

sodium (DS), but decreased water uptake in distilled water, and DS release rate. The 

heat treatment caused the DCA beads to be irregular shape particles and to possess 

higher water uptake. A slower release rate of DS in distilled water was found because 

of interaction of DS and alginate polymer matrix, and a restriction of water sorption 

into the inside region of the beads, which caused by the shrinkage of the beads after 

heating. However, the heat treatment did not affect particle shape and water uptake 

in distilled water of the 3%GPS – DCA beads. Differential scanning calorimetric study 

showed that GPS in the DCA beads was resolidified to different polymorph after 

cooling. Furthermore, the micro – Raman spectra indicated the existence of DS in the 

GPS matrix particles in the beads due to the partition of DS into the melted GPS 

during heat treatment. This led to a decrease in release rate of DS in pH 6.8 phosphate 

buffer and a change in DS release pattern in distilled water. Thus, not only the 

calcium alginate matrix, but also the resolidified GPS matrix in the alginate beads 

controlled the DS release from the 3%GPS – DCA beads with heat treatment. 

No.714 

Author(s) : Pongpanich W, Borriboonhirunsarn D. 

Title : Prevalence and associated factors of discordant twins in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Birth weight discordance, Pregnancy outcome, Twins. 

Abstract : Objectives: To determine the prevalence of discordant twins in Siriraj Hospital and to 

evaluate associated factors. Design: Cross – sectional study. Setting: Department of 

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. 

Subjects: A total of 150 women with twin pregnancy, e•28 weeks of gestation, who 

had deliveries of both live twins at Siriraj Hospital from 2003 to 2004. Method: A 

review of medical records was conducted. Discordance was defined as e•20% difference 

in birth weight. Prevalence of discordance was calculated and associated risk factors 

were evaluated. Results: Discordance was found in 35 cases; therefore, the prevalence 

was 23.3%. No significant association was found between discordance and various 

factors, including maternal age, maternal complications, parity, pregnant by assisted 

reproduction, gestational age at first diagnosis, chorionicity. However, discordant 

twins delivered at earlier gestational age compared to concordant twins (34.9 3.2 and 

36.2 2.4 weeks, p = 0.037). Infants of discordant pairs were more likely to be admitted 

to the NICU than those of concordant pairs (17.1% and 3.9%, p < 0.001, both larger 

and smaller infants). Other neonatal morbidities were not significantly different. 

Conclusion: Discordance twin was found in 23.3% of the cases. No significant associated 

risk factor was found. Infants of discordant pairs were more likely to be admitted to 

the NICU than those of concordant pairs. 

No.715 

Author(s) : Pongrapeeporn KS, Nuinoon M, Thepsuriyanont P, Kasemsuk B, Charoensuk P, 

Chantawee R, Wongmanee U, Nuchpramool W. 

Title : Detection of a known mutation M412T in the LDL receptor in a Chinese Thai FH 

family. 

Source : Clinica Chimica Acta. 365 (1 – 2): 211 – 216, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Low – density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), M412T, 

Mutation, Coronary artery disease (CAD), Chinese Thai. 

Abstract : Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant 

hypercholesterolemia caused by mutation in the LDL receptor gene. M412T mutation 

of the LDL receptor gene was previously observed in a single female patient diagnosed 

as having primary hypercholesterotemia. However, the analysis was incomplete and 

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256 

there was no confirmation of the M412T as the FH – causing mutation. We identified 

a mutation in the LDL receptor gene that underlines the severe FH phenotype in a 

new case, a female Chinese Thai patient. Methods: Identification was made by PCR – 

SSCP, direct DNA sequencing and confirmed by allele specific amplification (ASA) 

originally designed for this current study. Results: The entire LDL receptor gene 

screening revealed the genetic alteration that also caused M412T mutation in this 

new index patient. ASA analysis confirmed the DNA sequence in this patient and 

further identified three family members as M412T carriers. Conclusions: The finding 

of this mutation in 2 apparently unrelated index patients and the co – segregation of 

M412T and FH phenotype in the family of the present index case should provide 

evidence and confirm that the M412T was likely to be a disease – causing mutation. 

Whether M412T is common either as a founder or recurrent mutation among FH 

Chinese Thai population is unknown at present and remains to be clarified. 

No.716 

Author(s) : Pongstaporn W, Rochanawutanon M, Wilailak S, Linasamita V, Weerakiat S, Petmitr 

S. 

Title : Genetic alterations in chromosome 10q24.3 and glutathione S – transferase Omega 

2 gene polymorphism in ovarian cancer. 

Source : Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 25 (1): 107 – 114, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Ovarian cancer, Arbitrarily primed PCR, Chromosome 10q24.3, Glutathione – S – 

transferase Omega 2, Gene polymorphism. 

Abstract : The molecular basis of ovarian cancer development has not been fully elucidated. In 

this study, genetic alterations in ovarian cancer were identified by arbitrarily primed 

polymerase chain reaction (AP – PCR). A gene DNA fingerprinting, amplified from 

primer AE11, was cloned, sequenced, and identified by comparison with known genes 

in the genome database. Gene amplification in chromosome 10q24.3 was identified 

and measured by real – time PCR. Three Out of 20 cases harbored this gene 

amplification. This amplified region was identified as IVS – 4 of the glutathione – S – 

transferase Omega 2 (GSTO2) gene. Therefore, the mutations in all 6 exons of the 

GST02 gene were determined. The A to G transition at codon 142 in exon 4 ((A) 

under bar AT to (G) under bar AT, N142D) was observed. Tile frequency of GSTO2 

gene polymorphism was analyzed in 20 ovarian cancers, compared with 41 normal 

individuals. The gene frequencies of D142 and N142 allele in ovarian cancer cases 

were 0.3 and 0.7, whereas in normal females, they were 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. The 

odds ratio of D142 allele in ovarian cancer was 1.73 (95%CI = 0.51 – 5.89), indicating 

that this GSTO2 gene polymorphism may be associated with the risk of ovarian 

cancer. 

No.717 

Author(s) : Poomsawat S, Punyasingh J, Weerapradist W. 

Title : Expression of basement membrane components in odontogenic cysts. 

Source : Oral Diseases. 12 (3): 290 – 296, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Collagen type IV, Fibronectin, Laminin 1, Laminin 5, Odontogenic cysts. 

Abstract : OBJECTIVE: To compare the expression of basement membrane components (BMCs), 

including laminins 1 and 5, collagen type IV, and fibronectin in odontogenic keratocysts 

(OKCs) with dentigerous cysts (DCs) and radicular cysts (RCs). MATERIALS AND 

METHODS: Basement membrane components were analysed in 20 OKCs, 20 DCs 

and 20 RCs using an immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS: Odontogenic 

keratocysts, DCs and RCs showed positive reaction to all BMCs studied, with different 

distributions and intensity. OKCs showed continuous linear deposits for laminins 1 

and 5 but two staining patterns (continuous and discontinuous) for collagen type IV 

and fibronectin. DCs exhibited continuous linear deposits for laminins 1 and 5 and 

collagen type IV but a discontinuous linear deposit for fibronectin. RCs displayed 

similar results to DCs for laminin 1, collagen type IV and fibronectin. Laminin 5 in 

RCs had two staining patterns. Constant results in all cysts were strong intensity for 

laminin 1 and moderate intensity for laminin 5. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial 

differences in the expression of BMCs among studied cysts were not observed, 

suggesting that the separation of the epithelial lining in OKCs is not associated with 

the existence of these proteins.


No.718 

Author(s) : Poomsawat S, Vejchapipat P, Punyasingh J. 

Title : The extracellular matrix proteins of odontogenic tumours. 

Source : Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 35 (7): 420 – 421 219, 2006 (Aug). 




No.719 

Author(s) : Poon LLM, Wong BWY, Ma EHT, Chan KH, Chow LMC, Abeyewickreme W, 

Tangpukdee N, Yuen KY, Guan Y, Looareesuwan S, Peiris JSM. 

Title : Sensitive and inexpensive molecular test for falciparum malaria: Detecting Plasmodium 

falciparum DNA directly from heat – treated blood by loop – mediated isothermal 

amplification. 

Source : Clinical Chemistry. 52 (2): 303 – 306, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Parasites, Canada. 

Abstract : Background: Malaria is one of the most important parasitic infections in humans. A 

sensitive diagnostic test for malaria that could be applied at the community level 

could be useful in programs to control the disease. The aim of the present work was 

to develop a simple, inexpensive molecular test for Plasmodium falciparum. Methods: 

Blood was collected from controls (n = 100) and from patients diagnosed with 

falciparum malaria infection (n = 102), who were recruited to the study. Heat – 

treated blood samples were tested by a loop – mediated isothermal amplification 

(LAMP) assay for P. falciparum. Results were interpreted by a turbidity meter in real 

time or visually at the end of the assay. To evaluate the assay, DNA from these 

samples was purified and tested by PCR. Results from the LAMP and PCR assays 

were compared. Results: The LAMP assay detected P. falciparum directly from heat 

– treated blood. The quantitative data from the assay correlated to the parasite 

counts obtained by blood – film microscopic analyses. When we used the PCR assay as 

the comparison method, the sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP assay were 95% 

and 99%, respectively. Conclusions: Unlike PCR, the LAMP assay does not require 

purified DNA for efficient DNA amplification, thereby reducing the cost and turnaround 

time for P. falciparum diagnosis. The assay requires only basic instruments, and 

assay positivity can be verified by visual inspection. 

No.720 

Author(s) : Poonyathalang A, Preechawat P, Laothammatat J, Charuratana O. 

Title : Four recti enlargement at orbital apex and thyroid associated optic neuropathy. 



Keywords : Four – leaf – clover, Four – recti, Optic – neuropathy, Thyroid. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the site of muscle enlargement in thyroid – associated 

ophthalmopathy and optic neuropathy in Ramathibodi Hospital. Material and Method: 

Data and images of MRI and CT of patients with thyroid – associated ophthalmopathy 

were retrospectively reviewed. Neuro – ophthalmologic data and correlation to the 

imaging findings were analyzed. Results: Among 19 patients with thyroid – associated 

ophthalmopathy, 20 imaging studies were collected. There were 4 patients with 

bilateral disease and crowdedness of 4 recti muscle. All of them had thyroid associated 

optic neuropathy. One out of 19 patients underwent two different sessions study. 

During her first study, right optic nerve was involved with the crowding of right optic 

nerve but 7 months later her left optic nerve became involved with crowding of the 

left optic nerve and the right 4 recti appeared smaller. Conclusion: Four recti muscle 

enlargement in thyroid – associated ophthalmopathy, like four – leaf clover in coronal 

section of imaging study, may be an important sign of thyroid associated optic 

neuropathy. 

No.721 

Author(s) : Pornchai R, Toskulkao T, Vatanatunyakum S, Sanvarinda Y, Govitrapong P. 

Title : Reduced opioid receptor number in lymphocytes of heroin users. 

Source : Journal of Nerochemistry. 98 (Suppl.1): 32 – 32, 2006 (Jul). 




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No.722 

Author(s) : Pornprasert S, Faye A, Mary JY, Dolcini G, Leechanachai P, Chaouat G, Ngo N, 

Barre – Sinoussi F, Menu E. 

Title : Down modulation of TNF – alpha mRNA placental expression by AZT used for the 

prevention of HIV – 1 mother – to – child transmission. 

Source : Placenta. 27 (9 – 10): 989 – 995, 2006 (Sep – Oct). 


Keywords : AZT, HIV – 1, Histoculture, Placental cytokine expression, Mother – to – child 

transmission, Prevention. 

Abstract : Mechanisms of HIV – 1 in utero mother – to – child transmission (MTCT) protection 

provided by AZT are not completely understood. The placental cytokine network is 

involved in the control of HIV – 1 in utero transmission but the effect of AZT on this 

network is unknown. To evaluate the effects of AZT on placental cytokine expression, 

the chorionic villi from HIV – 1 uninfected women term placentae were cultured with 

0, 100, and 2000 ng/ml AZT. Tissue fragments were harvested at days 1, 4, and 7 to 

determine the level of cytokine mRNA by real – time RT – PCR. The viability and 

morphology of the placental histocultures were monitored by the expression of beta 

– human chorionic gonadotropin (beta – hCG) gene, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 

activation, and microscopic examination. AZT at 2000 ng/ml significantly down – 

regulated TNF – alpha mRNA expression at day I and day 4, but had no effect on beta 

– hCG, stromal cell – derived factor 1 (SDF – 1), and IL – 10 gene expression. AZT did 

not induce any deleterious impact on placental tissue structure. Furthermore, 

activation of chorionic villi by LPS for 24 h up – regulated IL – 10 and TNF – alpha 

mRNA expression. Down – regulation of TNF – a mRNA could represent a mechanism 

through which AZT can decrease the risk of HIV – 1 MTCT, in addition to its direct 

effect on HIV – 1 replication. 

No.723 

Author(s) : Pornprasertsuk – Damrongsri S, Thanakun S. 

Title : Carotid artery calcification detected on panoramic radiographs in a group of Thai 

population. 

Source : Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontics. 



Keywords : Accelerated atherosclerosis, Triticeous cartilage, Vascular risk, Stroke, Atheromas, 

Identification, Phleboliths, Prevalence, AID. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence of carotid artery calcification (CAC) detected 

on panoramic radiographs in a Thai population. Study design. The panoramic 

radiographs of the patients 50 and older (N = 1,370) visiting Mahidol University from 

January 1998 through September 2004 were retrospectively reviewed for CAC. The 

medical records of the positive subjects were then reviewed. Results: Thirty – four 

(2.5%) of the 1,370 patients, 16 men and 18 women, with a mean age of 69 and a range 

of 50 to 87 years, had 1 or more CACs. These calcifications were unilateral in 25 

(73.5%) and bilateral in 9 (26.5%) subjects. Of those positive subjects, 18 reported 

hypertension, 10 reported diabetes mellitus, and 5 reported hyperlipidemia. 

Conclusions: Although it is uncommon to find CAC in the Thai population, dentists 

should be aware of this calcification on the routine panoramic radiographs and promptly 

refer for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular evaluation. 

No.724 

Author(s) : Pornsuriyasak P, Suwatanapongched T, Wangsuppasawad N, 

Ngodngamthaweesuk M, Angchaisuksiri P. 

Title : Massive hemothorax in a beta – thalassemic patient due to spontaneous rupture of 

extramedullary hematopoietic masses: Diagnosis and successful treatment. 

Source : Respiratory Care. 51 (3): 272 – 276, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Spontaneous hemothorax, Beta thalassemia. 

Abstract : Intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis is an unusual but well – described entity. 

The condition is typically found in patients who have chronic hemolytic anemias, 

especially thalassemia. We report a case of a 38 – year – old man with underlying beta 

thalassemia/hemoglobin E who developed intrathoiracic extramedullary 

hematopoiesis. The hematopoietic masses spontaneously ruptured, resulting in 

massive hemothorax. The condition was confirmed by video – assisted thoracoscopy 

and successfully treated with surgery, hydroxyurea, and radiation. 

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No.725 

Author(s) : Porntip S, Sirinthorn P, Auratai A, Krongtong Y, Payong W, Yukolporn S, Yupin S. 

Title : Neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum in human neuroblastoma SH – 

SY5Ycells. 





No.726 

Author(s) : Pornwiroon S, Kunathikom S, Makemaharn O, Huanaraj R. 

Title : Vitrification of mouse oocyte using open pulled straws compared with needles. 



Keywords : Fertilization rate, Mouse oocytes, Needles, Oocyte vitrification, Open pulled straws, 

Survival rate. 

Abstract : Objective: To compare the survival rate of mouse oocytes and fertilization rate between 

using open pulled straws (OPS) and needles for vitrification. Material and Method: 

Meiosis II oocytes from female C57B/6J mice aged 7 – 8 weeks were collected and 

allocated to two groups for vitrification by using OPS or needles. Vitrified oocytes 

were thawed, morphological survival and fertilization rate were examined. Results: 

There was no obvious difference between the morphological survival rates of vitrified 

mouse oocytes using OPS and needles (66.7% vs 64.8%). Proportions Difference 1.9% 

(95%CI – 7.1, 10.7). The vitrified oocytes from the needle had significantly higher 

percentages of fertilization rate than OPS (76.8% vs 62.5%). Proportions Difference – 

14.3% (95%CI – 24.5, – 3.6). Conclusion: Vitrification method of mouse oocytes using 

needles when compared to OPS provides a similar morphological survival rate and 

higher fertilization rate. 

No.727 

Author(s) : Pothitirat W, Gritsanapan W. 

Title : Variation of bioactive components in Curcuma longa in Thailand. 

Source : Current Science. 91 (10): 1397 – 1400, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Curcuma longa, Curcuminoid content, Turmeric oil, Thailand. 

Abstract : Curcuma longa L. (turmeric) is a popular medicinal herb of Thailand as a spice and a 

colouring agent. Medicinal uses of the rhizome arise from volatile oil as a carminative 

and for antifungal activity, and yellow curcuminoids for anti – oxidative and anti – 

inflammatory properties. In Thailand, C longa is mainly used in forms of capsules/ 

tablets of turmeric powder for herbal medicine, while its extract is popularly used in 

herbal cosmetics. Thus quality assessment of this plant needs to be controlled for the 

limits of volatile oil and total. curcuminoids contents. This study was undertaken – to 

evaluate the contents of essential oil and total curcuminoids in dried powder of C. 

longa rhizome collected from 13 locations from North, Northeast, Central and South 

Thailand during January to April 2005. The highest content (8.20 +/– 1.66% v/w) of 

essential oil was found in samples from the North where the climate is cool, while the 

lowest oil content (7.00 +/– 0.00% v/w) was found in samples from the South where it 

rains all year. In contrast, the highest total curcuminoids content (8.99 +/– 0.83% w/ 

w) was found in the southern samples while the lowest content (4.80 +/– 1.83% w/w) 

was found in the northern samples. The total curcuminoids in all samples was found 

in the limit of 3.07 +/– 0.09 to 9.58 +/– 0.20% dry weight. The average of volatile oil 

content was found to be 7.77 +/– 1.20% w/w, while the average of total curcuminoids 

content was found to be 6.24 +/– 1.95% w/w. This information will be useful as a 

guidance for standardization of C longa powder and the extracts, and finding sources 

of good quality of C longa in Thailand. 

No.728 

Author(s) : Potivichayanon S, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M. 

Title : Hydrogen sulfide removal by a novel fixed – film bioscrubber system. 

Source : Process Biochemistry. 41 (3): 708 – 715, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Hydrogen sulfide, Fixed – film bioscrubber, Acinetobacter sp MU1_03, Alcaligenes 

faecalis MU2_03, Mixed culture, Removal efficiency. 

Abstract : The fixed – film bioscrubber was developed for hydrogen sulfide removal. 

Acinetobacter sp. MU1_03 and Alcaligenes faecalis MU2_03 are two new strains of 

microorganisms from the fixed – film bioscrubber systems found. Under certain 

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260 

conditions, they exhibited more than 91% of hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency 

while a mixture of the two strains was capable of 98% hydrogen sulfide removal. 

Removal efficiency increased with decreasing inlet gas flow rates, increasing the 

height of packing and empty bed retention time. During the operation, the pH 

decreased but did not fall below 6.4. Sulfate production increased when the removal 

efficiency increased due to the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfate. In addition, 

dissolved oxygen decreased during the same reaction. 

No.729 

Author(s) : Poungvarin N, Suwanwela N, Venketasubramanian N, Wong LKS, Navarro JC, 

Bitanga E, Byung WY, Chang HM, Alam SM. 

Title : Grave prognosis on spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: GP on stage score. 



Keywords : Cerebral haemorrhage, Cerebrovascular disease, Intracerebral haemorrhage, 

Prognostic cerebral haemorrhage score, Stroke. 

Abstract : Background and Objective: Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is more 

common in Asia than in western countries, and has a high mortality rate. A simple 

prognostic score for predicting grave prognosis of ICH is lacking. Our objective was to 

develop a simple and reliable score for most physicians. Material and Method: ICH 

patients from seven Asian countries were enrolled between May 2000 and April 2002 

for a prospective study. Clinical features such as headache and vomiting, vascular 

risk factors, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), body temperature (BT), blood pressure on 

arrival, location and size of haematoma, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), 

hydrocephalus, need for surgical treatment, medical treatment, length of hospital 

stay and other complications were analyzed to determine the outcome using a modified 

Rankin scale (MRS). Grave prognosis (defined as MRS of 5 – 6) was judged on the 

discharge date. Results: 995 patients, mean age 59.5 14.3 years were analyzed, after 

exclusion of incomplete data in 87 patients. 402 patients (40.4%) were in the grave 

prognosis group (MRS 5 – 6). Univariable analysis and then multivariable analysis 

showed only four statistically significant predictors for grave outcome of ICH. They 

were fever (BTe•37.8 c), low GCS, large haematoma and IVH. The grave prognosis 

on spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (GP on STAGE) score was derived from 

these four factors using a multiple logistic model. Conclusion: A simple and pragmatic 

prognostic score for ICH outcome has been developed with high sensitivity (82%) and 

specificity (82%). Furthermore, it can be administered by most general practitioners. 

Validation in other populations is now required. 

No.730 

Author(s) : Prabhasawat P, Tesavibul N, Leelapatranura K, Phonjan T. 

Title : Efficacy of subconjunctival 5 – fluorouracil and triamcinolone injection in impending 

recurrent pterygium. 

Source : Ophthalmology. 113 (7): 1102 – 1109, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Intraoperative mitomycin – C, Glaucoma filtering surgery, Conjunctival autograft, 

Follow – up, Eye drops, Fibroblast proliferation, Capsule fibroblast, Randomized – 

trial, Excision, Fluorouracil. 

Abstract : Objective: To study the efficacy of subconjunctival 5 – fluorouracil (5 – FU) and 

triamcinolone injection in halting the progression of impending recurrent pterygium. 

Design: Randomized, prospective, controlled clinical trial. Participants: One hundred 

nine patients who had undergone pterygium excision within the previous 6 months 

and developed grade 3 characteristics (impending recurrent pterygium). Methods: A 

total of 109 eyes with impending recurrent pterygium were stratified randomly into 

3 groups by treatment: 35 eyes served as the control group, 39 eyes received a 5 – mg 

intralesional injection of 5 – FU weekly for 2 weeks, and 35 eyes received one 20 – mg 

intralesional injection of triamcinolone. All groups received 1% prednisolone acetate 

eye drops 4 times daily for 8 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: Recurrence rate, 

success rate, and survival analysis were compared among the groups. Results: With 

a mean follow – up time of 10.9 +/– 5.5 months (range, 6 – 26 months), the success 

rates of the 5 – fluorouracil and triamcinolone groups were higher than the control 

group (87.2%, 71.4%, and 48.6%, respectively). 5 – fluorouracil was significantly (P = 

0.001) more effective in inhibiting the recurrence of pterygium compared with the 

control group at all time points during follow – up. Kaplan – Meier survival analysis 

showed that the recurrence – free period of pterygium in the 5 – FU group was 

significantly (P = 0.005) longer than that of the control group but not in the


triamcinolone group compared with the controls (P = 0.063). There was no significant 

difference between the 5 – FU group and the triamcinolone group (P = 0.362). Minimal 

reversible complications such as steroid – induced glaucoma and superficial punctate 

epitheliopathy developed during the study. Conclusions: Intralesional injection of 5 – 

FU and triamcinolone was more effective in inhibiting the recurrence of pterygium 

than topical steroid alone, with the results in the 5 – FU group reaching statistical 

significance. 

No.731 

Author(s) : Prabriputaloong T, Margolis TP, Lietman TM, Wong IG, Mather R, Gritz DC. 

Title : Atopic disease and herpes simplex eye disease: A population – based case – control 

study. 

Source : American Journal of Ophthalmology. 142 (5): 745 – 749, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Eczema herpeticum, Hay – fever, Adults, Dermatitis, Infections, Keratitis, Features, 

Asthma. 

Abstract : Purpose: To determine whether atopy is associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) 

ocular disease. Design: Retrospective, population, based, case – control study. Method: 

Setting: Large, regional health maintenance organization (Northern California Kaiser 

Permanente). Study Population: 1,042,351 people over a one – year period. 

ObservatuonProcedures: Electronic database search for HSV ocular disease and 

subsequent chart review determined study eligibility. Two age, matched control groups 

(one population – based and one clinic, based) were randomly chosen. Medical record 

re, view determined the presence of atopy. Severe atopic disease was defined by 

diagnostic code or illness requiring an emergency room visit, hospitalization, or 

treatment with a systemic corticosteroid. Main Outcome Measures: Presence of HSV 

eye disease, presence of atopy, and characterization of atopy severity. Results: HSV 

eye disease was found in 172 patients. HSV cases had a greater prevalence of atopy 

(34%, 58/172) than the clinic – based (25%, 43/172) or the population,based controls 

(21%, 36/172, odds ratio (OR) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.9 to 2.6 and OR 1.9, 

95%,CI 1.1 to 3.3, respectively). The association of HSV ocular disease with severe 

atopy was even greater, with a history of severe atopic disease in 13% (22/172) of 

patients with HSV ocular disease as compared with 6% (11/172) of patients in the 

clinic control group and 3% (5/172) of patients in the population control group (OR 

2.0, 95%CI 0.7 to 5.9 and OR 4.8, 95%CI 1.6 to 19.2, respectively). Conclusions: Patients 

with HSV ocular disease are more likely to have a history of atopic disease, especially 

severe atopic disease, than age – matched controls. 

No.732 

Author(s) : Prachasilpchai N, Russameecharoen K, Borriboonhirunsarn D. 

Title : Success rate of second – trimester termination of pregnancy using misoprostol. 



Keywords : Misoprostol, Second trimester termination. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and maternal side effects of misoprostol usage for 

second trimester termination in Siriraj Hospital. Study design: Descriptive cross 

sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine 

Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Material and Method: The medical records of 94 

pregnant women, between 14 – 28 weeks of gestation, who were admitted for medical 

termination of pregnancy, were reviewed. Each patient received 400 %g of misoprostol 

vaginally every 12 hours as recommended by RTCOG for termination of pregnancy. 

Main outcome measures included success rate of abortion within 48 hours, induction 

to abortion interval and maternal side effects. Results: The success rate of abortion 

within 48 hours was 89.46%. Mean induction to abortion interval was 22.1 hours. The 

most common maternal side effect was fever (24.5%). The rate of incomplete abortion 

was 28.6% of successful cases. No factor, including age, parity and viability of fetus 

affected the success rate significantly. No serious maternal complication was detected. 

Conclusion: Misoprostol 400 %g vaginally every 12 hours can be used effectively and 

safely for second trimester pregnancy termination. 

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No.733 

Author(s) : Prachayasittikul V, Ljung S, Isarankura – Na – Ayudhya C, Bulow L. 

Title : NAD(H) recycling activity of an engineered bifunctional enzyme galactose 

dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase. 

Source : International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2 (1): 10 – 16, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Chimeric bifunctional enzyme, Galactose dehydrogenase, Lactate dehydrogenase, 

NAD recycling, Substrate channeling. 

Abstract : A chimeric bifunctional enzyme composing of galactose dehydrogenase (galDH; from 

Pseudomonas fluorescens) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; from Bacillus 

stearothermophilus) was successfully constructed. The chimeric galDH/LDH 

possessed dual characteristics of both galactose dehydrogenase and lactate 

dehydrogenase activities while exhibiting hexameric rearrangement with a molecular 

weight of approximately 400 kDa. In vitro observations showed that the chimeric 

enzyme was able to recycle NAD with a continuous production of lactate without any 

externally added NADH. Two fold higher recycling rate (0.3 mM/h) than that of the 

native enzyme was observed at pH values above 8.5. Proximity effects became especially 

pronounced during the recycling assay when diffusion hindrance was induced by 

polyethylene glycol. All these findings open up a high feasibility to apply the NAD(H) 

recycling system for metabolic engineering purposes e.g. as a model to gain a better 

understanding on the molecular proximity process and as the routes for synthesizing 

of numerous high – value – added compounds. 

No.734 

Author(s) : Prachyawarakorn V, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Pyranocoumarins from the twigs of Mammea siamensis. 

Source : Phytochemistry. 67 (9): 924 – 928, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Mammea siamensis, Clusiaceae, Pyranocoumarin. 

Abstract : Four unusual pyranocoumarins (1 – 4) have been isolated from the dried twigs of M. 

siamensis. The structures were determined by spectroscopic data, especially 1D and 

2D NMR experiments. 

No.735 

Author(s) : Prachyawarakorn V, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Siamenols A – D, four new coumarins from Mammea siamensis. 

Source : Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 54 (6): 884 – 886, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Mammea siamensis, Clusiaccae, Coumarin, Xanthone, Alcohol absolute 

stereochemistry. 

Abstract : Further investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the twigs of Mammea siamensis 

led to the isolation of four novel coumarins, named siamenols A – D (1 – 4) together 

with three known xanthones. The structures of the new coumarins were elucidated 

by spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR spectroscopic data. In addition, the 

absolute stereochemistry of hydroxyl group of siamenol C (3) was determined to be S 

configuration by using modified Mosher’s method. 

No.736 

Author(s) : Prammananan T, Phunpruch S, Tingtoy N, Srimuang S, Chaiprasert A. 

Title : Distribution of hsp65 PCR – restriction enzyme analysis patterns among mycobacterium 

avium complex isolates in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (10): 3819 – 3821, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Polymerase – chain – reaction, Rapid identification, Species level, AIDS, Intracellulare, 

Infections, Virulence, Strains, Gene. 

Abstract : A total of 227 clinical Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from Thailand were 

differentiated into species and types by using PCR – restriction enzyme analysis of 

hsp65. The distribution of types showed the predominance of M. avium 1 (77%) in 

blood specimens, whereas M. intracellulare I was more commonly found in pulmonary 

specimens (44.2%). In addition, infections with M. avium were more likely to be found 

in younger adults (20 to 39 years old), while infections with M. intracellulare were 

more likely to be found in older adults (>= 60 years old). Our results provide the 

useful epidemiological information that some particular types have more invasive 

and virulent characters than others. 

262


No.737 

Author(s) : Prapphal N, Suwanjutha S, Durongkaveroj P, Lochindarat S, Kunakorn M, 

Deerojanawong J, Chantarojanasiri T, Supanitayaonon Y, Janedittakarn P. 

Title : Prevalence and clinical presentations of atypical pathogens infection in community 

acquired pneumonia in Thailand. 



Keywords : Atypical pathogens, Clinical, Pneumonia, Prevalence. 

Abstract : Objectives: To determine the prevalence of atypical pneumonia and clinical 

presentations in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Material and 

Method: A prospective multi – centered study was performed in patients aged e•2 

years with the diagnosis of CAP who were treated at seven governmental hospitals in 

Bangkok from December 2001 to November 2002. The diagnosis of current infection 

was based on e•4 fold rise in antibody sera or persistently high antibody titers together 

with the presence of DNA of M.pneumoniae or C.pneumoniae in respiratory secretion 

or antigen of L. pneumophila in the urine. Clinical presentations were compared 

between patients with atypical pneumonia and unspecified pneumonia. Results: Of 

292 patients, 18.8% had current infection with atypical respiratory pathogens (M. 

pneumoniae 14.0%, C.pneumoniae 3.4%, L.pneumophila 0.4% and mixed infection 

1.0%). Only age at presentation was significantly associated with atypical pneumonia 

in adults, while absence of dyspnea, lobar consolidation, and age e•5 years were 

significant findings for atypical pneumonia in children. Conclusion: The present study 

confirms the significance of atypical pathogens in adults and children. Moreover, 

lobar consolidation is likely to predict atypical pneumonia in childhood CAP. 

No.738 

Author(s) : Prasopkittikun T, Tilokskulchai F. 

Title : The revised infant temperament questionnaire: Translation and psychometric testing 

for use in a Thai population. 

Source : Asian Journal of Nursing. 9 (2): 84 – 91, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Infant, Instrumentation, Temperament, Thailand. 

Abstract : Aim: To assess the applicability of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire to 

a Thai population. Methods: The Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire was 

back – translated into Thai. The questionnaire was used for psychometric testing for 

530 Thai mothers and their 4 – to 11 – month – old infants. Results: Alpha coefficients 

for the 9 traits ranged from 0.20 to 0.52, and test – retest reliabilities ranged from 0.37 

to 0.71. All reliabilities were compared to those reported in the original study from 

the United States and those from other countries. The reliabilities compared with 

previous studies were modest. Multicollinearity among temperament traits was also 

found in the present and previous studies. Conclusions: Due to its psychometric 

weaknesses, the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire was not suitable for 

use in the Thai population. Development of new temperament scale for Thai infants 

is encouraged. 

No.739 

Author(s) : Prasopkittikun T, Tilokskulchai F, Sinsuksai N, Sitthimongkol Y. 

Title : Self – efficacy in Infant Care Scale: Development and psychometric testing. 

Source : Nursing & Health Sciences. 8 (1): 44 – 50, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Care, Instrument development, Psychometric testing, Self – efficacy, Infant care. 

Abstract : The Self – Efficacy in Infant Care Scale (SICS) is a self – administered measure to 

assess maternal judgments about the ability to care for the baby during the first year 

of life. The SICS was initially composed of 67 items and was tested on 397 Thai 

mothers with infants < 12 months old. The test demonstrated adequate internal 

consistency and test – retest reliability. Factor analysis yielded 42 items with five 

dimensions of self – efficacy in infant care. With an acceptable model fit using 

confirmatory factor analysis, a final version of the SICS contained 40 items with four 

dimensions of self – efficacy in infant care: developmental promotion, general health 

care, safety, and diet. This preliminary test for the psychometric properties revealed 

that the SICS has potential uses for both research and clinical purposes. However, 

the model selected must be viewed as tentative; further refinement is suggested. 

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No.740 

Author(s) : Prathanee B, Dechongkit S, Manochiopinig S. 

Title : Development of community – based speech therapy model: For children with cleft lip/ 

palate in Northeast Thailand. 



Keywords : Cleft lip/palate, Community base, Speech therapy model. 

Abstract : Background: Surgical treatment can reduce disfigurement for children born with 

cleft lip/palate, however, most children are left with speech and language problems. 

This creates a new problem as speech and language services is limited. Objective: To 

combine the principles of Community – Based Rehabilitation (CBR), Primary Health 

Care (PHC) and institutional medical approaches for reaching and treating speech 

disordered children with cleft lip and/or palate in remote area. Material and Method: 

The authors conducted the study from participatory workshops for development of a 

Community – Based Model. Results: Community – Based Speech Therapy Model for 

children with cleft lip/ palate was established based on healthcare system. Conclusion: 

Model can be implemented among children with cleft lip/palate for further process in 

Northeast and other areas of Thailand as well as developing countries where there is 

a limitation of speech therapy. 

No.741 

Author(s) : Prathanee B, Thinkhamrop B, Dechongkit S. 

Title : Specific language impairment: Effect on later language development: A literature 

review. 



Keywords : Language development, Later language development, Risk, Specific language 

impairment. 

Abstract : Background: Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are at considerable 

risk for later language development. However, there has not been a good literature 

review to provide understanding and to get information relative to parental counseling 

and decision making for further management. Objective: To summarize the literature 

review on SLI and effect on later language development. Material and Method: 

Longitudinal studies were systematically explored to seek evidence – based information 

to confirm the lasting effect of SLI in later language development. Results: Natural 

history data indicated that approximately 50% of children with specific expressive 

language delay spontaneously remitted or outgrew it at age 5 – 8. However, long – 

term follow – up studies showed their language problems emerged later at age 15. 

The rest of the children’s (50%), language impairment persisted and had a high risk 

for SLI later. Conclusion: The results suggest that active intervention should be 

performed as soon as possible for children with persisting SLI. 

No.742 

Author(s) : Pratipanawatr T, Rawdaree P, Chetthakul T, Bunnag P, Ngarmukos C, 

Benjasuratwong Y, Leelawatana R, Kosachunhanun N, Plengvidhya N, 

Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, Krittiyawong S, Mongkolsomlit S, Komoltri 

C. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry Project: Current status of dyslipidemia in Thai diabetic 

patients. 



Keywords : Diabetes, Diabetes registry, Dyslipidemia, Lipid lowering agents. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in adult Thai type 2 diabetes 

who attended diabetes clinics in university and tertiary – care hospitals. Material and 

Method: A cross – sectional, multi – center, hospital – based diabetes registry was 

conducted in 11 diabetic clinics in tertiary medical centers in Bangkok and major 

provinces between April and December, 2003. A group of 9,419 diabetic patients were 

registered. Individual Demographic data including education and socioeconomic status 

were collected. The results of the physical examination for complications, history 

screening and laboratory results were recorded. The prevalence of the various 

complications of diabetes was analyzed and the percentage achievement of metabolic 

control calculated. Results: Of the 9,419 diabetic patients registered 8,769 had complete 

demographic and plasma lipid data. Mean age was 59.5 13.3 years. The percentage of 

male patients was 33.9%. In the present study, there were 8464 type 2 diabetes and 

383 type 1 diabetes. History of coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease 

264


were present in 8.1 and 4.2 percent of the patients, respectively. More than 80% of 

the patients had dyslipidemia. The patients with CVD had higher proportion of 

achieving the LDL target (< 100 mg/dl, 43 vs 34%). More than half of the patients 

(55%) were taking lipid lowering medications, but onethird (30%) did not despite 

having fulfilled indications. The patients covered by government supported health 

plan were less likely to received lipid – lowering medication than the patients covered 

by private health plans (OR 0.65, 95%CI 0.57 – 0.75). The two most commonly used 

lipid – lowering agents were HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (76%) and fibrates (19%), 

both agents were used in combination in 5% of the patients. Only 40.1% of the 

patients on lipid – lowering medications reached the target LDL goal (


No.745 

Author(s) : Preechawat P, Wongwatthana P, Poonyathalang A, Chusattayanond A. 

Title : Orbital apex syndrome from gnathostomiasis. 

Source : Journal of Neuro – Ophthalmology. 26 (3): 184 – 186, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Spinigerum, Immunodiagnosis, Thailand, Antigen. 

Abstract : A 16 – year – old Thai girl presented with acute unilateral visual loss, proptosis, and 

ophthalmoparesis. CT demonstrated thickening and enhancement of orbital tissues 

including the orbital apex. A history of consumption of raw fish, together with the 

findings of cutaneous migratory swelling and eosinophilia, made the diagnosis of 

gnathostomiasis likely. Her serum was positive for Gnathostoma spinigerum using 

an immunoblotting technique. Parasites removed from the skin lesions revealed the 

typical head bulbs with 4 circumferential rows of hooklets and fine cuticular spines 

on their surface. Treatment with an antihelminthic and systemic corticosteroids led 

to resolution of orbital inflammation but left a persistent optic neuropathy marked by 

nerve fiber bundle visual field loss with normal visual acuity. Gnathostomiasis should 

be suspected in patients with an orbital apex syndrome who live or travel in an 

endemic area, have eaten raw fish, and develop a migratory skin rash. 

No.746 

Author(s) : Preutthipan S, Herabutya Y. 

Title : A randomized comparison of vaginal misoprostol and dinoprostone for cervical priming 

in nulliparous women before operative hysteroscopy. 

Source : Fertility and Sterility. 86 (4): 990 – 994, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Cervical priming, Operative hysteroscopy, Hysteroscopic surgery, Misoprostol, 

Dinoprostone. 

Abstract : Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of vaginal misoprostol with 

dinoprostone for cervical priming before operative hysteroscopy and to assess the 

cervicouterine complications related to cervical dilatation and hysteroscopic surgery. 

Design: A prospective randomized study. Setting: Tertiary university hospital. 

Patient(s): Three hundred ten nulliparous women with definate intrauterine lesions. 

Intervention(s): Hysteroscopic surgery of intrauterine lesions. Main Outcome 

Measure(s): Cervical response, outcome, complications of hysteroscopic surgery, and 

side effects of both drugs. Result(s): Among the 310 patients recruited, 152 were 

randomized to the vaginal misoprostol group and 158 to the dinoprostone group. 

Mean cervical dilatation, cervical dilatation rate, and mean time for cervical dilatation 

to Hegar 9 were significantly different between the misoprostol group (7.4 +/– 0.8 

mm, 70.4%, and 39.5 +/– 18.8 seconds, respectively) and the dinoprostone group (7.0 

+/– 0.9 mm, 80.4%, and 43.6 +/– 17.1 seconds, respectively). Cervical tearing during 

hysteroscopic surgery occurred in 3 patients (2.0%) in the misoprostol group and in 12 

patients (7.6%) in the dinoprostone group. There were more side effects in the 

misoprostol group. The significant difference of side effects between the two groups 

were abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and feeling feverish, which occurred in 36.2%, 

29.6% and 7.2% in the misoprostol group compared to 21.5%, 16.5%, and 1.3%, 

respectively, in the dinoprostone group. Conclusion(s): Vaginal misoprostol is more 

effective than dinoprostone for cervical priming in nulliparous women, before 

hysteroscopic surgery. Although more side effects occurred in the misoprostol – 

treated patients, they were mild. We suggest using vagina misoprostol for cervical 

priming instead of dinoprostone. 

No.747 

Author(s) : Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, 

Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJC, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F. 

Title : Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to 

artemether – lumefantrine in multidrug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 42 (11): 1570 – 1577, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : PFMDR1 gene, Western border, Mefloquine resistance, Artesunate – Mefloquine, 

Increased sensitivity, In – vivo, Thailand, Pharmacokinetics, Benflumetol, 

Chloroquine. 

Abstract : Background. Our study examined the relative contributions of host, pharmacokinetic, 

and parasitological factors in determining the therapeutic response to artemether – 

lumefantrine (AL). Methods: On the northwest border of Thailand, patients with 

uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were enrolled in prospective studies 

266


of AL treatment (4 – or 6 – dose regimens) and followed up for 42 days. Plasma 

lumefantrine concentrations were measured by high performance liquid 

chromatography; malaria parasite pfmdr1 copy number was quantified using a real – 

time polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR), and in vitro drug susceptibility was 

tested. Results: All treatments resulted in a rapid clinical response and were well 

tolerated. PCR – corrected failure rates at day 42 were 13% (95% confidence interval 

[CI], 9.6% – 17%) for the 4 – dose regimen and 3.2% (95%CI, 1.8% – 4.6%) for the 6 – 

dose regimen. Increased pfmdr1 copy number was associated with a 2 – fold (95%CI, 

1.8 – 2.4 – fold) increase in lumefantrine inhibitory concentration(50) (P = .001) and 

an adjusted hazard ratio for risk of treatment failure following completion of a 4 – 

dose regimen, but not a 6 – dose regimen, of 4.0 (95%CI, 1.4 – 11; P = .008). Patients 

who had lumefantrine levels below 175 ng/mL on day 7 were more likely to experience 

recrudescence by day 42 (adjusted hazard ratio, 17; 95%CI, 5.5 – 53), allowing prediction 

of treatment failure with 75% sensitivity and 84% specificity. The 6 – dose regimen 

ensured that therapeutic levels were achieved in 91% of treated patients. Conclusions: 

The lumefantrine plasma concentration profile is the main determinant of efficacy of 

artemether – lumefantrine. Amplification in pfmdr1 determines lumefantrine 

susceptibility and, therefore, treatment responses when plasma lumefantrine levels 

are subtherapeutic. 

No.748 

Author(s) : Prohmmo A, Cook LA, Murdoch DR. 

Title : Childhood diarrhoea in a district in northeast Thailand: Incidence and treatment 

choices. 



Keywords : Diarrhoea, Children, Thailand, Incidence, Treatment choices. 

Abstract : Diarrhoeal disease is a major public health problem in Thailand. We collected 

information on childhood diarrhoea from a district in northeast Thailand, using various 

approaches which focus on both consumers and providers. The overall incidence of 

diarrhoea in the study area was 2.1 episodes per child per 12 months, with children 

under two years of age having a higher rate at 3.0 episodes per child per 12 months. 

Many episodes were not recognized as diarrhoeal episodes by caregivers, and treatment 

was sought in just over half of all episodes. Although children received an average of 

2.4 items of medicine per episode, there was relatively low use of oral rehydration 

solutions. This study highlights the importance of assessing local beliefs when collecting 

data on diarrhoeal diseases in children, and the importance of continuing efforts to 

improve public health education on the management of diarrhoeal diseases. 

No.749 

Author(s) : Promso S, Srichunrusami C, Utid K, Lulitanond V, Pairoj W, Chantratita W. 

Title : Quantitative detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV – 1) viral load 

by real – time RT – PCR assay using self – quenched fluorogenic primers 


37 (3): 477 – 487, 2006. 



Abstract : HIV – 1 viral load is a basic marker to evaluate the severity of HIV – 1 related diseases 

and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. A method based on real – time RT – 

PCR technology has been developed to quantify HIV – 1 RNA using self – quenched 

fluorogenic primers known as LUX primers. They were used in this study to recognize 

a low variable gag region of subtype E and B consensus sequences. Specificity was 

verified by amplicon melting temperatures. An external standard curve was 

constructed with 10 fold serial dilutions of synthetic HIV – gag RNA. A broad range 

linear relationship (10 to 106 copies/ml) was observed between the number of PCR 

cycles needed to detect a fluorescent signal and the number of RNA copies. The intra 

– and inter – assay coefficients of variation were 0.72 to 2.54% and 3.14 to 8.83%, 

respectively, thus indicating good reproducibility. Thirty out of fifty HIV – infected 

individual plasma samples were quantified by this method and compared with the 

AMPLICOR HIV – 1 Monitor assay, which is widely considered the reference 

technique for HIV – RNA viral load measurement. The results indicate that the 

AMPLICOR HIV – 1 Monitor assay and real – time RT – PCR using LUX primers 

are in good agreement (mean difference in log 10 copies/ml 2 standard deviations = 

0.21 1.34). 

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No.750 

Author(s) : Promsonthi P, Wattanasirichaigoon D. 

Title : Prenatal diagnosis of campomelic dysplasia with three – dimensional ultrasound. 

Source : Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 27 (5): 583 – 585, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Skeletal dysplasias. 


No.751 

Author(s) : Puehringer H, Najmabadi H, Law HY, Krugluger W, Viprakasit V, Pissard S, Baysal 

E, Taher A, Farra C, Al – Ali A, Al – Ateeq S, Oberkanins C. 

Title : Validation of a reverse – hybridization StripAssay for the simultaneous analysis of 

common – thalassemia point mutations and deletions. 

Source : Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 45 (5): 605 – 610, 2006. 


Keywords : – globin, Genotyping, Reverse hybridization, Thalassemia. 

Abstract : Background: – Thalassemia is a worldwide disease and considered to be a major 

public health problem in countries within the so – called thalassemia belt. The complex 

genetics of – thalassemias requires diagnostic methods with the capacity to screen 

rapidly and accurately for common causative mutations. Methods: We developed and 

validated a reverse – hybridization assay (Alpha – Globin StripAssay) for the rapid 

and simultaneous detection of 21 – globin mutations: two single gene deletions ( – 

3.7 4.2 MED SEA THAI FIL 20.5 ; – ), five double gene deletions [ – – ; – – ; – – ; – – ; – ( ) ], anti 

– 3.7 gene triplication, two point mutations in the 1 gene (cd 14 G>A; Hb Adana) and 

11 point mutations in the 2 gene (initiation cd T>C; cd 19 – G; IVS1 – 5nt; cd 59 G>A; 

Hb Quong Sze; Hb Constant Spring; Hb Icaria; Hb Pakse; Hb Koya Dora; polyA – 1; 

polyA – 2). Results: Reliable genotyping of recombinant mutant clones and reference 

DNA samples was achieved by means of two corresponding test strips presenting 

parallel arrays of allele – specific oligonucleotides. The entire procedure from blood 

sampling to the identification of mutations required less than 6 h, and hybridization/ 

detection was manual or automated. The diagnostic potential of this Alpha – Globin 

StripAssay was carefully evaluated on 272 pre – typed samples in a multicenter 

validation study. In 96.14% of the cases, StripAssay typing was completely concordant 

with the reference methods. Conclusions: The Alpha – Globin StripAssay proved to 

be a fast, easy – to – perform and reliable screening method to identify >90% of 

globin mutations in endemic areas worldwide. 

– 

No.752 

Author(s) : Pukkawanna S, Visootfiviseth V, Pongpaibool P. 

Title : Classification of web – based email traffic in Thailand. 

Source : Communications and Information Technologies, 2006. ISCIT ’06. International 

Symposium on Publication. 2006. 


Keywords : IP networks, Internet, Electronic mail, Telecommunication traffic, Transport protocols. 

Abstract : Traditional works in traffic classification usually measure usage of mail applications 

by monitoring only SMTP, IMAP, and POP3 traffic. The shortcoming of such 

measurement is that it does not take into account Web – based email usage (Webmail) 

since the Webmail traffic is usually classified collectively as HTTP or Web traffic. The 

simple way to identify Webmail traffic is mapping source or destination IP address 

with URLs of Webmail providers (e.g. Hotmail, Yahoo!, and Gmail), is neither flexible 

nor accurate. The URL mapping technique cannot detect some related Webmail 

traffic such as advertising banners, pictures, and news, which are requested from 

other servers. In this paper we propose a technique to detect Webmail traffic from 

regular HTTP traffic by matching unique Webmail keywords in HTTP payload, in 

combination with TCP flow analysis. The significance of our method is that it can 

identify Webmail traffic missed by using the URL mapping alone, and can identify all 

packets associated with a TCP flow in both sending and receiving directions. 

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No.753 

Author(s) : Pumijumnong N, Wanyaphet T. 

Title : Seasonal cambial activity and tree – ring formation of Pinus merkusii and Pinus 

kesiya in Northern Thailand in dependence on climate. 

Source : Forest Ecology and Management. 226 (1 – 3): 279 – 289, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Dendrochronology, Tropical pines, Thailand, Cambial activity, Tree – ring formation. 

Abstract : This study is aimed at characterizing the cambial dynamics and its dependence on 

climate of two pine species native to Thailand, Pinus merkusii and Pinus kesiya and 

at describing their climatic response over 148 years. The samples for cambial activity 

analysis were taken monthly from March 2000 to February 2001, and the cambial 

activity was determined by counting the number of undifferentiated cell layers 

between mature xylem and phloem in transverse sections. Statistical analysis was 

done using Pearson’s correlation. For the dendroclimatological analysis, samples 

were collected from the same sites in March 2004, and dendroclimatological standard 

techniques were applied. The results indicated that soil moisture influenced the 

cambial activity of P. merkusii and P kesiya, however that rainfall and temperature 

had no significant effect on the cambial activity of both species. The response function 

described the relationship between tree – ring widths indices and monthly rainfall 

and temperature and revealed that the growth of P. merkusii at Hung Boung depended 

positively from rainfall in May. P. merkusii at Bao Kaew, however, had a positive 

correlation with rainfall from previous November to current July, whereas 

temperature in the preceding autumn and winter should be above – average and in 

the current spring and summer should be below – average. P. kesiya at Nong Kra 

Ting showed a slightly positive correlation with rainfall from February to June, but a 

strong dependence on rainfall in September. It can be concluded that the study of 

cambial activity could support our understanding of intra – annual variations and 

duration of tree – ring development, whereas the response function could help explain 

the average response of tree – growth to climate. 

No.754 

Author(s) : Pumpradit W, Ariyoshi K, Petkanchanapong W, Wichukchinda N, Chaiprasert A, 

Rojanawat A, Sawanpanyalert P, Pathipvanich P. 

Title : Mycobacterium avium and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) coinfection in an 

HIV – positive patient. 



Keywords : Pseudomonas – pseudomallei, Indirect hemagglutination, Septicemic melioidosis, 

Northern Australia, Antibody – response, Diagnosis, Thailand, Infections, Microscopy, 

Virus. 

Abstract : A 29 year old HIV positive Thai female with CD4 count of 10 cells/mm(3) presented 

with chronic diffuse abdominal pain, fever, weight loss, anemia and leucopenia. 

Ultrasonography demonstrated diffuse upper abdominal lymphadenopathy with 

ascites. Microbiological and molecular work up of the specimen obtained by ultrasound 

– guided lymph node aspiration revealed co – infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei 

and Mycobacterium avium. Indirect hemagglutination, IgM – indirect fluorescent 

antibody, and IgG – indirect fluorescent antibody to Burkholdelia pseudomallei were 

< 1:20, < 1:50 and < 1:50, respectively, at nine months, four months before the culture 

diagnosis and two months, eight months after the culture diagnosis of Burkholderia 

pseudomallei infection. The patient was treated initially with two weeks of intravenous 

ceftazidime, followed by oral cotrimoxazole, doxycycline and chloramphenicol. 

Clarithromycin and ofloxacin were added after the identification of Mycobacterium 

avium and its susceptibility test. The patients demonstrated clinical improvement 

with decreasing abdominal pain and resolution of fever. 

No.755 

Author(s) : Puntheeranurak S, Charoenphandhu N, Krishnarnra N. 

Title : Enhanced trabecular – bone calcium deposition in female rats with a high physiological 

dose of prolactin diminishes after ovariectomy. 

Source : Cnadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 84 (10): 993 – 1002, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Bone turnover, Bromocriptine, Calcium deposition, Ovariectomy, Prolactin. 

Abstract : Although an increase in trabecular – bone calcium deposition has been shown to be 

regulated by prolactin during lactation, the physiological significance of prolactin in 

bone calcium metabolism in nonlactating rats remains unclear. This investigation 

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sought to demonstrate the effects of endogenous prolactin and a high physiological 

dose of exogenous prolactin on bone turnover and bone calcium deposition in normal 

female rats, using the Ca – 45 – labeling technique. Our results showed that 

suppression of endogenous prolactin with 6 mg/kg bromocriptine for 15 days 

significantly enhanced bone formation, but not bone resorption, in primarily trabecular 

sites, resulting in a significant increase in calcium deposition in the sternum and 

vertebrae, from – 0.20 +/– 0.07 to 0.40 +/– 0.09 (p < 0.05) and – 0.07 +/– 0.11 to 0.34 +/ 

– 0.06 (p < 0.05) mmol Ca.(g dry mass)( – 1), respectively. Similarly, 2.5 mg/kg prolactin, 

a high physiological dose, increased sternal and vertebral calcium deposition, from – 

0.20 +/– 0.07 to 0.24 +/– 0.09 (p < 0.05) and – 0.07 +/– 0.11 to 0.25 +/– 0.18 (p < 0.05) 

mmol Ca.(g dry mass)(–1), respectively, by increasing bone formation more than 

bone resorption. However, as expected, prolactin had no effect on the tibia or femur, 

which are primarily cortical sites. Because several actions of prolactin have been 

known to be estradiol – dependent, we further investigated the dependence of prolactin 

action on 17 beta – estradiol. We found that 2.5 mg/kg prolactin did not increase 

sternal calcium deposition in ovariectomized rats. However, 10 mu g/kg 17 beta – 

estradiol supplementation restored the action of prolactin. Ovariectomized rats given 

17 beta – estradiol plus prolactin also manifested slightly but significantly higher 

sternal total calcium content than sham – operated rats, (4.58 +/– 0.12 vs. 4.36 +/– 

0.11 mmol Ca.(g dry mass)(–1) (p < 0.05)). We concluded that a high physiological 

dose of prolactin promoted calcium deposition in primarily trabecular sites of 

nonlactating rats. This effect was diminished after ovariectomy. In addition, we showed 

that basal endogenous prolactin played a role in the maintenance of normal trabecular 

– bone turnover. 

No.756 

Author(s) : Putaporntip C, Miao J, Udomsangpetch R, Tia T, Pattanawong U, Jongwutiwes S, 

Cui LW. 

Title : The merozoite surface protein 3 Beta sequence reveals a clonal expansion of 

Plasmodium vivax population in southern Thailand. 






No.757 

Author(s) : Puwarawuttipanit W, Bragg AD, Frydenlund DS, Mylonakou MN, Nagelhus EA, 

Peters MF, Kotchabhakdi N, Adams ME, Froehner SC, Haug FM, Ottersen OP, 

Amiry – Moghaddam M. 

Title : Differential effect of alpha – syntrophin knockout on aquaporin – 4 and kir4.1 

expression in retinal macroglial cells in mice. 





No.758 

Author(s) : Raad II, Graybill JR, Bustamante AB, Cornely OA, Gaona – Flores V, Afif C, Graham 

DR, Greenberg RN, Hadley S, Langston A, Negroni R, Perfect JR, Pitisuttithum P, 

Restrepo A, Schiller G, Pedicone L, Ullmann AJ. 

Title : Safety of long – term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive 

fungal infections. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 42 (12): 1726 – 1734, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Cell transplant recipients, In – vitro, Amphotericin – B, Voriconazole, Aspergillus, 

Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability, Caspofungin, Echinocandins, Itraconazole. 

Abstract : Background: Invasive fungal infections are found most frequently in 

immunosuppressed and critically ill hospitalized patients. Antifungal therapy is often 

required for long periods. Safety data from the clinical development program of the 

triazole antifungal agent, posaconazole, were analyzed. Methods: A total of 428 patients 

with refractory invasive fungal infections (n=362) or febrile neutropenia (n=66) 

received posaconazole in 2 phase II/ III open – label clinical trials. Also, 109 of these 

patients received posaconazole therapy for >= 6 months. Incidences of treatment –


emergent, treatment – related, and serious adverse events and abnormal laboratory 

parameters were recorded during these studies. Results: Treatment – emergent, 

treatment – related adverse events were reported in 38% of the overall patient 

population. The most common treatment – related adverse events were nausea (8%) 

and vomiting (6%). Treatment – related serious adverse events occurred in 8% of 

patients. Low rates of treatment – related corrected QT interval and/or QT interval 

prolongation (1%) and elevation of hepatic enzymes (2%) were reported as adverse 

events. Treatment – emergent, treatment – related adverse events occurred at similar 

rates in patients who received posaconazole therapy for 6 months and >= 6 months. 

Conclusions: Prolonged posaconazole treatment was associated with a generally 

favorable safety profile in seriously ill patients with refractory invasive fungal 

infections. Long – term therapy did not increase the risk of any individual adverse 

event, and no unique adverse event was observed with longer exposure to 

posaconazole. 

No.759 

Author(s) : Radenahmad N, Vongvatcharanon U, Withyachumnarnkul B, Connor JR. 

Title : Serum levels of 17 – estradiol in ovariectomized rats fed young – coconut – juice and 

its effect on wound healing. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (5): 897 – 910, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Coconut juice, Cocos nucifera, Estrogen, Postmenopausal women, Wound healing. 

Abstract : Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, The Penn State University College of 

Medicine, P.O. Box 850, 500 University Drive Hershey, PA, 17033 – 0850, USA 

Exogenous estrogens such as 17 – estradiol (E2) can lower the risk of dementia in 

postmenopausal women (PMS), but can also increase the risk of serious side effects. 

Estrogen can, however, promote wound healing in ovariectomized rats and in PMS 

women. Phytoestrogen (PE) derived from plants might be a safer alternative source 

of estrogen for use in hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Young coconut juice 

(YCJ), Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae), that is believed to contain PE and other sex 

hormone – like substances, was therefore investigated for its possible beneficial 

effects on accelerating wound healing in ovariectomized rats, a model system for the 

postmenopausal condition. Sixty ovariectomized (ovx) rats were devided into 6 groups, 

10 rats per group, group 1 received E2 (i.p.) at 2.5 g/kgBW/day (control); groups 2 

and 3 received YCJ at 20 mL and 100mL/kg BW/day, respectively. Group 4 received 

YCJ 100 mL/kg BW plus E2 at 2.5 g/kg BW/ day twice a week, all for 5 weeks. The 

other two groups were ovx and sham – operated controls receiving vehicle, Milli Q 

water, like the rest, everyday once a day. Using a chemiluminescent immuno assay, 

circulating E2 in the ovariectomized group fed with YCJ at 100 mL/kg BW/day was 

not significantly different from the control group. Circulating E2 was lowest in the 

ovariectomized rats fed with 100 mL/kg BW of YCJ plus 2.5 g/kg BW E2 twice a 

week. This finding indicates an antagonist effect of estrogen – like hormones in YCJ 

that competes with estradiol for the estrogen receptors. In these experiments, we 

noted that wound healing was significantly accelerated in ovariectomized rats receiving 

100 mL YCJ/kg BW/day compared with any other groups. 

No.760 

Author(s) : Raksakietisak M, Chongkolwatana C. 

Title : Acute epiglottitis: A report of the two different methods of airway management in 

adults 



Keywords : Airway obstruction, Epiglottitis, Inhalation induction, Tracheostomy. 

Abstract : The authors present two cases of acute epiglottitis with upper airway obstruction 

that urgently needed artificial airways. In case1, a 55 – year – old woman with DM 

presented with severe upper airway obstruction and sepsis. The tracheostomy was 

chosen for airway management, antibiotic was given, and fluid and inotropic drug 

(dopamine) were used for cardiovascular support. She received continuing care in 

the intensive care unit for several days. In case 2, a 40 – year – old man presented 

with acute airway obstruction when he breathed forcefully. The prophylaxis tracheal 

intubation was done by using sevoflurane inhalation. The life – threatening situations 

of both patients were managed successfully by the team approach of ENT surgeons, 

anesthesiologists, and intensivists. 

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No.761 

Author(s) : Raksakietisak M, Toomtong P, Vorakitpokatorn P, Sengleulur A, Sunjohndee M. 

Title : TISS 28 or SOFA: Good predicting factors for admission in a surgical intensive care 

unit longer than 24 hours. 



Keywords : Intensive care unit, Score systems, Severity of illness index, Therapeutic Intervention 

Scoring System. 

Abstract : Objectives: To investigate the application of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring 

System (TISS – 28) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score to the 

surgical intensive care patients, and to find associated factors affecting length of stay 

(LOS). Material and Method: Prospective data; from 1st July 2004 to 31st December 

2004 at Siriraj Hospital. TISS – 28 and SOFA and other data were recorded within the 

first 24 hours of ICU admission. Results: Average TISS – 28 and SOFA values for 

patients who required >24 hr ICU stay were significantly different from those who 

required < 24 hr ICU stay (29.7 7.9 and 3.1 2.8 points versus 19.4 5.9 and 1.1 1.9 

points, respectively p < 0.001). The other independent predictors of LOS > 24 hrs 

were ventilator support; vasoactive agents administration, central venous line 

insertion, emergency operation, renal dysfunction, and post – operative fever. 

Conclusion: The severity scores (TISS 28 and SOFA) can sufficiently demonstrate 

the workload and also the good predictors of ICU length of stay. 

No.762 

Author(s) : Raman SS, Pojchamarnwiputh S, Muangsomboon K, Schulam PG, Gritsch HA, Lu 

DSK. 

Title : Utility of 16 – MDCT angiography for comprehensive preoperative vascular evaluation 

of laparoscopic renal donors. 

Source : American Journal of Roentgenology. 186 (6): 1630 – 1638, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Angiography, CT, CT imaging, Kidney, MDCT, Renal transplantation. 

Abstract : Objective: Our objective was to determine the efficacy of 16 – MDCT angiography in 

preoperative evaluation of vascular anatomy of laparoscopic renal donors. Methods 

and Materials: Fifty – five consecutive renal donors (25 men and 30 women) underwent 

16 – MDCT angiography followed by donor nephrectomy. In the arterial and 

nephrographic phases, images were acquired with 60% overlap and 0.6 – mm 

reconstruction in both phases after 120 mL of iohexol was injected at 4 mL/sec. On a 

3D workstation, images were evaluated retrospectively by two abdominal imagers 

blinded to surgical results with respect to number and branching pattern of renal 

arteries and major and minor renal veins. These CT angiography results were compared 

with surgical findings. Results: The surgically confirmed sensitivity of both reviewers 

(1 and 2) using the MDCT data for detection of renal arteries was 98.5% (65 of 66), and 

accuracies were 97.0% for reviewer 1 and 95.5% for reviewer 2. Sensitivity and 

accuracy detection of renal veins was 97% (61 of 63) and 98% (62 of 63) for reviewer 

1 and reviewer 2, respectively. Sensitivity and accuracy detection of early arterial 

bifurcation (< 2 cm from aorta) was 100% (14 of 14), and sensitivity in detection of late 

venous confluence (< 1.5 cm from aorta) was 100% (8 of 8). All major renal venous 

variants were identified; reviewer 1 identified 78% (18 of 23) minor venous variants, 

and reviewer 2 identified 83% (19 of 23) minor venous variants. There were no 

hemorrhagic complications at surgery. Excellent agreement between reviewers (kappa 

= 0.92 – 0.97) was achieved for detection of normal and variant anatomy. Conclusion: 

16 – MDCT angiography enabled excellent preoperative detection of arterial anatomy 

and venous laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. 

No.763 

Author(s) : Ramanathan MP, Chambers JA, Pankhong P, Chattergoon M, Attatippaholkun W, 

Dang KS, Shah N, Weiner DB. 

Title : Host cell killing by the West Nile Virus NS2B – NS3 proteolytic complex: NS3 alone is 

sufficient to recruit caspase – 8 – based apoptotic pathway. 

Source : Virology. 345 (1): 56 – 72, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : West Nile Virus, Pathogenesis, NS2B – NS3, Apoptosis, Caspase – 8. 

Abstract : The West Nile Virus (WNV) non – structural proteins 2B and 3 (NS2B – NS3) constitute 

the proteolytic complex that mediates the cleavage and processing of the viral 

polyprotein. NS3 recruits NS2B and NS5 proteins to direct protease and replication 

activities. In an effort to investigate the biology of the viral protease, we cloned cDNA 

272


encoding the NS2B – NS3 proteolytic complex from brain tissue of a WNV – infected 

dead crow, collected from the Lower Merion area (Merion strain). Expression of the 

NS2B – NS3 gene cassette induced apoptosis within 48 h of transfection. Electron 

microscopic analysis of NS2B – NS3 – transfected cells revealed ultra – structural 

changes that are typical of apoptotic cells including membrane blebbing, nuclear 

disintegration and cytoplasmic vacuolations. The role of NS3 or NS2B in contributing 

to host cell apoptosis was examined. NS3 alone triggers the apoptotic pathways 

involving caspases – 8 and – 3. Experimental results from the use of caspase – specific 

inhibitors and caspase – 8 siRNA demonstrated that the activation of caspase – 8 was 

essential to initiate apoptotic signaling in NS3 – expressing cells. Downstream of 

caspase – 3 activation, we observed nuclear membrane ruptures and cleavage of the 

DNA – repair enzyme, PARP in NS3 – expressing cells. Nuclear herniations due to 

NS3 expression were absent in the cells treated with a caspase – 3 inhibitor. Expression 

of protease and helicase domains themselves was sufficient to trigger apoptosis 

generating insight into the apoptotic pathways triggered by NS3 from WNV. 

No.764 

Author(s) : Ramanathan MP, Pankhong P, Kutzler MA, Chambers CA, Kim JJ, Gunasekaran G, 

Pierson TC, Weiner DB. 

Title : Protein kinase CK2: A potential target in the development of novel therapeutics 

against West Nile virus. 

Source : Journal of Neurovirology. 12 (Suppl.1): 69 – 69 P162, 2006. 




No.765 

Author(s) : Ramasoota P, Pitaksajjakul P, Phatihattakorn W, Pransujarit V, Boonyasopun J. 

Title : Mutations in the rpoB gene of rifampicin – resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

strains from Thailand and its evolutionary implication. 





Abstract : Novel mutations in the rpoB gene are reported for 70 rifampicin – resistant (RIFr) M. 

tuberculosis strains from Thailand. Sequence analysis of these strains revealed 

mutations in a 435 base – pair region of the rpoB gene. Twenty – eight strains (40%) 

had single mutations, and 26 of those strains had mutations at positions never before 

reported, of which, just one had a substitution at Val – 432 (Asp), and the remaining 

25, a silent mutation at Gln – 517. All other strains had multiple mutations, of which 

24 (34%) had mutations at two positions; 9(13%), at three positions; 2(3%), at five 

positions; and 1(1%) at six positions. Five strains (7%), reported to have the RIFr 

phenotype, contained no mutation in the examined region of the rpoB gene. 

Surprisingly, one RIFr strain had silent mutations at 29 positions. By far the dominant 

mutation was the silent mutations at Gln – 517 (86%). This investigation demonstrates 

that mutations in the rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis strains from Thailand are more 

varied than previously reported for RIFr M. tuberculosis strains. Screening by means 

of PCR – SSCP clearly separated RIFr strains from rifampicin – susceptible (RsIFs) 

strains. There was no correlation between RIFr mutations and random amplified 

polymorphic DNA (RAPD) types. 

No.766 

Author(s) : Rapeeporn Y, Warunee N, Nuttapong W, Sompong S, Rachada K. 

Title : Infection of Blastocystis hominis in primary schoolchildren from Nakhon Pathom 

province, Thailand. 

Source : Trop Biomed. 23(1):117 – 22, 2006 (Jun). 



Abstract : A study was conducted to evaluate the infection status of Blastocystis hominis in 

children from four public schools in Phuttamonthon district, Nakhon Pathom province, 

Thailand during November to December 2004. A total of 814 faecal specimens were 

used for B. hominis cultivation using Jones’ medium. Mixed infections with other 

intestinal parasites were also examined by formalin ethyl acetate concentration method. 

It was found that 13.51% (110 of 814) of the children examined were infected with B. 

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274 

hominis. Mixed infections with other intestinal protozoa and helminths were observed 

in 10.91% (12 of 110) of B. hominis positive specimens. There were Giardia lamblia 

cysts (4.55%), Trichomonas hominis trophozoites (1.82%), Entamoeba histolytica cysts 

(0.91%), Endolimax nana cysts (0.91%), Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (0.91%), 

hookworm eggs (0.91%), and Trichuris trichiura eggs (0.91%). Of the children positive 

for B. hominis, there was no significant differences between sex (P > 0.05) and 

showed no correlation between age and the percentage of infection. The different 

infection rates among four schools indicated the involvement of hygienic factors 

which promoted the infection of this common intestinal protozoan. Variation in size 

of B. hominis was found in culture medium, which might indicate to the presence of 

different strains of B. hominis infection. 

No.767 

Author(s) : Ratana T, Amornpitoksuk P, Veerasai W. 

Title : Characterization of Pt – And PtRu – solid polymer membrane electrodes for methanol 

electro – oxidation reaction in direct methanol fuel cell. 



Keywords : DMFC, Methanol electro – oxidation, SPE, Takenaka – torikai method, XRD. 

Abstract : Nano – sized of Pt and PtRu particles on solid polymer electrode (SPE) membrane 

were prepared by the modified Takenaka – Torika (T – T) method. The morphological 

characteristics and catalyst compositions were also studied on the Pt – and PtRu – 

SPEs. The electrodes were characterized using electrochemical measurements, 

scanning electron microscope with electron dispersive microscope (SEM – EDX) and 

X – ray diffraction analysis. The well – dispersed Pt and PtRu alloy nanoparticles with 

crystallite size of 12 – 6 nm were obtained in the preparation. The differences in 

morphology of the nano –, micro – structure and composition of these catalysts 

effected the electro – catalytic activity of methanol electro – oxidation reaction. The 

electrochemical result showed that the mole ratio between Ru and Pt at 0.10 was the 

best condition for the methanol electro – oxidation reaction in partial cell study. 

No.768 

Author(s) : Ratanapanachote S, Cha HJ, Enjeti PN. 

Title : A digitally controlled switch mode power supply based on matrix converter. 

Source : IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 21 (1): 124 – 130, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Three – phase switch mode rectifier, Total harmonic distortion (THD). 

Abstract : High power telecommunication power supply systems consist of a three – phase 

switch mode rectifier followed by a dc/dc converter to supply loads at – 48 V dc. These 

rectifiers draw significant harmonic currents from the utility, resulting in poor input 

power factor with high total harmonic distortion (THD). In this paper, a digitally 

controlled three – phase switch mode power supply based on a matrix converter is 

proposed for telecommunication applications. In the proposed approach, the matrix 

converter directly converts the low frequency (50/60 Hz, three – phase) input to a 

high frequency (10/20 kHz, one – phase) ac output without a dc – link. The output of 

the matrix converter is then processed via a high frequency isolation transformer to 

produce – 48 V dc. Digital control of the system ensures that the output voltage is 

regulated and the input currents are of high quality under varying load conditions. 

Due to the absence of dc – link electrolytic capacitors, power density of the proposed 

rectifier is, expected to be higher. Analysis, design example and experimental results 

are presented from a three – phase 208 – V, 1.5 – kW laboratory prototype converter. 

No.769 

Author(s) : Ratanarat R, Cazzavillan S, Ricci Z, Rassu M, Segala C, Decal M, Cruz D, Corradi V, 

Manfro S, Roessler E, Levin N, Ronco C. 

Title : Usefulness of a molecular strategy for the detection of bacterial DNA in patients with 

severe sepsis undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy. 

Source : Blood Purification. 25 (1): 106 – 111, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Continuous renal replacement therapy, DNA, Bacterial, Renal failure, acute, Sepsis, 

Ultrafiltrate. 

Abstract : Introduction: Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. 

Sepsis is associated with cell necrosis and apoptosis. Circulating plasma levels of DNA 

have been found in conditions associated with cell death, including sepsis, pregnancy,


stroke, myocardial infarction and trauma. Plasma DNA can also derive from bacteria. 

We have recently implemented a method to detect bacterial DNA and, in the present 

study, we validated this technique comparing it to standard blood culture in terms of 

diagnostic efficacy. Methods: We examined a cohort of 9 critically ill patients with a 

diagnosis of severe sepsis and acute renal failure requiring continuous renal 

replacement therapy (CRRT). We analyzed bacterial DNA in blood, hemofilters, and 

ultrafiltrate (UF) by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rRNA gene 

sequence analysis. Standard blood cultures were performed for all patients. Results: 

The blood cultures from 2 of the 9 (22%) patients were positive. However, bacterial 

DNA was identified in the blood of 6 patients (67%), including the 2 septic patients 

with positive blood cultures. In 9 (100%) patients bacterial DNA was found on the 

filter blood side, whereas in 7 (78%) subjects it was found in the dialysate compartment 

of the hemofilters. Bacterial DNA was never detected in the UF. Conclusions: Using 

the 16S rRNA gene, the detection of bacterial DNA in blood and adsorbed within the 

filter could be a useful screening tool in clinically septic, blood culture – negative 

patients undergoing CRRT. However, the identification of the etiologic agent is not 

feasible with this technique because specific primers for the defined bacteria must be 

used to further identify the suspected pathogenic organisms. 

No.770 

Author(s) : Rattanasinganchan P, Leelawat K, Treepongkaruna SA, Tocharoentanaphol C, 

Subwongcharoen S, Suthiphongchai T, Tohtong R. 

Title : Establishment and characterization of a cholangiocarcinoma cell line (RMCCA – 1) 

from a Thai patient. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (40): 6500 – 6506, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Cholangiocarcinoma, Cell line, Establishment, mFISH, Invasion, Migration. 

Abstract : Aim: To establish and characterize a new cell line derived from peripheral 

cholangiocarcinoma of a Thai patient. Methods: The peripheral cholangiocarcinoma 

specimen surgically obtained from the patient was aseptically processed by washing 

and mincing before culturing in Ham’s F12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine 

serum. After 3 mo, when the cell line has become homogeneous and stabilized, 

several features were investigated, including growth characteristics, 

immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratins, expression of tumor markers, 

chromosomal analysis by G – banding and multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization 

(mFISH), in vitro migration and invasion characteristics.Results: The RMCCA – 1 cell 

line has been established. These cells proliferated as a monolayer with a population 

doubling time of 48 h. Immunofluorescence staining showed positive staining for 

human cytokeratin 7 and 19 verifying the biliary epithelial origin. RMCCA – 1 secreted 

carbohydrate antigen 19 – 9 (CA19 – 9), but insignificant levels of carcinoembryonic 

antigen (CEA) and alpha – fetoprotein (AFP). Chromosome analysis identified 

aneuploidy karyotypes with a modal chromosome number of 59. RMCCA – 1 exhibited 

a low level of in vitro invasiveness, but a high degree of motility. The cell line exhibited 

a significant number of chromosomal aberrations as shown by mFISH and G – banding 

methods.Conclusion: A new cell line derived from peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of 

a Thai patient has been established. This cell line shows a low level of in vitro 

invasiveness, but a high degree of motility. It will serve as a valuable tool for further 

studies on tumor biology, molecular pathogenesis, metastatic mechanism and response 

to therapeutic drugs of cholangiocarcinoma. 

No.771 

Author(s) : Rattanaumpawan P, Thamlikitkul V, Chokepaibulkit K, Lohsiriwat D, Aswapokee N. 

Title : Vancomycin overuse in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Anti – bacterial agents, HICPAC recommendation, Prospective observational studies, 

Therapeutic use, Vancomycin. 

Abstract : Objective: An emergence of vancomycin resistant organisms particularly vancomycin 

– resistant enterococci (VRE) has become a serious public health concern. To prevent 

and control the spread of vancomycin resistant organisms, the prudent use of 

vancomycin is strongly recommended by the Hospital Infection Control Practices 

Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Material and Method: A 6 – week prospective 

observational study of vancomycin use was conducted in hospitalized patients at 

Siriraj Hospital from February to March 2005. Indications of initiating and continuing 

vancomycin were categorized according to HICPAC recommendations. Factors related 

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to the appropriateness of vancomycin use were also evaluated. Results: At initiation, 

vancomycin was inappropriately and empirically prescribed 19/222 times (8.6%) and 

166/222 times (74.8%), respectively. After microbiological results were obtained, the 

rate of inappropriate prescription continued 132/222 times (59.5%). Furthermore, 

inappropriate use was significantly correlated with the type of department. There 

was a higher rate in the Department of Pediatrics, Surgery and Ophthalmology when 

compared with that of the Department of Medicine (p = 0.001). The inappropriate use 

also correlated with topical use (p < 0.001), intravenous administration (p = 0.012) 

and no consultation with an infectious disease specialist (p = 0.001). The overuse did 

not improve the clinical outcome. Conclusion: A substantial rate of inappropriate use 

of vancomycin was found in Siriraj Hospital. Intervention to improve appropriateness 

of vancomycin use should be urgently implemented to prevent and control the 

emergence of vancomycin resistant organisms. 

No.772 

Author(s) : Rattarasarn C. 

Title : Physiological and pathophysiological regulation of regional adipose tissue in the 

development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 

Source : Acta Physiologica. 186 (2): 87 – 101, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Adiponectin, Free fatty acid, Hepatic fat, Insulin resistance, Intramyocellular fat, 

Leptin, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Visceral fat. 

Abstract : Aim: To survey the latest state of knowledge concerning the regulation of regional 

adipocytes and their role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 

Methods: Data from the English – language literature on regional adipocytes, including 

abdominal, intramyocellular, intrahepatic and intra – islet fat as well as the adipokines 

and their relations to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, were reviewed. Results: 

It is not the total amount of fat but the fat that resides within skeletal muscle cell 

(intramyocellular fat), hepatocytes and intra – abdominally (visceral fat), via systemic 

and local secretion of several adipokines, that influences insulin resistance. Among 

the adipokines that relate to insulin resistance, adiponectin and leptin appear to have 

clinical relevance to human insulin resistance and others may also contribute, but 

their role is still inconclusive. The intra – islet fat also adversely affects beta – cell 

function and number (beta – cell apoptosis), eventually leading to deterioration of 

glucose tolerance. The abnormal location of fat observed in patients with type 2 

diabetes and their relatives is conceivably partly the results of the genetically 

determined, impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidative capacity. Restriction or 

elimination of the fat load by weight control, regular exercise and thiazolidinediones 

has been shown to improve insulin resistance and beta – cell function and to delay the 

development of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: These data support the plausibility of an 

essential role of regional adipose tissue in the development of insulin resistance and 

type 2 diabetes. 

No.773 

Author(s) : Rattarasarn C, Soonthornpan S, Leelawattana R, Setasuban W. 

Title : Decreased insulin secretion but not insulin sensitivity in normal glucose tolerant 

Thai subjects. 

Source : Diabetes Care. 29 (3): 742 – 743, 2006 (Mar). 




No.774 

Author(s) : Raungsomboon S, Chidthaisong A, Bunnag B, Inthorn D, Harvey NW. 

Title : Production, composition and Pb2+ adsorption characteristics of capsular 

polysaccharides extracted from a cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa gelatinosa. 

Source : Water Research. 40 (20): 3759 – 3766, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Lead (Pb2+), Gloeocapsa gelatinosa, Cyanobacteria, Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), 

Pb2+ adsorption. 

Abstract : Pb2+ adsorption by the living cells of the cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa gelatinosa was 

studied. Cyanobacterial cells with intact capsular polysaccharide (CPS) showed 5.7 

times higher Pb adsorption capacity than that of cells without CPS. The adsorbed Pb 

was desorbed by EDTA, indicating that Pb2+ adsorption occurred mainly on cell


surface. Production, sugar content and ability of CPS to remove Pb 2, were then 

studied in details. CPS production by G. gelatinosa increased when culture time was 

prolonged. The maximum CPS production was 35.43mg g(–1) dry weight after 30 – 

day cultivation. Xylose, arabinose, ribose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, mannose 

and fructose were the neutral sugars presented in CPS of G. gelatinosa. Acidic sugars 

including galacturonic and glucuronic acids were also found in CPS. The amount and 

composition of G. gelatinosa’s CPS varied according to its growth phase and culture 

conditions. The highest amount of acidic sugars was produced when cultured under 

low light intensity. The extracted CPS rapidly removed Pb 2, from the solution (82.22 

+/– 4.82mg Pb2+ per g CPS), directly demonstrating its roles in binding Pb 2, ions. Its 

ability to remove Pb2+ rapidly and efficiently, to grow under sub – optimal conditions 

(such as low pH and low light intensity), and to produce high amount of CPS with 

acidic sugars, leads us to conclude that G. gelatinosa is a potential viable bioadsorber 

for mildly acidic water contaminated with Pb2+. 

No.775 

Author(s) : Rawdaree P, Ngarmukos C, Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, Chetthakul T, 

Krittiyawong S, Benjasuratwong Y, Bunnag P, Kosachunhanun N, Plengvidhya N, 

Leelawatana R, Prathipanawatr T, Likitmaskul S, Mongkolsomlit S. 

Title : Thailand Diabetes Registry (TDR) project: Clinical status and long term vascular 

complications in diabetic patients. 



Keywords : Diabetes Registry, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Macrovascular complication, 

Microvascular, Thailand. 

Abstract : Objective: The primary objectives of the Diabetes Registry project were to identify 

the characteristics of Thai diabetic patients in tertiary care medical centers and to 

determine the extent of long term diabetic complications. The secondary objective 

aimed at building up and strengthening clinical research network among Thai experts 

in diabetes mellitus and collection of baseline data for future follow – up study. 

Material and Method: A cross – sectional, multi – center, hospital – based diabetes 

registry was carried out from diabetes clinics of 11 tertiary centers. Demographic 

data, clinical status of diabetes and its complications were collected and analyzed for 

the prevalence of complications and risk factors. Results: Nine – thousand – four – 

hundred – and – nineteen patients were registered for the project and 94.6% were 

type 2 diabetes. Mean % SD of age was 59.4 % 13.5 and duration of diabetes was and 

10 % 7.6 years. Only 38.2% of the subjects achieved glycemic control of FPG under 

130 mg/dl in only 30.7% had an HbA1c of less than 7%. The overall prevalence of 

dyslipidemia found in this population was 73.3%, hypertension was 63.3% and obesity 

(BMI > 25 kg/m2) was 52.6%. Diabetic nephropathy was the most common complication 

accounting for 43.9% followed by retinopathy 30.7%, IHD 8.1% and cerebrovascular 

disease 4.4% Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension were high 

in this population, which may be associated with the high prevalence of diabetic 

complications. The unsatisfactory control of metabolic status may be due to aging and 

long duration of diabetic patients in this registry. 

No.776 

Author(s) : Raymond O, Font R, Portelles J, Suarez – Almodovar N, Siqueiros JM. 

Title : Frequency – temperature response of ferroelectromagnetic Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O – 3 

ceramics obtained by different precursors. III. Dielectric relaxation near the transition 

temperature. 

Source : Journal of Applied Physics. 99 (12): Article No.124101, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Barium – titanate ceramics, Phase – transition, Thin – films, Ferroelectrics, Spectra, 

Grain. 

Abstract : Dielectric relaxation processes occurring near the ferroelectric – paraelectric phase 

transition of ferroelectromagnetic Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O – 3 ceramics obtained by different 

precursors are discussed using microstructural and equivalent circuit modeling and 

the impedance spectroscopy technique. The frequency – temperature response was 

obtained from room temperature to 300 degrees C and from 20 Hz to 1 Mz. In 

correspondence with a previous structural, morphological, and temperature response 

study, appropriate microstructural, and equivalent circuit models were established. 

The frequency response study was carried out by means of the simultaneous analysis 

of the complex dielectric constant epsilon and admittance Y functions and the dielectric 

loss, tan delta. A strong absorption near the transition temperature region at a 

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frequency around 1 MHz is discussed and is attributed with relaxation processes 

associated with domain reorientation, domain wall (DW) motion, and the dipolar 

behavior of ferroelectric materials. Such processes were found to take place inside 

the grain, and their low characteristic frequencies are explained by clamping effects 

of the DW due to the thermally activated diffusion of oxygen vacancies. At frequencies 

before relaxation, the high polarization values are due to small polaron mechanisms 

associated with the presence of Fe2+. The relaxation processes are very much 

conditioned by the grain and domain sizes, the degree of deformation of the lattice 

and the crystallites, as well as the potential barriers in the grain boundaries. Values 

of the activation energy corresponding to the different relaxation processes were 

determined from fitting of experimental data, identifying thus the involved 

mechanisms, and an excellent agreement with those obtained from the temperature 

response [Raymond , J. Appl. Phys. 97, 084107 (2005)] was found. The relaxation 

processes studied here are an evidence of domain structure. 

No.777 

Author(s) : Reinstein DZ, Srivannaboon S, Archer TJ, Silverman RH, Sutton H, Coleman DJ. 

Title : Probability model of the inaccuracy of residual stromal thickness prediction to reduce 

the risk of ectasia after LASIK – Part I: Quantifying individual risk. 

Source : Journal of Refractive Surgery. 22 (9): 851 – 860, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Corneal flap thickness, 3 different microkeratomes, Situ keratomileusis, Digital 

ultrasound, Laser, Accuracy, Reproducibility, Topography, Precision, Quality. 

Abstract : Purpose: To measure the imprecision of microkeratome cuts, preoperative corneal 

pachymetry, and laser ablation depth and develop a statistical model to describe the 

probability of the residual stromal bed thickness (RST) after myopic LASIK being 

significantly thinner than predicted. Methods: Preoperative corneal thickness, flap 

thickness, ablation depth, and RST were measured in 36 eyes by a prototype three – 

dimensional very high – frequency (VHF) 50 MHz digital ultrasound scanning device 

(< 1.2 turn precision), precursor to the commercially available Artemis 2. All eyes had 

undergone LASIK with the Moria LSK – One microkeratome and the NIDEK EC – 

5000 excimer laser. Based on the statistically combined uncertainty (standard deviation) 

and bias (accuracy to intended value) of corneal thickness measurement, flap 

thickness, and ablation depth, a continuous probability function was devised describing 

the chance of obtaining an actual RST less “cut – off”. The model was applied using 

than a specified the data collected from the cohort of eyes. The model was also applied 

using published flap thickness statistics on a series of microkeratomes. Results: 

Precision (standard deviation) was 0.74 mu m for VHF digital ultrasound measurement 

of pachymetry, 30.3 mu m for Moria LSK – One flap thickness, and 11.2 mu m for 

NIDEK EC – 5000 ablation depth. Assuming negligible laser ablation depth bias, the 

model found the probability that the,actual RST will be < 200 mu m given a target 

RST of 250 mu m is 7.56% with the Moria LSK – One. The model applied to published 

flap statistics revealed a range of probabilities of leaving < 200 mu m given a target 

RST of 250 mu m from < 0.01% to 33.6%. Conclusions: The choice of microkeratome, 

laser, and pachymeter has a significant impact on the variation of the depth of 

keratectomy and thus on the risk of ectasia. This model together with high – precision 

microkeratomes, preoperative pachymetry and knowledge of laser ablation precision 

would enable surgeons to determine the specific imprecision of RST prediction for 

individual LASIK cases and minimize the risk of ectasia. 

No.778 

Author(s) : Reinstein DZ, Srivannaboon S, Archer TJ, Silverman RH, Sutton H, Coleman DJ. 

Title : Probability model of the inaccuracy of residual stromal thickness prediction to reduce 

the risk of ectasia after LASIK – Part II: Quantifying population risk. 

Source : Journal of Refractive Surgery. 22 (9): 861 – 870, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : In – situ keratomileusis, Central corneal thickness, Flap thickness, Iatrogenic 

keratectasia, Hansatome microkeratome, Bilateral keratectasia, Ultrasound 

pachymetry, Intraocular – pressure, Refractive surgery, Bed thickness. 

Abstract : Purpose: To derive a statistical model to estimate the rate of excessive keratectomy 

depth below a selected cut – off residual stromal thickness (RST) given a minimum 

target RST and specific Clinical Protocol; apply the model to estimate the RST below 

which ectasia appears likely to occur and back – calculate the safe minimum target 

RST that should be used given a specific Clinical Protocol. Methods: Myopia and 

corneal thickness distribution were modeled for a population of 5212 eyes that


underwent LASIK. The probability distribution of predicted target RST error (Part 1) 

was used to calculate the rate of excessive keratectomy depth for this series. All 

treatments were performed using the same Clinical Protocol – , one surgeon, Moria 

LSK – One microkeratome, NIDEK EC – 5000 excimer laser, Orbscan pachymetry, 

and a minimum target RST of 250 pm – the Vancouver Clinical Protocol. The model 

estimated the RST below which ectasia appears likely to occur and back – calculated 

the safe minimum target RST. These values were recalculated for a series of 

microkeratomes using published flap thickness statistics as well as for the Clinical 

Protocol of one of the authors – the London Clinical Protocol. Results: In the series of 

5212 eyes, 6 (0.12%) cases of ectasia occurred. The model predicted an RST of 191 pm 

for ectasia to occur and that a minimum target RST of 329 mu m would have reduced 

the rate of ectasia to 1:1,000,000 for the Vancouver Clinical Protocol. The model 

predicted that the choice of microkeratome varied the rate of ectasia between 0.01 

and 11,623 eyes per million and the safe minimum target RST between 220 and 361 

mu m. The model predicted the rate of ectasia would have been 0.000003:1,000,000 

had the, London Clinical Protocol been used for the Vancouver case series. 

Conclusions: There appears to be no universally safe minimum target. RST to assess 

suitability for LASIK largely due to – the disparity in accuracy and reproducibility of 

microkeratome flap thickness. This model may be used as a, tool to evaluate the risk 

of ectasia due to excessive keratectomy depth and help determine the minimum 

target RST given a particular Clinical Protocol. 

No.779 

Author(s) : Rerkamnuaychoke B, Rinthachai T, Shotivaranon J, Jomsawat U, Siriboonpiputtana 

T, Chaiatchanarat K, Pasomsub E, Chantratita W. 

Title : Thai population data on 15 tetrameric STR loci – D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, 

D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 

and FGA. 

Source : Forensic Science International. 158 (2 – 3): 234 – 237, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Short tandem repeats, AmpF/STR identifiler, Thai population. 

Abstract : The genetic variations for 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci – D8S1179, D21S11, 

D7S820, CSF1P0, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, 

D18S51, D5S818 and FGA, were performed on a population of 210 unrelated Thai 

individuals using the commercially available AmpF/STR Identifiler kit. 

No.780 

Author(s) : Rerkpattanapipat P, Siripornpitak S, Pornkul R, Jongjirasiri S, Laothamatas J. 

Title : Cardiovascular examination with 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging: First 100 

cases at Ramathibodi Hospital 



Keywords : Cardiovascular disease, Congenital heart disease, Coronary artery disease, Magnetic 

resonance imaging, Vascular disease. 

Abstract : Background: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been utilized 

for diagnosis in various cardiovascular diseases and most of those were performed on 

a 1.5 Tesla CMR system. Recently, a 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system 

has been introduced into clinical practice, however, the clinical experience on 

cardiovascular examination using this system is limited. Therefore, the authors’ 

institution has integrated a team for developing a CMR program on this 3.0 Tesla 

system. Objective: To describe the authors’ experience on the 3.0 Tesla CMR system. 

Material and Method: The data on patients referred to the authors’ CMR unit between 

August 2004 and October 2005 were reviewed. Results: One hundred patients were 

referred for CMR examination. The mean age was 56 years (2 month – 85 years) and 

65 patients were male. The most common indication was to assess coronary artery 

disease (64 patients). The performed examination was divided into cardiac structure 

and function assessment (39%), stress testing (23%), coronary magnetic resonance 

angiography (13%), myocardial viability assessment (12%), magnetic resonance 

angiography (9%), and flow assessment (4%). Conclusion: The present study highlights 

that comprehensive assessment of various cardiovascular diseases can be performed 

on the 3.0 Tesla CMR system. 

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No.781 

Author(s) : Rerks – Ngarm S, Brown AE, Khamboonruang C, Thongcharoen P, Kunasol P. 

Title : HIV/AIDS preventive vaccine ‘prime – boost’ phase III trial: foundations and initial 

lessons learned from Thailand. 

Source : AIDS. 20 (11): 1471 – 1479, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : HIV vaccine, Northern Thailand, Subtype – B, Immunogenicity, Infection, Program, 

Bangkok, Safety, Adults, Sites. 


No.782 

Author(s) : Reutrakul V, Chanakul W, Pohmakotr M, Jaipetch T, Yoosook C, Kasisit J, 

Napaswat C, Santisuk T, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, Tuchinda P. 

Title : Anti – HIV – 1 constituents from leaves and twigs of Cratoxylum arborescens. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (15): 1433 – 1435, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Reverse – transcriptase, Virus, Triterpenoids, Rhamnoside, Xanthones. 

Abstract : Two new xanthones, 1,3,8 – trihydroxy – 2,4 – dimethoxyxanthone (1) and 1,7 – 

dihydroxy – 2,8 – dimethoxyxanthone (2), along with twelve known compounds 3 – 

14 were isolated from leaves and twigs of Cratoxylum arborescens. Compound 1, 

euxanthone (4), betulinic acid (8), lup – 20(29) – ene – 3 beta,30 – diol (9), 3 beta – 

hydroxyl – up – 20(29) – en – 30 – oic acid (10) and 3,4 – dihydroxybenzoic acid (11) 

displayed anti – HIV – 1 activities in the syncytium assay using (Delta Tat/Rev)MC99 

virus and the 1A2 cell line system (EC50 values between 3.9 and 32.2 mu g/mL with 

T1 ranging from 1.5 to 11.7), while 1,3,7 – trihydroxy – 6 – methoxy – 4,5 – 

diisoprenylxanthone (3), 4, and 8 – 10 inhibited HIV – 1 reverse transcriptase with 

IC50 values between 8.7 and 84.9 mu g/mL. 

No.783 

Author(s) : Reutrakul V, Jaratjaroonphong J, Tuchinda P, Kuhakarn C Kongsaeree P, 

Prabpai S, Pohmakotr M. 

Title : Samarium dienolate mediated stereoselective synthesis of anti – 1, 3 – diol monoesters 

via aldol – Tishchenko reaction. 

Source : Tetrahedron Letters. 47 (27): 4753 – 4757, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Samarium dienolate, Aldol – tishchenko reaction. 

Abstract : The reaction of an (E) – samarium dienolate, generated by the regioselective reductive 

cleavage of a plienylsulfonyl activated cyclopropyl ketone with samarium(II) iodide, 

with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes gives the 2 – substituted anti – 1.3 – diol 

monoester derivatives, stereo selectively, in good to excellent yields. The results 

represent the first report of a dienolate in the aldol – Tishchenko reaction and also 

provide an optically active pokol with (R) – glyceraldehyde. 

No.784 

Author(s) : Riesch SK, Anderson LS, Angresano N, Canty – Mitchell J, Johnson DL, Krainuwat 

K. 

Title : Evaluating content validity and test – retest reliability of the children’s health risk 

behavior scale. 

Source : Public Health Nursing. 23 (4): 366 – 372, 2006 (Jul – Aug). 


Keywords : Child health, Instrument development, Risk behavior. 

Abstract : Objectives: Describe the instrument development process and report the validity and 

reliability of the Children’s Health Risk Behavior Scale (CHRBS), a scale designed to 

screen for health risk behaviors among youth aged 10 – 13 Years. Methods: Domain 

identification and item generation using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey 

from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and testing relevance and test 

– retest reliability among a target audience sample of 77 fifth graders in their classrooms 

in two separate public school districts. Results: Youth performed their tasks as expert 

item reviewers effectively. Twenty – one items comprise the CHRBS with a reading 

level determined to be at the third grade. Conclusions: We have developed a reliable 

and valid measure to assess late elementary youth’s participation in health risk 

behavior. 

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No.785 

Author(s) : Riewpaiboon A. 

Title : Increasing herbal product consumption in Thailand. 

Source : Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 15 (9): 683 – 686, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Herbal product, Consumption, Drugstore, Thailand. 

Abstract : Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate expenditures and categories of 

herbal product consumption in drugstores in Thailand. Methods: The study was 

designed as a cross – sectional descriptive research. Study population was drugs and 

foods produced from herbs sold in all registered drugstores in Thailand. Regarding 

sampling, one province was selected from each of 13 regions by convenience sampling. 

Drugstores in each province were included at a proportion of 1% of the population by 

a convenience sampling method. Purchasing documents of the drugstores were 

collected for two consecutive months in 2001 and 2003. The medians of prices were 

used to estimate value of the whole country. Results: The sample included 129 and 

121 drugstores in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Total consumption was 27 and 32 

million US$ (1 US$ = 40 Thai baht) in the year 2001 and 2003, respectively. At 

constant prices, this represented an increase of 11%. The five top – ranked categories 

of products used in 2003 were haematonics, post – delivery drugs, anti – constipation, 

anti – cough, and cardiotonics.Conclusions Herbal product consumption increased by 

11% from 2001 to 2003. To cover the full range of consumption of herbal products, 

further studies should include other outlets, for example hospital and direct sales. 

No.786 

Author(s) : Riyajan S, Sakdapipanich JT. 

Title : Cationic cyclization of deproteinized natural rubber latex using sulfuric acid. 

Source : KGK – Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe. 59 (3): 104 – 109, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Cationic cyclization, Deproteinized natural rubber latex, Sulfuric acid. 

Abstract : An increase in the plasticity of natural rubber (NR) to be a thermoplastic elastomer 

was carried out by cyclization reaction. The cyclized (NR) was obtained from 

deproteinized (NR) latex as a raw material, sulfuric acid as a catalyst, and Terric 320 

as a nonionic surfactant. Various reaction times, dry rubber contents, concentrations 

of catalyst and temperatures affecting the degree of cyclization in (NR) were 

investigated. The resulting material was subjected to characterization by FT – IR, H 

– 1 – NMR, solid – state C – 13 – NMR and DSC as well as the investigation of the gel 

content of the cyclized NR. A method of determining the degree of cyclization of NR 

was also developed. The sufficient condition to prepare the cyclized NR was found to 

be 54% (w/w) concentrated sulfuric acid at 90 degrees C for 3 h. The higher degree of 

cyclization in the product was accompanied with a higher gel content and glass 

transition temperature of cyclized rubber. In addition, the microstructure of the 

cyclized (NR) was also investigated. 

No.787 

Author(s) : Roekring S, Flegel TW, Malasit P, Kittayapong P. 

Title : Challenging successive mosquito generations with a densonucleosis virus yields 

progressive survival improvement but persistent, innocuous infections. 

Source : Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 30 (10): 878 – 892, 2006. 


Keywords : Mosquito, Shrimp, Densonucleosis virus, Tolerance, Adaptation. 

Abstract : Research on cultivated shrimp suggests that they have the capability to tolerate viral 

pathogens in a highly specific manner by mechanisms currently unknown. The 

phenomenon is difficult to study in detail because they have a generation time of 1 – 

2 yr and lack continuous cell lines. Thus, we developed a mosquito – densovirus 

model to examine whether similar phenomena occur in insects. Serial challenge of 

five generations with a stock densovirus (AThDNV) resulted in progressive survival 

increases from 15% to 58%. Prevalence of AThDNV infection in surviving mosquito 

larvae (confirmed by PCR, histology, in situ hybridization and transmission electron 

microscopy) was relatively high (e.g. 36% in F2) but they grew normally to establish 

each succeeding generation. At the end of five generations, comparison of deduced 

amino acid sequences from genome fragments revealed a significantly higher (p = 

0.02) estimated prevalence of defective targets in the survivor virus population (29.7% 

+/– 10.0 SD) than in the stored viral population (3.3% +/– 5.8 SD). The results 

paralleled those reported for serially passaged C6/36 mosquito cell cultures infected 

with a densovirus. There, reduced infection rates are ascribed to the production of 

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defective interfering particles (DIP). Thus, it is possible that the presence of prior 

AThDNV infections with a high level of DIP contributed to improved survival in our 

challenged F4 mosquito population. If so, it suggests that persistent viral infections in 

arthropods may serve in a specific, adaptive manner to reduce the incidence and 

severity of disease. 

No.788 

Author(s) : Rojsanga P, Gritsanapan W, Suntornsuk L. 

Title : Determination of berberine content in the stem extracts of Coscinium fenestratum 

by TLC densitometry. 

Source : Medical Principles and Practice. 15 (5): 373 – 378, 2006. 


Keywords : Berberine, Coscinium fenestratum, Thin – layer chromatography – densitometry. 

Abstract : Objective: To develop the optimal extraction procedure (i.e. maceration, percolation 

or Soxhlet extraction) and thin – layer chromatographic (TLC) – densitometric method 

for the determination of berberine content of Coscinium fenestratum. Materials and 

Methods: Maceration, percolation and Soxhlet extraction techniques were used to 

extract alkaloids from dried stems of C. fenestratum. The solvents used were 50 and 

80% ethanol. Crude extracts and berberine content recovered from the TLC fingerprint 

were evaluated for chemical components of each extraction method. Pre – coated 

silica gel GF(254) plates were used as stationary phase while butanol: glacial acetic 

acid: water (14:3:4) was used as a mobile phase. Detection and quantitation of berberine 

were performed by densitometry at the wavelength of 415 nm over the linearity 

range of 240 – 840 ng (r(2) = 0.9982). The relative standard deviations from intraday 

and interday precisions were less than 4.13%. Results: The recovery of standard 

berberine was 97.58 – 98.71% (%RSD = 3.85), and the limit of detection and quantitation 

were 25 and 50 ng/spot, respectively. Eighty percent ethanol gave a higher content of 

berberine than 50% ethanol. Berberine contents from maceration, percolation and 

Soxhlet extraction with 80% ethanol were 3.37 +/– 0.30, 3.08 +/– 0.38 and 2.67 +/– 

0.27% w/w, respectively. Conclusion: The TLC – densitometric method was simple, 

accurate and precise for quantitating berberine in the stem extract of C. fenestratum. 

Maceration with 80% ethanol gave the highest content of berberine in the extract. 

TLC of the extracts from different methods showed a similar pattern. 

No.789 

Author(s) : Rongnoparut P, Rodpradit P, Kongsawadworakul P, Sithiprasasna R, Linthicum KJ. 

Title : Population genetic structure of Anopheles maculatus in Thailand. 

Source : Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 22 (2): 192 – 197, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Anopheles maculates, Population genetics, Microsatellite analysis, Malaria, 

Mosquitoes. 

Abstract : Anopheles (Cellia) maculatus Theobald is a major malaria vector in southern Thailand 

and peninsular Malaysia, and previous population genetic studies suggested that 

mountain ranges act as barriers to gene flow. In this study we examine the genetic 

variance among 12 collections of natural populations in southern Thailand by analyzing 

7 microsatellite loci. Based on analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), three 

geographic populations of An. maculatus are suggested. The northern population 

exists in western Thailand north of 12 degrees north latitude. Mosquitoes to the 

south fall into two genetic populations: 1) the middle southern collections located on 

the west side of the Phuket mountain range between 8 degrees and 10 degrees north 

latitude, and 2) the southern collections located on the east of the Phuket mountain 

range located between approximately 6.5 degrees and 11.5 degrees north latitude. 

AMOVA revealed significant genetic differentiation between northern and middle 

southern and southern populations. The middle southern population was moderately 

differentiated from the southern population. Furthermore, gene flow was restricted 

between proximal collections located on different sides of the Phuket mountain range. 

Collections separated by 50 km exhibited restriction of gene flow when separated by 

geographic barriers, whereas greater gene flow was evident among collections 650 

km apart but without geographic barriers.


No.790 

Author(s) : Rongsriyam Y, Trongtokit Y, Komalamisra N, Sinchaipanich N, Apiwathnasorn C, 

Mitrejet A. 

Title : Formulation of tablets from the crude extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Thai local 

plant) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae: A preliminary study 





Abstract : Dried root powder of Rhinacanthus nasutus, Thong Phan Chang (Thai name) were 

extracted with methanol (MeOH) in a Soxhlet apparatus and made into 2 formulations 

of tablet containing the extract at 5% and 10% concentration. Due to the viscous and 

poor flow properties of the crude MeOH extract obtained, a wet granulation method 

was conducted in developing the tablets. Lactose was used as a filler. Polyvinyl 

pyrrolidone (PVP) K30 (15% w/w solution in alcohol) was used as the binding agent, 

while stearic acid (2% w/w) was used as a lubricant. Both formulas of prepared tablets 

had a smooth shiny surface with a round shape. Other physical properties of the 

tablets, such as weight variation, friability and disintegration time, met the 

requirements of the USP XX standard. The mosquito larvicidal activity of prepared 

tablets containing 5% and 10% R. nasutus extract against Aedes aegypti were not 

significantly different from each other (p>0.05), with 48 – hour LC50 values of 13.6 

and 14.2 mg/l for the 5% and 10% tablets, respectively, while their activities against 

Culex quinquefasciatus were similar (p>0.05) with LC50 values of 18.7 and 17.3, 

respectively. The larvicidal activity levels against Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus 

were also not significantly different from each other (p>0.05). No larval mortality 

was observed in the two control groups: lactose solution and dechlorinated water. 

Toxicity to female and male fish (Poecilia reticulata) was tested with the prepared 

tablets. The toxicity of tablets containing 5% and 10% extracts were not significantly 

different from each other for the P. reticulata females with 48 – hour LC50 values of 

105.2 and 110.8 mg/l, respectively, and for P. reticulata males with LC50 values of 

99.1 and 103.4 mg/l, respectively. Female and male P. reticulata were sensitive to the 

same dose of the extract. No fish died in the two control groups, with lactose solution 

and dechlorinated water. Acute – toxicity bioassay with fish showed that with an 

exposure of 48 hours the LC50 values of the tablets containing 5% and 10% were 5 – 

to 10 – fold higher than the LC 50 of R. nasutus against mosquito larvae. These 

prepared tablets could possibly used to control mosquito vectors and be introduced 

into the mosquito control program. 

No.791 

Author(s) : Rotkittikhun P, Kruatrachue M, Chaiyarat R, Ngernsansaruay C, Pokethitiyook P, 

Paijitprapaporn A, Baker AJM. 

Title : Uptake and accumulation of lead by plants from the Bo Ngam lead mine area in 

Thailand. 

Source : Environmental Pollution. 144 (2): 681 – 688, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Uptake, Accumulation, Lead mine. 

Abstract : A field survey of terrestrial plants growing on Bo Ngam lead mine area, Thailand, 

was conducted to identify species accumulating exceptionally high concentrations of 

lead. Plant and soil samples were collected from five areas. Lead concentrations in 

surface soil ranged from 325 to 142 400 mg/kg. The highest lead concentration in soil 

was found at the ore dressing plant area and lowest at a natural pond area. In 

different areas, the concentrations of lead in plants were different when comparing 

various study sites. A total of 48 plant species belonging to 14 families were collected 

from five sampling sites. Twenty – six plant species had lead concentrations more 

than 1000 mg/kg in their shoots. Three species (Microstegium ciliatum, Polygala 

umbonata, Spermacoce mauritiana) showed extremely high lead concentrations in 

their shoots (12 20028 370 mg/kg) and roots (14580 – 128830 mg/kg). 

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No.792 

Author(s) : Roubsanthisuk W, Watanakejorn P, Tunlakit M, Sriussadaporn S. 

Title : Hyperthyroidism induces glucose intolerance by lowering both insulin secretion and 

peripheral insulin sensitivity. 



Keywords : Diabetes mellitus, Hyperthyroidism, Insulin resistance, Oral glucose tolerance. 

Abstract : Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of hyperthyroidism 

on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. Material and Method: 

Thirty – eight patients with hyperthyroidism and twenty – six healthy volunteers 

with matching age and body mass index were included. Patients with conditions 

known to affect glucose metabolism were excluded. An oral glucose tolerance test 

was performed after the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and again when they achieved 

euthyroid state. Areas under the glucose and insulin curves were used to assess 

plasma glucose and insulin responses, respectively. – cell function was determined 

by the corrected insulin response (CIR) and homostatic model assessment model 2 

(HOMA2 – %B). Peripheral insulin sensitivity was determined by the insulin activity 

(IA) and HOMA2 – %S. Result: The prevalence of glucose intolerance in hyperthyroid 

state was 39.4% [impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) 31.5% and diabetes mellitus (DM) 

7.9%]. This was significantly higher than that of 30.7% [IGT 19.2% and DM 11.5%] in 

healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). Glucose intolerance was associated with higher systolic 

blood pressure, higher mean arterial pressure, lower CIR, and higher T4 levels but 

not with the levels of T3. IA and HOMA2 – %S significantly improved when achieving 

a euthyroid state despite the increase in body mass index. Conclusion: In conclusion, 

glucose intolerance is common in hyperthyroidism. Both impaired insulin secretion 

and decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity are the factors contributing to the 

development of abnormal glucose tolerance in the hyperthyroid state. 

No.793 

Author(s) : Round PD, Gale GA, Brockelman WY. 

Title : A comparison of bird communities in mixed fruit orchards and natural forest at Khao 

Luang, southern Thailand. 

Source : Biodiversity and Conservation. 15 (9): 2873 – 2891, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Agroforestry, Avian species diversity, Babbler, Human use, Protected area 

management. 

Abstract : The avifauna of a mixed fruit orchard and nearby isolated forest patch on the mountain 

of Khao Luang, southern Thailand, was compared with that in natural forest. The 

orchard was about 75% as rich in bird species as the forest and was dominated by 

smaller frugivores, nectarivores and widespread generalists. Sundaic birds contributed 

26% of sightings in the orchard, and understorey insectivores were poorly represented. 

The avifauna of the 4.5 – ha forest patch was similarly depauperate and bore greater 

resemblance to that in the orchard than to that in forest. These results have implications 

for management since increasing emphasis is being placed upon the rights of local 

communities to manage and exploit resources in protected areas. While agricultural 

diversification may assist in restoring modest levels of diversity in areas already 

degraded or committed to human use, it should not be seen as a substitute for 

conventional protection of forest and wildlife through exclusion of such use. 

No.794 

Author(s) : Ruamviboonsuk P, Teerasuwanajak K, Tiensuwan M, Yuttitham K. 

Title : Interobserver agreement in the interpretation of single – field digital fundus images 

for diabetic retinopathy screening. 

Source : Ophthalmology. 113 (5): 826 – 832, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Macular edema, Retinal images, Photography, Ophthalmoscopy, Prevalence, Risk, 

Age, Ophthalmologists, Complications, Telemedicine. 

Abstract : Purpose: To assess agreement among a group of ophthalmic care providers, including 

ophthalmologists and trained nonphysician personnel, in the interpretation of single 

– field digital fundus images for diabetic retinopathy screening. Design: Interobserver 

reliability study.Participants: Twelve ophthalmic care personnel, including 3 retina 

specialists, 3 general ophthalmologists, 3 ophthalmic nurses, and 3 ophthalmic 

photographers. Methods: All participants were to read 400 good single – field digital 

fundus images of diabetic patients from a community hospital. The nonphysician 

personnel group read the images 1 month after attending a 2 – day intensive instruction 

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course regarding diabetic retinopathy screening. The ophthalmologists read the images 

without additional training. The 3 retina specialists read the images again together 2 

months later to form a consensus regarding retinopathy severity and macular edema 

for each case. All readers used the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 

standard photographs as guidelines.Main Outcome Measures: The K statistic was 

used for the reliability assessment of the diabetic retinopathy severity and macular 

edema, and for the identification of cases that needed referral to 

ophthalmologists.Results: There is only fair agreement among all readers. The 

multirater kappa coefficient for retinopathy severity is 0.34; for macular edema, 0.27; 

and for referral cases, 0.28. Retina specialists have the best agreement among all 

groups (kappa = 0.58 for retincipathy severity or macular edema, K = 0.63 for referrals). 

There is also fair agreement when all readers are compared with the consensus of 

retina specialists (kappa S = 0.35, 0.28, and 0.29 for retinopathy severity, macular 

edema, and referrals, respectively), and the retina specialist group also has the best 

agreement (kappa S = 0.63, 0.65, and 0.67 for retinopathy severity, macular edema, 

and referrals).Conclusions: Without additional training, retina specialists may be the 

most reliable personnel to interpret single – field digital fundus images for diabetic 

retinopathy screening. For other ophthalmic care personnel to achieve comparable 

reliability, a comprehensive instruction course with specific continuing education is 

essential. Authorized nonphysician interpreters should be experts, and new standard 

photographs for single – field digital fundus image interpretation may also be required 

to improve interobserver reliability. 

No.795 

Author(s) : Ruang – areerate T, Kittayapong P. 

Title : Wolbachia transinfection in Aedes aegypti: A potential gene driver of dengue vectors. 

Source : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 



Keywords : Microinjection, Transfer, Replacement, Tissue tropism, Cytoplasmic incompatibility. 

Abstract : The endosymbiotic bacteria in the genus Wolbachia are capable of inducing a wide 

range of reproductive abnormalities in their hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility 

(Cl), which could lead to the replacement of uninfected host populations with infected 

ones. Because of this, Wolbachia have attracted considerable interest as a potential 

mechanism for spreading disease – blocking transgenes through vector populations. 

Here we report the establishment of double Wolbachia transinfection by direct adult 

microinjection of Wolbachia from naturally double – infected Aedes albopictus to 

Aedes aegypti, the most important mosquito vector of infectious viral diseases, and a 

mosquito in which natural Wolbachia infections are not known to occur. We further 

demonstrate that incomplete Cl is induced in these double – transinfected mosquitoes. 

Comparisons of fitness traits between naturally uninfected and transinfected Ae. 

aegypti lines indicated one significant difference in favor of the latter, namely, an 

increased number of eggs laid. Levels of Cl expression corresponded to the Wolbachia 

density. There were large differences in relative Wolbachia density between 

reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in both Ae. albopictus and transinfected 

Ae. aegypti, except Malpighian tubule, which implied the preferred establishment of 

Wolbachia within reproductive tissue. Results from a simulation model confirm that 

population replacement by transinfected Ae. aegypti is possible over time. The 

establishment of Wolbachia double infections in Ae. aegypti by direct adult 

microinjection and the demonstration of Cl expression in this new host suggest that 

Wolbachia could be experimentally transferred into vector species and could also be 

used as a gene – driving system to genetically manipulate vector populations. 

No.796 

Author(s) : Ruangsittichai J, Viyanant V, Vichasri – Grams S, Sobhon P, Tesana S, Upatham ES, 

Hofmann A, Korge G, Grams R. 

Title : Opisthorchis viverrini: Identification of a glycine – tyrosine rich eggshell protein and 

its potential as a diagnostic tool for human opisthorchiasis. 

Source : International Journal for Parasitology. 36 (13): 1329 – 1339, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Eggshell protein, Expression, Localization, Molecular cloning, Opisthorchis viverrini, 

Serodiagnosis, Trematode. 

Abstract : A cDNA encoding a novel eggshell protein (OvESP) with high – glycine (49.2%) and – 

tyrosine (27.8%) content was cloned from the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. 

In the adult parasite, the RNA products of the OvESP gene are limited to the vitelline 

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follicles. They have a size of 800 nucleotides and are already present in 2 – week – old 

juveniles. Immune sera of hamsters, experimentally infected, and humans, naturally 

infected with O. viverrini, detect bacterially expressed recombinant OvESP (rOvESP). 

A rabbit anti – rOvESP antiserum only reacts with the shells of intrauterine eggs in 

tissue sections of the parasite. Comparison of rOvESP with the parasite’s excretion/ 

secretion products as diagnostic tools for human opisthorchiasis shows a higher 

sensitivity (0.82 – 0.48) and specificity (0.97 – 0.91) of the recombinant protein in the 

ELISA technique. But the observed weak cross – reactivity of immune sera from 

mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma mekongi, and Fasciola gigantica 

in Western blots of rOvESP indicates that the diagnostic quality of this protein might 

be compromised if infections by other trematodes are present. 

No.797 

Author(s) : Ruangsomboon S, Chidthaisong A, Bunnag B, Inthorn D, Harvey NW. 

Title : Lead (Pb2+) removal from wastewater by the cyanobacterium Calothrix marchica. 

Source : Kasetsart Journal – Natural Science. 40 (3): 784 – 794, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Adsorption isotherm, Calothrix marchica, Lead (Pb2+). 

Abstract : Pb2+ removal ability of the living – freshwater cyanobacterium C. marchica was 

studied in batch experiments. The result showed that adsorption of Pb2+ by C. marchica 

reached equilibrium within 60 min. The amount of Pb2+ adsorbed (qeq) increased 

when cyanobacterial age increased. At lower biomass concentration cyanobacterium 

showed higher q eq than that at high biomass concentration. Elevated temperature 

increased Pb2+ adsorbed by C. marchica. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm fitted 

the results better than the Freundlich isotherm and, thus, was more suitable to 

describe Pb2+ adsorption by C. marchica. C. marchica had Pb2+ binding capacity 

(qmax) of 74.04 mg g – 1, and indicators of adsorption capacity (Kf) of 18.01. Pb2+ 

removal under light and dark conditions was not significantly different. 

No.798 

Author(s) : Ruben E, Jamai A, Afzal J, Njiti VN, Triwitayakorn K, Iqbal MJ, Yaegashi S, 

Bashir R, Kazi S, Arelli P, Town CD, Ishihara H, Meksem K, Lightfoot DA. 

Title : Genomic analysis of the rhg1 locus: Candidate genes that underlie soybean resistance 

to the cyst nematode. 

Source : Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 276 (6): 503 – 516, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Disease resistance, Glycine, Heterodera, Legume, Nematode. 

Abstract : The rhg1 gene or genes lie at a recessive or co – dominant locus, necessary for 

resistance to all Hg types of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cyst nematode 

(Heterodera glycines I.). The aim here was to identify nucleotide changes within a 

candidate gene found at the rhg1 locus that were capable of altering resistance to Hg 

types 0 (race 3). A 1.5 0.25 cM region of chromosome 18 (linkage group G) was 

shown to encompass rhg1 using recombination events from four near isogenic line 

populations and nine DNA markers. The DNA markers anchored two bacterial artificial 

chromosome (BAC) clones 21d9 and 73p6. A single receptor like kinase (RLK; leucine 

rich repeat – transmembrane – protein kinase) candidate resistance gene was amplified 

from both BACs using redundant primers. The DNA sequence showed nine alleles of 

the RLK at Rhg1 in the soybean germplasm. Markers designed to detect alleles 

showed perfect association between allele 1 and resistance to soybean cyst nematode 

Hg types 0 in three segregating populations, fifteen additional selected recombination 

events and twenty – two Plant Introductions. A quantitative trait nucleotide in the 

RLK at rhg1 was inferred that alters A47 to V47 in the context of H297 rather than 

N297. Contiguous DNA sequence of 315 kbp of chromosome 18 (about 2 cM) contained 

additional gene candidates that may modulate resistance to other Hg – types including 

a variant laccase, a hydrogen – sodium ion antiport and two proteins of unknown 

function. A molecular basis for recessive and co – dominant resistance that involves 

interactions among paralagous disease – resistance genes was inferred that would 

improve methods for developing new nematode – resistant soybean cultivars.


No.799 

Author(s) : Rubin AD, Praneetvatakul T, Gherson S, Moyer CA, Sataloff RT. 

Title : Laryngeal hyperfunction during whispering: Reality or myth? 

Source : Journal of Voice. 20 (1): 121 – 127, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Whisper, Whispering, Voice rest, Vocal fold, Vocal cord, Hoarseness, Dysphonia, 

Muscle tension, Voice abuse, Voice misuse. 

Abstract : For years, otolaryngologists and voice therapists have warned voice patients that 

whispering causes more trauma to the larynx than normal speech. However, no 

large series of patients has ever been examined fiberoptically during whispering to 

test this hypothesis. As part Of Our routine examination, patients are asked to count 

from 1 to 10 in a normal voice and in a whispered voice. We reviewed recorded 

fiberoptic examinations of 100 patients who had voice complaints. We compared 

supraglottic hyperfunction and vocal fold closure during the normal and whispered 

phonation of each patient. Sixty – nine percent of the patients demonstrated increased 

supraglottic hyperfunction with whispered voice. Eighteen percent had no change, 

and 13% had less severe hyperfunction. The most common glottal configuration 

during whisper was an inverted Y. which resulted from compression of the anterior 

and middle thirds of the true vocal folds. However, 12 patients had no true vocal fold 

contact during whispered voice, despite having adequate glottic closure with normal 

voice. Although whispering involves more severe hyperfunction in most patients, it 

does not seem to do so in all patients. In some patients, it may be less traumatic than 

normal voice. 

No.800 

Author(s) : Ruchirawat M, Navasumrit P, Settachan D, Autrup H. 

Title : Environmental impacts on children’s health in Southeast Asia – Genotoxic compounds 

in urban air. 

Source : Living in a Chemical World: Framing the Future in Light of the Past Annals of the 

New York Academy of Sciences. 1076: 678 – 690, 2006. 


Keywords : Air pollution, Bangkok, Biomarker, Children, DNA damage. 

Abstract : Air pollution is a serious problem in many countries in Southeast Asia, particularly in 

major metropolises with high levels of traffic congestion generating significant 

amounts of genotoxic substances. The contribution of such environmental exposure 

to children’s illnesses, such as respiratory diseases and cancer, is a public health 

concern. Inner – city children may have higher levels of exposure to genotoxic 

substances in the air than those living in rural areas. This study was conducted in 

Bangkok, where ambient levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 

benzene are relatively high. Bangkok school children were exposed to total PAHs at 

about sixfold higher levels than those in rural areas, with levels of urinary I – 

hydroxypyrene (1 – OHP) also being significantly higher. PAH – DNA adduct levels in 

lymphocytes were fivefold higher in Bangkok children. Benzene exposure in Bangkok 

school children was more than twofold higher than the levels measured in children 

from the rural areas. This is in agreement with the biomarkers of internal dose, that 

is, blood benzene and urinary trans, traps – muconic acid (t,t – MA) levels. The 

potential health risks from exposure to PAHs and benzene were assessed through 

the use of DNA damage and DNA repair capacity as markers of early biological effect. 

DNA strand breaks were significantly higher in Bangkok school children, while DNA 

repair capacity was significantly lower. It appears that children in major cities in 

developing countries may have an increased health risk for the development of 

certain diseases, such as cancer due to exposure to genotoxic substances in their 

environment. 

No.801 

Author(s) : Ruengkhachorn I, Sunsaneevithayakul P, Boriboonhirunsarn D. 

Title : Non – compliance to Clinical Practice Guideline for screening of Gestational Diabetes 

Mellitus in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Clinical practice guideline, Gestational diabetes mellitus, Non – compliance, Screening 

program. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the rate of non – compliance to Clinical Practice Guideline 

(CPG) for screening of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and related factors in 

Siriraj Hospital. Study design: Descriptive cross – sectional study. Setting: Department 

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288 

of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. 

Material and Method: One – hundred – and – fifty – nine pregnant women at risk for 

GDM and who delivered at Siriraj Hospital were enrolled. Data were collected from 

history and medical records including base line characteristics, clinical risk factors of 

GDM, and compliance to guideline. Rate of non – compliance and related factors were 

evaluated. Results: The rate of non – compliance to GPG for screening of GDM at 

Siriraj Hospital was 22% (95%CI 16.3% – 29.1%). The rate was highest among women 

who had AnteNatal Care (ANC) at a private clinic (82.1%), followed by the private 

cases in the hospital (40%). Those who received ANC at the hospital had the lowest 

non – compliance rate of 6.6%. The most common neglected risk factor was maternal 

age e•30 years. Significant higher compliance was found among women with 2 or 

more clinical risk factors compared to those with only 1 risk factor (p = 0.028). 

Conclusion: The rate of non – compliance to CPG for screening of GDM at Siriraj 

Hospital was 22%. Highest non – compliance rate was found among the private cases. 

The most common neglected risk factor was maternal age e•30 years. 

No.802 

Author(s) : Ruffolo D, Chuychai P, Matthaeus WH. 

Title : Random walk of magnetic field lines in nonaxisymmetric turbulence. 

Source : Astrophysical Journal. 644 (2): 971 – 980 (Part 1), 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Diffusion, Magnetic fields, Turbulence. 

Abstract : The random walk of turbulent magnetic field lines strongly affects transport of 

energetic particles in astrophysical plasmas, but is not well understood for general 

configurations that lack rotational symmetry. Here we derive nonperturbative field 

– line diffusion coefficients for magnetic fluctuations that are nonaxisymmetric with 

respect to the mean magnetic field. We consider a superposition of slab plus two – 

dimensional fluctuations, a model that has proven useful in heliospheric studies. Two 

independent parameters are introduced to allow polarization of the slab component 

and stretching of the two – dimensional component. With the assumptions of 

homogeneity, the diffusion approximation, and Corrsin’s independence hypothesis, 

we derive two coupled biquadratic equations for the diffusion coefficients. The results 

and underlying assumptions are confirmed by numerical simulations. Special cases 

of interest include the counterintuitive results that enhanced fluctuations in one 

direction lead to decreased diffusion in the other direction, and that extreme 

nonaxisymmetry leads to diffusion coefficients proportional to the rms two – 

dimensional fluctuation. 

No.803 

Author(s) : Ruffolo D, Tooprakai P, Rujiwarodom M, Khumlumlert T, Wechakama M, Bieber JW, 

Evenson P, Pyle R. 

Title : Relativistic solar protons on 1989 October 22: Injection and transport along both legs 

of a closed interplanetary magnetic loop. 

Source : Astrophysical Journal. 639 (2): 1186 – 1205 (Part 1), 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Interplanetary medium, Solar – terrestrial relations, Sun: coronal mass ejections 

(CMEs), Sun: particle emission. 

Abstract : Worldwide neutron monitor observations of relativistic solar protons on 1989 October 

22 have proven puzzling, with an initial spike at some stations followed by a second 

peak, which is difficult to understand in terms of transport along a standard 

Archimedean spiral magnetic field or a second injection near the Sun. Here we 

analyze data from polar monitors, which measure the directional distribution of solar 

energetic particles (mainly protons) at rigidities of similar to 1 – 3 GV. This event has 

the unusual properties that the particle density dips after the initial spike, followed 

by a hump with bidirectional flows and then a very slow decay. The spectral index, 

determined using bare neutron counters, varies dramatically, with energy dispersion 

features. The density and anisotropy data are simultaneously fit by simulating the 

particle transport for various magnetic field configurations and determining the best 

– fit injection function near the Sun. The data are not well fit for an Archimedean 

spiral field, a magnetic bottleneck beyond Earth, or particle injection along one leg of 

a closed magnetic loop. A model with simultaneous injection along both legs of a 

closed loop provides a better explanation: particles moving along the near leg make 

up the spike, those coming from the far leg make up the hump, both legs contribute 

to the bidirectional streaming, and trapping in the loop accounts for the slow decay of 

the particle density. Refined fits indicate a very low spectral index of turbulence, q


1, a parallel mean free path of 1.2 – 2.0 AU, a loop length of 4: 7 +/ – 0: 3 AU, and 

escape of relativistic protons from the loop on a timescale of 3 hr. The weak scattering 

is consistent with reports of weak fluctuations in magnetic loops, while the low q – 

value may indicate a smaller correlation length as well. 

No.804 

Author(s) : Rugsarash W, Tungtrongchitr R, Petmitr S, Phonrat B, Pongpaew P, 

Harnroongroj T, Tungtrongchitr A. 

Title : The genetic association between alpha – 2 – macroglobulin (A(2)M) gene deletion 

polymorphism and low serum A(2)M concentration in overweight/obese Thais. 

Source : Nutritional Neuroscience. 9 (1 – 2): 93 – 98, 2006 (Feb – Apr). 


Keywords : A(2)M deletion polymorphism, Genetic association, Overweight/obese, Serum A(2)M. 

Abstract : The study subjects were 192 overweight and obese Thais (BMI. 25.00 kg/m(2)), and 

103 Thai controls (BMI=18.50 – 24.99 kg/m(2)), whose ages ranged from 18 – 60 

years. All subjects were evaluated for serum Alpha – 2 – macroglobulin (A(2)M), 

globulin, albumin concentration, and polymorphic variation in the A(2)M gene. Serum 

A(2)M and albumin were significantly lower in the overweight/obese group (P


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influence, while more spatially distant cells impose an inhibitory influence. We give 

results on the shape of the wave – front solutions, which are non – monotone and 

exhibit different shapes depending on the size of a threshold parameter. For a layer 

of excitatory cells indirectly inhibited by a second layer of cells, we derive results on 

the qualitative behaviour of wave – fronts for changes in parameters representing 

the inhibitory firing threshold and the time – scale of the inhibition process. This 

study shows how intrinsic cell and network parameter can interact to shape global 

response properties. 

No.807 

Author(s) : Russell B, Suwanarusk R, Lek – Uthai U. 

Title : Plasmodium vivax genetic diversity: microsatellite length matters. 

Source : Trends in Parasitology. 22 (9): 399 – 401, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Chloroquine resistance, Human malaria, Genome, Mutation, Loci. 

Abstract : The Plasmodium vivax genome is very diverse but h as a relatively low abundance of 

microsatellites. Leclerc et al. had shown that these di – nucleotide repeats have a low 

level of polymorphism, suggesting a recent bottleneck event in the evolutionary 

history of A vivax. By contrast, in a recent paper, Imwong et al. show that there is a 

very high level of microsatellite diversity. The difference in these results is probably 

due to the set array lengths chosen by each group. Longer arrays are more diverse 

than are shorter ones because slippage mutations become exponentially more common 

with an increase in array length. These studies highlight the need to consider carefully 

the application and design of studies involving microsatellites. 

No.808 

Author(s) : Rutnakornpituk M, Ngamdee P, Phinyocheep P. 

Title : Preparation and properties of polydimethylsiloxane – modified chitosan. 

Source : Carbohydrate Polymers. 63 (2): 229 – 237, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Chitosan, Polydimethylsiloxane, Modification. 

Abstract : Preparation and properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) – modified chitosan are 

discussed herein. A series of PDMS with systematically varied molecular weights 

were first prepared via acid – catalyzed ring opening polymerization of 

octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D – 4) to obtain PDMS prepolymers. They were 

subsequently functionalized with allyl glycidyl ether to obtain epoxy functional groups 

at PDMS terminals. Their chemical structures and molecular weights were 

characterized using(1)H NMR, C – 13 NMR and FTIR, and thermal properties were 

determined by DSC. The reaction of the epoxidized PDMS and chitosan was carried 

out in an acidic aqueous solution. Increasing the molecular weights of PDMS and/or 

its concentrations improved flexibility and water swellability due to the formation of 

PDMS microphase. Water contact angle and water vapor permeability measurements 

indicated that incorporation of the PDMS enhanced its hydrophobicity as compared to 

the unmodified one. 

No.809 

Author(s) : Sa – Ardrit M, Saikhun J, Thongtip N, Damyang M, Mahasawangkul S, 

Angkawanish T, Jansittiwate S, Faisaikarm T, Kitiyanant Y, Pavasuthipaisit K, 

Pinyopummin A. 

Title : Ultrastructural alterations of frozen – thawed Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) 

spermatozoa. 

Source : International Journal of Andrology. 29 (2): 346 – 352, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Acrosome integrity, Elephant spermatozoa, Freezing, Membrane integrity, 

Mitochondrial activity, Ultrastructure. 

Abstract : Intact plasma and acrosome membranes and functional mitochondria following 

cryopreservation are important attributes for the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. 

In the present study, functional and ultrastructural changes of Asian elephant 

spermatozoa after cryopreservation either in TEST + glycerol or HEPT + dimethyl 

sulphoxide (DMSO) were evaluated by fluorescent techniques and electron microscopy. 

Sperm frozen in TEST + glycerol had higher proportion of sperm with intact plasma 

(49.1 +/– 9.2% vs. 30.9 +/– 3.9%) and acrosomal (53.7 +/– 4.9% vs. 35.8 +/– 6.1%) 

membranes, as well as active mitochondria (57.0 +/– 7.2% vs. 42.0 +/– 5.0%) than 

those cryopreserved in HEPT + DMSO. The results obtained from electron microscopy


were similar to those obtained by fluorescence microscopy. The percentage of normal 

spermatozoa was higher when spermatozoa were frozen in TEST + glycerol than 

those frozen in HEPT + DMSO (31.8 +/– 5.6 vs. 28.5 +/– 6.4). The ultrastructural 

alterations revealed by transmission electron microscopy could be classified as (i) 

distension of plasma membrane, while the acrosome was swollen; (ii) disruption or 

loss of plasma membrane, while acrosome was swollen with distended outer acrosomal 

membrane; (iii) disruption or loss of plasma and outer acrosomal membrane with 

leakage of acrosome content; (iv) extensive vesiculation of plasma and outer acrosomal 

membrane and leakage of acrosome content; (v) a complete loss of both plasma 

membrane and outer acrosomal membrane; and (vi) swelling of mitochondria. These 

findings suggest that the freezing and thawing procedure caused structural damage 

to elephant spermatozoa, especially in the plasma membrane, acrosome and 

mitochondria. Fluorescence and electron microscopic evaluations are potentially a 

powerful tool in the analysis of elephant spermatozoa after freezing and thawing. 

No.810 

Author(s) : Sac – Kang V, Suphantharika M. 

Title : Influence of pH and xanthan gum addition on freeze – thaw stability of tapioca starch 

pastes. 

Source : Carbohydrate Polymers. 65 (3): 371 – 380, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Tapioca starch, Xanthan gum, pH, Freeze – thaw stability, Syneresis, Texture. 

Abstract : Effects of pH (3, 7, and 9) and xanthan gum (XG) on freeze – thaw (FT) stability of 

tapioca starch (TS) pastes (6.0% or 24.0% w/w, total solids) were studied as a function 

of TS/XG mixing ratios (6.0/0.0, 5.7/0.3, and 5.4/0.6) and FT cycles (– 20 degrees C, 22 

h and 30 degrees C, I h up to five cycles). Syneresis results showed that xanthan was 

most effective in reducing the syneresis at pH 7 and this effect increased with increasing 

gum concentrations. At pH 3, however, xanthan was much less effective reflected by 

the highest syneresis produced within two FT cycles. DSC data demonstrated that 

neither transition temperatures nor enthalpies of the FT – TS/XG pastes were affected 

by pH and xanthan addition. Photographs of stained starch granules exhibited a 

phase separation between the added xanthan and starch polysaccharides at all pH 

values tested. SEM micrographs illustrated the largest ice crystals formation in the 

pH 3 pastes and in the 0.6% xanthan – added pastes of all pH values. Xanthan 

maintained textural properties of the tapioca starch pastes during FT treatments 

better at pH 7 and pH 9. Lower starch molecular weight (revealed by HPSEC) and a 

reduction in viscosity of xanthan solution caused by acid hydrolysis was probably the 

cause of the lower FT stability of starch pastes at pH 3. 

No.811 

Author(s) : Sae – Lao P, Kittakoop P, Rajviroongit S. 

Title : Total synthesis of racemosol and de – O – methylracemosol, potent cyclooxygenase 

(COX) inhibitors and antimalarial agents. 

Source : Tetrahedron Letters. 47 (3): 345 – 348, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Triacetic acid lactone, Bauhinia – racemosa, Tetracyclic phenol, Derivatives, Roots. 

Abstract : The total synthesis of antimalarial and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, racemosol and de – 

O – methylracemosol, is described. The key steps involved the lateral lithiation reaction 

of ortho – methyl tolulate and the pyran formation via a tandem demethylation – 

cyclization reaction. 

No.812 

Author(s) : Sae – oui P, Sirisinha C, Thepsuwan U, Hatthapanit K. 

Title : Roles of silane coupling agents on properties of silica – filled polychloroprene. 

Source : European Polymer Journal. 42 (3): 479 – 486, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Silane coupling agent, Silica, Polychloroprene, Properties. 

Abstract : Silane coupling agent is used extensively to improve reinforcing efficiency of silica. 

Recently, many types of silane coupling agents have been developed and their roles 

on reinforcing improvement have been studied in many types of rubbers. In the 

present study, roles of the two widely used silane coupling agents, i.e., bis – (3 – 

triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (Si – 69) and 3 – thiocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane 

(Si – 264) were studied in silica – filled polychloroprene (CR). The results reveal that 

the presence of Si – 69 and Si – 264 improves significantly the processability of the 

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rubber compounds. The improvement is more pronounced for Si – 264 due to its 

lower molecular weight and, thus, viscosity. Surprisingly, the results show that Si – 

69 and Si – 264 affect cure characteristics differently, i.e., Si – 69 somewhat retards 

cure while Si – 264 accelerates cure. However, both Si – 69 and Si – 264 result in an 

increased crosslink density of the vulcanizates. The presence of silane coupling agent 

also enhances the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates due to the combined 

effects of better filler dispersion, better rubber – filler interaction and increased 

crosslink density. A thorough look at the results also reveals that the property 

enhancement is obvious only at low silane loading (approximately 1.5 phr). Further 

increase of silane loading generally has little influence on properties of the vulcanizates. 

In the case of Si – 264, excessive use of silane could impair certain properties such as 

modulus and hardness due to the plasticizing effect. Compared with Si – 264, Si – 69 

imparts the rubber vulcanizates with poorer aging resistance. Explanation goes to 

the sulfur contribution effect of Si – 69. 

No.813 

Author(s) : Saejung W, Puttikhunt C, Prommool T, Sojikul P, Tanaka R, Fujiyama K, Malasit P, 

Seki T. 

Title : Enhancement of recombinant soluble dengue virus 2 envelope domain III protein 

production Escherichia coli trxB and gor double mutant. 

Source : Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 102 (4): 333 – 339, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Antigenicity, Dengue virus type 2, Envelope domain III protein, Escherichia coli, 

Origami. 

Abstract : The dengue virus is currently the most important flavivirus causing human diseases 

in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The envelope protein domain III 

of dengue virus type 2 (D2E111), which induces protective and neutralizing antibodies, 

was expressed as an N – terminal fusion to a hexa – histidine tag in Escherichia coli. 

The expression of recombinant D2E111 of 103 amino acids in the soluble form can be 

achieved using suitable host strains, such as Origami, at a low induction temperature 

of 18 degrees C. The enhanced production of the soluble protein could be attributed 

to the thioredoxin reductase (trxB) and glutathione reductase (gor) double mutations 

in the Origami genome. The soluble and refolded D2EIII proteins were recognized by 

different antibodies including human patient antiserum. The immunization of rats 

with soluble D2EIII protein elicited the production of antibodies that could recognize 

the D2E111 protein in the D2E111 precursor protein and in C – terminal truncated 

dengue envelope protein type 1 – 4. Thus, this protein production system is suitable 

for the production of authentic recombinant dengue proteins that may be used in the 

diagnosis of the dengue virus infection or in vaccine development. 

No.814 

Author(s) : Saelee A, Tigvattananont S, Baimai V. 

Title : Allozyme electrophoretic evidence for a complex of species within the Bactrocera tau 

group (diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (2): 249 – 259, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Allele frequencies, Bactrocera tau, Genetic distance, Phylogenetic tree, Sibling species. 

Abstract : Electrophoretic analysis of the Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau – like flies collected from 

wild populations coupled with morphological observation and cytological evidence 

has revealed seven species within this taxon, temporarily designated as species A (= 

B. tau s.s), C, D, E, F, G and I. These enzyme electrophoretic characteristics 

distinguishing these species (including four sympatric and two allopatric species) are 

described in this study. The value of Wright’s fixation index, FST, among populations 

was found to be +0.769. Partitioning of each species reduced the mean FST to +0.053. 

This suggests strong species – specific mating. UPGMA clustering of Nei’s unbiased 

genetic distance was estimated by analysis of allele frequencies at 12 enzyme loci. 

The resulting dendrogram shows that two lineages exist in the B. tau complex, one 

consisting of species C and I and the other comprising four species including B. tau 

s.s. (=A), species D, E, F and G. Of these, species F and G are truly sibling species 

because of their morphological similarity.


No.815 

Author(s) : Saendee P, Tangboriboonrat P. 

Title : Latex interpenetrating polymer networks of epoxidised natural rubber/poly(methyl 

methacrylate): an insight into the mechanism of epoxidation. 

Source : Colloid and Polymer Science. 284 (6): 634 – 643, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Latex – IPNs, Epoxidised natural rubber, Vulcanization. 

Abstract : Composite latex particles consisting of epoxidised natural rubber (ENR) and 

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesised to obtain interpenetrating 

polymer networks. Among the ENR latices having 9 to 36 mol% epoxide, prepared by 

in situ reaction using performic acid, the ENR latex with 25 mol% epoxide was selected 

for prevulcanisation by sulphur or gamma – radiation system. The swelling ratios of 

sheets cast from the sulphur – prevulcanised ENR (SPENR) latices decreased with 

increasing prevulcanisation time while those cast from the gamma – radiation – 

prevulcanised ENR latices were also inversely proportional to the irradiation dose. 

By applying the phase transfer/bulk polymerisation/transmission electron microscopy 

(TEM) technique, a homogeneous network structure in each of the SPENR particles 

and also a relative dense network near the surface in gamma – radiation (RV) ENR 

particle were noticed. When 10 to 30 wt% of MMA swollen in ENR particles was 

polymerised, the mesh structure was observed in each particle. The dense network 

near the RVENR particle surface might be used as additional evidence that the 

degree of epoxidation and, hence, the presence of swollen n – butyl acrylate in the 

outer zone were higher than in the internal region. 

No.816 

Author(s) : Saeseaw S, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A. 

Title : Observation of salt – induced beta – lactoglobulin aggregation using sedimentation 

field – flow fractionation. 

Source : Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 386 (6): 1681 – 1688, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Lactoglobulin, Aggregation, Field – flow fractionation, Inductively coupled plasma – 

optical emission spectrometry, Calcium and zinc ions. 

Abstract : Sedimentation field – flow fractionation (SdFFF) was applied in order to characterize 

particle sizes of beta – lactoglobulin aggregates induced by Ca 2+ or Zn 2+ . Aggregation 

induced by Zn 2+ stop was faster than that induced by Ca 2+ . Effects of Zn 2+ and beta – 

lactoglobulin concentrations, as well as contact time, on the aggregation of beta – 

lactoglobulin were examined. All factors exhibited a combined effect on the size of 

aggregates, whereby larger aggregates were obtained at increased concentrations of 

Zn 2+ and beta – lactoglobulin. At fixed concentrations of 2% (w/v) beta – lactoglobulin 

and 10 mM Zn 2+ , the particle size of the aggregates increased from 0.19 mu m (at 15 

min) to 0.38 mu m (at 2880 min). Further, a hyphenated technique of SdFFF and 

inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP – OES) was used to 

examine whether intermolecular ionic bridges take part in salt – induced beta – 

lactoglobulin aggregation. With SdFFF – ICP – OES, protein – cation – protein cross 

– linkages were observed for beta – lactoglobulin aggregation induced by Zn 2+ , but not 

for that induced by Ca 2+ . 

No.817 

Author(s) : Saikrasun S, Amornsakchai T. 

Title : Phase behavior and properties of in situ – reinforcing elastomer composites based on 

thermoplastic elastomers and thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 101 (3): 1610 – 1619, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Polymer in situ composite, Liquid crystalline polymer, Rheological behavior, Mechanical 

property, Thermal degradation, Thermoplastic elastomer. 

Abstract : In situ reinforcing composites based on two elastomer matrices very different in melt 

viscosity, styrene(ethylene butylene) – styrene triblock copolymer (Kraton G1650) 

and styrene – (ethylene propylene) diblock copolymer (Kraton G1701), and a 

thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP), Rodrun LC3000, were prepared using 

a twin – screw extruder. The rheological behavior, morphology, mechanical and 

thermal properties of the blends containing various LC3000 contents were 

investigated. G1650 was found to have much higher shear viscosity than G1701. All 

neat components and their blends exhibited shear thinning behavior. Melt viscosity 

of the blends gradually decreased with increasing LC3000 contents. Despite a large 

difference in melt viscosity of the two matrices, the results showed that the fibrillar 

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morphology was obtained for both as – extruded strands of LC3000/G1650 and LC3000/ 

G1701 with up to 30 wt % LC3000. At 40 wt % LC3000 or more, the lamellar structure 

was observed for both types of blends because of the coalescence of liquid TLCP 

threads that occurred during extrusion. The addition of LC3000 into both elastomer 

matrices enhanced the tensile modulus considerably whereas the extensibility 

remarkably decreased. The results obtained from thermogravimetric analysis 

suggested that an addition of LC3000 into both elastomer matrices improved the 

thermal resistance significantly in air, but not in nitrogen. 

No.818 

Author(s) : Sajjayanukul T, Saeoui P, Sirisinha C. 

Title : Analysis of bulk dynamic properties in two – layered natural rubber vulcanisates. 

Source : Polymer – Plastics Technology and Engineering. 45 (1): 77 – 83, 2006. 


Keywords : Natural rubber, Layered vulcanisates, Dynamic properties. 

Abstract : Two – layered vulcanisates were prepared from two rubbers with different dynamic 

properties, and the bulk dynamic properties of the layered rubber vulcanisates were 

assessed. The results reveal that the bulk dynamic properties are strongly dependent 

on a layer thickness ratio. For the specimens in which each layer has similar 

compressive modulus and dynamic properties, the relationship between the bulk 

dynamic properties and the layer thickness ratio obeys a rule of mixture. However, 

for the specimens in which each layer has a large difference in compressive modulus, 

some deviation from the rule of mixture towards the layer with relatively large 

deformability (i.e., the layer with relatively low compressive modulus) is observed. 

No.819 

Author(s) : Sakdapipanich J, Insom K. 

Title : High – resolution gas chromatography – mass spectrometry – Characterization and 

mechanism to generate the obnoxious odor in natural rubber. 

Source : KGK – Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe. 59 (7 – 8): 382 – 387, 2006 (Jul – Aug). 


Keywords : NR, Odour, Analysis, Head – space GC/MS. 

Abstract : The components of obnoxious odor derived from various solid rubbers were 

characterized by a combination technique between head – space sampling and GC – 

MS, compared with database. The mechanisms producing obnoxious odor were also 

investigated. It was found that volatile components of STR XL were mainly comprised 

of hydrocarbons, which were probably derived from lipid oxidation of unsaturated 

fatty acids or triglycerides. In the case of STR 5L, the small amounts of volatile fatty 

acids derived from carbohydrate fermentation were detected. They were also liberated 

from STR 5, STR 20, cup lump and RSS. Finally, in the case of skim crumb rubber, 

sulfur – containing compounds derived from decomposition of proteins existing in NR 

were observed. 

No.820 

Author(s) : Sakdapipanich J, Thananusont N, Pukkate N. 

Title : Synthesis of acrylate polymers by a novel emulsion polymerization for adhesive 

applications. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100 (1): 413 – 421, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Adhesives, Emulsion polymerization, Acrylate polymer. 

Abstract : Pressure – sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are viscoelastic – elastomeric materials that 

can adhere strongly to solid surfaces with light contact pressure and a short contact 

time. Polyacrylates produced by solution polymerization are used widely because of 

their good adhesive properties. A novel emulsion polymerization was established to 

improve the low physical properties of PSA on the basis of conventional poly(n – butyl 

acrylate) (PBA) by emulsion polymerization. PBA latex was synthesized by the 

emulsion polymerization of 50 wt % n – butyl acrylate mixed with 15 wt % ethyl 

acetate (EA) with Emal – 10P and Emulgen – 920 as anionic and nonionic surfactants, 

respectively, at 70 degrees C. Potassium persulfate (KPS) or a combination of KPS 

and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as the initiator. The KPS/DCP system gave a 

very high – molecular – weight PBA of a narrow molecular weight distribution with 

a weight – average molecular weight/number – average molecular weight value of 

1.01 – 1.03 in 15 min. The PSA tape was prepared by the casting of the PSA latex onto 

a corona poly(ethylene terephthalate) film as an adherent to obtain a 50 – mu m – dry


– thickness film. The PSA tape produced from PBA by the novel emulsion polymerization 

showed better adhesive properties, such as 180 degrees peel adhesion, shear holding 

power, and rolling ball tack tests according to JIS and ASTM standards, than PSA 

tape produced from solution polymerization. The occlusion of a small amount of EA in 

emulsion particles before polymerization was found to give higher properties than 

those of PBA prepared by the addition of EA to the PBA latex after polymerization. 

No.821 

Author(s) : Sakdapipanich JT, Kowitteerawut T, Tuampoemsab S, Kawahara S. 

Title : Structural characterization of sulfur vulcanized deproteinized natural rubber by solid 

– state C – 13 NMR spectroscopy. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 100 (3): 1875 – 1880, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Deproteinized natural rubber, Solid – state C – 13 NMR, Swelling measurement, 

Crosslink density, Vulcanization, Aging. 

Abstract : The structural changes in unfilled and filled Vulcanized deproteinized natural rubber 

(DPNR), which is a highly purified natural rubber (NR), were investigated by solid – 

state C – 13 NMR spectroscopy. The chemical shifts of new signal were assigned by 

calculation and compared with those observed by Koenig et al. for conventional 

vulcanized NR. The crosslink Structure of sulfur vulcanized DPNR were similar to 

that of sulfur – vulcanized NR for CV system assigned by Koenig et al. The increase 

in the relative intensities of signals between 45 and 58 ppm, which was assigned to 

monosulfidic and polysulfidic bonds, was concerned with the increase in crosslink 

density. In this case, the crosslink density was increased after aging, which might be 

due to incomplete Curing. Furthermore, the solid – state C – 13 NMR spectrum of the 

aged Sulfur vulcanizate DPNR showed new signals at around 73 ppm, which is 

assignable to carbon attached to hydroxyl group because of thermal oxidation. It can 

provide more complete understanding of the final vulcanizate crosslink structure of 

DPNR vulcanizates. 

No.822 

Author(s) : Sakdapipanich JT, Yunyongwattanakorn J. 

Title : Physical properties changes of NR bei Langzeitalterung. [Physikalische Eigenschaften 

von NR bei Langzeitalterung] 

Source : Gummi, Fasern, Kunststoffe. 59 (11): 701 – 707, 2006 (Nov). 



Abstract : The physical properties during long term storage of selected commercial Standard 

Thai Rubbers (STR), i.e. STR XL, STR SL and STR CV60 as high – graded natural 

rubber (NR), were investigated. Sections of commercial NR were subjected to 

examination after storage – hardening. STR SL showed clearly an increase in Mooney 

viscosity (VR), Mooney relaxation (MR30), gel content and initial plasticity (P0), higher 

than that of STR XL This result suggests that STR 5L exhibits the highest inconsistency 

in physical properties. The increasing viscosity and gel content of STR SL and STR XL 

samples suggest the occurrence of a crosslink structure during storage. STR CV60, 

known as a viscosity – stabilized NR sample, also showed an increase in VR, gel 

content, P0. and high PRI value during long storage. These findings indicate that 

storage – hardening occurred in the rubber samples even after carefully controlled 

production procedures. As for the different sections of samples, there was no clear 

relation with gel content with respect to storage time, indicating that depth or positions 

of specimens in a certain rubber bale did not affect the storage – hardening 

phenomenon. 

No.823 

Author(s) : Sakoonwatanyoo P, Boonsanay V, Smith DR. 

Title : Growth and production of the dengue virus in C6/36 cells and identification of a 

laminin – binding protein as a candidate serotype 3 and 4 receptor protein. 

Source : Intervirology. 49 (3): 161 – 172, 2006. 


Keywords : Flavivirus, Laminin, Receptor, Stegomyia. 

Abstract : Objectives: Although dengue is one of the most common mosquito – borne viral 

diseases, few studies have investigated the relationship between the dengue virus 

and mosquito cells, and this study sought to describe the binding and propagation of 

the dengue viruses in C6/36 cells. Methods: The internalization and production of the 

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dengue virus was assayed by standard plaque assay methodologies, while dengue 

virus receptor proteins were examined by a virus overlay protein – binding assay and 

candidate gene analysis coupled with virus inhibition studies. Results: All four 

serotypes were internalized linearly, and de novo virus production occurred 14 – 19 h 

postinfection. Virus overlay protein – binding assay identified a band of 50 kDa for 

dengue serotypes 2, 3 and 4 which comigrated with a protein that reacts with antibodies 

directed against the human 37/67 – kDa high – affinity laminin receptor. Both 

antibodies directed against the human 37/ 67 – kDa high – affinity laminin receptor 

protein and soluble laminin inhibited the binding and internalization of serotypes 3 

and 4, but not serotypes 1 and 2. Conclusions: The results suggest that multiple 

receptors may be used by the dengue virus to enter into insect cells, and that one of 

these proteins may be a laminin – binding protein. 

No.824 

Author(s) : Sakulpipatsin W, Verasertniyom O, Nantiruj K, Totemchokchyakarn K, Lertsrisatit 

P, Janwityanujit S. 

Title : Vitamin D receptor gene Bsml polymorphisms in Thai patients with systemic lupus 

erythematosus. 

Source : Arthritis Research & Therapy. 8 (2): Article No.R48, 2006. 


Keywords : Chinese patients, 1, 25 – dihydroxyvitamin – D3, Osteoporosis, Association, 

Lymphocytes, Arthritis, Disease, Invitro. 

Abstract : The immunomodulatory role of 1, 25 – dihydroxyvitamin D3 is well known. An 

association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene BsmI polymorphisms and systemic 

lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported. To examine the characteristics of 

VDR gene BsmI polymorphisms in patients with SLE and the relationship of 

polymorphisms to the susceptibility and clinical manifestations of SLE, VDR 

genotypings of 101 Thai patients with SLE and 194 healthy controls were performed 

based on polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism 

(PCR – RFLP). The relationship between VDR gene BsmI polymorphisms and clinical 

manifestations of SLE was evaluated. The distribution of VDR genotyping in patients 

with SLE was 1.9% for BB (non – excisable allele homozygote), 21.78% for Bb 

(heterozygote), and 76.23% for bb (excisable allele homozygote). The distribution of 

VDR genotyping in the control group was 1.03% for BB, 15.98% for Bb, and 82.99% for 

bb. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 

0.357). The allelic distribution of B and b was similar within the groups (p = 0.173). 

The relationship between VDR genotype and clinical manifestation or laboratory 

profiles of SLE also cannot be statistically demonstrated. In conclusion, we cannot 

verify any association between VDR gene BsmI polymorphism and SLE. A larger 

study examining other VDR gene polymorphisms is proposed. 

No.825 

Author(s) : Sakulsriprasert P, Vachalathiti R, Vongsirinavarat M, Kantasorn J. 

Title : Cross – cultural adaptation of modified oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire 

to Thai and its reliability. 



Keywords : Cross – cultural translation, Low Back Pain, Modified Oswestry Disability 

Questionnaire, Reliability. 

Abstract : Objective: The present study aimed to cross – culturally adapt the modified Oswestry 

Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) into Thai. Material and Method: The 

process comprised of an initial forward translations from English to Thai, synthesis of 

the translations, back translation, and back translation approval. The approved version 

of Thai ODQ was then calculated for test – retest reliability. Forty patients with LBP, 

aged 40.1 10.7 years, were recruited into a test – retest reliability study. Results: The 

test – retest reliability, calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient, was assessed 

on two occasions separated by a time interval of 20 – 30 minutes. The values of test – 

retest reliability of items ranged from 0.80 – 1.00. The value of total score was 0.98. 

Conclusion: This finding indicated good reliability of the Thai version modified ODQ.


No.826 

Author(s) : Samung Y, Palakul K, Apiwathnasorn C, Prummongkol S, Asavanich A, 

Leemingsawat S. 

Title : Laboratory colonization of Mansonia mosquitoes with an emphasis on Ma. annulata 

and Ma. Bonneae 





Abstract : The present study records the first successful colonization of Mansonia annulata and 

describes colony maintenance with modification of rearing medium and host plants. 

Three species of Mansonia mosquitoes (Ma. uniformis, Ma. Indiana and Ma annulifera) 

were successfully reared in ambient environments with adult emergence rates > 

50%, while Ma. bonneae and Ma. dives yielded emergence rates > 30%. Colonization 

of Ma. annulata was modified and improved so that they were successfully raised to 

adult with emergence rates of 23%. Tube sedge, Lepironia articulata, was utilized as 

a host plant and peat swamp water was used as a rearing medium. Yeast and small 

lizard droppings were added daily to the larval medium to maintain microorganisms 

and pH in the infusion. However, identifying suitable culture medium remains an 

obstacle to establishing colonies of Ma. annulata, as the culture medium is difficult to 

mimic in the laboratory. Further study, focusing particularly on larval attachment 

substrates and rearing medium, is needed to develop a standardized and practical 

rearing technique for Mansonia mosquitoes. 

No.827 

Author(s) : Sangacharoenkit P, Pongpreuksa S, Boonchoo S, Vichyanond P, Visitsunthom N, 

Jirapongsananuruk O. 

Title : Severity of autoimmune urticaria is not different than in children with chronic urticaria 

from other causes. 

Source : Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117 (2): S121 – S121 473 Suppl. S, 2006 

(Feb). 




No.828 

Author(s) : Sangloung C, Buddhirongawatr R, Tantawiwattananon N, Sukthana Y. 

Title : In vivo culture of Cryptosporidium oocysts for laboratory use. 


37(Suppl.3): 18 – 20, 2006. 



Abstract : In the present study, we describe in vivo cultivation to produce oocysts. Seven – day 

– old mice were orally infected with 100,000 – 120,000 Cryptosporidium oocysts. On 

day 8 post – infection, the mice were killed by ether, and the small and large intestines 

collected. A simple extraction procedure was used and purified using Ficoll gradient 

centrifugation. After purification, the oocysts were preserved in phosphate buffered 

saline with antibiotic at 4 degrees C before use. 

No.829 

Author(s) : Sangsawong S, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A. 

Title : Matrix removal before inductively coupled plasma spectrometric detection: another 

capability of flow field – flow fractionation. 

Source : Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 21 (11): 1336 – 1339, 2006. 


Keywords : Mass – spectrometry, ICP – MS, Spectral interferences, Online dilution, 

Natural – waters, Reaction cell, Ion – source, Sea – water, Preconcentration, 

Applicability. 

Abstract : A modified flow field – flow fractionation (FlFFF) configuration was investigated for 

its matrix removal capability before inductively coupled plasma optical emission 

spectrometric (ICP – OES) detection. Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) having a molecular 

weight of 25 000 Da was added to test solutions (buffered at pH 9) to form complexes 

with analyte elements (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) but not with the matrix 

elements (Ca, K, Mg and Na). With the use of a poly(ether sulfone) membrane 

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having a 1000 Da molecular weight cut – o. inside the FlFFF channel, matrix elements 

were removed by filtering off through the membrane, whereas the PEI – analyte 

complexes remained in the channel and were subsequently eluted and detected. Two 

approaches, i.e., cross flow matrix removal (CFM) and opposing flow matrix removal 

– analyte preconcentration (OFM), were evaluated for matrix removal and matrix 

removal with simultaneous preconcentration, respectively. With the FlFFF/CFM 

approach, the signal intensities of matrix elements were reduced by approximately 

80 – 90% while those of analyte elements were only slightly reduced (similar to 20%). 

With the FlFFF/OFM approach, an unlimited sample volume can be introduced into 

the FlFFF channel with an elution volume of approximately 1 ml, leading to analyte 

preconcentration. 

No.830 

Author(s) : Sangtawesin V, Sangtawesin C, Raksasinborisut C, Sathirakul K, 

Kanjanapattanakul W, Khorana M, Horpaopan S. 

Title : Oral ibuprofen prophylaxis for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus of prematurity. 



Keywords : Oral ibuprofen, Patent ductus arteriosus, Preterm. 

Abstract : Background: The oral suspension form of ibuprofen has been shown to have the 

same efficacy and safety as indomethacin in the treatment of symptomatic PDA, 

however its role is still questionable in the prophylaxis of symptomatic PDA. Objectives: 

1. To assess the efficacy and safety of the drug in the prevention of symptomatic PDA 

in premature infants. 2. To study its pharmacokinetics – pharmacodynamics 

relationship. Material and Method: A randomized, single – blinded, controlled study 

was performed on premature neonates with a gestational age between 28 – 32 weeks, 

birthweight d•1500 grams at the neonatal unit, Queen Sirikit National Institute of 

Child Health from July 2003 to April 2004. Three doses of ibuprofen suspension or 

placebo were given 24 hours apart. Clinical evaluation was performed daily until the 

28th day of life. Echocardiogram was performed prior to the drug administration, on 

the 3rd and 7th day of life. Results: There were 22 and 20 cases in the ibuprofen and 

control group respectively. The epidemiologic data between the groups before 

enrollment showed no significant differences. Prevalence of symptomatic PDA was 

lower in the ibuprofen than in the control group without any significant side effects 

(0/22 vs 5/20, p = 0.015 on day 3 and 0/22 vs 6/20, p = 0.006 on day 7). Comparing with 

the pharmacokinetic study in older children and adult, the present study revealed 

nearly the same C max but longer Tmax and T1/2 in premature neonates. Conclusion: 

Oral ibuprofen suspension could reduce the prevalence of symptomatic PDA without 

any significant side effects. 

No.831 

Author(s) : Sanguansap K, Thonggoom R, Tangboriboonrat P. 

Title : Surface modification of natural rubber film by polymerisation of methyl methacrylate 

in water – based system. 

Source : European Polymer Journal. 42 (10): 2334 – 2342, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Surface modification, Natural rubber, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Redox initiation. 

Abstract : Polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the surface of natural rubber (NR) 

film was studied in order to increase the surface hardness, roughness and, hence, to 

decrease the friction coefficient of rubber. We used the two – step process: (i) swelling 

of MMA and tert – butyl hydroperoxide, emulsified in an aqueous solution of sodium 

dodecyl sulphate, onto the NR film surface, and (ii) subsequently immersing the 

swollen rubber strip into an alkaline aqueous solution of ferrous ion/fructose for 

redox initiation. The presence of PMMA on the NR surface was examined by attenuated 

total reflection – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR – FTIR). Increasing 

the concentration of ferrous ion caused an increase in MMA conversion. The surface 

morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force 

microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode revealed the aggregation of micronmetre – scale 

nodules on the modified surface. The surface hardness and roughness increased 

with increasing PMMA content.


No.832 

Author(s) : Sanguansin S, Petmitr S, Pinyarit P, Vorasubin V, Weerapradist W, Surarit R. 

Title : hMSH2 gene alterations associated with recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 

Source : Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 25 (2): 251 – 257, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Microsatellite DNA, hMLH2 gene polymorphism, 

Recurrence status. 

Abstract : Oral cancer, one of the ten most widespread cancers in Thailand, is a major public 

health problem. The aim of the study was to assess hMSH2 and hMLH1 gene 

mutations, microsatellite DNA alterations, and investigate the association between 

these alterations and clinicopathological features of oral squamous cell carcinomas 

(SCC) in a sample of Thai patients. Microsatellite alterations at D2S391, D3S647, 

D17S513, and D17S520 were detected at a frequency of 40.6%. Among these alterations, 

12.5% exhibited loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at D3S647 and D17S513, while 34.4% 

exhibited microsatellite instability (MI) at D2S391, D17S513, and D17S520. Polymorphic 

change in the intronic region of hMSH2 at IVS I nt 211+9, c – –>g was observed in 

50% of cases. Significant correlation was observed between IVS I nt 211+9 

polymorphism and the recurrence status of the patients (p = 0.030, OR = 10.67). This 

study demonstrated that the polymorphism of hMSH2 at IVS I nt 211+9 (c – g) was 

associated with oral cancer recurrence status and could be used as a biomarker for 

prognosis and follow – up treatment of oral cancer. 

No.833 

Author(s) : Sanmaneechai O, Wisuthsarewong W, Sawathiparnich P. 

Title : Epidermal nevus syndrome presenting as hypophosphatemic rickets – A case report 

of an uncommon association. 

Source : Endocrinologist. 16 (3): 145 – 149, 2006 (May – Jun). 


Keywords : epidermal nevus syndrome; hypophosphatemic rickets; phosphorus 

Abstract : The epidermal nevus syndrome is a multisystem defect that includes epidermal nevi 

and cerebral and musculoskeletal abnormalities. We report the case of a 7 – year – old 

Thai boy with hypophosphatemic rickets in a rare association with the epidermal 

nevus syndrome. The patient presented with growth retardation, bone pain, and 

generalized muscle weakness. 

No.834 

Author(s) : Sanpanich K, Wells FE, Chitramvong Y. 

Title : Effects of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on littorinid molluscs near Phuket, Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Molluscan Studies. 72: 311 – 313 (Part 3), 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Peasiella nevill, 1885 gastropoda, Taxonomy. 


No.835 

Author(s) : Sarisuta N, Lawanprasert P, Puttipipatkhachorn S, Srikummoon K. 

Title : The influence of drug – excipient and drug – polymer interactions on butt adhesive 

strength of ranitidine hydrochloride film – coated tablets. 

Source : Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 32 (4): 463 – 471, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Film – coated tablets, Drug – excipient interaction, Drug – polymer interaction, 

Adhesive strength, Ranitidine HCl, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, 

Eudragit E100 (R). 

Abstract : The influence of fillers and polymeric films on adhesive strength of hydroxypropyl 

methylcellulose (HPMC) and Eudragit E100(R) films coated on ranitidine HCl tablets 

containing either spray – dried rice starch (SDRS) or lactose monohydrate as fillers 

after storage at 45 degrees C/75% RH for four weeks was investigated by the use of 

butt adhesion technique. The adhesive strength of film – coated tablets of fillers 

without drug was found to slightly decrease after storage. In contrast, the adhesive 

strength of drug – containing film – coated tablets significantly reduced, the degree of 

which was higher for Eudragit E100(R) than HPMC. Physicochemical characterization 

by employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and diffuse reflectance infrared 

Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed that the drug was obviously 

incompatible with lactose and possibly mild interaction with Eudragit E100(R) was 

suggested. The results indicated that the adhesive strength of film – coated tablets 

would be affected not only by the drug – excipient interaction, but also by the drug – 

polymeric film interaction. 

299


No.836 

Author(s) : Sariya L, Prempracha N, Keelapang P, Chittasophon N. 

Title : Bacteriophage isolated from Burkholderia pseudomallei causes phenotypic changes 

in Burkholderia thailandensis. 

Source : ScienceAsia. 32 (1): 83 – 91, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : B. Pseudomallei, B. Thailandensis, Bacteriophage, Phenotype and protein profile. 

Abstract : Burkhoderia pseudomallei, a causative agent of melioidosis, is a gram – negative 

bacillus that is closely related to its avirulent counterpart, B. thailandensis. Previous 

reports suggested that ninety – two percent of B. pseudomallei species carried 

prophages. In this study, 21 phages isolated from 64 isolates of B. pseudomallei were 

able to lyse some strains of B. thailandensis and 3 phages converted B. thailandensis 

to lysogens. By DNase and RNase treatment of the genomes, all these three phages, 

C2, C13 and C32, were DNA viruses. By nucleic acid type and morphology, 

C2 and C13 were grouped in the Myoviridae family and C32 was in the 

Podoviridae family. The C32 phage described here appears to be the first member 

of the Podoviridae family that was isolated from Burkholderia spp. To assess the 

phenotypic changes of B. thailandensis before and after infection with these three 

phages, the whole – cell protein profile, the resistance to normal human serum 

(NHS) and the basic biochemical characters were examined and compared. Changes 

in protein profiles were clearly observed in the T9 C2 and T10 C2 lysogens when 

compared with the phage – recipients. In addition, while the T10 recipient was sensitive 

to serum, both lysogenic T10 C2 and its phage – donor C2 grew well in the presence 

of 30% NHS. There is only one difference in biochemical activities based on the 

API20NE kit. The phage – recipient T9 could use esculin as an energy source but 

T9 C2 lysogen and the phage – donor C2 was unable to hydrolyse esculin. The 

results here suggested that changes in phenotypic characters could occur after B. 

thailandensis received the phage from B. pseudomallei. 

No.837 

Author(s) : Sathiravikarn W, Apisarnthanarak A, Apisarnthanarak P, Bailey TC. 

Title : Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated chylous ascites in HIV – infected patients: 

Case report and review of the literature. 

Source : Infection. 34 (4): 230 – 233, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Portal – vein thrombosis, Avium complex, AIDS, Chylothorax, Management, Etiology. 

Abstract : Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis. We report a case of CA 

due to tuberculosis in an HIV – infected patient and review the literature on CA in 

HIV disease. This patient was successfully treated with large volume abdominal 

paracentesis, antituberculous drugs, and parenteral medium chain triglycerides. 

No.838 

Author(s) : Sattabongkot J, Yimamnuaychoke N, Leelaudomlipi S, Rasameesoraj M, Jenwithisuk 

R, Coleman RE, Udomsangpetch RE, Cui LW, Brewer TG. 

Title : Establishment of a human hepatocyte line that supports in vitro development of the 

exo – erythrocytic stages of the Malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. 

vivax. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (5): 708 – 715, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Exoerythrocytic stage, Invitro culture, Berghei sporozoites, Monkey hepatocytes, 

Hepatic stages, Kupffer cells, Liver, Cultivation, Transformation, Infection. 

Abstract : Our understanding of the biology of malaria parasite liver stages is limited because of 

the lack of efficient in vitro systems that support the exo – erythrocytic (EE) 

development of the parasite. We report the development of a new hepatocyte line 

(HC – 04) from normal human liver cells. The HC – 04 cells have proliferated in 

hormone – free medium for more than 200 passages. The cells were hyperdiploid, 

resembled liver parenchymal cells, and synthesized major liver – specific proteins and 

enzymes. Using Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites harvested from 

salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, we showed that HC – 04 cells supported the 

complete EE development of these two most prevalent human malaria parasites. The 

EE parasites attained full maturation as shown by their infectivity to human 

erythrocytes. The infection rates of the liver cells were estimated to be 0.066% and 

0.041% for P. falciparum and P. vivax, respectively. As the first human hepatocyte 

line known to support complete EE development of both P. falciparum and P. vivax, 

HC – 04 will provide an experimental model that can be used for studying the biology 

of liver stage malaria parasites. 

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No.839 

Author(s) : Sattayaprasert P, Choi HB, McLarnon JG, Chongthammakun S. 

Title : Involvement of calcium mobilization in platelet – activating factor – induced pro – 

inflammatory cytokine expression in human microglia. 





No.840 

Author(s) : Satumanatpan S, Saenwong W. 

Title : Impact of suspended sediments on the survival of seagrass: Halodule pinifolia (Miki) 

den Hartog. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (4): 877 – 885, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Halodule pinifolia, Seagrass, Survival, Suspended sediments. 

Abstract : The research aimed to study the level of suspended sediments on the survival of 

Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog. Three experiments were conducted. Broad 

concentration of suspended sediments covering the level found in nature were 

employed in the first experiment. The impact concentration of suspended sediments 

on the survival of H. pinifolia was extended in more detail in the second and third 

experiments. H. pinifolia was planted by washing off the mud and holding it with a 

grating. An air pump was used to stir the sediment in suspension during the 

experiments and necessary water parameters were strictly control. The suspended 

sediment was spread by siphon and conducted in a period of 30 days for the first and 

second experiments, and 45 days for the third experiment. The result indicated that 

suspended sediments with a concentration of 1 – 64 mg/1 had no impact on the 

survival of H. pinifolia within 30 days. Initially, suspended sediments of 66 mg/l 

lowered H. pinifolia’s survival to 95% at day 30. Concentration of suspended sediments 

higher than 66 mg/l affected the survival of H. pinifolia. The decreasing survival was 

noticed during days 20 – 25 of the experiment and all died during days 40 – 45. 

However, the life span off H. pinifolia, would be very important and might also affect 

the survival of H. pinifolia after 30 days. 

No.841 

Author(s) : Sawangjaroen N, Phongpaichit S, Subhadhirasakul S, Visutthi M, Srisuwan N, 

Thammapalerd N. 

Title : The anti – amoebic activity of some medicinal plants used by AIDS patients in southern 

Thailand. 

Source : Parasitology Research. 98 (6): 588 – 592, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Boesenbergia – pandurata, Trichomonas – vaginalis, Blastocystis – hominis, Invasive 

amebiasis, Chronic diarrhea, Piper – longum, Metronidazole, Susceptibility, Infection, 

Extracts. 

Abstract : The anti – amoebic activities of chloroform, methanol and water extracts from 12 

Thai medicinal plants (39 extracts) commonly used by AIDS patients in southern 

Thailand were screened, at a concentration of 1,000 mu g/ml, against Entamoeba 

histolytica strain HTH – 56:MUTM and strain HM1:IMSS growing in vitro. The extracts 

were incubated with 2x10(5) E. histolytica trophozoites/ml of medium at 37 degrees C 

under anaerobic conditions for 24 h. The cultures were examined with an inverted 

microscope and scored (1 – 4) according to the appearance and numbers of the 

trophozoites. The extracts that caused inhibition were selected and retested using 

the same conditions but with concentrations that ranged from 31.25 to 1,000 mu g/ml 

using E. histolytica strain HM1: IMSS, and the IC50 values for each extract were 

calculated. The chloroform extracts from Alpinia galanga (IC50 55.2 mu g/ml), Barleria 

lupulina (IC50 78.5 mu g/ml), Boesenbergia pandurata (IC50 45.8 mu g/ml), Piper 

betle (IC50 91.1 mu g/ml) and Piper chaba (IC50 71.4 mu g/ml) and the methanol 

extract from B. pandurata (IC50 57.6 mu g/ml) were all classified as “active”, i.e. with 

an IC50 of less than 100 mu g/ml, whereas those from Murraya paniculata (IC50 

116.5 mu g/ml) and Zingiber zerumbet (IC50 196.9 mu g/ml) were classified as being 

“moderately active”. The IC50 of a standard drug, metronidazole, was 1.1 mu g/ml. 

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No.842 

Author(s) : Sawasdee N, Udomchaiprasertkul W, Noisakran S, Rungroj N, Akkarapatumwong 

V, Yenchitsomanus PT. 

Title : Trafficking defect of mutant kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) proteins associated 

with distal renal tubular acidosis and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. 

Source : Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 350(3):723–730, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), Kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1), Southeast 

Asian ovalocytosis (SAO), Compound heterozygous mutation, Trafficking defect, 

Epitope tag, Green fluorescent protein (GFP), Thai. 

Abstract : Compound heterozygous anion exchanger I (AE1) SAO/G701D mutations result in 

distal renal tubular acidosis with Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. Interaction, trafficking 

and localization of wild – type and mutant (SAO and G701D) kAE1 proteins fused 

with hemagglutinin, six – histidine, Myc, or green fluorescence protein (GFP) were 

examined in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. When individually expressed, 

wild – type kAE1 was localized at cell surface while mutant kAE1 SAO and G701D 

were intracellularly retained. When co – expressed, wild – type kAE1 could form 

heterodimer with kAE1 SAO or kAE1 G701D and could rescue mutant kAE1 proteins 

to express on the cell surface. Co – expression of kAE1 SAO and kAE1 G701D also 

resulted in heterodimer formation but intracellular retention without cell surface 

expression, suggesting their trafficking defect and failure to rescue each other to the 

plasma membrane, most likely the molecular mechanism of the disease in the 

compound heterozygous condition. 

No.843 

Author(s) : Sawathiparnich P, Osuwanaratana P, Santiprabhob J, Likitmaskul S. 

Title : Tamoxifen improved final height prediction in a girl with McCune – Albright syndrome: 

Patient report and literature review. 

Source : Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 (1): 81 – 86, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : McCune – Albright syndrome, Tamoxifen, Precocious puberty, Raloxifene, Predicted 

adult height. 

Abstract : McCune – Albright syndrome (MAS) is characterized by gonadotropin – independent 

precocious puberty, cafe – au – lait spots on the skin and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 

of bones. Treatment of precocious puberty (PP) in MAS should be considered in 

patients with poor predicted adult height (PAH). Treatment of gonadotropin – 

independent PP in MAS with ketoconazole, cyproterone acetate or testolactone, an 

aromatase inhibitor, does not appear to be always effective in slowing bone maturation. 

We report here a Thai girl with MAS who received tamoxifen, one of the selective 

estrogen receptor modulators, for the management of advanced puberty and rapid 

bone maturation. Her pubertal progression, vaginal bleeding, growth rate and PAH 

improved during treatment with tamoxifen despite persistently elevated serum 

estradiol levels and an enlarged ovarian cyst. 

No.844 

Author(s) : Sawatsuk T, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A. 

Title : Matrix removal and analyte preconcentration before inductively coupled plasma 

spectrometric detection: use of a laboratory – made hollow fibre flow filtration unit. 

Source : Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 21 (11): 1331 – 1335, 2006. 


Keywords : Atomic emission – spectrometry, Mass – spectrometry, Soluble polymers, 

Ultrafiltration. 

Abstract : A hollow fibre flow filtration (HF – FF) was applied to perform matrix removal and 

analyte preconcentration before inductively coupled plasma optical emission 

spectrometric (ICP – OES) detection. Poly(ethylene imine), PEI, with a molecular 

weight of 750 000 Da, was added to test solutions to form complexes with analyte 

elements (Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) but not the matrix elements (Ca, K, Mg 

and Na). Two flow streams were applied in opposing directions to introduce a large 

sample volume into the fibre membrane. With the use of a HF membrane made of 

poly(sulfone), having a pore size of 30 000 Da, matrix elements were removed by 

filtering off through the membrane, whereas the PEI – analyte complexes remained 

in the channel and were subsequently eluted and detected. Various parameters were 

optimized to obtain a satisfactory matrix removal and preconcentration factor. These 

include PEI concentration, focusing time, and focusing point. With a PEI concentration 

of 200 mg l(–1), focusing time of 15 min and the focusing point nearest to the detector, 

matrix removal efficiency was nearly 100%. 

302


No.845 

Author(s) : Say EC, Nakajima M, Senawongse P, Soyman M, Ozer F, Ogata M, Tagami J. 

Title : Microtensile bond strength of a filled vs unfilled adhesive to dentin using self – etch 

and total – etch technique. 

Source : Journal of Dentistry. 34 (4): 283 – 291, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Filled adhesive, Unfilled adhesive, Total – etch, Self – etch. 

Abstract : Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a filled adhesive 

(One – Step Plus; Bisco) versus an unfilled adhesive (One – Step; Bisco) on the 

microtensite bond strength (mu TBS) to dentin using total – etch (Uni – etch; Bisco) 

and self – etch (Tyrian SPE; Bisco) techniques. Methods: Twenty extracted human 

third molars were ground flat to expose occlusal dentin. After the dentin surfaces 

were polished with 600 – grit SiC paper, the teeth were randomly assigned to four 

groups according to the bonding agent and technique being used. Dentin surfaces 

were bonded with One – Step Plus + total – etch; One – Step Plus+self – etch; One – 

Step+ total – etch and One – Step + self – etch. Composite buildups were performed 

with Clearfil AP – X (Kuraray Medical). Following storage in distilled water at 37 

degrees C for 24 h, the bonded specimens were serially sectioned into 0.7 mm – thick 

stabs and then trimmed to hour – glass shapes with a 1 mm 2 cross – sectional area (n 

= 20). Microtensile bond strengths were determined using the EZ – test (Shimadzu) 

at a cross – head speed of 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed using two – way ANOVA 

and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: There were no significant differences in the mu 

TBS between One – Step Plus and One – Step adhesives when they were used with 

the total – etch and self – etch techniques (p > 0.05). However with the total – etch 

technique both adhesives yielded significantly higher bond strength values than the 

self – etch technique (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The fitted adhesive One – Step Plus did 

not show any beneficial effect than the unfilled adhesive One – Step on the mu TBS 

to dentin with total – etch and self – etch techniques. Irrespective from the adhesive 

type, self – etch technique revealed lower bond strengths than the total – etch 

technique. 

No.846 

Author(s) : Scott TW, Gerade B, Harrington LC, Jones JW, Edman JD, Kitthawee S, Minnick SL, 

Clark JM. 

Title : Age – structure of Aedes aegypti populations and intra – annual variation in dengue 

transmission. 






No.847 

Author(s) : Seeherunvong W, Nwobi O, Abitbol CL, Chandar J, Strauss J, Zilleruelo G. 

Title : Paricalcitol versus calcitriol treatment for hyperparathyroidism in pediatric 

hemodialysis patients. 

Source : Pediatric Nephrology. 21 (10): 1434 – 1439, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Paricalcitol, Calcitriol, Hyperparathyroidism, Children, Young adults, Hemodialysis. 

Abstract : Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) remains a treatment dilemma in pediatric 

dialysis patients. Recent experience with paricalcitol (P), a vitamin D analogue, in 

adults with SHPT has shown equal efficacy and improved survival compared to 

traditional treatment with calcitriol (C). We present our experience with (C) compared 

to (P) treatment in our pediatric dialysis patients with SHPT. Twenty – one patients 

(mean age 11.5 +/– 5 years) with SHPT (intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) averaging 

1,228 +/– 496 pg/ml) were studied. Seventeen received (C) followed by (P); while an 

additional four were treated with either (C=1) or (P=3) alone. After 26 +/ – 8 weeks, 

average percent (%) decrease in iPTH was similar with (C) and (P) (– 60.4 +/– 34% 

versus – 65.4 +/– 28%, respectively; p=0.6). In the (P) group, the effective dose in 

children was greater than in adult trials based on kilogram weight. Episodes of 

hypercalcemia between the treatment groups were not different. However, episodes 

of elevated calcium x phosphorus product (CaxP)>= N70 mg(2)dl(2) occurred more 

frequently in the (C) group (odds ratio=1.5; p=0.01). Paricalcitol appears to be safe 

and effective in pediatric patients. Data suggest that dosing should be gauged according 

to degree of SHPT. This should serve as impetus for future pharmacokinetic studies 

in pediatric dialysis patients. 

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No.848 

Author(s) : Seephonkai P, Kongsaeree P, Prabpai S, Isaka M, Thebtaranonth Y. 

Title : Transformation of an irregularly bridged epidithiodiketopiperazine to trichodermamide 

A. 

Source : Organic Letters. 8 (14): 3073 – 3075, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Gliocladium – virens, Metabolites, Strain, Dipeptides. 

Abstract : An unusually bridged epidithiodiketopiperazine, pretrichodermamide A (3), was 

isolated from the fungus Trichoderma sp. BCC 5926. During the extensive effort to 

crystallize 3 for X – ray crystallographic analysis, conversion of this compound to 

trichodermamide A with coproduction of S – 8 occurred. 

No.849 

Author(s) : Senanarong V, Chen CPLH, Orgogozo J – M. 

Title : Third Asia – Pacific regional meeting of the international working group on 

harmonization of dementia drug guidelines: Meeting report summary. 

Source : Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 20 (4): 311 – 312, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Bangkok, Dementia, Harmonization, International Working Group. 

Abstract : The International Working Group on Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines 

has held the third Asia – Pacific Chapter meeting in 2004. The committee concludes 

that the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Clinical Dementia Rating are culturally 

acceptable assessment tools. The epidemiology studies of mild cognitive impairment 

and dementia in Asia were discussed at the meeting. The committee encouraged a 

collaborative research in the region in the future. 

No.850 

Author(s) : Senapin S, Phongdara A. 

Title : Binding of shrimp cellular proteins to Taura syndrome viral capsid proteins VP1, VP2 

and VP3. 

Source : Virus Research. 122 (1 – 2): 69 – 77, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : TSV, Capsid, Yeast two – hybrid, Laminin receptor, Shrimp. 

Abstract : Viruses are a major cause of production losses in the world shrimp – farming industry. 

Despite this, little is known about viral – host interactions in shrimp due in part to the 

lack of continuous shrimp cell lines. Here, the yeast two – hybrid assay system was 

employed to study interactions between three Taura syndrome viral capsid proteins 

(VP1 – VP3) and proteins from a cDNA library of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus 

monodon. VP1 interacted with beta – actin, elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1 alpha), 

lysozyme (Lys) and laminin receptor/ribosomal protein p40 (Lamr/p40) containing a 

putative palindromic laminin binding region LMWWML. VP2 interacted with beta – 

actin and EF1 alpha, while VP3 bound to the same proteins as VP1 except for Lamr/ 

p40. In vitro pull – down assays confirmed these interactions. The most interesting 

interaction was specific binding between VP1 and Lamr/p40 since Lamr/p40 has been 

identified as the mammalian cell receptor for several arthropod – borne viruses 

(arboviruses). A search of mosquito vector and Drosophila sequences at available 

databases revealed the presence of putative Lamr/p40 proteins with high homology 

to the Lamr/p40 from shrimp. 

No.851 

Author(s) : Senawongse P, Otsuki M, Tagami J, Mjor I. 

Title : Age – related changes in hardness and modulus of elasticity of dentine. 

Source : Archives of Oral Biology. 51 (6): 457 – 463, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Dentine, Aging, Modulus of elasticity, Hardness, Morphological change. 

Abstract : Objectives: Little knowledge has been clarified about the relationship between the 

morphological and physical changes of dentine during aging. The purpose of this 

study was to clarify the modulus of elasticity and hardness related to the morphological 

changes of dentine by aging using a transmitted light microscope (TLM) and a nano 

– hardness tester (NHT). Methods: Aged human molars and young third molars were 

used. The dentine morphology was observed under a TLM. The hardness and Young’s 

modulus of elasticity related to the morphologic study were evaluated with an NHT. 

Results: The thickness of mantle dentine and globular dentine of aged teeth were 

less than that of young teeth. Transparent dentine was observed only underneath 

304


the attrition of young teeth. Reactionary tertiary dentine formed and a “dark zone” 

was found at the junction between physiologic secondary and reactionary dentine 

only in aged teeth. At the mantle dentine, hardness and modulus of elasticity of aged 

dentine were higher than those of young dentine. The reactionary dentine in aged 

teeth and newly developed secondary dentine in young teeth demonstrated lower 

modulus of elasticity and hardness than those of other circumpulpal dentine. Relatively 

low modulus of elasticity and hardness were observed at the zone between secondary 

and reactionary dentine. Conclusions: Changes in dentine due to aging resulted in 

transformation of morphological features causing changes to their hardness and 

modulus of elasticity at the explicit areas such as the increase of hardness and 

modulus of elasticity at mantle dentin and the reduction of these properties at the 

“dark zone” that found in aged teeth. 

No.852 

Author(s) : Shao YF, Yang JM, Chau GY, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Zhong SX, Erhardtsen E, 

Nivatvongs S, Lee PH. 

Title : Safety and hemostatic effect of recombinant activated factor VII in cirrhotic patients 

undergoing partial hepatectomy: a multicenter, randomized, double – blind, placebo – 

controlled trial. 

Source : American Journal of Surgery. 191 (2): 245 – 249, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : rFVIIa, Cirrhosis, Hepatectomy, Hemostasis. 

Abstract : Background: Coagulopathy caused by cirrhosis may contribute to excessive bleeding 

during hepatectomy. We evaluated the hemostatic effect and safety of recombinant 

factor VIIa (rFVlla) in cirrhotic patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. Methods: 

Patients were randomized to rFVIIa 50 or 100 mu g/kg or placebo, administered 

intravenously 10 minutes before surgery and every second hour during surgery. The 

primary efficacy end points were the proportion of patients receiving red blood cell 

(RBC) transfusions and the amount of RBCs transfused. The RBC transfusion trigger 

was blood loss of 500 mL. Safety end points included thromboembolic cc and adverse 

events. Results: No statistically significant effect of rFVIIa treatment on efficacy end 

points was observed. Serious and thromboembolic adverse events occurred at similar 

incidences in the study groups. Conclusions: Using blood loss as a transfusion trigger, 

the efficacy of rFVIIa in reducing the requirement for RBC transfusion was not 

established in this study. No safety concerns were identified. 

No.853 

Author(s) : Sharma NP, Peacock SJ, Phumratanaprapin W, Day N, White N, Pukrittayakamee S. 

Title : A hospital – based study of bloodstream infections in febrile patients in Dhulikhel 

Hospital Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital, Nepal. 





Abstract : The etiology of bloodstream infections in febrile patients remain poorly characterized 

in Nepal. A retrospective study of febrile patients presenting to Dhulikhel Hospital 

Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital from July 2002 to June 2004 was performed 

to evaluate the etiology of bloodstream infections and the drug sensitivity patterns of 

cultured organisms. The medical and laboratory records of all febrile patients with an 

axillary temperature e”38 o C who had a blood culture taken (n=1,774) were retrieved 

and analyzed. Of these, 122 (6.9%) patients had positive blood cultures, of which 

40.1% were age 11 to 20 years. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Antibiotics had 

been taken prior to hospital presentation by 39 (32%) patients. Salmonella enterica 

serovar Typhi and serovar Paratyphi A were isolated in 50 (41.0%) and 13 (10.7%) 

cases, respectively. All S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, 

while susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol was recorded in 94.8% and 

94.5% of cases, respectively. Cephalexin and amoxicillin had the lowest rates of 

susceptibility (64.2% and 54.1%, respectively). Salmonella spp were usually sensitive 

to chloramphenicol. These findings provide clinicians in this region of Nepal with a 

better understanding of the spectrum of pathogens causing bloodstream infections 

and will help guide empiric antibiotic choice. 

305


No.854 

Author(s) : Shimizu T, Kinoshita H, Nihira T. 

Title : Development of transformation system in Monascus purpureus using an autonomous 

replication vector with aureobasidin a resistance gene. 

Source : Biotechnology Letters. 28 (2): 115 – 120, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Aureobasidin A, Autonomous replication vector, Monascus, PKS gene expression. 

Abstract : To enhance the variety of genetic tools and thus to promote molecular genetic study, 

aureobasidin A and its resistance gene were adopted as a new marker system together 

with the incorporation of the Gateway system to facilitate the introduction of long 

heterologous DNA fragments into Monascus purpureus. The minimum inhibitory 

concentration of aureobasidin A against Monascus was 0.05 mu g/ml and a 

transformation efficiency of 17 colonies/mu g DNA was obtained by the protoplast – 

PEG method with the vector pAUR316, containing the aureobasidin A resistance 

gene. Southern analysis of the transformants confirmed that pAUR316 exists as an 

independent vector, demonstrating that the AMA1 sequence acts as the autonomous 

replication sequence in M. purpureus. Through the use of the Gateway system, a 

polyketide synthase gene (7.8 kbp) responsible for citrinin biosynthesis was introduced. 

As a result, the transformants showed 1.5 – fold higher production of citrinin than 

the wild – type strain 

No.855 

Author(s) : Shiowatana J, Kitthikhun W, Sottimai U, Promchan J, Kunajiraporn K. 

Title : Dynamic continuous – flow dialysis method to simulate intestinal digestion for in 

vitro estimation of mineral bioavailability of food 

Source : Talanta. 68 (3): 549 – 557, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : In vitro method, Bioavailability, Continuous – flow. 

Abstract : A system for dynamic continuos – flow dialysis during intestinal digestion for an in 

vitro Simulation of gastrointestinal digestion is presented as an alternative to human 

and animal in vivo methods for estimation of the bioavailability of minerals. The 

method is based on the in vitro batch dialysis method described by Miller, which was 

developed into a continuous – flow system of a simple design to perform dynamic 

dialysis in the intestinal digestion stage. A flow dialysis system has the advantages of 

simulation being close to in vivo physiological conditions because pH change during 

dialysis is gradual and dialyzed components are continuously removed. The proposed 

new design performed dialysis during a continuous flow of dialyzing solution (NaHCO 3 ) 

around a dialysis bag containing peptic digest, which is placed inside a glass dialysis 

chamber. Gradual change of dialysis pH, similar to that occurring in the 

gastrointestinal tract, was obtained by optimization of flow rate and concentration of 

NaHCO 3 . The dialysate collected in fractions was analyzed to determine dialyzed 

minerals and pH change in the course of dialysis. The method was tested by 

determination of calcium bioavailability of powder milk and calcium carbonate tablets. 

No.856 

Author(s) : Shiowatana J, Purawatt S, Sottimai U, Taebunpakul S, Siripinyanond A. 

Title : Enhancement effect study of some organic acids on the calcium availability of 

vegetables: Application of the dynamic in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion 

method with continuous – flow dialysis 

Source : Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (24): 9010 – 9016, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Calcium availability, Vegetables, Organic acid, In vitro method, Continuous flow. 

Abstract : The effect of added organic acids on the calcium availability of vegetables was 

investigated using the dialysis profiles obtained from an in vitro simulated 

gastrointestinal digestion with continuous – flow dialysis method. Citric acid was the 

most effective enhancer followed by tartaric, malic, and ascorbic acids. For amaranth, 

which has a low calcium availability (5.4%), a significant increase of availability was 

observed with increasing concentrations of all acids studied. With the continuous – 

flow dialysis approach, organic acids could be observed to promote the dialyzability 

even at an elevated intestinal pH. An enhancement effect from added organic acids 

was not clearly observed for Chinese kale, which itself contains a high amount of 

available calcium (52.9%). 

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No.857 

Author(s) : Siddhivarn C, Banes A, Champagne C, Riche EL, Weerapradist W, Offenbacher SP. 

Title : Prostaglandin D – 2 pathway and peroxisome proliferator – activated receptor gamma 

– 1 expression are induced by mechanical loading in an osteoblastic cell line 

Source : Journal of Periodontal Research. 41 (2): 92 – 100, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Cyclooxygenase, Mechanical loading, Peroxisome proliferator – activated receptor, 

Prostaglandin D – 2 synthase. 

Abstract : Objective: The hypothesis underlying the current study was that the arachidonic acid 

cascade, specifically activation of the prostaglandin (PG) D – 2 pathway in osteoblasts, 

is an anabolic signal induced by mechanical loading. Background: Previous studies 

have shown that mechanical loading of osteoblasts triggers cyclooxygenase (COX) – 

2, PGE(2) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) synthesis. Since modest mechanical loading of 

osteoblasts promotes bone formation, we sought to determine whether mechanical 

stress activates the osteoblastic PGD(2) pathway resulting in the synthesis of 

osteogenic cyclopentenones, including Delta(12)PGJ(2). Methods: Osteoblast 

monolayers were stretched using a Bioflex apparatus at a frequency of 1 Hz with 1% 

elongation. Cells and cell media were collected at various time points: 5, 10, 15, 30 

min; and 1, 4, 16, 24 h. RNA was extracted for quantitative reverse transcriptase – 

polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR). In certain experiments, cells were pre – 

labeled with C – 14 arachidonic acid prior to stretching. Radiolabeled metabolites in 

cell media were identified by reverse – phase high performance liquid chromatography 

(RP – HPLC). Osteoblasts were evaluated for an induction in bone nodule formation 

by stretching. Results: Mechanical strain significantly increased mRNA expression of 

COX – 1, COX – 2, PGD(2) synthase and peroxisome proliferator – activated receptor 

(PPAR) gamma – 1, but not of PPAR gamma – 2 as compared to control unstretched 

cells (p < 0.05). Mechanical loading stimulated the release of PGE(2), PGD(2) and the 

PGD(2) metabolite Delta(12)PGJ(2). Mechanical strain resulted in the induction of 

bone nodules. Conclusions: This report indicates that mechanical loading of osteoblasts 

results in activation of PGD(2) and the concomitant expression of transcription factor 

PPAR gamma – 1 mRNA. The coordinated synthesis of Delta(12)PGJ(2), a natural 

ligand for PPAR gamma – 1, with the increased expression of PPAR gamma – 1, 

suggests that biomechanical transduction pathways that initially involve the activation 

of cyclooxygenases may also involve the activation of the Delta(12)PGJ(2) – PPAR 

pathway. 

No.858 

Author(s) : Sila – Asna M, Bunyaratvej A, Futrakul P, Futrakul N. 

Title : Letter to the editor: “Renal microvascular abnormality in chronic kidney disease”. 

Source : Renal Failure. 28 (7): 609 – 610, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Circulating endothelial cell, Endothelial progenitor cell, Hemodynamic. 


No.859 

Author(s) : Sila – Asna M, Bunyaratvej A, Futrakul P, Futrakul N. 

Title : Renal microvascular abnormality in chronic kidney disease. 

Source : Renal Failure. 28 (7): 609 – 610, 2006. 


Keywords : Circulating endothelial cell, Hemodynamic, Endothelial progenitor cell. 


No.860 

Author(s) : Silpakit C, Sirilerttrakul S, Jirajarus M, Sirisinha T, Sirachainan E, 

Ratanatharathorn V. 

Title : The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life 

Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ – C30): Validation study of the Thai version 

Source : Quality of Life Research. 15 (1): 167 – 172, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : EORTC QLQ – C30, Fact – G, Quality of Life, Thailand, Validation. 

Abstract : The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Thai 

version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality 

of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ – C30) version 3.0. The questionnaire was 

completed by 310 cancer patients during their follow – up at 2 teaching hospital 

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308 

oncology clinics. About 70% of participants had advanced stage of cancer and 72% had 

been receiving chemotherapy. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the six scales were 

above 0.7, except for cognitive and social function scales. All test – retest reliability 

coefficients were high. Multitrait scaling analysis showed that all item – scale 

correlation coefficients met the standards of convergent and discriminant validity. 

Most scales and items could discriminate between subgroups of patients with different 

clinical status assessed with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale. 

The results suggested that the EORTC QLQ – C30 and the Functional Assessment of 

Cancer Therapy – General (FACT – G) measured different aspects of quality of life 

and should be independently used. Testing psychometric properties of the EORTC 

QLQ – C30 in heterogeneous diagnostic group yield similar results as found in 

homogeneous group. These results support that the EORTC QLQ – C30 (version 3.0) 

has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of the quality of life in Thai patients 

with various types of cancer. 

No.861 

Author(s) : Silpasuwan P, Viwatwongkasem C, Phalee P, Kalampakorn S. 

Title : Evaluating occupational health nursing units in Bangkok textile factories: exploring 

the world through international occupational health programs. 

Source : AAOHN Journal: Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health 

Nurses. 54 (2): 69 – 74, 2006 (Feb). 



Abstract : The purpose of this study was to examine the service quality of nursing units in 

Bangkok textile factories. Descriptive survey research was combined with a qualitative 

design using participative observation. The sample consisted of factory managers, 

nurses, and employees. Data were collected between November 2001 and February 

2002 using questionnaires, observation, in – depth interviews, and focus groups. 

Nurses’ education levels and quality of design and arrangement of nursing units 

explained 15.7% of the variance in service quality. Furthermore, qualitative data 

supported clients’ satisfaction with service quality, except for the tangibility of the 

service. These findings suggest that the quality of nursing service units could be 

improved by management’s attention to unit design, arrangement of nursing units, 

and nurses’ education levels. Hiring registered nurses and restructuring nursing 

units are recommended. 

No.862 

Author(s) : Simon DM, Arikan MC, Srisuma S, Bhattacharya S, Tsai LW, Ingenito EP, Gonzalez 

F, Shapiro SD, Mariani TJ. 

Title : Epithelial cell PPAR gamma contributes to normal lung maturation. 

Source : FASEB Journal. 20 (9): 1507, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Cre recombinase, Clara cell, Lung development, Airspace enlargement. 

Abstract : Peroxisome proliferator – activated receptor (PPAR) – gamma is a member of the 

nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that can promote cellular differentiation and 

organ development. PPAR gamma expression has been reported in a number of 

pulmonary cell types, including inflammatory, mesenchymal, and epithelial cells. We 

find that PPAR gamma is prominently expressed in the airway epithelium in the 

mouse lung. In an effort to define the physiological role of PPAR gamma within the 

lung, we have ablated PPAR gamma using a novel line of mice capable of specifically 

targeting the airway epithelium. Airway epithelial cell PPAR gamma – targeted mice 

display enlarged airspaces resulting from insufficient postnatal lung maturation. The 

increase in airspace size is accompanied by alterations in lung physiology, including 

increased lung volumes and decreased tissue resistance. Genome – wide expression 

profiling reveals a reduction in structural extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression 

in conditionally targeted mice, suggesting a disruption in epithelial – mesenchymal 

interactions necessary for the establishment of normal lung structure. Expression 

profiling of airway epithelial cells isolated from conditionally targeted mice indicates 

PPAR gamma regulates genes encoding known PPAR gamma targets, additional lipid 

metabolism enzymes, and markers of cellular differentiation. These data reveal airway 

epithelial cell PPAR gamma is necessary for normal lung structure and function.


No.863 

Author(s) : Simpson JA, Agbenyega T, Barnes KI, Di Perri G, Folb P, Gomes M, Krishna S, 

Krudsood S, Looareesuwan S, Mansor S, McIlleron H, Miller R, Molyneux M, 

Mwenechanya J, Navaratnam V, Nosten F, Olliaro P, Pang L, Ribeiro I, Tembo M, 

van Vugt M, Ward S, Weerasuriya K, Win K, White NJ. 

Title : Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following intra – 

rectal dosing of artesunate in malaria patients. 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (11): Article No.e444, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Acute falciparum – malaria, Oral artesunate, Artemisinin suppositories, Uncomplicated 

malaria, Clinical efficacy, Children, Bioavailability, Quinine, Artemether, Acid. 

Abstract : Background: Intra – rectal artesunate has been developed as a potentially life – 

saving treatment of severe malaria in rural village settings where administration of 

parenteral antimalarial drugs is not possible. We studied the population 

pharmacokinetics of intra – rectal artesunate and the relationship with parasitological 

responses in patients with moderately severe falciparum malaria. Methods and 

Findings: Adults and children in Africa and Southeast Asia with moderately severe 

malaria were recruited in two Phase II studies (12 adults from Southeast Asia and 11 

children from Africa) with intensive sampling protocols, and three Phase III studies 

(44 children from Southeast Asia, and 86 children and 26 adults from Africa) with 

sparse sampling. All patients received 10 mg/kg artesunate as a single intra – rectal 

dose of suppositories. Venous blood samples were taken during a period of 24 h 

following dosing. Plasma artesunate and dihydroartemisinin (DHA, the main 

biologically active metabolite) concentrations were measured by high – performance 

liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The pharmacokinetic properties 

of DHA were determined using nonlinear mixed – effects modelling. Artesunate is 

rapidly hydrolysed in vivo to DHA, and this contributes the majority of antimalarial 

activity. For DHA, a one – compartment model assuming complete conversion from 

artesunate and first – order appearance and elimination kinetics gave the best fit to 

the data. The mean population estimate of apparent clearance (CL/F) was 2.64 (l/kg/ 

h) with 66% inter – individual variability. The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) 

was 2.75 (l/kg) with 96% inter – individual variability. The estimated DHA population 

mean elimination half – life was 43 min. Gender was associated with increased mean 

CL/F by 1.14 (95%CI: 0.36 – 1.92) (l/kg/h) for a male compared with a female, and 

weight was positively associated with V/F. Larger V/Fs were observed for the patients 

requiring early rescue treatment compared with the remainder, independent of any 

confounders. No associations between the parasitological responses and the posterior 

individual estimates of V/F, CL/F, and AUC(0 – 6h) were observed. Conclusions: The 

pharmacokinetic properties of DHA were affected only by gender and body weight. 

Patients with the lowest area under the DHA concentration curve did not have 

slower parasite clearance, suggesting that rectal artesunate is well absorbed in most 

patients with moderately severe malaria. However, a number of modelling 

assumptions were required due to the large intra – and inter – individual variability 

of the DHA concentrations. 

No.864 

Author(s) : Singalavanija S, Noppakun N, Limpongsanuruk W, Wisuthsarewong W, Aunhachoke 

K, Chunharas A, Wananukul S, Akaraphanth R. 

Title : Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment in pediatric patients with moderate to 

severe atopic dermatitis. 



Keywords : Aptopic dermatitis, Pediatric patient, Tacrolimus ointment. 

Abstract : Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an immunological skin disease. It is common in 

pediatric populations and often requires topical steroid treatment. Moderate to severe 

AD may not respond to topical steroids. They often require systemic steroids, which 

may result in growth retardation. Protopic, a non – steroid, tacrolimus based ointment 

which is a calcinurin inhibitor has been proved to be effective in caucacian with AD. 

Objective: To evaluate safety and efficacy of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) in 

moderate to severe AD in pediatric patients age 2 – 12 years. Material and Method: 

This was a one month multicenter open – label clinical trial using tacrolimus ointment 

twice daily in 61 subjects with moderate to severe AD from September to December 

2004. Efficacy assessments were measured by Physician’s Global Evaluation of Clinical 

Response (PhGECR), Eczema area and Severity Index (EASI), Patient’s Global 

Evaluation of Clinical Response (PaGECR), and Quality of Life (QOL). Safety 

assessment was measured by incidence rate of adverse events. Results: Fifty – eight 

309


310 

patients completed the studies. Twenty – two patients were male; thirty – nine patients 

were female. Twenty – nine patients had moderate AD. Thirty – two patients had 

severe AD. Three cases had discontinued treatment at the third week due to increase 

in severity. Over all PhGECR were significantly increased, 94% showed moderate 

improvement in PhGECR at week 4 or end of treatment (EOT)and 83% had better 

improvement in PaGECR at EOT. Within 7 days, tacrolimus demonstrated rapid 

onset in reduction of EASI score and itch in patients. Mean QOL were significantly 

decreased at the end of the present study. Incidence of adverse events included 

application site burning (21%), itching (17%), pruritus (9%), infections (3%), and 

erythema and folliculitis (2%). Burning sensation, erythema, pruritus and itching 

were resolved after the first week. Conclusion: Topical tacrolimus ointment is effective 

and safe in moderate to severe AD. It significantly improved PhGECR, EASI, PaGECR, 

and QOL in pediatric patients after the first week of treatment and continued through 

the end of the study. The major adverse events were burning, itching, and pruritus, 

which were resolved within the first week of therapy. 

No.865 

Author(s) : Singhsilarak T, Phongtananant S, Jenjittikul M, Watt G, Tangpakdee N, Popak N, 

Chalermrut K, Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Possible acute coinfections in Thai malaria patients. 





Abstract : We conducted serodiagnostic testing for dengue virus infection, murine typhus, scrub 

typhus and leptospirosis in Plasmodium falciparum – infected individuals in Thailand. 

Sera from 194 malaria patients with a median age of 24 years were tested. No 

antibody titers diagnostic of dengue virus infection were demonstrated, but 29 (15%) 

of patients had serological evidence of scrub typhus, 45 (23.2%) patients had evidence 

of murine typhus, and 15 (7.7%) sera tested positive for leptospirosis. Our serological 

results suggested that duel infections are not uncommon in malaria that is acquired 

in Thailand. However, our results must be confirmed by prospective studies aimed at 

describing the causative organisms. Mixed infections would have multiple implications 

for clinicians, including unexpected clinical findings and apparent poor responses to 

antimalarial treatment in patients thought only to have malaria. 

No.866 

Author(s) : Singtoroj T, Tarning J, Annerberg A, Ashton M, Bergqvist Y, White NJ, 

Lindegardh N, Day NPJ. 

Title : A new approach to evaluate regression models during validation of bioanalytical 

assays. 



Keywords : Bioanalytical assays, Calibration, Transformation, Weighting, Piperaquine, Linear 

regression, Liquid chromatography. 

Abstract : The quality of bioanalytical data is highly dependent on using an appropriate 

regression model for calibration curves. Non – weighted linear regression has 

traditionally been used but is not necessarily the optimal model. Bioanalytical assays 

generally benefit from using either data transformation and/or weighting since 

variance normally increases with concentration. A data set with calibrators ranging 

from 9 to 10000 ng/mL was used to compare a new approach with the traditional 

approach for selecting an optimal regression model. The new approach used a. 

combination of relative residuals at each calibration level together with precision and 

accuracy of independent quality control samples over 4 days to select and, justify the 

best regression model. The results showed that log – log transformation without 

weighting was the simplest model to fit the calibration data and ensure good 

predictability for this data set. 

No.867 

Author(s) : Sintupachee S, Milne JR, Poonchaisri S, Baimai V, Kittayapong P. 

Title : Closely related Wolbachia strains within the pumpkin arthropod community and the 

potential for horizontal transmission via the plant. 

Source : Microbial Ecology. 51 (3): 294 – 301, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Trichogramma wasps, WSP gene, Infection, Endosymbionts, Recombination, 

Phylogeny, Sequences, Evolution, Insects.


Abstract : Phylogenetic studies have implicated frequent horizontal transmission of Wolbachia 

among arthropod host lineages. However, the ecological routes for such lateral transfer 

are poorly known. We surveyed the species of two arthropod communities, one on 

pumpkin and the other on loofah plants, for Wolbachia, constructed wsp gene 

phylogenies of those Wolbachia strains found to infect community members, and 

established ecological links among infected members. Four taxonomically diverse 

insects in the pumpkin arthropod community contained very closely related Wolbachia 

wsp sequences (< 1.5% divergence by Kimura – 2 – parameter distances). These 

insects, namely, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, the planthopper Nisia nervosa, the flea 

beetle Phyllotreta sp., and the fleahopper Halticus minutus, were all collected from 

pumpkin leaves. They were ecologically linked through feeding on the same leaf 

substrate. Unlike other infected leaf insects, the whitefly population appeared to 

have a permanent breeding relationship with pumpkin plants, and high and stable, 

but not fixed, monthly Wolbachia infection rates. Our findings suggest potential roles 

for the plant in Wolbachia transmission and for whiteflies in being an infection 

source for other pumpkin leaf – feeding insects. 

No.868 

Author(s) : Sirachainan N, Tapanapruksakul P, Sasanakul W, Visudtibhan A, Charoenkwan P, 

Kadegasem P, Udomtrupayakul U. 

Title : Genetic polymorphisms in the homocysteine metabolism pathway and thrombosis in 

Thai children: A case control study. 

Source : Blood. 108 (11): 470B – 470B 5493 (Part 2), 2006 (Nov). 




No.869 

Author(s) : Sirachainan N, Tapanapruksakul P, Visudtibhan A, Chuansumrit A, Cheeramakara 

C, Atamasirikul K, Chotsuppakarn S, Areekul S. 

Title : Homocysteine, MTHFR C677 T, vitamin B12, and foliate levels in Thai children with 

ischemic stroke: A case – control study. 

Source : Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology. 28 (12): 803 – 808, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Ischemic stroke, Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, Folate, MTHFR, Children, Thai. 

Abstract : Hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as a risk factor for venous and arterial 

thrombosis especially in adult populations. Twenty – eight patients with an initial 

diagnosis of ischemic stroke and 100 controls, aged


312 

enhancement by brain MRI. Treatment toxicities included low – grade fever and 

minimal headache. The duration of treatment response from IO topotecan was 18 

weeks. The survival time from CNS recurrence in this patient was 13 months. We 

suggest IO topotecan be considered for neoplastic meningitis of tumors with known 

sensitivity to topotecan. 

No.871 

Author(s) : Siri S, Okanurak K, Chansirikanjana S, Kitiyaporn D, Jorm AF. 

Title : Erratum: Modified informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly 

(IQCODE) as a screening test for dementia for thai elderly (The Southeast Asian 

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health (2006) 37:3 (587)) 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (6): 1260, 2006 

(Nov). 

Document Type : Erratum. 



No.872 

Author(s) : Siri S, Okanurak K, Chansirikanjana S, Kitiyaporn D, Jorm AF. 

Title : Modified informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) as a 

screening test for dementia for Thai elderly. 





Abstract : A potential test for early detection of dementia in the elderly is the Informant 

Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE), which is based on 

information from the informant for the elderly about the changes of the elderly in 

everyday cognitive functioning associated with dementia. The present study aimed to 

modify and assess the reliability and validity of the modified IQCODE consisting of 32 

items. The study consisted of two methods of assessing dementia: DSM – IV diagnosis 

carried out by clinicians, and informants responding to the IQCODE. The subjects 

were 200 pairs of elderly subjects and their informants who visited the Geriatric 

Clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital. The optimal cutoff score on the modified IQCODE was 

3.42, with 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity. The positive predictive values, negative 

predictive values, and accuracy were 0.94, 0.90, and 0.92, respectively. The IQCODE 

items had high internal consistency. The IQCODE associated with the elderly person’s 

age, but not with their gender and educational level; nor were they associated with 

the demographic characteristics of the informant. Therefore, the IQCODE could be 

used as an alternative screening test for dementia in Thailand with acceptable sensitivity 

and specificity. This tool may be useful for dementia screening in the community and 

the geriatric clinic for early detection of disease. 

No.873 

Author(s) : Sirigul C, Wongwit W, Phanprasit W, Paveenkittiporn W, Blacksell SD, Ramasoota P. 

Title : Development of a combined air sampling and quantitative real – time PCR method for 

detection of Legionella spp. 





Abstract : The objective of this study was to develop and optimize the combined methods of air 

sampling and real time polymerase chain reaction (real – time PCR) for quantifying 

aerosol Legionella spp. Primers and TaqMan hydrolysis probe based on 5S rRNA 

gene specific for Legionella spp were used to amplify a specific DNA product of 84 bp. 

The impinger air sampler plus T – 100 sampling pump was used to collect aerosol 

Legionella and as low as 10 fg of Legionella DNA per reaction could detected. Preliminary 

studies demonstrated that the developed method could detect aerosol Legionella spp 

1.5 – 185 organisms /500 I of air within 5 hours, in contrast to culture method, that 

required a minimum of 7 – 10 days.


No.874 

Author(s) : Sirikulchayanonta C, Pavadhgul P, Chongsuwat R, Srisorrachata S. 

Title : A preliminary study of hyperlipidemia in Bangkok school children. 



Keywords : Bangkok, School children, Hyperlipidemia, Hypercholesterolemia. 

Abstract : As a preliminary study, we determined the serum lipid profiles among primary school 

children from four Bangkok schools and identified the risk factors and their association 

with child lipid profiles. We conducted a cross – sectional study using fasting blood 

samples and food frequency questionnaires. Overall, there were 40% that had 

hypercholesterolemia with total cholesterol (TC) at >= 200 mg/dI and high low density 

lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL – C) at >= 130 mg/dI. Overall, 5.4 % had high triglyceride 

(TG) levels at >= 150 mg/dI. There was no association between lipid profiles and age, 

gender or nutritional status, except that higher TG levels were found among obese 

children than others (p < 0.001). The most popular high fat foods were fried chicken, 

sausages and cakes, in order of preference. Results from this study indicate that 

Bangkok public primary school children are facing a problem with hyperlipidemia. 

Build up discipline in healthy eating habits, healthy food choices and physical exercise 

should pave the way to healthy Thai kids and growing adults with better quality of 

life. 

No.875 

Author(s) : Sirinavin S, Techasaensiri C, Okascharoen C, Nuntnarumit P, Tonsuttakul S, 

Pongsuwan Y. 

Title : Neonatal astrovirus gastroenteritis during an inborn nursery outbreak. 

Source : Journal of Hospital Infection. 64 (2): 196 – 197, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Rotavirus infection, Diarrhea, Children, Viruses. 


No.876 

Author(s) : Sirireung S, Patoonrwan A, Leesuwan W, Luecha Y, Pakakasama S. 

Title : Effects of supportive – educative nursing system on dependent care behaviors and 

the occurence of complications among children with long – term tunneled catheter 

Source : Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 12 (2):148–148 426 Suppl.1,2006 (Feb). 




No.877 

Author(s) : Sirisinha K, Chimdist S. 

Title : Comparison of techniques for determining crosslinking in silane – water crosslinked 

materials. 

Source : Polymer Testing. 25 (4): 518 – 526, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Crosslinking, Silane, Ethylene – octene copolymer, Blends, Characterisation. 

Abstract : Degree of crosslinking in silane – water crosslinked ethylene – octene copolymer and 

its blends with low – density polyethylene was investigated, using three different 

techniques: the conventional gel content determination, solvent uptake factor method 

and infrared analysis. The results from those techniques show a similar trend in 

which the degree of crosslinking increases with increase of crosslinking time, and 

decreases with increase of crystalline portion in the materials. The measurement of 

gel content, although it is a direct way to yield results on degree of crosslinking, is 

time consuming and uses a large amount of solvent for extraction. Also, good care 

must be taken when analysing the gel content of samples with low degree of 

crosslinking. Analysis of FTIR data has shown potential for the determination of 

crosslink variations in the silane crosslinked materials and gives meaningful 

information on the progress of the silane – water crosslinking reaction. 

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No.878 

Author(s) : Siritho S, Senanarong V, Nako A, Chotinaiwattarakul W, Jamjumrus P, 

Udompunthuruk S, Poungvarin N. 

Title : Use of Hachinski Ischemic Score in the Memory Clinic: Thai experience. 



Keywords : Alzheimer disease, Hachinski Ischemic Score, Mixed dementia, Thai, Vascular 

dementia. 

Abstract : Background: The validity of Hachinski Ischemic Score (HIS) in differentiating between 

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Vascular dementia (VaD) has been questioned and 

compared with the gold standard autopsy. Objective: To confirm that the HIS can be 

used to differentiate related VaD from AD in a Thai population. Material and Method: 

A prospective study of 398 patients who were attending the Memory Clinic, at Siriraj 

Hospital between January 2001 and October 2003. Results: The 214 patients, with a 

mean age of 71.15 10.20 years, were classified as AD, VaD or mixed dementia (AD 

with cerebrovascular disease) in proportion of 60.2%, 30.4%, and 9.3% respectively. 

The authors propose HIS at 5 as a cut off point to differentiate patients with AD and 

those with VaD or AD with cerebrovascular disease with sensitivity of 85.3% and 

specificity of 72.9%. Conclusion: The HIS can be applied to differentiate dementia 

related vascular etiology from AD in a Thai population. 

No.879 

Author(s) : Siritongtaworn P, Peunchompoo N. 

Title : Economic problem of referred trauma cases in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Cost, Referred trauma cases, Reimbursement. 

Abstract : To improve the service for referred trauma patients, the authors have to know the 

types of injury, the cost, and the reimbursement for each individual category. 

Therefore, the authors studied the characteristics of accident of patients transferred 

for treatment at Siriraj Hospital, including types of trauma (wounds), cost of treatment 

(excluding doctor’s fees) and charges for treatments for each group. There were 678 

trauma cases referred to the Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, 

Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital from 1st September 2002 to 31st August 2003 

and of these, 571 cases were admitted. From the admitted cases, the most common 

injury was the musculoskeletal system (38.6%), followed by nervous system injury 

(15.1%), eye injury (8.1%), toxic substance injury (6.3%), burns (5.8%), and others. 

The total cost of treatment was 36,249,150 baht. The reimbursement was 30,135,709 

baht. There were four categories where the reimbursed amount was below the 

actual cost. They were burns, followed by nervous system injury, eye injury and skin 

or subcutaneous tissue injury. To deal with the referred cases in trauma center level 

I, the center should prepare to manage the common trauma groups such as 

musculoskeletal system injury, nervous system injury and eye injury. Burns, nervous 

system injury, eye injury and skin or subcutaneous tissue injuries are the major 

groups that cost more than the reimbursement amount. The reimbursement of 

these groups should be reconsidered in the future to solve the problem. 

No.880 

Author(s) : Sitathanee C, Dhanachai M, Poonyathalang A, Tuntiyatorn L, Theerapancharoen V. 

Title : Stereotactic radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma; an experience at 

Ramathibodi Hospital 



Keywords : Meningioma, Optic nerve, Optic nerve sheath, Stereotactic radiotherapy. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate results of stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of optic 

nerve sheath meningioma (OM) at Ramathibodi Hospital. Material and Method: 

Twelve patients with primary OM were treated with stereotactic radiation between 

1998 and 2005. Five patients underwent surgery and had no light perception before 

radiation. All patients except one were treated with fractionated stereotactic 

radiotherapy (FSRT). Mean average dose of FSRT was 55.7 Gy; 180 cGy/fraction. 

One patient was treated with 15 – Gy stereotactic radiosurgery. Results: With a 

median follow – up of 34 months, there was no visual improvement in the five 

patients who were completely blind before radiation. Visual acuity improved in four 

patients and remained stable in two patients. Four of six patients had improved visual 

field, and five of six decreased in proptosis. Follow – up images were available in six 

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patients, showing minimal tumor regression in five and stable in one. No serious 

acute side effect was observed. Vision became worse in one patient, who developed 

vitreous hemorrhage two years after FSRT. Conclusion: Stereotactic radiotherapy is 

an effective treatment for primary OM. It provides tumor control and visual 

preservation with low risk of complications. However, more patients and further 

follow – up are needed for long – term outcomes. 

No.881 

Author(s) : Sithisarn P, Supabphol R, Gritsanapan W. 

Title : Comparison of free radical scavenging activity of Siamese neem tree (Azadirachta 

indica A. Juss var. siamensis Valeton) leaf extracts prepared by different methods of 

extraction. 

Source : Medical Principles and Practice. 15 (3): 219 – 222, 2006. 


Keywords : Siamese neem tree, Antioxidant activity, 2, 2 – diphenyl – 1 – picrylhydrazyl – 

scavenging assay. 

Abstract : Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the 

aqueous extracts of leaves of Siamese neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss var. 

siamensis Valeton) from several extracting and drying methods using 2,2 – diphenyl 

– 1 – picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)scavenging assay. Materials and Methods: The leaves of 

Siamese neem tree were extracted using percolation, decoction, maceration, soxhlet 

extraction, freeze drying or spray drying methods. The extract was tested for 

antioxidant activity using DPPH – scavenging assay. Thin – layer chromatography of 

the extract from decoction was also investigated. Results: The freeze drying method 

gave the highest yield (51.50%, w/w) of crude extract, while decoction gave the most 

effective DPPH – scavenging activity (EC50: 31.4 mu g/ml). Thin – layer 

chromatography analysis was used to screen the leaf extract obtained using decoction, 

and the chromatogram showed spots corresponding to quercetin and rutin flavonoids 

which exhibited antioxidant activities (EC50: 2.29 and 34.67 mu g/ml, respectively). 

Conclusion: Siamese neem tree leaf extracts possessed free radical scavenging activity 

against the DPPH radical. The most active extract was obtained with the leaf decoction 

method. It showed antioxidant activity with EC50 of 31.4 mu g/ml. 

No.882 

Author(s) : Sittidilokratna N, Phetchampai N, Boonsaeng V, Walker PJ. 

Title : Structural and antigenic analysis of the yellow head virus nucleocapsid protein p20. 

Source : Virus Research. 116 (1 – 2): 21 – 29, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Yellow head virus, Shrimp virus, Nucleoprotein, Bacterial expression. 

Abstract : Yellow head virus (YHV) is an invertebrate nidovirus that is highly pathogenic for 

marine shrimp. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the YHV ORF2 gene 

encodes a basic protein (pl = 9.9) of 146 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight 

of 16,325.5 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated a predominance of basic 

(15.1%), acidic (9.6%) and hydrophilic polar (34.3%) residues and a high proportion 

proline and glycine residues (16.4%). The ORF2 gene was cloned and expressed in 

Escherichia coli as a M – r = 21 kDa His(6) – Protein that reacted with YHV 

nucleoprotein (p20) monoclonal antibody. Segments representing the four linear 

quadrants of the nucleoprotein were also expressed in E. coli as GST – fusion proteins. 

Immunoblot analysis using YHV polyclonal rabbit antiserum indicated the presence 

of linear epitopes in all except the V – 37 – Q(74) quadrant. Immunoblot analysis of 

the GST – fusion proteins and C – terminally truncated segments of the nucleoprotein 

allowed mapping of YHV monoclonal antibodies Y19, Y20 and YII4 to linear epitopes 

in the acidic domain between amino acids I – 116 and E – 137. The full – length 

nucleoprotein was expressed at high level in E. coli and was easily Purified in quantity 

from the Soluble cell fraction by Ni+ – NTA affinity chromatography. 

No.883 

Author(s) : Sittiprapaporn W, Chindaduangratn C, Kotchabhakdi N. 

Title : Pattern of language – related potential maps in cluster and noncluster initial consonants 

in consonant – vowel (CV) syllables. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (5): 911 – 920, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Auditory cortex, Cluster consonants, EEG, MMN, Speech perception. 

Abstract : Mismatch negativity (MMN) was used to investigate the processing of cluster and 

noncluster initial consonants in consonant – vowel syllables in the human brain. The 

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316 

MMN was elicited by either syllable with cluster or noncluster initial consonant, 

phonetic contrasts being identical in both syllables. Compared to the noncluster 

consonant, the cluster consonant elicited a more prominent MMN. The MMN to the 

cluster consonant occurred later than that of the noncluster consonant. The topography 

of the mismatch responses showed clear left – hemispheric laterality in both syllables. 

However, the syllable with an initial noncluster consonant stimulus produced MMN 

maximum over the middle temporal gyrus, whereas maximum of the MMN activated 

by the syllable with initial cluster consonant was observed over the superior temporal 

gyrus. We suggest that the MMN component in consonant – vowel syllables is more 

sensitive to cluster compared to noncluster initial consonants. Spatial and temporal 

features of the cluster consonant indicate delayed activation of left – lateralized 

perisylvian cell assemblies that function as cortical memory traces of cluster initial 

consonant in consonant – vowel syllables. 

No.884 

Author(s) : Sittiprapaporn W, Chindaduangratn C, Kotchabhakdi N. 

Title : Preattentive auditory discrimination of consonant – vowel syllables with cluster and 

non – cluster initial consonants. 

Source : Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (Suppl.1): 140, 2006 (Sep). 



Abstract : Mismatch negativity (MMN) was used to investigate the processing of cluster and 

non – cluster initial consonants in consonant – vowel (CV) syllable in the human 

brain. The MMN was elicited by either syllable with cluster or non – cluster initial 

consonant, phonetic contrasts being identical in both syllables. Unlike the non – 

cluster consonant, the cluster consonant elicited a more prominent MMN. The MMN 

to the cluster consonant occurred later than that of the non – cluster consonant. The 

topography of the mismatch responses showed clear left – hemispheric laterality in 

both syllables. However, the syllable with non – cluster initial consonant stimulus 

produced MMN maximal in the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), whereas the syllable 

with cluster initial consonant stimulus – elicited MMN was more profound at more 

superior temporal gyrus (STG). We suggest that the MMN component is more sensitive 

to cluster compared to non – cluster initial consonants in consonant – vowel syllable. 

The MMN feature to cluster consonant indicates delayed activation of left – lateralized 

perisylvian cell assemblies that function as cortical memory traces of cluster initial 

consonant in consonant – vowel syllable. 

No.885 

Author(s) : Siwayaprahm P, Audtho M, Ohmiya K, Wiwat C. 

Title : Purification and characterization of a Bacillus circulans No. 4.1 chitinase expressed 

in Escherichia coli. 

Source : World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 22 (4): 331 – 335, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Bacillus circulans No.4.1, Characterization, Chitin, Chitinase, Purification. 

Abstract : A DNA fragment encoding for 598 amino acids of chitinase protein from Bacillus 

circulans No. 4.1 was subcloned into pQE – 30 expression vector and transformed 

into Escherichia coli M15 (pREP4). The molecular weight of the expressed protein 

was approximately 66 kDa. Enzymatic activity of the recombinant protein was assayed 

after purification using affinity chromatography on a nickel chelating resin. The 

enzyme hydrolyzed N – acetylchitooligosaccharides mainly to N – acetylchitobiose, 

and was active toward chitin, carboxymethyl – chitin, colloidal chitin, glycol chitin and 

4 – methylumbelliferyl – beta – D – N, N’ – diacetylchitobiose. The pH and temperature 

optima of the chitinase enzyme were 7.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively. This enzyme 

was stable in the pH range of 5.0 – 9.0 and at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. In 

addition, when cleaved by a proteolytic enzyme, the 20 – kDa product could retain 

high chitinolytic activity.


No.886 

Author(s) : Skunodom N, Linkins RW, Culnane ME, Prymanee J, Kannasoot C, Suwannapha W, 

Suwanmaitre S, Utenpitak C, Yuvasevee C, Teeraratkul A, Simonds RJ, Tappero 

JW. 

Title : Factors associated with non – disclosure of HIV infection status of new mothers in 

Bangkok 


37(4): 690 – 703, 2006 (Jul). 



Abstract : The objective of this study was to estimate HIV disclosure rates and identify factors 

that predict non – disclosure in Thai women who tested HIV positive during pregnancy 

or at delivery. This was a cohort study evaluating the implementation of prevention 

of mother – to – child HIV transmission programs at two Bangkok hospitals in 1999 

– 2003. All HIV – infected women who delivered during the study period were 

enrollment eligible. Thai – language questionnaires were used to collect baseline data 

before discharge from the hospital. At the 1 and 4 month follow – up visits, women 

were asked if they had disclosed their HIV status. Of the 799 women who enrolled, 

647 (81.0%) completed follow – up at 1 and 4 months. Four hundred fifty – three 

(70.0%) women disclosed their status by 1 month. Of the 194 women who had not 

disclosed by 1 month, 48 (24.7%) had disclosed their status by 4 months. An independent 

increased odds of non – disclosure by 1 month was associated with not having a 

partner tested for HIV (OR = 5.83, 95%CI = 3.19 – 9.08) or not knowing if the partner 

was ever tested for HIV (OR = 13.02, 95%CI = 5.26 – 32.28), first learning of HIV 

positive status during delivery (OR = 6.84, 95%CI = 2.36 – 19.81) or after delivery (OR 

= 3.14, 95%CI = 1.57 – 6.26) and having >2 lifetime sexual partners (OR = 1.71, 95%CI 

= 1.04 – 2.82). Not living with a partner every day was associated with non – disclosure 

by 4 months in those women who had not disclosed by 1 month (OR = 2.28, 95%CI = 

1.43 – 3.64). Despite high rates of disclosure by 1 month, 22.6% of women still had not 

disclosed their HIV status to their partners by 4 months. The benefits of disclosure 

warrant effective interventions targeted at women at risk for non – disclosure. 

No.887 

Author(s) : Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O, Aye KZ, Htet L, Barends M, Lindegardh N, Singtoroj 

T, Ashley E, Lwin S, Stepniewska K, White NJ. 

Title : Efficacy and effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine versus artesunate – 

mefloquine in falciparum malaria: an open – label randomised comparison. 

Source : Lancet. 367 (9528): 2075 – 2085, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Plasmodium – falciparum, Population pharmacokinetics, Thailand, Border, 

Chloroquine, Combination, Infections, Children, Myanmar, Adults. 

Abstract : Background: Artemisinin – based combinations are judged the best treatments for 

multidrug – resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artesunate – mefloquine is 

widely recommended in Southeast Asia, but its high cost and tolerability profile 

remain obstacles to widespread deployment. To assess whether dihydroartemisinin – 

piperaquine is a suitable alternative to artesunate – mefloquine, we compared the 

safety, tolerability, efficacy, and effectiveness of the two regimens for the treatment 

of uncomplicated falciparum in western Myanmar (Burma). Methods: We did an 

open randomised comparison of 3 – day regimens of artesunate – mefloquine (12/25 

mg/kg) versus dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine (6.3/50 mg/kg) for the treatment of 

children aged 1 year or older and in adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in 

Rakhine State, western Myanmar. Within each group, patients were randomly 

assigned supervised or non – supervised treatment. The primary endpoint was the 

PCR – confirmed parasitological failure rate by day 42. Failure rates at day 42 were 

estimated by Kaplan – Meier survival analysis. This study is registered as an 

International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN27914471. 

Findings: Of 652 patients enrolled, 327 were assigned dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine 

(156 supervised and 171 not supervised), and 325 artesunate – mefloquine (162 and 

163, respectively). 16 patients were lost to follow – up, and one patient died 22 days 

after receiving dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine. Recrudescent parasitaemias were 

confirmed in only two patients; the day 42 failure rate was 0.6% (95%CI 0.2 – 2.5) for 

dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine and 0 (0 – 1.2) for artesunate – mefloquine. Whole 

– blood piperaquine concentrations at day 7 were similar for patients with observed 

and non – observed dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine treatment. Gametocytaemia 

developed more frequently in patients who had received dihydroartemisinin – 

piperaquine than in those on artesunate – mefloquine: day 7, 18 (10%) of 188 versus 

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318 

five (2%) of 218; relative risk 4.2 (1.6 – 11.0) p = 0.011. Interpretation 

Dihydroarternisinin – piperaquine is a highly efficacious and inexpensive treatment 

of multidrug – resistant falciparum malaria and is well tolerated by all age groups. 

The effectiveness of the unsupervised treatment, as in the usual context of use, 

equalled its supervised efficacy, indicating good adherence without supervision. 

Dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine is a good alternative to artesunate – mefloquine. 

No.888 

Author(s) : Sobhonslidsuk A, Silpakit C, Kongsakon R, Satitpornkul P, Sripetch C, Khanthavit 

A. 

Title : Factors influencing health – related quality of life in chronic liver disease. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (48): 7786 – 7791, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Health – related quality of life, Cirrhosis, Chronic hepatitis, Short – form 36, Chronic 

liver disease questionnaire. 

Abstract : Aim: To investigate the factors contributing to health – related quality of life (HRQL) 

in chronic liver disease (CLD). Methods: Patients with CLD and age – and sex – 

matched normal subjects performed the validated Thai versions of the short – form 

36 (SF – 36) by health survey and chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ). Stepwise 

multiple regression analysis was used to assess the impact of disease severity, 

demography, causes of CLD, socioeconomic factors, and self – rating health perception 

on HRQL. Results: Two – hundred and fifty patients with CLD and fifty normal 

subjects were enrolled into the study. Mean age and the numbers of low educated, 

unemployed, blue – collar career and poor health perception increased significantly 

from chronic hepatitis to Child’s Classes A to B to C. Advanced stage of CLD was 

related to deterioration of HRQL. Increasing age and female reduced physical health 

area. Low socioeconomic factors and financial burden affected multiple areas of 

HRQL. In overall, the positive impact of self – rating health perception on HRQL was 

consistently showed. Conclusion: Advanced stages of chronic liver disease, old age, 

female sex, low socioeconomic status and financial burden are important factors 

reducing HRQL. Good health perception improves HRQL regardless of stages of liver 

disease. 

No.889 

Author(s) : Sobhonslidsuk A, Sornmayura P, Sumethkul V. 

Title : Failure of hepatitis B surface antibody to protect acute fulminating hepatitis in a 

renal transplant recipient. 



Keywords : Hepatitis B, Kidney transplantation, Liver failure. 

Abstract : A 58 – year – old man who had a living – related kidney transplantation (KT) 13 years 

ago and had received a double – dosage course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination 

prior to KT developed acute liver failure. An exhaustive work – up for the cause of 

acute liver failure revealed that HBsAg was negative but anti – HBs and anti – 

HBcAbs were positive. HBV DNA was 535,000 copies/ml. The strongly positive staining 

of HBsAg and HBcAg of liver biopsy was shown by immunohistochemistry 

examination. HBV harboring surface mutant of hepatitis B surface gene was thought 

to be the cause of acute fulminant hepatitis despite the presence of protective immunity 

to wild – type HBV. The patient expired from acute liver failure even though an 

antiviral drug was started promptly. This is the first case report of liver biopsy 

suggestive of acute fulminating HBV that developed in a long – term kidney recipient 

despite the presence of high anti – HBsAb titer. 

No.890 

Author(s) : Soderhall I, Tangprasittipap A, Liu H, Sritunyalucksana K, Prasertsan P, 

Jiravanichpaisal P, Soderhall K. 

Title : Characterization of a hemocyte intracellular fatty acid – binding protein from crayfish 

(Pacifastacus leniusculus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). 

Source : FEBS Journal. 273 (13): 2902 – 2912, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : All – trans retinoic acid, Crustaceans, Fatty acid – binding protein, Hemocyte, Retinoic 

acid – binding protein. 

Abstract : Intracellular fatty acid – binding proteins (FABPs) are small members of the 

superfamily of lipid – binding proteins, which occur in invertebrates and vertebrates.


Included in this superfamily are the cellular retinoic acid – binding proteins and 

retinol – binding proteins, which seem to be restricted to vertebrates. Here, we report 

the cDNA cloning and characterization of two FABPs from hemocytes of the freshwater 

crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and the shrimp Penaeus monodon. In both these 

proteins, the binding triad residues involved in interaction with ligand carboxylate 

groups are present. From the sequence and homology modeling, the proteins are 

probably FABPs and not retinoic acid – binding proteins. The crayfish transcript 

(plFABP) was detected at high level in hemocytes, hepatopancreas, intestine and 

ovary and at low level in hematopoietic tissue and testis. Its expression in hematopoietic 

cells varied depending on the state of the crayfish from which it was isolated. 

Expression was 10 – 15 times higher in cultures isolated from crayfish with red 

colored plasma, in which hemocyte synthesis was high, if retinoic acid was added to 

the culture medium. In normal colored crayfish, with normal levels of hemocytes, no 

increase in expression of p1FABP was detected. Two other putative plFABP ligands, 

stearic acid and oleic acid, did not have any effect on plFABP expression in 

hematopoietic cells. These results suggest that retinoic acid – dependent signaling 

may be present in crustaceans. 

No.891 

Author(s) : Soi – ampornkul R, Tong L, Thangnipon W, Cotman CW, Balazs R. 

Title : Impairment of neurotrophin – 3 – induced phosphoryiation of cAMP response element 

– binding protein caused by interleukin – 1 in cultured cortical neurons. 



Keywords : Alzheimer’s disease, Interleukin – 1 , Neurotrophin – 3, Signal transduction. 

Abstract : Increased expression of interleukin – 1 (IL – 1) has been implicated as a driving force 

in neurodegenerative cascades that underly the formation of neuritic plaques and 

neurofibrillary tangles, and the accompanying neuronal cell injury and loss. In view 

of the critical role played by cAMP – response element – binding protein (CREB) 

phosphorylation in neuronal plasticity, IL – 1 might contribute to the decline in 

cognitive functions preceding the overt manifestation of pathologies in the 

neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease (AD). In this study we have 

explored the effects of IL – 1 on neurotrophin3 (NT – 3) mediated signal transduction 

in neuronal cell cultures of the rat cerebral cortex. Pretreatments with 10 and 50 ng/ 

ml of IL – 1 significantly suppressed the effects of NT – 3 by decreasing the level of 

phosphorylated CREB (P – CREB) to 89% and 71% (p


No.894 

Author(s) : Sompol P, Xu Y, Ittarat W, Daosukho C, St Clair D. 

Title : NF – kappa B – associated MnSOD induction protects against beta – amyloid – induced 

neuronal apoptosis. 

Source : Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 29 (3): 279 – 288, 2006. 


Keywords : MnSOD, TNF – alpha, NF – kappa B, SH – SY5Y, Apoptosis. 

Abstract : Expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a nuclear – encoded 

mitochondrial primary antioxidant enzyme, is protective against various paradigms 

of oxidative stress – induced brain injury. We have shown previously that the presence 

of an intronic nuclear factor site, kappa B (NF – kappa B), in the MnSOD gene is 

essential for the induction of MnSOD by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF – alpha). 

However, whether activation of NF – kappa B is protective against oxidative stress – 

induced neuronal injury is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that TNF – 

alpha activates NF – kappa B activity in neuronal, SH – SY5Y, cells and preferentially 

enhances the binding of p50 and p65 to the promoter/enhancer regions of the MnSOD 

gene. Binding of NF – kappa B members to the MnSOD gene leads to the induction of 

MnSOD mRNA and protein levels. Consequently, induction of MnSOD by TNF – 

alpha primes neuronal cells to develop resistance against subsequent exposure to 

beta – amyloid and FeSO4. Taken together, these results suggest that NF – kappa B 

might exert its protective function by induction of MnSOD leading to subsequent 

protection against oxidative stress – induced neuronal injury. 

No.895 

Author(s) : Sompradeekul S, Chinvetkitvanich U, Suthinon P, Wongbunnate S. 

Title : Difference in the yields of bronchial washing cytology before and after forceps biopsy 

for lung cancer diagnosis. 



Keywords : Bronchial washing, Bronchoscopy, Cytology, Diagnostic yields, Forceps biopsy, Lung 

cancer, Transbronchial biopsy. 

Abstract : Objectives: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) has been one of the essential procedures 

used in the diagnosis of lung cancer. Diagnostic yields of FOB related procedures 

such as bronchial washing (BW), bronchial brushing (BB), bronchial biopsy (BBx), 

and transbronchial biopsy (TBBx) depend on the location and extent of the tumors. 

The yields of BW vary among different studies (39 – 79%). Some reported that the 

yield might increase in post – bronchoscopic sputum. Since samples from BW are 

obtained directly from the respiratory tract, we hypothesized that post bronchoscopic 

forceps biopsy BW might further increase the yield as well. The objective of this study 

was to compare the diagnostic yields of bronchial washing before and after forceps 

biopsy for lung cancer. Material and Method: 114 patients, 70 with endobronchial 

lesions (42 exophytic lesions, 28 submucosal lesions) and 44 with non – endobronchial 

lesions, suspected to have lung cancers were evaluated at Siriraj Hospital between 

March and October 2000. All the patients underwent FOB with initial BW then 

forceps biopsy (BBx or TBBx) of the lesions followed by re – BW. The cytological 

specimens were blinded to the cytopathologists. Positive cytologic results of each 

procedural specimen were compared to final malignancy diagnosis (by positive 

specimens from FOB, transthoracic needle aspiration, surgery, clinical and radiological 

follow – up) to determine the sensitivity of each test. Statistical analysis: Chi – square 

test comparing sensitivity of each test. Results: 82 /114 patients (39 patients had 

exophytic lesions, 24 patients had submucosal lesions, and 19 patients had peripheral 

lung lesions) had a final diagnosis of malignancy. The sensitivity of initial BW before 

forceps biopsy was 37.8% (31/82), re – BW after forceps biopsy was 37.8% (31/82), both 

initial BW and re – BW was 46.3% (38/82), and forceps biopsy alone was 79.3% (65/82). 

There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the sensitivity of initial 

BW, re – BW and combined initial BW and re – BW. No major complications such as 

massive hemorrhage, respiratory failure, or death occurred. Conclusion: The 

diagnostic yields of BW before and after forceps biopsy for malignancy were not 

different in our study. However, the yield seemed to be higher when combined pre 

and post – forceps biopsy BW was used. 

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No.896 

Author(s) : Somroop S, Tongtawe P, Chaisri U, Tapchaisri P, Chongsa C Nguan M, Srimanote P, 

Chaicumpa W. 

Title : Traffic of antibody – secreting cells after immunization with a liposome – associated, 

CpG – ODN – adjuvanted oral cholera vaccine. 



Keywords : Peyers – patches, Immunological adjuvants, Vibrio – cholerae, Antigen, 

Immunogenicity, Delivery, Carriers, Binding. 

Abstract : An oral cholera vaccine made up of heat – treated recombinant cholera toxin (rCT), 

V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and recombinant toxin – co – regulated pili 

subunit A (rTcpA), entrapped in liposomes in the presence of unmethylated bacterial 

CpG – DNA (ODN#1826) was used to orally immunize a group of eight week old rats. 

A booster dose was given 14 days later. Control rats received placebo (vaccine diluent). 

The kinetics of the immune response were investigated by enumerating the antigen 

specific – antibody secreting cells (ASC) in the blood circulation and intestinal lamina 

propria using the ELISPOT assay and a histo – immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 

respectively. ASC of all antigenic specificities were detected in the blood of the 

vaccinated rats as early as two days after the booster dose. The numbers of LPS – 

ASC and TcpA – ASC in the blood were at their peak at day 3 post booster while the 

number of CT – ASC was highest at day 4 after the booster immunization. At day 13 

post immunization, no ASC were detected in the blood. A several fold increase in the 

number of ASC of all antigenic specificities in the lamina propria above the background 

numbers of the control animals were found in all vaccinated rats at days 6 and 13 post 

booster (earlier and later time points were not studied). Vibriocidal antibody and 

specific antibodies to CT, LPS and TcpA were detected in 57.1% and 52.4%, 14.3%, and 

19.0% of the orally vaccinated rats, respectively. The data indicated that rats orally 

primed with the vaccine could produce a rapid anamnestic response after re – exposure 

to the V. cholerae antigens. Thus, a single dose of the vaccine is expected to elicit a 

similar anamnestic immune response in people from cholera endemic areas who 

have been naturally primed to V. cholerae antigens, while two doses at a 14 day 

interval should be adequate for a traveler to a disease endemic area. 

No.897 

Author(s) : Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Blacksell SD, Pimda K, 

Suputtamongkol Y, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Rapid diagnosis of scrub typhus in rural Thailand using polymerase chain reaction. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (6): 1099 – 1102, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Orientia – tsutsugamushi, Antibody. 

Abstract : The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 

amplification of the O. tsutsugamushi 16S rRNA gene for the diagnosis of scrub 

typhus in rural Thailand. A prospective study of acute febrile illness in Udon Thani, 

northeast Thailand, identified 183 patients as having scrub typhus on the basis of 

immunofluorescent antibody testing (IFA) of paired sera. A further 366 febrile patients 

admitted concurrently with a range of other diagnoses acted as negative controls. 

Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 16S rRNA PCR was 44.8% and 99.7%, 

respectively, compared with IFA. PCR positivity was related to duration of symptoms 

and presence of eschar (P < 0.001, both cases). PCR using primers to amplify a 

fragment of the 56 – kd gene had a sensitivity and specificity of 29.0% and 99.2%, 

respectively. PCR has a high specificity but low sensitivity for the rapid diagnosis of 

scrub typhus in this endemic setting. 

No.898 

Author(s) : Soo – ampon S, Wongwitdecha N. 

Title : Psychological stress increases the anxiolytic – like effect of nitric oxide synthase 

inhibitor, L – NAME. 





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No.899 

Author(s) : Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Tungtrongchitr A, Vichyanond P, Bunnag C, Ramasoota 

P, Tongtawe P, Sakolvaree Y, Tapchaisri P. 

Title : Periplaneta americana arginine kinase as a major cockroach allergen among Thai 

patients with major cockroach allergies. 

Source : Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (6): 875 – 880, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Two – dimensional gel electrophoresis. 

Abstract : Periplaneta americana is the predominant cockroach (CR) species and a major source 

of indoor allergens in Thailand. Nevertheless, data on the nature and molecular 

characteristics of its allergenic components are rare. We conducted this study to 

identify and characterize the A americana allergenic protein. A random heptapeptide 

phage display library and monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to a the P. americana 

component previously shown to be an allergenic molecule were used to identify the 

MAb – bound mimotope and its phylogenic distribution. Two – dimensional gel 

electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, peptide mass 

fingerprinting, and BLAST search were used to identify the A americana protein 

containing the MAb – specific epitope. We studied the allergenicity of the native 

protein using sera of CR – allergic Thai patients in immunoassays. The mimotope 

peptide that bound to the MAb specific to P. americana was LTPCRNK. The peptide 

has an 83 – 100% identity with proteins of Anopheles gambiae, notch homolog scalloped 

wings of Lucilia cuprina, delta protein of Apis mellifera; neu5Ac synthase and tyrosine 

phosphatase of Drosophila melanogaster, and a putative protein of Drosophila 

pseudoobscura. This finding implies that the mimotope – containing molecule of A 

americana is a pan – insect protein. The MAb – bound protein of A americana was 

shown to be arginine kinase that reacted to IgE in the sera of all of the CR – allergic 

Thai patients by immunoblotting, implying its high allergenicity. In conclusion, our 

results revealed that P. americana arginine kinase is a pan – insect protein and a 

major CR allergen for CR – allergic Thai patients. 

No.900 

Author(s) : Sornmayura P, Kositchaiwat C. 

Title : Gastric cancer in Thai patients with relation to histologic types, Helicobacter pylori, 

intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis. 

Source : Helicobacter. 11 (Suppl.2): 36 – 37, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, Intestinal metaplasia, Atrophic gastritis, Thailand. 


No.901 

Author(s) : Sri – aroon P, Lohachit C, Harada M, Chusongsang P, Chusongsang Y. 

Title : Malacological survey in Phang – nga Province, southern Thailand, pre – and post – 

Indian Ocean Tsunami. 





Abstract : Three malacological surveys were conducted in the Takua Pa District of Phang – Nga 

Province, southern Thailand, before and after the Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster. 

Twenty – nine species of fresh – and brackish – water snails were found, in which 10 

species of freshwater snails were present, including live Pila polita; 8 species were of 

medical importance. Two brackish – water snails, Nerita articulata and Littorinopsis 

scabra, were absent after the tsunami disaster, while brackish – water Cerithidea 

cingulata and C. djadjariensis harbored 9 types of trematode cercariae. 

No.902 

Author(s) : Sribhen C, Choothesa A, Songserm T, Issariyodom S, Sribhen K. 

Title : Sex – based differences in plasma chemistry and cardiac marker test results in Siamese 

fighting fowl. 

Source : Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 35 (3): 291 – 294, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Cardiac marker, Clinical chemistry, Fighting cocks, Sex – based differences, 

Troponin T. 

Abstract : Background: Variations in the results of plasma chemistry analysis as a function of 

sex have rarely been demonstrated in avian species. Objective: The aim of the present 

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study was to investigate sex – related differences in values for routine biochemical 

variables, including conventional muscle enzymes, and novel cardiac markers in 

female and male Siamese fighting fowl. Methods: Plasma chemistry analytes and 

cardiac marker proteins (creatine kinase – MB and cardiac troponin T) were measured 

in 70 Siamese fighting fowl using automated chemistry and immunoassay analyzers. 

Data were compared by 2 – tailed t tests between sexes, and Spearman rank correlation 

between conventional and novel cardiac markers. Results: Male fowl had significantly 

higher uric acid concentration and gamma – glutamyltransferase activity; whereas, 

female fowl had significantly higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, and calcium 

concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity. As compared with female fowl, the 

fighting cocks also had significantly higher plasma concentrations of creatine kinase 

– MB and cardiac troponin T. Significant correlations between cardiac troponin T, but 

not creatine kinase – MB, and the activities of conventional muscle enzymes (creatine 

kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) were observed in 

male but not in female fowl. Conclusion: These results indicate that sex – specific 

differences exist for several biochemical parameters and cardiac marker proteins in 

fighting fowl, and that such difference should be considered in interpreting laboratory 

test results. 

No.903 

Author(s) : Srichairatanakool S, Ounjaijean S, Thephinlap C, Khansuwan U, Phisalpong C, 

Fucharoen S. 

Title : Iron – chelating and free – radical scavenging activities of microwave – processed 

green tea in iron overload. 

Source : Hemoglobin. 30 (2): 311 – 327, 2006. 


Keywords : Green tea (GT), Non – transferrin – bound iron (NTBI), Oxidative stress. 

Abstract : Secondary iron overload is found in beta – thalassemia (thal) patients because of 

increased dietary iron absorption and multiple blood transfusions. Excessive iron 

catalyzes free – radical generation, leading to oxidative damage and vital organ 

dysfunction. Non – transferring – bound iron (NTBI) detected in thalassemic plasma 

is highly toxic and chelatable. Though used to treat iron overload, desferrioxamine 

(DFO) and deferiprone (L1) also have adverse effects. Green tea (GT) shows many 

pharmacological effects, particularly antioxidative and iron – chelating capacities. 

This study was performed to investigate the ability of CT extracts to reduce plasma 

NTBI concentration and oxidative stress in vitro. The Fe 3+ was found to bind to GT 

crude extract and form a complex. Green tea crude extract time – and dose – 

dependently decreased plasma NTBI concentration and counteracted the increase of 

oxidative stress in both Fe 2+ – EDTA – treated human plasma and erythrocytes. 

Green tea is a bifunctional natural product that could be relevant for management of 

iron overload and oxidative stress. 

No.904 

Author(s) : Srinoulprasert Y, Kongtawelert P, Chaiyaroj SC. 

Title : Chondroitin sulfate B and heparin mediate adhesion of Penicillium marneffei conidia 

to host extracellular matrices. 

Source : Microbial Pathogenesis. 40 (3): 126 – 132, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Penicillium marneffei, Adhesion, Extracellular matrix, Glycosaminoglycans, 

Chondroitin sulfate, Heparin. 

Abstract : Penicilliosis is a disseminated infection in immunocompromised individuals caused by 

the dimorphic fungus, Penicillium marneffei. Very little is known about its route of 

infection, however, it is thought that initial infection occurs through inhalation of 

conidia. We investigated the role played by various extracellular matrix 

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the initial adherence of P. marneffei conidia using a 

direct adhesion assay. GAGs were further used to block the binding of fungal spores 

to human lung epithelial cells and highly sulfated GAGs were tested for their inhibitory 

effects owing to their degree of sulfation. Our results demonstrated high levels of 

conidial adhesion to chondroitin sulfate B, heparin and highly sulfated chitosan (CP 

– 3). No direct adherence was observed to immobilized chondroitin sulfate (CS) A, 

CSC, CSD and hyaluronic acid, as well as chitosans with low sulfate content. The 

results suggested that P. marneffei conidia bind to iduronic acid (IdoA) of the 

polysaccharide chains. Involvement of negatively charged sulfate groups in adhesion 

was also indicated. Furthermore, significant inhibition of conidial adherence to A549 

cells was observed in the presence of CSB, heparan sulfate (HS), heparin and CP – 3. 

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It was further demonstrated that GAGs can affect the adhesion of conidia to fibronectin 

and laminin, glycoproteins that have previously been implicated as adhesive receptors 

for fungal conidia. CSB and HS could partially inhibit the adhesion of fungal conidia 

to laminin and fibronectin implying that conidia can weakly interact with the IdoA 

GAG – binding domain(s) of these molecules. The data indicated that, in addition to 

fibronectin and laminin, IdoA – containing GAGs may play an important role in 

fungal adherence to the surface of human lung epithelium. 

No.905 

Author(s) : Srinualnad S, Charoenkraikamol C, Toraksa S, Uiprasertkul M, Amornvesukit T, 

Taweemonkongsap T, Udompunturak S, Nualyong C, Tantiwong A. 

Title : Prevalence of prostate cancer in aging males receiving PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) 

screening test (a campaign for celebration of Siriraj established day). 



Keywords : IPSS, Prevalence, Prostate cancer, PSA. 

Abstract : Prostate cancer is a potential men’s health problem. The prevalence of prostate 

cancer continues to rise. Serum PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) can be used as a 

screening tool for detection of early prostate cancer. However, a screening program 

for prostate cancer has not yet been accepted as cost – effective and long term 

survival benefits have not been shown. Nevertheless, some doctors request PSA 

testing in men who present with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to detect 

prostate cancer. Objective: To study for prevalence of prostate cancer in healthy men 

seeking medical check – up for prostate cancer. Material and Method: During the 

anniversary celebration of Siriraj established day (26/07/1888), a cohort study of 

Prevalence of prostate cancer in aging males using PSA Screening Test was carried 

out, 200 men over 45 years of age were invited to PSA testing and prostate glands 

check – up including, IPSS (international prostatic symptoms score), QOL (quality of 

life score) and DRE (digital rectal examination). Patients with elevated PSA were 

advised to undergo transrectal – ultrasound – guided – biopsy of the prostate (TRUS 

– biopsy). Cancer detection rate was calculated according to symptoms described by 

patients, IPSS and age groups. Data was compared using Chi – Square test. Results: 

Median values from data of men’s ages, IPSS, QOL and PSA were 63 years, 11, 2, and 

1.23 ng/ml, respectively. 9 of 200 patients (4.5%) were found to have prostate 

adenocarcinoma on biopsy. Most of the cancer cases showed a localized lesion. Prostate 

cancer was found more common in patients who described themselves as having 

abnormal urination. There was no prostate cancer found in patients with a mild 

degree of LUTS (IPSS less than 8). Prostate cancer tended to be more common in 

men with high IPSS. Conclusion: Screening prostate cancer by PSA testing detected 

the cancer in 4.5%. Most cancers were found on symptomatic patients. Patients with 

LUTS should be made aware of prostate cancer and PSA testing may be offered in 

such patients. However screening of prostate cancer in all men regardless of symptoms 

must wait for a larger study looking at long term survival benefit, cost – effectiveness 

of screening, and lastly, quality of life of patients on a screening program. 

No.906 

Author(s) : Srinualnad S, Nualyong C, Udompunturak S, Kongsuwan W. 

Title : Endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy (EERPE): A new approach for 

treatment of localized prostate cancer. 



Keywords : Endoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy, Laparoscopy, Prostate cancer. 

Abstract : Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is usually performed by transperitoneal approach. 

Patients may encounter, intraperitoneal organs injury, and prolonged ileus during 

recovery period. The authors firstly performed endoscopic extraperitoneal radical 

prostatectomy (EERPE) in Thailand, which is mimicking open radical prostatectomy, 

the gold standard for treatment of localized prostate cancer. Objective: Assess and 

evaluate the feasibility and early outcomes of the authors’ experience in endoscopic 

extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (EERPE). Material and Method: 

From December 2005 to May 2006, 27 cases of EERPE were performed at the authors’ 

institute for clinically localized prostate cancer by one surgeon (group I). Operative 

data was compared to those 55 patients who underwent open radical prostatectomy 

from February 2001 to August 2005 for early prostate cancer by the same surgeon 

(group II). Early postoperative results, clinical outcomes and complication were 

analyzed between the two groups using Chi – Square, student unpaired t – test and


Mann – Whitney U tests. Results: Patients’ age and clinical staging were not different 

between the two groups. Mean operative time was longer in the EERPE group (268 

minutes vs 157 minutes; p < 0.01). Median blood loss was 500 mls and 1000 mls in the 

EERPE and open groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The likelihood of transfusion rate 

in the open group was higher than the EERPE group, with odd ratio of 8.75 (95%CI 

= 2.09 – 39.86), p = 0.001. Hospitalization time and pathological stage were not different 

between the two groups. In the EERPE group, there were two rectal complications, 

including rectal injury and rectal necrosis, which were treated laparoscopically and 

conservatively without long – term problems. Conclusion: The authors’ early 

experience has shown that EERPE is feasible. Although operative time was longer, 

the patients may gain benefit of minimally invasive surgery and decreased operative 

blood loss. In EERPE group, oncological outcomes are equal to open surgery, however, 

more cases and long – term follow up are required to evaluate the efficacy of such an 

approach. 

No.907 

Author(s) : Srisaenpang S, Pinitsoontorn S, Singhasivanon P, Kitayaporn D, Kaewkungwal J, 

Tatsanavivat P, Patjanasoontorn B, Reechaipichitkul W, Thiratakulpisan J, Srinakarin 

J, Srisaenpang P, Thinkamrop B, Apinyanurak C, Chindawong B – O. 

Title : Missed appointments at a tuberculosis clinic increased the risk of clinical treatment 

failure. 





Abstract : We investigated the charts of 381 new smear – positive tuberculosis patients at Khon 

Kaen Medical School during 1997 – 2001 using World Health Organization definitions 

to evaluate associations among treatment success or failure (defaulted, failed, died, 

or not evaluated) and tuberculosis clinic contact, demographics and clinical 

characteristics of the patients. Multinomial logistic regression was used for three – 

category outcome analysis: treatment success, transferred – out and clinical treatment 

failure. The treatment success and clinical treatment failure rates were 34.1% and 

34.4%, respectively. About 46.5% and 85.8% of patients missed appointments at the 

tuberculosis clinic in the treatment success and treatment failure groups, respectively. 

The results show that patients who were absent from the tuberculosis clinic were 

5.95 times more likely to have clinical treatment failure than treatment success, 

having adjusted for the effect of transferring – out and the effect of the treatment 

regimen and the sputum conversion status (adjusted odds ratio = 5.95; 95% CI: 2.99 to 

11.84). The review showed that absence from the tuberculosis clinic was an 

independent risk factor for clinical treatment failure. We recommended that all new 

smear – positive tuberculosis patients should be followed closely at a tuberculosis 

clinic. 

No.908 

Author(s) : Srisawasdi P, Jearanaikoon P, Wetprasit N, Sriwanthana B, Kroll MH, Lolekha PH. 

Title : Advantages and disadvantages of serum cholesterol determination by the kinetic 

versus the endpoint method. 

Source : Clinica Chemistry. 52 (6): A121 – A121 C133 Suppl. S, 2006 (Jun). 




No.909 

Author(s) : Srisawasdi P, Jearanaikoon P, Wetprasit N, Sriwanthana B, Kroll MH, Lolekha PH. 

Title : Application of Streptomyces and Brevibacterium cholesterol oxidase for total serum 

cholesterol assay by the enzymatic kinetic method. 

Source : Clinica Chimica Acta. 372 (1 – 2): 103 – 111, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Lipid, Esterified cholesterol, Free cholesterol, Cholesterol determination, Biosensor, 

Cholesterol oxidase. 

Abstract : Background: Using non – esterified cholesterol standard, Brevibacterium and 

Streptomyces are found as suitable sources of cholesterol oxidase for kinetic 

cholesterol assay. For clinical use, we investigated the suitability of these enzymes 

for cholesterol determination in human serum. Methods: We compared the 

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performance of reagents containing 2 enzymes for the kinetic determination of total 

serum cholesterol with the standardized endpoint method. Results: Reagent containing 

Streptomyces enzyme was more sensitive than that of Brevibacterium, with linearity 

up to 20.7 and 2.6 mmol/l, respectively. The analytical reaction for Streptomyces 

showed a shorter lag phase (148 s) and a steeper slope (absorbance vs. time) than that 

of Brevibacterium (246 s). The assay using Streptomyces reagent was precise and 

accurate and compared favorably with the endpoint method (y = 1.06x – 0.15, r = 

0.996, bias = 0.21 mmol/l). Hemoglobin as high as 7.5 g/l did not interfere while 

turbidity greater than 2+ (absorbance > 0.778 at 670 nm) and bilirubin concentrations 

> 171.0 mu mol/l did interfere (in a negative interference). Reagent was stable up to 

at least 8 weeks. Conclusions: The Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase, with 3, 4 – 

dichlorophenol, proved a suitable source for serum total cholesterol determination by 

the kinetic method. 

No.910 

Author(s) : Srisutapan J, Bunditsaovapak S. 

Title : Non – stationary components fixing Jacobi iteration. 

Source : WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics. 5 (7): 817 – 822, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Approximate Jacobi iteration, Binary convergence table, Components fixing, 

Convergence ratio, Gauss – Seidel, Jacobi iteration, Non – stationary iterative 

methods, Stationary iterative methods. 

Abstract : This paper presents an effective extension to the classical Jacobi iteration. The non – 

stationary components fixing Jacobi iteration was designed to save the computational 

cost per iteration. This done by skip evaluating the solution components that probably 

need no computation in a certain iteration. The experiment using PDE data set 

confirm our method. Moreover, the quality of the obtained solutions are acceptable. 

No.911 

Author(s) : Sritanyarat W, Pearce G, Siems WF, Ryan CA, Wititsuwannakul R, 

Wititsuwannakul D. 

Title : Isolation and characterization of isoinhibitors of the potato protease inhibitor I family 

from the latex of the rubber trees, Hevea brasiliensis. 

Source : Phytochemistry. 67 (15): 1644 – 1650, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Hevea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae, Proteinase isoinhibitors, Wounding, Plant defense. 

Abstract : Three isoinhibitors have been isolated to homogeneity from the C – serum of the 

latex of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis clone RRIM 600, and named HPI – 1, HPI 

– 2a and HPI – 2b. The three inhibitors share the same amino acid sequence (69 

residues) but the masses of the three forms were determined to be 14,893 +/– 10, 

7757 +/– 5, and 7565 +/– 5, respectively, indicating that post – translational modifications 

of the protein have occurred during latex collection. One adduct could be removed by 

reducing agents, and was determined to be glutathione, while the other adduct could 

not be removed by reducing agents and has not been identified. The N – termini of 

the inhibitor proteins were blocked by an acetylated Ala, but the complete amino acid 

sequence analysis of the deblocked inhibitors by Edman degradation of fragments 

from endopeptidase C digestion and mass spectrometry confirmed that the three 

isoinhibitors were derived from a single protein. The amino acid sequence of the 

protein differed at two positions from the sequence deduced from a cDNA reported in 

GenBank. The gene coding for the inhibitor is wound – inducible and is a member of 

the potato inhibitor I family of protease inhibitors. The inhibitor strongly inhibited 

subtilisin A, weakly inhibited trypsin, and did not inhibit chymotrypsin. The amino 

acid residues at the reactive site P – 1 and P’(1), were determined to be Gln45 and 

Asp46, respectively, residues rarely reported at the reactive site in potato inhibitor I 

family members. Comparison of amino acid sequences revealed that the HPI 

isoinhibitors shared from 33% to 55% identity (50 – 74% similarity) to inhibitors of the 

potato inhibitor I family. The properties of the isoinhibitors suggest that they may 

play a defensive role in the latex against pathogens and/or herbivores.


No.912 

Author(s) : Srithavaj T, Thaweboon S. 

Title : Determination of oral microflora in irradiated ocular deformed children. 





Abstract : Children with a retinoblastoma usually have enucleation of eye contents and undergo 

radiation therapy. In this group of children a slight deformation in facial growth is 

exhibited on the operated side. The radiation affects the oral microflora, This study 

was conducted to investigate the oral microflora in this group of patients compared to 

normal children. Nineteen children, ages 4 – 15 years, were tested for oral microflora 

by culture. A control group was comprised of 20 normal healthy children from a 

primary school in Bangkok, Thailand. Paraffin – stimulated whole saliva was collected 

and cultured for the presence of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species. 

The isolation frequencies and abundances of lactobacilli and Candida species in saliva 

samples of irradiated children were significantly greater than healthy children. The 

mutans streptococci counts were significantly different from healthy controls. 

Radiation therapy may have had some influence on the oral ecology of these patients, 

so had a higher risk of caries and candidiasis than the healthy controls. Therefore, 

comprehensive preventive measures should be taken in these children. 

No.913 

Author(s) : Sritunyalucksana K, Apisawetakan S, Boon – Nat A, Withyachumnarnkul B, 

Flegel TW. 

Title : A new RNA virus found in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon from Thailand. 

Source : Virus Research. 118 (1 – 2): 31 – 38, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : RNA – dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS), 

Penaeus monodon, Laem – Sing virus (LSNV). 

Abstract : A new, apparently innocuous virus was found while investigating the cause of 

monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) in cultured black tiger shrimp (Penaeus 

monodon). It was identified via plasmid vector clones of E. coli containing randomly 

amplified cDNA fragments produced from total nucleic acid extracts of hemolymph 

from MSGS shrimp. Of 421 clones, 30 that failed to give positive dot blot hybridization 

with a digoxigenin (DIG) – labeled shrimp DNA probe were sequenced and compared 

to GenBank records. Of these, 22 corresponded to known shrimp DNA records. Of 

eight that did not, one (20A) showed significant deduced amino acid sequence similarity 

to RNA – dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) of the viruses in the family Luteoviridae 

and alignment revealed commonly conserved amino acids including a GDD motif 

believed to be at the enzyme active site. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that 

the virus sequence did not cluster with the Luteoviridae or other known RNA virus 

sequences. Thus, in accordance with frequent practice, it was named according to the 

area where it was first collected as Laem – Singh virus (LSNV). In situ hybridization 

with a DIG – labeled 20A insert revealed strong cytoplasmic staining confined to the 

lymphoid organ (LO), the heart and hepatopancreatic connective tissue in both normal 

and MSGS shrimp. RT – PCR assays based on the 20A clone sequence also gave 

positive results with both normal and MSGS shrimp. Transmission electron microscopy 

(TEM) of LO tissue revealed viral – like particles of approximately 27 nm diameter 

(within the Luteoviridae size range) in locations that matched those of positive in situ 

hybridization reactions in parallel samples. Although not directly associated with 

MSGS in Penaeus monodon, the presence or effect of this virus with other crustacean 

species is presently unknown. 

No.914 

Author(s) : Sritunyalucksana K, Srisala J, McColl K, Nielsen L, Flegel TW. 

Title : Comparison of PCR testing methods for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections 

in penaeid shrimp. 

Source : Aquaculture. 255 (1 – 4): 95 – 104, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : PCR – based methods, White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, Penaeus 

monodon. 

Abstract : In Thailand, several PCR – based methods are used by private and public service 

laboratories for the detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in 

penaeid shrimp post larvae (PL) before they are stocked in rearing ponds. Conflicting 

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test results for similar samples sent to two service laboratories has decreased confidence 

in PCR testing. Thus, we compared the sensitivity of several PCR methods commonly 

employed in Thailand using Taqman real – time PCR as the gold standard with a 

purified WSSV template stock. Using this stock for assays, we found no significant 

inhibitory effect by WSSV – free host shrimp DNA over the range 0 to 300 ng per 

reaction or by added DNA from WSSV – infected shrimp. Real – time PCR could 

detect WSSV with certainty at dilutions of approximately 5 copies per reaction while 

1000 copies were needed for a common one – step PCR method and 50 for a common 

single – tube nested PCR (1N – PCR) method. Of 2 two – tube nested PCR protocols 

tested, one required 100 and the other 1000 copies. In addition to these sensitivity 

tests, a triple – blind ring test was carried out employing sets of 10 WSSV – infected 

DNA extracts sent to 12 commercial and public laboratories in Thailand, without 

specifying the PCR method to be used. Returned results included no false positives 

and two false negatives, the latter both from light infection vials. This translated into 

a test sensitivity of 97.3% and a specificity of 100%. Overall, the results confirmed the 

validity of PCR – based methods in Thailand for detection of WSSV in shrimp DNA 

extracts. 

No.915 

Author(s) : Sritunyalucksana K, Wannapapho W, Lo CF, Flegel TW. 

Title : PmRab7 is a VP28 – binding protein involved in white spot syndrome virus infection 

in shrimp. 

Source : Journal of Virology. 80 (21): 10734 – 10742, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Structural proteins, Penaeus – monodon, Chimeric polypeptide, Thymidylate kinase, 

Envelope proteins, Thymidine kinase, Identification, WSSV, Baculovirus, Cells. 

Abstract : Our aim was to isolate and characterize white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) – binding 

proteins from shrimp. After a blot of shrimp hemocyte membrane proteins was 

overlaid with a recombinant WSSV envelope protein (rVP28), the reactive bands on 

the blot were detected using anti – VP28 antibody. Among three membrane – associated 

molecules identified by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry, there 

was a 25 – kDa protein that bound to both rVP28 and WSSV. Since it had a primary 

structure with high homology to the small GTP – binding protein Rab7, we named it 

Penaeus monodon Rab7 (PmRab7). The full – length PmRab7 cDNA was obtained, 

and results from a glutathione S – transferase pull – down assay confirmed specific 

binding to rVP28. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed PmRab7 expression 

in many tissues, and real – time PCR analysis revealed that expression was 

constitutive. Binding of PmRab7 to rVP28 or WSSV occurred in a dose – dependent 

manner and was inhibited by anti – Rab7 antibody. In an in vivo neutralization assay, 

the number of dead shrimp after challenge with WSSV plus PmRab7 (15%) or WSSV 

plus anti – Rab7 antibody (5%) was significantly lower than after challenge with 

WSSV alone (95%). In contrast to the WSSV – injected group, shrimp injected with 

WSSV plus PmRab7 or WSSV plus anti – Rab7 showed no WSSV – type histopathology. 

We conclude that PmRab7 is involved in WSSV infection in shrimp. This is the first 

study to identify a shrimp protein that binds directly to a major viral envelope protein 

of WSSV. 

No.916 

Author(s) : Sriwilaijaroen N, Liu M, Go M – L, Wilairat P. 

Title : Plasmepsin II inhibitory activity of alkoxylated and hydroxylated chalcones. 





Abstract : Sixteen antimalarial alkoxylated and hydroxylated chalcones were tested for their 

ability to inhibit recombinant plasmepsin II in vitro. The best inhibitory compounds 

had either a chloro or dimethylamino group at the 4 – position of phenyl ring A in the 

chalcone template. Combination of the chalcones with chloroquine showed additivity 

or mild antagonism of Plasmodium falciparum K1 growth in culture.


No.917 

Author(s) : Sruanganurak A, Sanguansap K, Tangboriboonrat P. 

Title : Layer – by – layer assembled nanoparticles: A novel method for surface modification 

of natural rubber latex film. 

Source : Colloids and Surfaces A – Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 

289 (1 – 3): 110 – 117, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Layer – by – layer, Surface modification, Natural rubber, PMMA. 

Abstract : The deposition of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles onto natural rubber 

(NR) latex film surface was successfully performed by the layer – by – layer (LbL) 

technique via electrostatic interaction. The charge on NR film was generated by UV 

grafting polyacrylamide (PAAm) onto the rubber surface pretreated with argon plasma. 

Attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared (ATR – FTIR) spectroscopy 

revealed that the grafted yield was directly proportional to the monomer concentration 

and to UV irradiation time. The contact angle measurement also confirmed the 

increase in hydrophilicity of the PAAm grafted NR (NR – g – PAAm) film surface. The 

presence of PMMA latex particles on the NR – g – PAAm sheet was clearly observed 

under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The percent surface coverage of PMMA 

particles on the substrate (C s ) depended on the latex concentration, immersion time, 

ionic strength and pH of medium. The increase in surface roughness, caused by the 

adsorbed latex particles, was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

No.918 

Author(s) : Stappert CFJ, Guess PC, Chitmongkolsuk S, Gerds T, Strub JR. 

Title : Partial coverage restoration systems on molars – comparison of failure load after 

exposure to a mastication simulator. 

Source : Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 33 (9): 698 – 705, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Mastication simulator, Ceramics, Ceromer, Composite, Failure load, Gold, 

Partial coverage restoration. 

Abstract : This in vitro study evaluated the failure load of partial coverage restorations (PCR) 

made of various materials cemented on natural molars after exposure to the mastication 

simulator. Sixty – four maxillary molars were divided into four groups of 16 test 

specimens each. The specimens in one group remained unprepared (group NP); the 

teeth in the other groups were prepared equally according to standardized guidelines 

and restored with the following PCR: Group GO (Gold – Pontor(R) – MPF; Metaux 

Precieux SA, Metalor, Neuchatel, Switzerland), group TA (Targis(R); Ivoclar Vivadent 

AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and group EM (IPS – Empress(R); Ivoclar Vivadent AG). 

The restorations in group GO were cemented conventionally, while those in groups 

TA and EM were luted adhesively. Groups NP and GO served as control groups. All 

test specimens were subjected to 1.2 million cycles (F = 49 N) in a mastication simulator. 

Subsequently, all test specimens were loaded occlusally until fracture occurred using 

an universal testing machine. All specimens withstood the masticating simulation. 

The median (IQR = x(0.25) – x(0.75)) failure loads were as follows: group NP: 

1960.3(1480.5 – 2227.5) N, group TA: 1478.6(1293.4 – 1856.7) N and group EM: 

1400.1(1043.1 – 1721.6) N. All test specimens of group GO achieved fracture strength 

values which exceeded a fracture load of 5500 N. The values of group GO were 

statistically significantly higher than those of groups NP, TA and EM (P < 0.00001). 

Furthermore, the results of group NP were significantly higher (P = 0.0226) than 

those of group EM. The results of groups NP and TA (P = 0.2022) as well as of groups 

TA and EM (P = 0.5340) did not differ significantly. The median values of all PCR 

systems obtained were within the limits of clinical acceptance. Long – term clinical 

investigations which take additional parameters into consideration are required before 

the composite – based Targis(R) (Ivoclar Vivadent AG) material can be recommended 

for indirect PCR. 

No.919 

Author(s) : Stepniewska K, White NJ. 

Title : Some considerations in the design and interpretation of antimalarial drug trials in 

uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 

Source : Malaria Journal. 5: Article No.127, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Clinical – trials, Confidence – intervals, Treat analysis, In – vivo, Infections, Intention, 

Proportions, Efficacy, Ratio. 

Abstract : Background: Treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria should have high 

cure rates. The World Health Organization has recently set a target cure rate of 95% 

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assessed at 28 days. The use of more effective drugs, with longer periods of patient 

follow – up, and parasite genotyping to distinguish recrudescence from reinfection 

raise issues related to the design and interpretation of antimalarial treatment trials 

in uncomplicated falciparum malaria which are discussed here. Methods: The 

importance of adequate follow – up is presented and the advantages and disadvantages 

of non – inferiority trials are discussed. The different methods of interpreting trial 

results are described, and the difficulties created by loss to follow – up and missing or 

indeterminate genotyping results are reviewed. Conclusion: To characterize cure 

rates adequately assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy in uncomplicated malaria 

requires a minimum of 28 days and as much as 63 days follow – up after starting 

treatment. The longer the duration of follow – up in community – based assessments, 

the greater is the risk that this will be incomplete, and in endemic areas, the greater 

is the probability of reinfection. Recrudescence can be distinguished from reinfection 

using PCR genotyping but there are commonly missing or indeterminate results. 

There is no consensus on how these data should be analysed, and so a variety of 

approaches have been employed. It is argued that the correct approach to analysing 

antimalarial drug efficacy assessments is survival analysis, and patients with missing 

or indeterminate PCR results should either be censored from the analysis, or if there 

are sufficient data, results should be adjusted based on the identified ratio of new 

infections to recrudescences at the time of recurrent parasitaemia. Where the 

estimated cure rates with currently recommended treatments exceed 95%, individual 

comparisons with new regimens should generally be designed as non – inferiority 

trials with sample sizes sufficient to determine adequate precision of cure rate estimates 

(such that the lower 95% confidence interval bound exceeds 90%). 

No.920 

Author(s) : Stitchantrakul W, Sopassathit W, Prapaipanich S, Domrongkitchaiporn S. 

Title : Effects of Calcium Supplements on the Risk of Renal Stone Formation in a Population 

with Low Oxalate Intake. 

Source : The Journal of Urology. 175 (5): 1749, 2006 (May). 




No.921 

Author(s) : Stonington S, Ratanakul P. 

Title : Is there a global bioethics? End – of – life in Thailand and the case for local difference. 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (10): 1679 – 1682; Article No. e439, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Culture, Values. 


No.922 

Author(s) : Stuetz W, McGready R, Cho T, Prapamontol T, Biesalski HK, Stepniewska K, 

Nosten F. 

Title : Relation of DDT residues to plasma retinol, alpha – tocopherol, and beta – carotene 

during pregnancy and malaria infection: A case – control study in Karen women in 

northern Thailand. 

Source : Science of the Total Environment. 363 (1 – 3): 78 – 86, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : DDT, Retinol (vitamin A), Alpha – tocopherol (vitamin E), Beta – carotenel, Pregnancy, 

Malaria. 

Abstract : Populations living in endemic malaria areas maybe exposed simultaneously to DDT 

and malaria infection. DDT may impair status of vitamins, which are implicated in the 

immunity and pathophysiology of malaria. To explore possible interactions, DDT 

residues, retinol, alpha – tocopherol, beta – carotene and cholesterol were measured 

in plasma samples of malaria – infected pregnant women (cases, n = 50) and age 

matched malaria – free controls (n = 58). DDT residues were found in all samples: 

mean (sd) total DDT levels of 29.7 and 32.7 ng/ml in cases and controls, respectively. 

Mean (sd) p, p’ – DDT was higher in the controls than the cases (13.5 vs. 9.5 ng/ml, p 

= 0.006). Malaria infection was associated with lower mean (sd) plasma retinol (0.69 

vs. 1.23 mu mol/L) and cholesterol (2.62 vs. 3.48 mmol/L) compared to controls (p < 

0.001). Mean (sd) plasma alpha – tocopherol (7.65 vs. 15.58 gmol/L) and alpha – 

tocopherol /cholesterol ratio (2.3 vs. 6.7 alpha mol/L/mmol/L) were significantly lower


among the controls (p < 0.001). Mean (sd) plasma P – carotene was low (< 0.3 gmol/L) 

in both groups, but higher among malaria cases (0.19 vs. 0.15 mu mol/L). Plasma 

retinol among the controls showed highly significant positive correlations with 

individual DDT compounds, particularly with p, p – DDT (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). Plasma 

alpha – tocopherol and beta – carotene seemed not to be affected by DDT residues. 

No.923 

Author(s) : Subhasitanont P, Srisomsap C, Punyarit P, Svasti J. 

Title : Proteomic studies of galectin – 3 expression in human thyroid diseases by 

immunodetection. 

Source : Cancer Genomics and Proteomics. 3 (6): 389 – 394, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Galectin – 3, Immunodetection, Papillary carcinoma, Proteomics, Thyroid diseases. 

Abstract : Galectin – 3 expression in thyroid diseases was studied by 1 – DE immunoblotting. 

Expression was markedly elevated in thyroid papillary carcinoma, compared to 

follicular adenoma, follicular carcinoma or non – neoplastic diseases. Galectin – 3 

expression was also elevated in malignant cancers of bone, breast, colon, esophagus, 

larynx, lung and ovary. Four cases of thyroid papillary carcinoma with metastasis 

gave 2 – 3 bands on 1 – DE immunoblotting. 2 – DE immunoblotting of gelectin – 3 

showed 3 dark spots with MW/pI 32.9/8.29, 31.0/8.40 and 30.0/8.40 and 2 light spots. 

No.924 

Author(s) : Sucharitakul J, Chaiyen P, Entsch B, Ballou DP. 

Title : Kinetic mechanisms of the oxygenase from a two – component enzyme, p – 

hydroxyphenylacetate 3 – hydroxylase from Acinetobacter baumannii. 

Source : Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281 (25): 17044 – 17053, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Oxidative half – reaction, 2 – methyl – 3 – hydroxypyridine – 5 – carboxylic acid 

oxygenase, Para – hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, Bacterial luciferasereaction, Phenol 

hydroxylase, 4 – hydroxyphenylacetate 3 – monooxygenase, Biochemical – 

characterization, Streptomyces – coelicolor, Dependent monooxygenase, Aromatic 

hydroxylases. 

Abstract : p – Hydroxyphenylacetate hydroxylase (HPAH) from Acinetobacter baumannii 

catalyzes the hydroxylation of p – hydroxyphenylacetate (HPA) to form 3, 4 – 

dihydroxyphenylacetate (DHPA). The enzyme system is composed of two proteins: 

an FMN reductase (C 1 ) and an oxygenase that uses FMNH – (C – 2). We report detailed 

transient kinetics studies at 4 degrees C of the reaction mechanism of C 2 .C 2 binds 

rapidly and tightly to reduced FMN (K – d, 1.2 +/– 0.2 M), but less tightly to oxidized 

FMN (K d , 250 +/– 50 M). The complex of C – 2 – FMNH – reacted with oxygen to 

form C(4a) – hydroperoxy – FMN at 1.1 +/– 0.1 x 106 M (–1) s(–1), whereas the C – 2 

– FMNH – HPA complex reacted with oxygen to form C(4a) – hydroperoxy – FMN – 

HPA more slowly (k = 4.8 +/– 0.2 x 10(4) M – 1 s(–1)). The kinetic mechanism of C 2 was 

shown to be a preferential random order type, in which HPA or oxygen can initially 

bind to the C – 2 – FMNH – complex, but the preferred path was oxygen reacting with 

C – 2 – FMNH – to form the C(4a) – hydroperoxy – FMN intermediate prior to HPA 

binding. Hydroxylation occurs from the ternary complex with a rate constant of 20 

s(–1) to form the C – 2 – C(4a) – hydroxyl – FMN – DHPA complex. At high HPA 

concentrations (> 0.5 mM), HPA formed a dead end complex with the C – 2 – C(4a) – 

hydroxyl – FMN intermediate (similar to single component flavoprotein hydroxylases), 

thus inhibiting the bound flavin from returning to the oxidized form. When FADH – 

was used, C(4a) – hydroperoxy – FAD, C(4a) – hydroxyl – FAD, and product were 

formed at rates similar to those with FMNH – . Thus, C – 2 has the unusual ability to 

use both common flavin cofactors in catalysis. 

No.925 

Author(s) : Suddhasthira T, Thaweboon S, Dendoung N, Thaweboon B, Dechkunakorn S. 

Title : Antimicrobial activity of Cratoxylum formosum on streptococcus mutans. 




Keyword : – 

Abstract : The gum of Cratoxylum formosum, commonly known as mempat, is a natural agent 

that has been used extensively for caries prevention by hill tribe people residing in 

Thailand. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 

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Cratoxylum formosum gum on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro. The gum 

extracted from stem bark of Cratoxylum formosum was investigated for antimicrobial 

activity against different strains of S. mutans, including S. mutans KPSK2 and 2 

clinical isolates. Inhibition of growth was primarily tested by agar diffusion method. A 

two – fold broth dilution method was then used to determine the minimum inhibitory 

concentration (MIC) of the extract. The extract of Cratoxylum formosum was effective 

against S. mutans with the inhibition zones ranging from 9.5 to 11.5 mm and MIC 

values between 48 g/ml and 97 g/ml. The gum of Cratoxylum formosum has high 

antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and may become a promising herbal varnish 

against caries. 

No.926 

Author(s) : Sudprasert W, Navasumrit P, Ruchirawata M. 

Title : Effects of low – dose gamma radiation on DNA damage, chromosomal aberration and 

expression of repair genes in human blood cells. 

Source : International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 



Keywords : Low – dose gamma radiation, DNA strand breaks, FPG – sensitive sites, Comet assay, 

Chromosomal aberrations, DNA repair gene expression. 

Abstract : Exposure to low – dose gamma radiation is common in certain occupations but the 

biological and health effects from such exposure remain to be determined. The aim of 

this study was to investigate the effects of low – dose gamma radiation on DNA 

damage, chromosomal aberration and DNA repair gene expressions in whole blood 

and peripheral lymphocytes. The study revealed a dose – dependent effect of gamma 

radiation on DNA damage. Significant increases in DNA strand breaks and oxidative 

base damage, determined as formamidopyrimidine – DNA – glycosylase (FPG) – 

sensitive sites, were observed at absorbed doses of 5 and 10cGy, respectively. However, 

gamma radiation at doses up to 500cGy did not significantly increase the level of 8 – 

oxo – 7, 8 – dihydro – 2' – deoxyguanosine (8 – oxodG) determined by HPLC with 

electrochemical detection (HPLC – ECD). Gamma radiation as low as 5cGy caused 

chromosomal aberrations determined as dicentric and deletion frequencies. This 

finding is significant since the genotoxic effects of gamma radiation can be observed 

even at a low dose of 5cGy. Furthermore, gamma radiation decreased the mRNA 

expression of both hOGG1 and XRCC1 repair genes determined by reverse 

transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR), with a significant decrease of 

expression being observed at 20cGy. The expression levels of hOGG1 and XRCC1 

mRNA were inversely correlated with the levels of FPG – sensitive sites and DNA 

strand breaks. The finding of decreased expression levels for hOGG1 and XRCC1 in 

gamma – irradiated lymphocytes has not been reported elsewhere. Our observations 

suggest that the genotoxic effects of gamma radiation may be due to a combination of 

DNA – damaging effects and reduced DNA repair capacity, and may explain the 

significant increase in health risk from high doses of ionizing radiation. 

No.927 

Author(s) : Sukhumsirichart W, Attasart P, Boonsaeng V, Panyim S. 

Title : Complete nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of hepatopancreatic 

parvovirus (HPV) of Penaeus monodon. 

Source : Virology. 346 (2): 266 – 277, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Hepatopancreatic parvovirus, HPV genome, PmDNV genome, Genome organization, 

Genes, PmDNV. 

Abstract : We have determined the genome of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), a minus, 

single – stranded DNA virus isolated from infected Penaeus monodon in Thailand. Its 

genome consisted of 6321 nucleotides, representing three large open reading frames 

(ORFs) and two noncoding termini. The left (ORF1), mid (ORF2), and right (ORF3) 

ORFs on the complementary (plus) strand may code for 428, 579, and 818 amino 

acids, equivalent to 50, 68, and 92 kDa, respectively. The 5' and 3' ends of viral 

genome contained hairpin – like structure length of approximately 222 and 215 bp, 

respectively. No inverted terminal repeat (ITR) was detected. The ORF2 contained 

conserved replication initiator motif, NTP – binding and helicase domain similar to 

NS – 1 of other parvoviruses. Therefore, it most likely encoded the major nonstructural 

protein (NS – 1). The ORFI encoded putative nonstructural protein – 2 (NS – 2) with 

unknown function. The ORF3 of the HPV genome encoded a capsid protein (VP) of 

approximately 92 kDa. This may be later cleaved after arginine residue to produce a


57 – kDa structural protein. A phylogenetic tree based on conserved amino acid 

sequences (119aa) revealed that it is closely related to Brevidensoviruses, which are 

shrimp parvovirus (IHHNV) and mosquito densoviruses (AaeDNV and AalDNV). 

However, the overall genomic organization and genome size of HPV were different 

from these parvoviruses, for instance, the non – overlapping of NS1 and NS2, the 

larger VP gene, and the bigger genome size. This suggested that this HPV virus is a 

new type in Parvoviridae family. We therefore propose to rename this virus P monodon 

densovirus (PmDNV). 

No.928 

Author(s) : Sukontharungsee S, Bourquin E, Poonpit M. 

Title : A first look at children and youths who are deaf – blind in the Kingdom of Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. 100 (9): 557 – 562, 2006 (Sep). 




No.929 

Author(s) : Sukpanichnant S, Visuthisakchai S. 

Title : Intravascular lymphomatosis: A study of 20 cases in Thailand and a review of the 

literature. 

Source : Clinical Lymphoma & Myeloma. 6 (4): 319 – 328, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Angiotropic lymphoma, Extranodal lymphoma, Intravascular large B – cell lymphoma, 

Malignant angioendotheliomatosis, Neoplastic angioendotheliomatosis, Non – 

Hodgkin’s lymphoma. 

Abstract : Background: According to the World Health Organization classification (2001), 

intravascular large B – cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is characterized by the presence of 

lymphoma cells only in the lumina of small vessels. It has not been proven whether 

IVLBCL is a specific clinicopathologic entity. Intravascular large B – cell lymphoma 

and other intravascular lymphomatoses (IVLs), including IVL with B – cell phenotype 

and extravascular growth (B – IVL) and IVL with T – cell phenotype (T – IVL), were 

compared in a series of cases diagnosed at a single institution and in cases reported in 

the literature. Patients and Methods: Twenty cases of IVL diagnosed among 1826 

consecutive cases of non – Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL, 1.1%) at Siriraj Hospital 

included 3 cases of IVLBCL, 14 cases of B – IVL, and 3 cases of T – IVL. In the 

literature, 102 cases of IVLBCL, 88 cases of B – IVL, and 18 cases of T – IVL were 

described in sufficient detail to be analyzed. Results: All 3 groups were quite similar in 

clinical manifestations and outcome. Contrary to the previous review of 79 cases of 

IVL in 1989, blood, marrow, and nodal involvement could be detected in approximately 

30% of cases. Patients who received chemotherapy had better survival than patients 

without treatment (statistically significant in IVLBCL and B – IVL; P < 0.05). Cases 

with skin involvement had better survival than cases without skin involvement 

(statistically significantly in T – IVL; P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that 

IVLBCL is not different from B – IVL or T – IVL in a biologic sense, and IVL seems to 

be better terminology than IVLBCL because it includes the T – cell phenotype that 

constitutes approximately 9% of cases. Early diagnosis is very important because 

chemotherapy significantly prolongs survival. 

No.930 

Author(s) : Sukprasert M, Choktanasiri W, Israngura Na Ayudhya N, Promsonthi P, O – 

Prasertsawat P. 

Title : Increase accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss from education programme. 



Keywords : Education programme, Visual estimation of blood loss. 

Abstract : Objective: To study the increase accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss after an 

education program. Material and Method: Seven simulated scenarios with known 

measured amount of blood were created by using expired packed red cell from blood 

bank and common surgical materials. Ninety nurses were randomized into two groups. 

The experimental group attended blood loss estimation course while the control 

group did not. The percentage of errors in blood loss estimation were calculated and 

compared between both groups. The main outcome of this study was percentage of 

nurses who had accurate estimation. We assumed that if the estimated blood volume 

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is within twenty percentage of actual volume it is accurate. Results: There were no 

difference in age group (p = 0.08), clinical experiences (p = 0.95) and type of work (p 

= 0.47) between both groups. Educational program significantly increase accuracy in 

blood loss estimation (p < 0.05) in all seven scenarios. Conclusion: Educational program 

increased the accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss. 

No.931 

Author(s) : Sukthana Y. 

Title : Toxoplasmosis: beyond animals to humans. 

Source : Trends in Parasitology. 22 (3): 137 – 142, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Polymerase – chain – reaction, Focal brain – lesions, Pregnant – women, Congenital 

toxoplasmosis, Risk – factors, Gondii infection, Immunoglobulin – g, Amniotic – fluid, 

Multicenter evaluation, Prenatal – diagnosis. 

Abstract : The parasitic zoonosis toxoplasmosis, which was poorly understood before the advent 

of the HIV epidemic, has become a major clinical problem worldwide. Humans acquire 

toxoplasmosis from cats, from consuming raw or undercooked meat and from vertical 

transmission to the foetus through the placenta during pregnancy. Studies of the 

unique environmental factors in various communities indicate the important roles 

that eating habits and culture have on the transmission of this infection. The 

socioepidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis are thought to be important contributing 

factors for the spread of this disease. Preventative measures should consider the 

cultures and beliefs of people in various communities more than solving poverty and 

giving orthodox health education. 

No.932 

Author(s) : Sumanont Y, Murakami Y, Tohda M, Vajragupta O, Watanabe H, Matsumoto K. 

Title : Prevention of kainic acid – induced changes in nitric oxide level and neuronal cell 

damage in the rat hippocampus by manganese complexes of curcumin and 

diacetylcurcumin. 

Source : Life Sciences. 78 (16): 1884 – 1891, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Curcumin, Manganese complex, Nitric oxide, Kainic acid, Neurotoxicity. 

Abstract : Curcumin is a natural antioxidant isolated from the medicinal plant Curcuma longa 

Linn. We previously reported that manganese complexes of curcumin (Cp – Mn) and 

diacetylcurcumin (DiAc – Cp – Mn) exhibited potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) – 

like activity in an in vitro assay. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radial playing a multifaceted 

role in the brain and its excessive production is known to induce neurotoxicity. Here, 

we examined the in vivo effect of Cp – Mn and DiAc – Cp – Mn on NO levels enhanced 

by kainic acid (KA) and L – arginine (L – Arg) in the hippocampi of awake rats using 

a microdialysis technique. Injection of KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and L – Arg (1000 mg/kg, 

i.p.) significantly increased the concentration of NO and Cp – Mn and DiAc – Cp – Mn 

(50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed the effects of KA and L – Arg without affecting 

the basal NO concentration. Following KA – induced seizures, severe neuronal cell 

damage was observed in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampal 3 days after KA 

administration. Pretreatment with Cp – Mn and DiAc – Cp – Mn (50 mg/kg, i.p.) 

significantly attenuated KA – induced neuronal cell death in both CA1 and CA3 

regions of rat hippocampus compared with vehicle control, and Cp – Mn and DiAc – 

Cp – Mn showed more potent neuroprotective effect than their parent compounds, 

curcumin and diacetylcurcumin. These results suggest that Cp – Mn and DiAc – Cp – 

Mn protect against KA – induced neuronal cell death by suppression of KA – induced 

increase in NO levels probably by their NO scavenging activity and antioxidative 

activity. Cp – Mn and DiAc – Cp – Mn have an advantage to be neuroprotective agents 

in the treatment of acute brain pathologies associated with NO – induced neurotoxicity 

and oxidative stress – induced neuronal damage such as epilepsy, stroke and traumatic 

brain injury. 

No.933 

Author(s) : Sumboonnanonda A, Chongcharoensuk C, Supavekin S, Pattaragarn A. 

Title : Persistent hypertension in Thai children: etiologies and outcome. 




Abstract : A retrospective study was done in 66 children (0.21% of all admitted children) below 

the age of 18 years with persistent hypertension diagnosed at the Department of 

Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital from Jan 1999 to Dec 2003. Male to


female ratio was 1.4:1 with 54.5% aged between 6 – 12 years old and 9.1% aged less 

than 1 year. Hypertension was found to be severe (BP more than the 99th percentile 

for age, sex and height) in 79.1% but most (78.6%) of the patients did not have 

symptoms related to hypertension. Chronic headaches were found in 10%, 

hypertensive encephalopathy in 8.6%, epistaxis in 1.4% and visual disturbance in 

1.4%. The most common cause of hypertension was renal parenchymal diseases 

(62.7%) mainly lupus nephritis (26.9%), idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (16.4%) and 

chronic renal failure (16.4%). Other causes of hypertension included renovascular 

diseases (7.5%), drug – induced (7.5%), essential (7.5%), tumors (4.5%), coarctation of 

aorta (3.0%), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (3.0%), and pheochromocytoma (1.5%). 

Obesity and overweight (body mass index, BMI more than 25) was found in only 10 

patients (15.1%).The proportion of children with BMI more than 25 was not different 

between essential and secondary hypertension (p = 0.15). Left ventricular hypertrophy 

was noted in 7.5%, hypertensive retinopathy in 3.0%, and hypertensive 

encephalopathy in 9.0%. One – third of the patients had normal BP within 1 month 

and another 47.0% had normal BP within 6 months of diagnosis. One – fifth of the 

patients also needed surgical intervention for specific underlying diseases. The authors 

suggest that since a large number of children with hypertension have secondary 

hypertension, intensive investigation and prompt management should be done in all. 

Obesity and overweight is not reliable in the differentiation between primary and 

secondary hypertension. Short term outcome of hypertension is good with medications 

and surgery in selected cases but long term outcome is still unknown. 

No.934 

Author(s) : Sumethkul V, Changsirikulchai S, Lothuvachai T, Chalermsanyakorn P. 

Title : Sirolimus attenuates the rate of progression of early chronic allograft nephropathy. 

Source : Transplantation Proceedings. 38 (10): 3470 – 3472, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Calcineurin inhibitor, Conversion. 

Abstract : Optimal treatment for patients with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is not 

known. Early intervention is preferred. We examined the benefit of adding sirolimus 

(SRL; C – 0 5 – 12 ng/mL: HPLC) on the rate of progression of early CAN. We 

identified patients with biopsy – confirmed Banff grade 1 CAN. After biopsy, patients 

were switched to SRL + CsA + prednisolone (SRL), MMF + CsA + prednisolone 

(MMF), or CsA + AZA + prednisolone (AZA). GFR was estimated by Cockcroft – Gault 

and MDRD formulae. The rate of GFR decline (delta GFR) was determined by 

calculating the slope of the regression line of estimated GFR (MDRD and Cockcroft – 

Gault method) at different times. Statistical analysis was performed by the Wilcoxon 

test. The 41 patients with CAN grade 1 were assigned to SRL: MMF: AZA = 12: 20: 9. 

Before biopsy; the graft age for SRL: MMF: AZA were 56+/–27: 70+/–48: 51+/–36 

months; and the GFR (MDRD method), 38+/–8: 42+/–15: 36+/–14 mL/min; GFR (C – G 

method) 45+/–13, 42+/–12, 41+/–15 mL/min; trough CsA levels 152+/–36: 145: +/–46: 

177+/–61 ng/dL; delta GFR (MDRD method) –0.18+/–0.20: –0.15+/–0.59: –0.20+/–1.08; 

delta GFR (C – G method) –0.13+/–0.37: –0.19+/–0.24: –0.65+/–0.99. Follow – up time 

for SRL MMF: AZA was 19+/–4: 35+/–32: 59+/–54 months. At last follow – up; GFR 

(MDRD method) for SRL: MMF: AZA were 39+/–13: 35+/–21: 40+/–24 mL/min; GFR 

(C – G method) 46+/–17, 37+/–18, 46+/–25 mL/min; BP 128+/–11/79+/–7: 131+/–22/ 

80+/–14: 132+/–20/82+/–11 mm Hg; and CsA level 52+/–25: 122+/–41: 155+/–49. After 

biopsy, statin was prescribed in nine SRL, 10 MMF, and three AZA. ACEI was prescribed 

in two SRL, three MMF, and two AZA. Compared with the prebiopsy values, the delta 

GFR (MDRD method) changed to –0.04+/–0.31 (SRL; P =.04), –0.17+/–0.40 (MMF; P = 

.60), and –0.97+/–1.52 (AZA: P = .16). Delta GFR (C – G method) was also significantly 

improved in the SRL group (–0.02+/–0.47; P =.05) but not in the MMF (–0.13+/–0.51; 

P = .53) or AZA (–0.54+/–1.78; P = .44). We concluded that patients with early CAN 

who are switched to SRL and low – dose CsA have a significant attenuation of the 

rate of GFR declination when compared with patients who receive MMF or AZA 

addition. 

No.935 

Author(s) : Sumroiphon S, Yuwaree C, Arunlertaree C, Komalamisra N, Rongsriyam Y. 

Title : Bioactivity of citrus seed for mosquito – borne diseases larval control. 





Abstract : This study aimed to determine the activity of citrus – seed extract against Ae. aegypti 

and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The results indicated that ethanol citrus – seed 

extract showed the best killing effect on Ae. aegypti larvae, followed by local liquor, 

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and water, with LC50 of 2,267.71, 6,389.22, and 135,319.40 ppm, respectively, whereas 

against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50 were 2,639.27, 5,611.66, and 127,411.88 

ppm, respectively. Temephos was tested against Ae. aegypti larvae; the LC50 was 

0.00057 ppm, which was nearly 4,000,000 times less than ethanol citrus – seed extract. 

When ethanol citrus – seed extract and temephos were tested with Nile tilapia 

(Oreochromis niloticus), a standard environmental organism, using LC50 of Ae. aegypti 

larvae at 2,267 and 0.00057 ppm, respectively, fish mortality was 0%. The results 

suggested that ethanol citrus – seed extract had no harmful effect on the fish, and 

that temephos, which is recommended by WHO, was safe for use in drinking water. 

However, when the LC50 dose that killed Ae. aegypti larvae for local liquor (6,389 

ppm) and water extract (135,319 ppm) were tested with fish, the mortality rates were 

35% and 100%, respectively. On the whole, the results suggested that ethanol citrus 

– seed extract is environmentally friendly and can be used in the control of Ae. 

aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. 

No.936 

Author(s) : Sungkanuparph S, Groger RK, T Overton E, Fraser VJ, Powderly WG. 

Title : Persistent low – level viraemia and virological failure in HIV – 1 – infected patients 

treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. 

Source : HIV Medicine. 7 (7): 437 – 441, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Antiretroviral therapy, HIV RNA, Viraemia, Virological failure. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the prognostic significance of persistent low – level viraemia 

(PLV, defined as persistent plasma viral loads of 51 – 1000 HIV – 1 RNA copies/mL for 

at least 3 months) in patients who had achieved viral suppression on antiretroviral 

therapy (ART). Methods: A retrospective cohort of HIV – infected patients who received 

ART, were followed – up for >= 12 months, made regular visits to the clinic during 

which blood tests were performed for an ultrasensitive HIV RNA assay every 3 

months, and achieved viral loads < 50 copies/mL were evaluated. Virological failure 

was defined as two consecutive viral load measurements > 1000 copies/mL. Results: 

Of 362 patients, 78 (27.5%) experienced PLV. The demographics of patients with and 

without PLV were similar. PLV occurred at a mean (+/– standard deviation) of 22.6 +/ 

– 16.9 months after ART initiation and lasted for 6.4 +/– 3.4 months. During a median 

follow – up of 29.5 months, patients with PLV had a higher rate of virological failure 

(39.7% vs 9.2%; P < 0.001). The median time to failure was 68.4 months [95% confidence 

interval (CI) 37.0 – 99.7] for patients with PLV and > 72 months for patients without 

PLV (log rank test, P < 0.001). By Cox regression, patients with PLV had a greater 

risk of virological failure [hazard ratio (HR) 3.8; 95% CI 2.2 – 6.4; P < 0.001]. Among 

patients with PLV, a PLV of > 400 copies/mL (HR 3.3; 95% CI 1.5 – 7.1; P = 0.003) and 

a history of ART (HR 2.4; 95% CI 1.0 – 5.7; P = 0.042) predicted virological failure. 

Conclusions: PLV is associated with virological failure. Patients with a PLV > 400 

copies/mL and a history of ART experience are more likely to experience virological 

failure. Patients with PLV should be considered for treatment optimization and 

interventional studies. 

No.937 

Author(s) : Sungkanuparph S, Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Vibhagool A. 

Title : Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in advanced AIDS with active tuberculosis: clinical 

experiences from Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Infection. 52 (3): 188 – 194, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Antiretroviral therapy, Tuberculosis, HIV, AIDS, Rifampicin. 

Abstract : Objectives: To study treatment outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiated in 

advanced HIV – infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). Methods: A 

retrospective cohort study was conducted in ART – naive HIV – infected patients who 

presented with active TB, CD4 < 200 cells/mu l, and had been initiated ART. ART, TB 

treatment and treatment outcomes of both HIV and TB were studied. Results: There 

were 29 patients (19 mates) with a median age of 37 (range 26 – 65) years. Site of TB 

were: lung (70%), lymph node (27.6%), and gastrointestinal tract (3.4%). At the time 

of TB diagnosis, median (range) CD4 cell count and HIV RNA were 74 (23 – 178) cells/ 

mu l and 229000 (26100 – 750000) copies/ml, respectively. All patients received isoniazid, 

rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide in the first 2 months of TB therapy but the 

continuation phase was different depending on whether efavirenz (EFV) or nevirapine 

(NVP) was used. ART was initiated at a median of 8 weeks of TB treatment. All 

patients received NNRTI – based regimens (EFV 62.1%, NVP 37.9%). Percentage of 

patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/ml at 24 and 48 weeks of ART was 65.5 and 75.9%. 

Median CD4 cell count at 24, 48, and 72 weeks were 156, 186, and 227cells/mu l, 

336


respectively. Eighteen patients were cure; eight were treatment completed; two 

were treatment interrupted; and one died from CMV encephalitis. There was neither 

occurrence of new OI or relapse of TB in 26 patients who completed 72 – week follow 

– up. Conclusions: Initiation of ART with NNRTI – based regimens at 4 – 12 weeks of 

TB treatment in advanced AIDS may be safe and effective, and may not be delayed. 

Further, prospective clinical, studies for the optimal timing of ART initiation and ART 

regimen are needed. 

No.938 

Author(s) : Sungthongjeen S, Paeratakul O, Limmatvapirat S, Puttipipatkhachorn S. 

Title : Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a multiple – unit floating drug delivery system 

based on gas formation technique. 

Source : International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 324 (2): 136 – 143, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Floating drug delivery system, Pellets, Effervescent agent, Polymeric membrane, 

Sustained release. 

Abstract : A multiple – unit floating drug delivery system based on gas formation technique was 

developed in order to prolong the gastric residence time and to increase the overall 

bioavailability of the dosage form. The system consists of the drug – containing core 

pellets prepared by extrusion – spheronization processes, which are coated with 

double layers of an inner effervescent layer (sodium bicarbonate) and an outer gas – 

entrapped polymeric membrane of an aqueous colloidal polymer dispersion (Eudragit 

(R) RL 301), RS 30D, NE 30D). Only the system using Eudragit (R) RL 30D as a gas – 

entrapped polymeric membrane could float. The time to float decreased as amount of 

the effervescent agent increased and coating level of gas – entrapped polymeric 

membrane decreased. The optimum system could float completely within 3 min and 

maintained the buoyancy over a period of 24 h. The drug release was sustained and 

linear with the square root of time. Increasing coating level of gas – entrapped 

polymeric membrane decreased the drug release. Both the rapid floating and the 

sustained release properties were achieved, in the multiple – unit floating drug 

delivery system developed in this present study. 

No.939 

Author(s) : Sunsaneevithayakul P, Kanokpongsakdi S, Sutanthavibul A, Ruangvutilert P, 

Boriboohirunsarn D, Keawprasit T, Tantawattana R. 

Title : Result of ambulatory diet therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus. 



Keywords : Ambulatory program, Dietary therapy, Gestational diabetes mellitus. 

Abstract : Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of an ambulatory program for glycemic 

control of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and Method: A 

total of 33 women with GDM whose FBS from OGTT > or = 105 mg/dl were scheduled 

to attend weekly ambulatory care for dietary therapy with their family. FBS and 2 – 

hour postprandial blood glucose were monitored every visit for a few weeks. At the 

end of this program, those with poor glycemic control were admitted for further tight 

dietary control by conventional 3 – day course after which insulin was finally started 

for the women whose glycemic control remained poor. Results: After the ambulatory 

program, 14 of 33 cases (42.4%) achieved good glycemic control without hospitalization. 

Another 6 cases (18.2%) did not need insulin therapy after admission for 3 – day 

intensive dietary therapy. Altogether, 20 out of 33 cases (60.6%) of GDM whose FBS 

from OGTT > or = 105 mg/dl could avoid insulin therapy after attending the ambulatory 

program alone or with additional 3 – day intensive dietary therapy course. Similar 

effectiveness was observed from the authors’ previous study on 3 – day intensive 

dietary therapy alone. Conclusion: The authors’ current ambulatory dietary therapy 

program has shown to be effective in achieving good glycemic control and avoiding 

unnecessary insulin therapy and admission in most cases of women with GDM. In 

the future, an even more effective ambulatory diet control may ascertain that once a 

woman is hospitalized, insulin should be started right away. 

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No.940 

Author(s) : Suntornthiticharoen P, Petmitr S, Chavalitshewinkoon – Petmitr P. 

Title : Purification and characterization of a novel 3' – 5' DNA helicase from Plasmodium 

falciparum and its sensitivity to anthracycline antibiotics. 

Source : Parasitology. 133: 389 – 398 (Part 4), 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, DNA helicase, DNA – interacting agents. 

Abstract : Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance to most anti – malarials; therefore, 

an investigation of potential targets should be performed. DNA helicases are enzymes 

that catalyse the unwinding of double – stranded DNA to provide single – stranded 

templates for DNA replication, repair and recombination. In this study, a DNA helicase 

(PfDH A) was purified from a crude extract of Plasmodium falciparum. DNA helicase 

activity was measured by assaying unwinding activity. The apparent molecular weight 

of PfDH A as determined by SDS – PAGE was 90 kDa. PfDH A moved unidirectionally 

in the 3' – to – 5' direction along the bound strand and preferred a fork – like substrate 

structure and could not unwind blunt – ended duplex DNA. Unwinding activity 

required Mg2+ and could be inhibited by 200 mM NaCl or KCl and was dependent on 

hydrolysis of ATP or dATP. Anthracyclines, including daunorubicin, nogalamycin, 

doxorubicin, and aclarubicin, inhibited PfDH A activity with IC50 values of 2, 5, 8 and 

9 muM, respectively. Based on the results, PfDH A differs from all known human 

DNA helicases. However, its function and roles in parasite DNA replication need to be 

elucidated in the future. 

No.941 

Author(s) : Supaprom T, Baimai V, Chan – Ard T. 

Title : Karyotypes of four species of megophryid frogs (Anura: Megophryidae) from Thailand. 

Source : Amphibia – Reptilia. 27 (3): 456 – 460, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Constitutive heterochromatin, Mycrohylidae, Amphibia, Ranidae. 


No.942 

Author(s) : Supavekin S, Kucivilize K, Hunnangkul S, Sriprapaporn J, Pattaragarn A, 

Sumboonnanonda A. 

Title : The relation of vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring in childhood urinary tract 

infection. 




Abstract : Objective: Assess the relation of age and sex in vesico ureteral reflux (VUR) and 

renal scarring and the relation of VUR and renal scarring in childhood urinary tract 

infection. Material and Method: A descriptive study of one hundred and twenty – six 

children who received renal cortical scintigraphy from 1st Jan 2000 to 31st Dec 2004 

in the Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, was conducted. 

Ninety – three (50 males, 43 females) patients were diagnosed with urinary tract 

infections (UTIs) but only ninety – one of them had renal cortical scintigraphic results 

available. The male to female ratio was 1.16:1. The mean age of the patients was 4.33 

years (SD +/– 4.17, range 7 days – 16 years). During the 1st year of life the male to 

female ratio is 2.6:1. Fever, dysuria, and poor feeding were the most presenting signs 

and symptoms. Eighty – five (45 males, 40 females) patients received Voiding Cysto 

Urethro Gram (VCUG). Result: The authors did not find the correlation between the 

age groups and sex with VCUG results on right and left side, respectively (p = 0.856, 

p = 0.145, p = 0.77, p = 0.75). Ninety – one (49 males, 42 females) patients received 

DMSA renal scintigraphy. Fifty – two patients (57.1%) had abnormal DMSA renal 

scan results. However; the authors did not find the correlation between age groups 

and sex with DMSA renal scan results on the right and left kidneys, respectively. (p 

= 0.202, p = 0.416, p = 0.511, p = 0.791). The authors compared times of UTIs with and 

DMSA renal scintigraphy in each side of the kidney. Even though the authors did find 

the correlation between episodes of UTIs and abnormal DMSA on the left kidneys (p 

= 0.017), it was not found on the right kidneys (p = 0.081). There were 80 patients 

who received both VCUG and DMSA renal scintigraphy. The authors found the 

correlation between severity of VUR and abnormal DMSA results on right and left 

kidneys (p = 0.001, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The authors recommend that all children 

who have repeated UTI and/or VUR, irrespective of age and sex, should receive 

DMSA renal scintigraphy to detect renal scarring and follow up future complications. 

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No.943 

Author(s) : Suputtamongkol Y, Waywa D, Assanasan S, Rongrungroeng Y, Bailey JW, 

Beeching NJ. 

Title : A review of stool ova and parasite examination in the tropics. 

Source : Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (6): 793 – 794, 2006 (Sep). 




No.944 

Author(s) : Surachatkumtonekul T, Chokephaibulkit K, Vanprapar N, Pamonvaechavan P. 

Title : Treatment of CMV Retinitis with Intravitreous Ganciclovir in HIV – Infected Children. 

Source : Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 

10 (1): 81, 2006 (Feb). 



Abstract : Objectives: To describe CMV retinitis lesions, assess efficacy, visual outcome, and 

complications of intravitreous ganciclovir injection for CMV retinitis in HIV – infected 

children. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart reviewed from February 2002 

to February 2005. HIV – infected children were sent for CMV retinitis screening. All 

patients were examined every 3 months. Ganciclovir (4 mg/0.04 ml) was administered 

intravitreously in all clinically CMV retinitis every 2 weeks under general anesthesia. 

After injection, fundi were examined immediately, 1 day, 14 days, and every 2 weeks 

until progressions were stable. Results: Forty – five cases were sent for CMV retinitis 

screening. CMV retinitis was found in 6 (nine eyes) of 45 cases (13%). All CMV 

retinitis lesions were cheese and ketchup and presented in posterior pole. Bilateral 

CMV retinitis was found in three cases. Intravitreous ganciclovir was injected in four 

cases (five eyes). Mean of intravitreous injection was 5.6 times (three to seven times). 

CMV retinitis lesions were improved in every eye. In four eyes VA remained stable 

but one eye had endophthalmitis. Mean follow – up time was 13.5 months (3 to 23 

months). Discussion: We found CMV retinitis in 6 (13%) of 45 cases. All cases were 

presented with retinal hemorrhage and exudation. After intravitreous ganciclovir 

injection, CMV retinitis lesions were stable in all eyes. After treatment, visual acuity 

was stable in most cases (four in five eyes). Endophthalmitis was found in one eye. 

Intravitreous ganciclovir injection may be used in selective cases. 

No.945 

Author(s) : Suraseranivongse S, Chawaruechai T, Saengsung P, Komoltri C. 

Title : Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a 2300 – bed hospital in a developing 

country. 

Source : Resuscitation. 71 (2): 188 – 193, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : Outcomes, In – hospital, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Developing country. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the outcome and quality of in – hospital cardiopulmonary 

resuscitation (CPR), and factors affecting the outcome. Setting: A 2300 – bed university 

hospital in Thailand. Method: A 1 – year prospective audit according to the Utstein 

style. Results: A total of 639 cardiac arrests (370 mate, 269 female, age 1 day – 96 

years, mean +/– S.D. = 53.3 +/– 24.12 years) were included. Four hundred and thirty 

– three cardiac arrests (67.8%) occurred in non – monitored areas and 200 (31.3%) 

occurred in monitored areas. Five hundred and thirty – six cardiac arrests (84%) were 

witnessed. The majority of cardiac arrests occurred in medical patients (68.4%) and 

surgical patients (21.4%). The most common underlying causes of arrest were 

respiratory failure (24.7%) and septic shock (23.3%). Initial ECG rhythms were 

ventricular fibrillation 79 (12.4%), asystole 272 (42.6%) with pulseless electrical activity 

225 (35.2%). Most patients received basic life support within 1 min (86.7%) and 

advanced life support (ALS) within 4 min (92.6%) but only 25% of patients received 

defibrillation within 3 min. Following resuscitation, 394 (61.7%) achieved restoration 

of spontaneous circulation and 44 patients (6.9%) survived to discharge. Only 162 

post – arrest patients were treated in the critical care area. The initial survival rate 

was not associated with sex, age and time to ALS, but was significantly related to the 

monitored area. Conclusion: In our setting, survival to discharge is 6.9%. Initial 

survival rate was strongly associated with being in a monitored area. Defibrillators 

and the critical care areas were insufficient. 

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No.946 

Author(s) : Suraseranivongse S, Kaosaard R, Intakong P, Pornsiriprasert S, Karnchana Y, 

Kaopinpruck J, Sangjeen K. 

Title : A comparison of postoperative pain scales in neonates. 

Source : British Journal of Anaesthesia. 97 (4): 540 – 544, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Neonates; pain, Procedural; pain, Postoperative; pain, Scale; tools, Validity. 

Abstract : Background: Practical, valid and reliable pain measuring tools in neonates are required 

in clinical practice for effective pain management and prevention of the evaluator 

bias. Methods: This prospective study was designed to cross – validate three pain 

scales: CRIES (cry, requires O – 2, increased vital signs, expression, sleeplessness), 

CHIPPS (children’s and infants’ postoperative pain scale) and NIPS (neonatal infant 

pain scale) in terms of validity, reliability and practicality. The pain scales were 

translated. Concurrent validity, predictive validity and interrater reliability in 

postoperative pain were studied in 22 neonates after major surgery. Construct validity 

and concurrent validity in procedural pain were determined in 24 neonates before 

and during frenulectomy under topical anaesthesia. Results: All scales had excellent 

interrater reliability (intraclass correlation > 0.9). Construct validity was determined 

for all pain scales by the ability to differentiate the group with low pain scores before 

surgery and high scores during surgery (P < 0.001). The positive correlations among 

all scales, ranging between r = 0.30 and r = 0.91, supported concurrent validity. 

CRIES showed the lowest correlation with other scales with correlation coefficients 

of r = 0.30 and r = 0.35. All scales yielded very good agreement (K > 0.9) with routine 

decisions to treat postoperative pain. High sensitivity and specificity (> 90%) for 

postoperative pain from all scales were achieved with the same cut – off point of 4. In 

terms of practicality, NIPS was the most acceptable (65%). Conclusions: Based on our 

findings, we recommended NIPS as a valid, reliable and practical tool. 

No.947 

Author(s) : Susomboon P, Maneerat Y, Dekumyoy P, Kalambaheti T, Iwagami M, 

Komaki – Yasuda K, Kawazu S, Tangpukdee N, Looareesuwan S, Kano S. 

Title : Down – regulation of tight junction mRNAs in human endothelial cells co – cultured 

with Plasmodium falciparum – infected erythrocytes. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55 (2): 107 – 112, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Plasmodium falciparum, HUVEC, PRBC, Adhesion molecule, Tight junction molecule. 

Abstract : To understand the mechanism of sequestration in the microvasculature of patients 

with falciparum malaria, we examined the patterns of expression of mRNAs for 

adhesion molecules (ICAM – 1, VCAM – 1, and E – selectin) and tight junction molecules 

(occludin, vinculin, and ZO – 1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) 

co – cultured with Plasmodium falciparum – parasitized red blood cells (PRBCs) in 

vitro. The PRBCs were collected from patients with uncomplicated, severe, or cerebral 

malaria (CM). Patterns of mRNA expression in HUVECs co – cultured with PRBCs 

were examined by real – time quantitative reverse transcription – polymerase chain 

reaction (RT – PCR). Levels of mRNAs for all the three adhesion molecules increased 

with increased culture time within 3 h, regardless of the source of the PRBCs. In 

contrast, the patterns of mRNA expression for the tight junction molecules varied 

between the different co – cultures. When HUVECs were cultured with PRBCs from 

uncomplicated malaria patients, levels of mRNAs for tight junction molecules increased 

according to the culture time. HUVECs co – cultured with PRBCs from severe malaria 

patients showed no change in the mRNAs levels during 3 h of observation. When 

HUVECs were cultured with PRBCs from CM patients, levels of mRNAs for tight 

junction proteins decreased according to the culture time. Although the mechanisms 

underlying these phenomena are not clear, our results suggest that PRBCs can alter 

expression of tight junction proteins in endothelial cells at the site of sequestration 

and thereby influence disease severity. 

No.948 

Author(s) : Suthakorn J, Chirikjian GS. 

Title : Toward self – replication of robot control circuitry by self – inspection. 

Source : Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 21: 303 – 309, 2006. 



Abstract : The concept of man – made self – replicating machines was first proposed by John 

von Neumann more than 50 years ago. However, there has never been a physical 

340


implementation of his universal constructor architecture as a robotic system. Prior to 

our other recent work, an autonomous self – replicating mechanical system had not 

been developed. In this paper, we demonstrate a non – von – Neumann architecture 

for the replication of transistor circuits by active self – inspection. That is, there are 

no instructions stored about how to construct the circuit, but information observed 

about the spatial organization of the original circuit drives a larger electromechanical 

(robotic) system in which it is embedded to cause the production of a replica of the 

original circuit. In the work presented here, only replication of the control circuit is of 

interest. In the current context, the electromechanical hardware is viewed as a tool 

which is manipulated by the control circuit for its own reproduction. This architectural 

paradigm is demonstrated with prototypes that are reviewed here and compared 

with an implementation of the universal constructor concept. 

No.949 

Author(s) : Suthakorn J, Lee S, Zhou Y, Choudhury S, Chirikjian GS. 

Title : An enhanced robotic library system for an off – site shelving facility. 

Source : Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 24: 437 – 446, 2006. 



Abstract : This paper describes our continued work of a unique robotics project, Comprehensive 

Access to Printed Materials (CAPM), within the context of libraries. As libraries 

provide a growing array of digital library services and resources, they continue to 

acquire large quantities of printed material. This combined pressure of providing 

electronic and print – based resources and services has led to severe space constraints 

for many libraries, especially academic research libraries. Consequently, many libraries 

have built or plan to build off – site shelving facilities to accommodate printed materials. 

An autonomous mobile robotic library system has been developed to retrieve items 

from bookshelves and carry them to scanning stations located in the off – site shelving 

facility. This paper reviews the overall design of the robot system and control systems, 

and reports the new improvement in the accuracy of the robot performance; in 

particular, the pick – up process. 

No.950 

Author(s) : Suthiphongchai T, Phimsen S, Sakulkhu U, Tohtong R. 

Title : PD98059 – inhibited invasion of Dunning rat prostate cancer cells involves suppression 

of motility but not MMP – 2 or uPA secretion. 

Source : Oncology Reports. 15 (6): 1605 – 1610, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Extracellular – regulated kinases, Invasion, Metastasis, Matrix metalloproteinase – 

2, Motility, PD98059, Urokinase plasminogen activator. 

Abstract : Up – regulation of extracellular – regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) has been implicated 

in tumor progression and metastasis in many types of cancer. We have previously 

shown that ERK1/2 is necessary for invasiveness of Dunning rat prostatic 

adenocarcinoma cell lines in which levels of activated ERK1/2 correlate with the 

metastatic potential. Here, we further examined the biological effects of elevated 

ERK1/2 in the highly metastatic Dunning cell line, MLL, in which the abilities to 

invade and metastasize are enhanced relative to its progenitor strain. Inhibition of 

ERK1/2 activation by the MEK1 inhibitor, PD98059, dose – dependently reduced MLL 

cell invasiveness and motility with similar IC50 values. On the other hand, the abilities 

of MLL cells to adhere to the extracellular matrix, phosphorylate myosin regulatory 

light chain and secrete matrix – degrading enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 

– 2 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) were marginally, if at all, affected by 

PD98059 treatment. These data indicated that the inhibitory effect of PD98059 on the 

invasiveness of MLL cells was primarily due to the suppression of cell motility, and 

the up – regulation of ERK1/2 is, at least in part, responsible for the enhanced 

cellular motility and invasiveness of the MLL cells. 

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No.951 

Author(s) : Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Niwatayakul K, Hoontrakul S, Intaranongpai W, 

Silpasakorn S, Suwancharoen D, Panlar P, Saisongkorh W, Rolain JM, Raoult D, 

Suputtamongkol Y. 

Title : Causes of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand: results of a 

prospective observational study. 

Source : Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 100 (4): 363 – 370, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Scrup typhus, Q – fever, Rickettsioses, Diagnosis, Azithromycin, Antibodies. 

Abstract : The adult patients who, between July 2001 and June 2002, presented at any of five 

hospitals in Thailand with acute febrile illness in the absence of an obvious focus of 

infection were prospectively investigated. Blood samples were taken from all of the 

patients and checked for aerobic bacteria and leptospires by culture. In addition, at 

least two samples of serum were collected at different times (on admission and 2 – 4 

weeks post – discharge) from each patient and tested, in serological tests, for evidence 

of leptospirosis, rickettsioses, dengue and influenza. The 845 patients investigated, of 

whom 661 were male, had a median age of 38 years and a median duration of fever, 

on presentation, of 3.5 days. Most (76.5%) were agricultural workers and most (68.3%) 

had the cause of their fever identified, as leptospirosis (36.9%), scrub typhus (19.9%), 

dengue infection or influenza (10.7%), murine typhus (2.8%), Rickettsia helvetica 

infection (1.3%), Q fever (1%), or other bacterial infection (1.2%). The serological 

results indicated that 103 (12.2%) and nine (1%) of the patients may have had double 

and triple infections, respectively. Leptospirosis and rickettsioses, especially scrub 

typhus, were thus found to be major causes of acute, undifferentiated fever in Thai 

agricultural workers. 

No.952 

Author(s) : Suttithawil W, Chakkaphak S, Jaruchinda P, Fuangtong R. 

Title : Vocal cord dysfunction concurrent with a nutcracker esophagus and the role of 

gastroesophageal reflux disease. 

Source : Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. 96 (2): 373 – 375, 2006 (Feb). 



Abstract : Background: Psychological disorders were originally thought to be the sole cause of 

vocal cord dysfunction (VCD). Subsequently, other organic diseases, including 

structural laryngeal abnormalities, have also been reported to be associated with 

VCD. Objectives: To describe the first patient with VCD concurrent with a nutcracker 

esophagus and to establish the association between VCD and gastroesophageal reflux 

disease (GERD) by using the Bernstein test. Methods: Symptom assessments, 

neuropsychiatric evaluations, fiberoptic laryngoscopy, pulmonary function tests, 

allergic skin prick tests, radiographs of the chest and sinuses, esophageal manometry 

(including 24 – hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring), and the Bernstein test 

were performed. Results: A 36 – year – old woman had dyspnea, hoarseness, chest 

pain, and wheezes without relief for a decade. Neuropsychiatric evaluations disclosed 

mild depression. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed posterior laryngitis and paradoxical 

vocal cord adduction with audible inspiratory stridor. Pulmonary function tests showed 

attenuation of the inspiratory limb with notching in both flow – volume loops and a 

mid – vital capacity expiratory to inspiratory flow ratio of 4. All the symptoms except 

chest pain were improved dramatically by speech therapy and empirical treatment 

for GERD. Esophageal manometry revealed a nutcracker esophagus; 24 – hour 

ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring demonstrated multiple short reflux episodes. 

The Bernstein test was conducted, and all the manifestations were reproduced with 

0.1 N hydrochloric acid but not with isotonic sodium chloride infusion. Conclusions: 

This is the first human case report confirming that GERD can trigger an acute attack 

of VCD and may induce chest pain as a nutcracker esophagus in patients with VCD. 

It strengthens this association and expands our knowledge of diverse manifestations 

of this clinical entity. 

342


No.953 

Author(s) : Suwannapong N, Howteerakul N, Boonshuyar C. 

Title : Behaviors and perceptions of Japanese tourists affecting diarrheal illness and health 

care need assessment: A questionnaire study. 

Source : Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 11 (4): 184 – 190, 2006. 


Keywords : Behaviors, Japanese tourists, Perceptions, Traveler’s diarrhea. 

Abstract : Objectives: To measure the prevalence rate of, and determine the association between 

food and drink related behaviors and diarrheal illness among Japanese tourists, and 

assess their health care needs. Methods: Eligible Japanese tourists (1,480) aged e”15 

years traveling in Chiangmai Province in the north, Ayutthaya Province in the center, 

Kanchanaburi Province in the west, Pattaya City in the east, and Krabi Province in 

the south of Thailand were enrolled in the study. Of these tourists, 1,318 consented 

to participate in this study and completed questionnaires in Japanese, giving a response 

rate of 89.1%. Results: Among these Japanese tourists 21.3% had diarrheal illness, 

and of these tourists, 5.0% had classical travelers’ diarrhea (TD), 11.8% had mild TD, 

3.3% had good food and drink related behaviors, and 75.4% had moderate level of 

perception of diarrhea related to drinking and eating. Multiple logistic regression 

analysis indicated three significant diarrheal illness predictors: large number of 

previous visits to Thailand, longer stay in Thailand, and the experience of visiting 

other countries. Furthermore, 56.9% suggested providing an adequate number of 

toilets at tourist destinations; 53.9% suggested providing a 24 – hour emergency call 

facility for a public ambulance; and 51.9% suggested providing garbage bins and 

garbage disposal facilities at tourist destinations. Conclusions: TD still affects 

experienced Japanese tourists who visit Thailand. Although the proportions of the 

good levels of food and drink related behaviors were low, there were indications that 

Japanese tourists perceived the risk of contracting TD. 

No.954 

Author(s) : Suwannarat P, Wattansirichaigoon D, Keeratichamroen S, Ngiwsara L, Cairns JRK, 

Srisomsap C, Svasti J. 

Title : 2 novel splice site mutations in Thai siblings with neuronopathic Gaucher disease. 

Source : Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 29 (Suppl. 1): 134 – 134, 2006 (Aug). 




No.955 

Author(s) : Suwantha N, Pluemcharoen W, Pichyapaiboon P, Sukarawan S. 

Title : Construction of a nature learning handbook for Laleung – Roiru forest in Dong – Yai 

Wildlife Sanctuary, Buri Ram Province. 

Source : Kasetsart Journal – Social Sciences. 27 (2): 149 – 162, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Nature learning handbook, Wildlife Sanctuary. 

Abstract : The objectives of this research were to construct a nature learning handbook of 

Laleung – Roiru forest in Dong – Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, Buriram Province, and to 

study the quality and effects of the handbook once used. The first step involved 

gathering data concerning the relationship between the community and forest, 

ecological system, and other forest resources in Laleung – Roiru forest to produce the 

nature learning handbook. The second step was developing the nature learning 

handbook and testing it with a sample group of 30 local persons, and then improving 

the handbook. The third step, evaluated the handbook quality by having 13 

professionals and academics in the fields of Environmental Education, Forestry, and 

Printed Matter analyse the handbook. It was found that the nature learning handbook 

has a high quality with an average score of 94%. All of the respondents agreed that 

the handbook could be used for learning about Lalueng – Roiru forest. Other opinions 

were that the handbook is not only appropriate but serves multiple of purposes, both 

for the government and private sectors. They can use this handbook to support their 

forest conservation activities. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that 

the high quality nature handbook supports the forest conservation activities and can 

be applied to multiple natural study purposes. 

343


No.956 

Author(s) : Suwanwong Y, Kvist M, Isarankura – Na – Ayudhya C, Tansila N, Bulow L, 

Prachayasittikul V. 

Title : Chimeric antibody – binding Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin (VHb) mediates redox – catalysis 

reaction: New insight into the functional role of VHb. 

Source : International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2 (4): 208 – 215, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Fc – binding motif, Peroxidase – like activity, Redox – catalysis reaction, Vitreoscilla 

hemoglobin, Z – domain. 

Abstract : Experimentation was initiated to explore insight into the redox – catalysis reaction 

derived from the heme prosthetic group of chimeric Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb). 

Two chimeric genes encoding chimeric VHbs harboring one and two consecutive 

sequences of Fc – binding motif (Z – domain) were successfully constructed and 

expressed in E. coli strain TG1. The chimeric ZVHb and ZZVHb were purified to a 

high purity of more than 95% using IgG – Sepharose affinity chromatography. From 

surface plasmon resonance, binding affinity constants of the chimeric ZVHb and 

ZZVHb to human IgG were 9.7 x 107 and 49.1 x 107 per molar, respectively. More 

importantly, the chimeric VHbs exhibited a peroxidase – like activity determined by 

activity staining on native PAGE and dot blotting. Effects of pH, salt, buffer system, 

level of peroxidase substrate and chromogen substrate were determined in order to 

maximize the catalytic reaction. From our findings, the chimeric VHbs displayed their 

maximum peroxidase – like activity at the neutral pH (~7.0) in the presence of high 

concentration (20 – 40 mM) of hydrogen peroxide. Under such conditions, the detection 

limit derived from the calibration curve was at 250 ng for the chimeric VHbs, which 

was approximately 5 – fold higher than that of the horseradish peroxidase. These 

findings reveal the novel functional role of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin indicating a high 

trend of feasibility for further biotechnological and medical applications. 

No.957 

Author(s) : Suwatanapongched T, Gierada DS. 

Title : CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part I: anatomy and drainage. 

Source : British Journal of Radiology. 79 (947): 922 – 928, 2006 (Nov). 



Abstract : CT is the primary non – invasive technique for the diagnostic evaluation of thoracic 

lymph nodes. The CT patterns and anatomic location of thoracic lymph node 

involvement can provide important clues in the diagnosis of many diseases. Part I of 

the pictorial review illustrates the anatomic location and drainage of thoracic lymph 

nodes in the chest wall, mediastinum and lungs through examples of pathologic 

involvement. Part II of the pictorial review focuses on CT patterns of lymph node 

involvement in various pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases, differential diagnoses 

based on CT findings and pitfalls. 

No.958 

Author(s) : Suwatanapongched T, Gierada DS. 

Title : CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part II: Diseases and pitfalls. 

Source : British Journal of Radiology. 79 (948): 999 – 1006, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : HIV – infected patients, Computed – tomography, Lymphadenopathy. 

Abstract : CT is the primary non – invasive technique for the diagnostic evaluation of, thoracic 

lymph nodes. The CT patterns and anatomic location of thoracic lymph node 

involvement can provide important clues in the diagnosis of many diseases. Part I of 

the pictorial review illustrates the anatomic location and drainage of thoracic lymph 

nodes in the chest wall, mediastinum, and lungs through examples of pathologic 

involvement. Part II of the pictorial review focuses on CT patterns of lymph node 

involvement in various pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases, differential diagnoses 

based on CT findings, and pitfalls. 

No.959 

Author(s) : Svasti J. 

Title : Teaching and research: Opposite faces of the same coin? 





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No.960 

Author(s) : Svasti J, Asavisanu R. 

Title : Don’t forget the name of your university/institution and remember how it is spelled: 

Another look at ISI databases. 


Document Type : Editorial. 



No.961 

Author(s) : Svasti J, Asavisanu R. 

Title : Update on Thai publications in ISI databases (1999 – 2005). 





No.962 

Author(s) : Svasti J, Sawyer WH. 

Title : Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists incorporated 

(FAOBMB inc.): A brief history. 

Source : IUBMB Life. 58 (5 – 6): 280 – 282, 2006 (May – Jun). 




No.963 

Author(s) : Swedberg G, Jonsson M, Ratanachuen W. 

Title : Effects of internal deletions of hydroxymethylpteridine pyrophosphokinase – 

dihydropteroate synthase from P – falciparum. 


75 (5): 189 – 189 656 Suppl.S, 2006 (Nov). 




No.964 

Author(s) : Tae – O – Sot S, Auethavekiat S, Jitapunkul S. 

Title : Shape – based object segmentation with simultaneous intensity adjustment. 

Source : Third Canadian Conference on Computer and Robot Vision, CRV 2006. 2006: Article 

No.1640411, 2006. 



Abstract : Most segmentation algorithms are based on the assumption of intensity homogeneity 

within an object. However, in many applications, the object of interest contains more 

than one homogenous region. Even when the object’s shape is known, such object is 

not effectively extracted. In this paper, we propose a segmentation process for the 

objects containing 2 homogenous regions. Our method is based on the level set 

method. We construct the shape model from the set of manually extracted objects. 

The parameters that represent the shape model are coefficients of PCA basis. Instead 

of defining a new cost – function based on heterogeneity assumption, we repeatedly 

form a homogenous region inside the evolving curve and evolve the curve by the 

level set method. Our experiment on medical images indicated that our method 

effectively segmented object with one and two homogenous regions. 

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No.965 

Author(s) : Taepaiboon P, Junkasem J, Dangtungee R, Amornsakchai T, Supaphol P. 

Title : In situ microfibrillar – reinforced composites of isotactic polypropylene/recycled poly 

(ethylene terephthalate) system and effect of compatibilizer. 

Source : Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 102 (2): 1173 – 1181, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Recycling, Reinforced composites, Isotactic polypropylene, Poly (ethylene 

terephthalate). 

Abstract : Recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) from waste bottles (hereafter, rPET) was 

used as an reinforcing material for isotactic polypropylene (iPP) based on the concept 

of in situ microfibrillar – reinforced composites (iMFCs). Microfibers of rPET were 

successfully generated during melt – extrusion and subsequent drawing and preserved 

in the final injection – molded specimens. The effects of draw ratio, initial size of 

ground rPET flakes, and rPET content on morphological appearance of the extrudates 

and the as – formed rPET fibers and mechanical properties of the as – prepared 

iMFCs were investigated. The results showed that diameters of the as – formed rPET 

fibers decreased with increasing draw ratio, and the initial size of ground rPET flakes 

did not affect the final diameters of the as – formed rPET fibers nor the mechanical 

properties of the as – prepared iMFCs. Flexural modulus, tensile modulus, and tensile 

strength of iPP/rPET iMFCs were improved by the presence of rPET microfibers and 

further improvement could be achieved by the addition of maleic anhydride – grafted 

iPP (PP – g – MA), which was used as the compatibilizer. 

No.966 

Author(s) : Takala SL, Escalante AA, Branch OH, Kariuki S, Biswas S, Chaiyaroj SC, Lal AA. 

Title : Genetic diversity in the Block 2 region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP – 1) 

of Plasmodium falciparum: Additional complexity and selection and convergence in 

fragment size polymorphism. 

Source : Infection Genetics and Evaluation. 6 (5): 417 – 424, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Merozoite protein, Genetic diversity, Plasmodium, Molecular epidemiology. 

Abstract : Fragment size in the Block 2 repetitive region of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSPI) 

has commonly been used as a molecular marker in studies of malaria transmission 

dynamics and host immunity in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In this study, we 

further explore the genetic variation in MSP – 1 Block 2 underlying potential problems 

faced while studying the immune responses elicited by this vaccine target and while 

using it as a molecular marker in epidemiologic investigations. We describe the 

distribution of a new Block 2 recombinant allele family in samples collected from 

western Kenya and other malarious regions of the world and provide evidence that 

this allele family is found worldwide and that all MR alleles most likely originated 

from a single recombination event. We test whether the number of tandem repeats 

(i.e. fragment size) can be considered neutral in an area of high transmission in 

western Kenya. In addition, we investigate the validity of the assumption that Block 

2 alleles of the same size and allele family are identical by examining MSPI Block 2 

amino acid sequences obtained from full – length MSP – 1 clones generated from 

infected Kenyan children and find that this assumption does not hold. We conclude 

that the worldwide presence of a new allele family, the effect of positive natural 

selection, and the lack of conserved amino acid motifs within alleles of the same size 

suggest a higher level of complexity that may hamper our ability to elucidate allele 

family specific immune responses elicited by this vaccine target and its overall use as 

genetic marker in other types of epidemiologic investigations. 

No.967 

Author(s) : Takemitsu M, El Rassi G, Woratanarat P, Shah SA. 

Title : Low back pain in pediatric athletes with unilateral tracer uptake at the pars 

interarticularis on single photon emission computed tomography. 

Source : Spine. 31 (8): 909 – 914, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Bone scintigraphy, Low back pain, Spina bifida occulta, Spondylolysis, Stress reaction. 

Abstract : Objective: To study the clinical characteristics and outcome of pediatric athletes with 

low back pain and unilateral tracer uptake on single photon emission computed 

tomography (SPECT) at the pars interarticularis but no defect on radiographs. 

Summary of Background Data: Some pediatric athletes with low back pain have no 

findings on plain radiographs but a unilateral SPECT uptake at the pars 

interarticularis. However, little is known about these patients. Methods: Twenty – 

346


two pediatric athletes who had low back pain with increased tracer uptake on SPECT 

unilaterally at the pars interarticularis but no defect on plain radiograph were 

evaluated. The following criteria were used for evaluation: age, male – to – female 

ratio, duration of symptoms, vertebral level, and presence of spina bifida occulta or 

scoliosis. Results: The average age was 12.3 +/– 2.5 years. The male – to – female ratio 

was 1.2:1. The average duration of symptoms was 21 +/– 23 weeks. Nineteen (86%) 

had increased uptake at L5. Six (27%) had spina bifida occulta and 8 (36%) had 

scoliosis. Eighteen (82%) patients showed an excellent outcome. The patients who 

presented with a longer history of symptoms or a concomitant spina bifida occulta 

had an increased risk of having occasional aching with vigorous activity when 

compared with the patients who did not (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Athletes who have 

low back pain and increased tracer uptake unilaterally at the pars interarticularis on 

SPECT are younger than those previously reported patients with spondylolysis proven 

by a defect on radiographs. Some of these lesions do progress to “frank” spondylolysis 

seen on radiographs, but favorable clinical outcomes from nonoperative treatment 

can be expected. Patients with a longer pain history or concomitant spina bifida 

occulta may need careful follow – up because they are at increased risk of having 

occasional low back pain. 

No.968 

Author(s) : Takeo S, Jin L, Sakamoto H, Han ET, Iriko H, Kaneko O, Torii M, Sattabongkot J, 

Udomsangpetch R, Sawasaki T, Endo Y, Tsuboi T. 

Title : Discovering novel blood stage malaria vaccine candidates: Screening with immune 

sera from falciparum malaria patients and asymptomatic parasite carriers. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 75 (5): 302 – 302 1047 Suppl.S, 





No.969 

Author(s) : Takhampunya R, Padmanabhan R, Ubol S. 

Title : Antiviral action of nitric oxide on dengue virus type 2 replication. 

Source : Journal of General Virology. 87: 3003 – 3011 (Part 10), 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Dependent RNA – polymerase, Japanese encephalitis – virus, Respiratory 

syncytialvirus, Human B – lymphocytes, In – vitro, Kunjin virus, Viral – RNA, 

Nonstructural protein – 3, Cytokine production, Stimulated NTPase. 

Abstract : Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to suppress dengue virus (DENV) RNA 

and protein accumulation in infected cells. In this report, the potential target of the 

inhibitory effect of NO was studied at the molecular level. The NO donor, S – nitroso 

– N – acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), showed an inhibitory effect on RNA accumulation 

at around 8 – 14 h post – infection, which corresponded to the step of viral RNA 

synthesis in the DENV life cycle. The activity of the viral replicase isolated from 

SNAP – treated DENV – 2 – infected cells was suppressed significantly compared with 

that of the negative – control N – acetyl – DL – penicillamine (NAP) – treated cells. 

Further investigations on the molecular target of NO action showed that the activity 

of recombinant DENV – 2 NS5 in negative – strand RNA synthesis was affected in the 

presence of 5 mM SNAP in in vitro RNA – dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) assays, 

whereas the RNA helicase activity of DENV – 2 was not inhibited up to a concentration 

of 15 mM SNAP. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of NO on DENV 

infection is partly via inhibition of the RdRp activity, which then downregulates viral 

RNA synthesis. 

No.970 

Author(s) : Takhampunya R, Ubol S, Houng HS, Cameron CE, Padmanabhan R. 

Title : Inhibition of dengue virus replication by mycophenolic acid and ribavirin. 

Source : Journal of General Virology. 87: 1947 – 1952 (Part 7), 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Dependent RNA – polymerase, West – Nile – virus, Antiviral activity, In – vitro, 

Kunjin virus, Error catastrophe, IMP dehydrogenase, Viral – RNA, NS5, Mechanism. 

Abstract : Dengue viruses (DEN), mosquito – borne members of the family Flaviviridae, are 

human pathogens of global significance. The eff ects of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and 

ribavirin (RBV) on DEN replication in monkey kidney (LLC – MK2) cells were 

347


348 

examined. MPA (IC50 = 0 center dot 4 +/– 0 center dot 3 muM) and RBV OC50 = 50 

center dot 9 +/– 18 muM) inhibited DEN2 replication. Quantitative real – time RT – 

PCR of viral RNA and plaque assays of virions from DEN2 – infected and MPA (10 

muM) – and RBV (>= 200 PM) – treated cells showed a fivefold increase in defective 

viral RNA production by cells treated with each drug. Moreover, a dramatic reduction 

of intracellular viral replicase activity was seen by in vitro replicase assays. Guanosine 

reversed the inhibition of these compounds, suggesting that one mode of antiviral 

action of MPA and RBV is by inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 

and thereby depletion of the intracellular GTP pool. In addition, RBV may act by 

competing with guanine – nucleotide precursors in viral RNA translation, replication 

and 5' capping. 

No.971 

Author(s) : Takmeura H, Anantamongkol U, Krishnamra N, Horio Y. 

Title : Regulation of Ca 2+ mobilization by prolactin in mammary gland cells. 

Source : Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 100 (Suppl.1): 181P – 181P, 2006. 




No.972 

Author(s) : Tan A, Kritchanchai D. 

Title : An information technology implementation framework for the logistics industry in 

Singapore. 

Source : International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management. 2 (4): 371 – 386, 2006. 


Keywords : Clustering, Industry development, Logistics industry, Singapore, Supply chain 

management. 

Abstract : An industry cluster is a geographically concentrated, self – flourishing ecosystem 

comprising production systems, shippers, logistics service providers, IT vendors, 

infrastructure providers, regulatory agencies, research institutions, consultants and 

other logistics – related organisations that leverage on the interdependencies between 

them to provide efficient and effective logistics solutions. This article introduces a 

framework in the deployment of supply chain technologies for the logistics industry. 

More specifically, the different stages in rolling out an industry project for supply 

chain management are discussed here based on examples from the logistics industry 

in Singapore. The generic framework proposed can also be used in other clusters. 

No.973 

Author(s) : Tanboonteck S, Damrongphol P, Poolsanguan W. 

Title : Stimulation of ovarian development and spawning in the giant freshwater prawn, 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). 

Source : Aquaculture Research. 37 (12): 1259 – 1261, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : 5 – hydroxytryptamine, Octopamine, Ovary, Spawning, Prawn, Macrobrachium 

rosenbergii. 


No.974 

Author(s) : Tangkuaram T, Gerlach JQ, Xiang Y, Kawde AN, Dai Z, Bhavanandan VP, La Belle 

JT, Veerasai W, Joshi L, Wang J. 

Title : Sensitive and rapid electrochemical bioassay of glycosidase activity. 

Source : Analyst. 131 (8): 889 – 891, 2006. 



Abstract : Here we present a highly sensitive, rapid and simple electrochemical assay for 

glycosidases based on treatment of the glycosidase with the appropriate p – nitrophenyl 

glycoside and anodic detection of released p – nitrophenol. The attractive characteristics 

of the new bioassay should facilitate advanced glycomic research and routine clinical 

diagnostics since glycosidases are associated with various diseases.


No.975 

Author(s) : Tangpukdee N, Thanachartwet V, Krudsood S, Luplertlop N, Pornpininworakij K, 

Chalermrut K, Phokham S, Kano S, Looareesuwan S, Wilairatana P. 

Title : Minor liver profile dysfunctions in Plasmodium vivax, P. malaria and P. ovale patients 

and normalization after treatment. 

Source : Korean J Parasitol. 44 (4):295 – 302, 2006 (Dec). 

DocumentType : Article. 


Abstract : Liver function tests were performed in 61 vivax, 54 malariae and 15 ovale malaria 

patients who were admitted to Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases between 2001 

and 2004. The objective of the study was to evaluate changes in hepatic biochemical 

indices before and after treatment with artemisinin derivatives. On admission and 

prior to treatment, hepatic dysfunction was found among the 3 groups. Serum liver 

function tests and physical examinations were performed weekly during the 28 – day 

follow – up period. Initially elevated serum bilirubin and diminished albumin returned 

to normal within 2 weeks of treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and 

aminotransferases returned to within normal limits within 3 weeks. We conclude 

that patients with Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale infections had slightly 

elevated serum bilirubin, aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, and 

hypoalbuminemia. These minor abnormalities returned to normal within a few weeks 

after treatment with therapies based on artemisinin derivatives. 

No.976 

Author(s) : Tangsripairoj S, Samadzadeh MH. 

Title : Organizing and visualizing software repositories using the growing hierarchical self 

– organizing map. 

Source : Journal of Information Science and Engineering. 22 (2): 283 – 295, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Software repository, Self – organizing map, Growing hierarchical self – organizing 

map, Software reuse, Data mining. 

Abstract : A software repository, a place where reusable components are stored and searched 

for, is a key ingredient for instituting and popularizing software reuse. It is vital that 

a software repository should be well – organized and provide efficient tools for 

developers to locate reusable components that meet their requirements. The growing 

hierarchical self – organizing map (GHSOM), an unsupervised learning neural 

network, is a powerful data mining technique for the clustering and visualization of 

large and complex data sets. The resulting maps, serving as retrieval interfaces, can 

be beneficial to developers in obtaining better insight into the structure of a software 

repository and increasing their understanding of the relationships among software 

components. The GHSOM, which is an improvement over the basic self – organizing 

map (SOM), can adapt its architecture during its learning process and expose the 

hierarchical structure that exists in the original data. In this paper, we demonstrate 

the potential of the GHSOM for the organization and visualization of a collection of 

reusable components stored in a software repository, and compare the results with 

the ones obtained by using the traditional SOM. 

No.977 

Author(s) : Tangvuthipong P, Damrongphol P. 

Title : 5 – Hydroxytryptamine enhances larval development of the giant freshwater prawn, 

Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Source : Aquaculture. 251 (2 – 4): 567 – 572, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : 5 – Hydroxytryptamine, Larvae, Growth, Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. 

Abstract : The effect of 5 – hydroxytryptamine (5 – HT) on larval development of the giant 

freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was investigated. Four clays after 

hatching, larvae were exposed to 5, 50 or 100 mu g/ml 5 – HT in 12 ppt commercial 

seawater for a period of 2 or more days. Continuous exposure to 50 mu g/ml or 100 

mu g/ml 5 – HT over 2 days reduced the survival significantly and all larvae died by 13 

days post – hatch (after 9 days of exposure). Oil the contrary, there was no significant 

difference in the survival of larvae exposed to various concentration of 5 – HT for 2 

days compared to that of the control. Exposure to 5 – HT for 2 days stimulated growth 

and developmental rate of the larvae. Furthermore, pigmentation of the exoskeleton 

was also induced within I h of exposure. The larvae exhibited bright – orange color on 

their eyestalks, cephalothoraxes and abdomens. Exposure to 100 mu g/ml 5 – HT for 

2 days produced the highest growth, developmental rate and the strongest 

349


350 

pigmentation. The average body lengths 25 days post – hatch of larvae exposed to 50 

mu g/ml and 100 mu g/ml 5 – HT for 2 days were 3.5 +/– 0.6 mm and 4.3 +/– 0.7 mm, 

respectively, compared to 2.8 +/– 0.4 mm that of the control. Furthermore, the rate of 

trans formation of larvae to postlarvae during 30 – 40 days post – hatch was significantly 

higher in those exposed to 50 mu g/ml and 100 mu g/ml 5 – HT compared to that of the 

control. The present study indicates that brief exposure of early stage larvae to 50100 

mu g/ml 5 – HT enhances growth, developmental rate and pigmentation of the giant 

freshwater prawn larvae. 

No.978 

Author(s) : Tankanitlert J, Howard TA, Temsakulphong A, Sirankapracha P, Morales NP, 

Sanvarinda Y, Fucharoen P, Ware RE, Fucharoen S, Chantharaksri U. 

Title : A pharmacokinetic study of paracetamol in Thai beta – thalassemia/HbE patients. 

Source : Eurorean Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 62 (9): 743 – 748, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Acetaminophen, Thalassemia, UDP – glucuronosyltransferase, Drug metabolism. 

Abstract : Background: Thalassemia may alter the pharmacokinetics of several drugs in 

thalassemic patients. Paracetamol is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug 

which is extensively metabolized in the liver via glucuronidation. The aim of this 

study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol (PCM) and its metabolites 

[paracetamol glucuronide (PCM – G), paracetamol sulfate (PCM – S), and paracetamol 

cysteine (PCM – C)] in 16 patients with 16 normal subjects. Method: Following an 

overnight fast, a single dose of paracetamol (1,000 mg of Tylenol (R)) was given and 

blood samples were obtained at predose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 h after dosing for 

determination of the plasma levels of PCM and its metabolites by high – performance 

liquid chromatography. Results: There was no significant difference in maximum 

concentration of PCM between groups. However, a significantly shorter elimination 

half – life of PCM was observed in the thalassemic subjects (p < 0.001). Total apparent 

clearance of PCM was significantly faster in thalassemic subjects (p < 0.01) while the 

apparent volume of distribution of PCM did not change. The area under the 

concentration time curve (AUC (0 – > infinity)) of PCM – G and PCM – S increased in 

thalassemic subjects (p < 0.05) whereas this parameter for PCM – C was slightly 

lower in the patients. The half – lives of PCM metabolites were significantly shorter 

(p < 0.01) in thalassemic subjects. Conclusion: The results indicate that the elimination 

of PCM and its metabolites in thalassemic subjects is faster than that in normal 

subjects. Our pharmacokinetic data provide additional evidence that plasma PCM – G 

is higher in thalassemic patients with hyperbilirubinemia, which could be a casual 

relationship in regulating the UDP – glucuronosyltransferase expression. 

No.979 

Author(s) : Tansatit T, Sahaphong S, Riengrojpitak S, Viyanant V, Sobhon P. 

Title : Immunolocalization of cytoskeletal components in the tegument of the 3 – week – old 

juvenile and adult Fasciola gigantica. 

Source : Veterinary Parasitology. 135 (3 – 4): 269 – 278, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Schistosoma mansoni, Tegument, Cytoskeleton, Tubulin, Actin, 

Cytokeratin. 

Abstract : Components of three cytoskeletal elements, namely, microtubule, intermediate and 

actin filaments have been localised in the tegument of the 3 – week – old juvenile and 

adult Fasciola gigantica by means of immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase 

techniques, using mouse monoclonal anti – alpha – tubulin, anti – cytokeratin 

antibodies and biotinylated – phalloidin, respectively. The immunostainings with the 

above probes were also performed in adult Schistosoma mansoni for comparison. 

The presence of tubulin, indicative of microtubules, was demonstrated in the 

tegumental cell bodies, their cytoplasmic processes, and the basal layer of the 

tegumental syncytium of F gigantica. While in S. mansoni, tubulin appeared as vertical 

lines stretching across the whole thickness of the syncytium. Cytokeratin, 

representing one type of intermediate filaments, was detected in the tegumental cell 

bodies, their cytoplasmic processes, tegumental syncytium and spines of F gigantica. 

In contrast, cytokeratin was evident only in the syncytium of S. mansoni, but not in 

the spines. Phalloidin, which could bind to actin, a subunit of microfilament, was 

detected in the tegumental cell bodies, their processes, and the microtrabecular 

network which form the scaffold of the tegumental syncytium of F gigantica. In S. 

mansoni, actin was localized in similar tissues except the syncytium was not stained 

while spines exhibited intense staining. In F gigantica, the presence of rnicrotubules


and actin filaments in the tegumental cells, their processes and in the syncytium 

could mediate the movement of secretory granules from the cell bodies towards the 

basal as well as the apical layer of the tegument. Cytokeratin filaments may serve to 

reinforce the integrity of the tegumental syncytium as well as the spines. 

No.980 

Author(s) : Tansuphasiri U, Chanthadee R, Phulsuksombati D, Sangjun N. 

Title : Development of a duplex – polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of pathogenic 

leptospira. 





Abstract : A duplex – polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rapid detection of pathogenic 

leptospires was developed by using two sets of newly designed primers which amplified 

in the same reaction two different DNA fragments simultaneously: 279 – bp of LipL32 

and 430 – bp of 16S rRNA. For DNA extraction from bacterial cultures, the silica – 

based spin column method was found to be more suitable and was selected for the 

extraction of DNAs from all 92 bacterial strains including 56 strains of pathogenic 

Leptospira, 15 strains of non – pathogenic Leptospira and 21 other strains of bacteria. 

The PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel – electrophoresis with confirmation 

by Southern and dot hybridization using synthetic DNA probe prepared from LipL32 

gene of a pathogenic reference strain, L. interrogans serovar pyrogenes. The duplex 

– PCR allowed detection of two products of 279 bp and 430 bp in all pathogenic 

Leptospira. Non – pathogenic Leptospira generated a single product of 430 bp. Other 

bacterial strains failed to reveal any amplification products. As little as 1 pg of pure 

DNA corresponding to 100 cells could be detected by agarose gel – electrophoresis, 

and 1 – 10 fg of pure DNA by hybridization. 

No.981 

Author(s) : Tansuphasiri U, Khaminthakul D, Pandii W. 

Title : Antibiotic resistance of enterococci isolated from frozen foods and environmental 

water. 


2006 (Jan). 



Abstract : We evaluated 239 isolates of enterococci (113 from frozen foods and 126 from 

environmental water) for their resistance to 8 antibiotics by agar disk diffusion 

method. Most isolates from both sources were resistant to tetracycline (64.1% food 

strains; 46.8% water strains) and ciprofloxacin (53.4% food strains; 48.4% water 

strains). A relatively high prevalence of chloramphenicol, trimethoprim – 

sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin resistance was present, ranging from 9.7 to 27.2% 

for food strains and 10.3 to 15.9% for water strains; while other drug resistance 

(ampicillin, gentamicin and teicoplanin) was minimal (


No.982 

Author(s) : Tansuphasiri U, Thipsuk C, Phulsuksombati D, Chanyasanha C. 

Title : Duplex PCR – hybridization based detection of pathogenic Leptospira in environmental 

water samples obtained from endemic areas in northeast region of Thailand. 





Abstract : Leptospirosis, a major health problem worldwide, is known to be endemic in the 

northeastern part of Thailand with the risk of infection by exposure to pathogenic 

Leptospira in contaminated aquatic environment. A method based on PCR – 

hybridization detection of pathogenic Leptospira in water was established. The method 

included filtration of water sample through membrane filters of two pore sizes, DNA 

extraction from filters using a guanidine thiocyanate extraction method, a duplex – 

PCR assay with two primer pairs, and hybridization with a synthetic LipL32 DNA 

probe. The duplex – PCR allowed detection of two products of 279 bp for LipL32 gene 

and 430 bp for 76S rRNA gene. In water samples artificially seeded with serovar 

bratislava, at least 103 cells could be analyzed by PCR – agarose gel electrophoresis 

and 1 – 10 cells by PCR – Southern blot hybridization. The protocol was applied to the 

detection of pathogenic Leptospira in environmental waters collected from endemic 

areas in the northeast region of Thailand. Of 100 water samples analyzed, 23 samples 

were positive for pathogenic Leptospira with PCR performed with Southern blot 

hybridization only, but none was detected by PCR – agarose gel – electrophoresis. 

However, PCR performed with the chemiluminescent LipL32 probe using the 

Fluorescein ULS labeling facilitated the detection of low numbers of pathogenic 

Leptospira in water. This method should prove useful for monitoring of pathogenic 

Leptospira pollution in environmental waters, and has the potential to become a 

valuable tool to the surveillance of leptospirosis in endemic areas, thus leading to 

enhanced public health protection. 

No.983 

Author(s) : Tansuphaswadikul S, Maek – a – Nantawat W, Phonrat B, Boonpok L, Getahun A, 

Pitisuttithum P. 

Title : Comparison of one week with two week regimens of amphotericin B both followed 

by fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis among AIDS patients. 



Keywords : AIDS, Amphotericin B, Cryptococcal meningitis, Thailand. 

Abstract : Background: Amphotericin B treatment in cryptococcosis requires daily hospital visits 

or admission. Its toxicities and hospital costs have been concerned. Short course 

amphotericin B regimen warrants to be evaluated. Objective: To compare the safety 

and efficacy of one – week (AmB1) with two – week (AmB2) amphotericin B both 

followed by fluconazole. Material and Method: 57 AIDS with cryptococcal meningitis 

were randomly assigned to either AmB1 or AmB2. Microbiological and clinical 

clearances were the outcomes of the study. Results: The treatment success at 6 

weeks was 63.3% in AmB1 and 70.4% in AmB2 (p = 0.574). Clinical assessment at 

week 10 and renal toxicities were not significantly different between both regimens. 

Mortality rate was 14% however, 75% of deaths were in AmB2. Conclusion: AmB1 

was comparably effective and safe as the standard AmB2 regimen in the treatment of 

AIDS related cryptococcal meningitis. It can be an alternative regimen to lower 

hospital based care and improve cost effective for source limiting health care centers. 

No.984 

Author(s) : Tantawiwattananon N, Sangloung C, Buddhirongawatr R, Sukthana Y. 

Title : Cultivation of Giardia duodenalis in Mongolian gerbils. 

Source : Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 37 (Suppl.3): 21 – 3, 




Abstract : The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is susceptible to infection with Giardia 

duodenalis trophozoites. Each animal was orally infected with 0.5 ml Diamond’s TYIS 

– 33 culture medium containing 10(6) trophozoites. Cysts were then collected and 

concentrated by sucrose gradient centrifugation. G. duodenalis cysts were first 

observed in feces on day 5 post – infection. The characteristic of G. duodenalis infection 

in gerbils was intermittent cyst release. The range in the number of cysts released 

per gerbil for a 4 – hour collection period was 0 – 1.5 x 10(3). 

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No.985 

Author(s) : Tantidanai N, Veerasai W, Beckett R. 

Title : Comparison of gravitational SPLITT fractionation with gravitational settling for 

separating micron size particles. 

Source : Separation Science and Technology. 41 (13): 3003 – 3025, 2006. 


Keywords : SPLITT fractionation, Setting method, Particles. 

Abstract : The performance of gravitational Split – flow thin – channel (GrSPLITT) fractionation 

has been compared with conventional gravitational settling (GrSettling) method. 

Two modes of GrSPLITT (full – feed depletion (FFD) mode and transport (TS) mode) 

were employed. Silica and natural river particles were used to test these techniques. 

The particles were fractionated at the following cutoff diameters (d(c)) 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 

and 20 mm. The fractions with diameter, < d(c) were analyzed for their particle size 

distribution by both optical or scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. 

Several parameters were used to objectively compare the efficiency of the methods. 

Almost all of the tests showed that TS – GrSPLITT had the highest separation 

efficiency. The ranking of FFD – GrSPLITT and GrSettling were considered to be of 

equal ranking as the order varied for the different parameters and samples used. 

No.986 

Author(s) : Tantirungrotechai Y, Phanasant K, Roddecha S, Surawatanawong P, Sutthikhum V, 

Limtrakul J. 

Title : Scaling factors for vibrational frequencies and zero – point vibrational energies of 

some recently developed exchange – correlation functionals. 

Source : Journal of Molecular Structure – Theochem. 760 (1 – 3): 189 – 192, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Scaling factors, Exchange – correlation functional, Vibrational frequency, Zero – 

point vibrational energy. 

Abstract : The scaling factors for the vibrational frequencies and zero – point vibrational energies 

evaluated at various combinations of recently developed exchange – correlation 

functionals and various basis sets are reported. The exchange – correlation functionals 

considered are B972, B98, HCTH, OLYP, O3LYP, G96LYP, PBEO and VSXC 

functionals; the basis sets employed are 3 – 21G, 6 – 31G*, 6 – 31G**, 6 – 31 + G, 6 – 

311G*, 6 – 311G**, 6311 G(df,p), 6 – 311 + G(dfp), cc – pVDZ and aug – cc – pVDZ. The 

experimental harmonic frequencies of 122 small molecules and the zero – point 

vibrational energies of 39 small molecules are used to determine the scaling factors 

through the least – square fitting procedure. It was found that the scaling factors do 

not depend significantly on the basis sets considered. The vibrational frequency 

scaling factors evaluated by using the B98 and PBEO functionals are recommended 

on the basis of smallest root mean square error. The zero – point vibrational energy 

scaling factors evaluated from the B972 functional with Pople’s double – zeta basis set 

and the HCTH functional with Pople’s triple – zeta basis set are recommended on the 

basis of smallest root mean square error. 

No.987 

Author(s) : Tantiwongkosi B, Boonthatip M, Benjarassamerote S, Goyal M, Churojana A. 

Title : Radiology quiz case 2 – Giant cell tumor (GCT) of the temporal bone. 

Source : Archives of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery. 132 (12): 1385, 1387 – 8, 2006 

(Dec). 


Keywords : Lateral skull base. 


No.988 

Author(s) : Tanwanchai R, Pluemcharoen W, Pichyapaiboon P, Sukarawan S. 

Title : Development of local curriculum on natural resources and environmental conservation 

for schools sorrounding the boundary of Dong – Yai Wildlife Sanctuary in Buri Ram 

Province. 

Source : Kasetsart Journal – Social Sciences. 27 (2): 175 – 188, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Community participation, Curriculum development, Dong – Yai Wildlife Sanctuary, 

Environmental education, Local curriculum, Natural resources and environmental 

conservation. 

Abstract : The purposes of this research were to develop a local curriculum on natural resources 

and environmental conservation for schools surrounding the boundary of the Dong 

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– Yai Wildlife Sanctuary in Buriram province and to evaluate the curriculum so that 

it would have quality and be suitable for implementation. This research was an action 

research prepared by the following operational steps: 1) preparation of local curriculum 

development, 2) local curriculum development, and 3) curriculum evaluation. The 

sample group was 37 persons from the locality consisting of the Dong – Yai Wildlife 

Sanctuary administrators, forest teachers, school administrators, teachers, school 

committee members, educators, community leaders and members. The statistical 

values i.e. mean, standard deviation, and Index of consistency were utilized in data 

analysis. The research established that the development of a local curriculum is a 

result of a process of participation leading to visions, objectives, content, learning 

activities, measurement and evaluation, and lesson plan of the curriculum. The result 

of the curriculum evaluation by the experts was that the curriculum has components 

which are appropriate and related to community contexts and that it had a high level 

of quality and was suitable for implementation. The experts considered that the local 

curriculum is highly beneficial for curriculum implementation on natural resources 

and environmental conservation. From the results of the research, it can, therefore, 

be concluded that the local curriculum has high quality and is suitable for 

implementation in the schools surrounding the boundary of the Dong – Yai Wild life 

Sanctuary. 

No.989 

Author(s) : Tanwandee T, Piratvisuth T, Phornphutkul K, Mairiang P, Permpikul P, Poovorawan 

Y. 

Title : Risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in Thailand: A multicenter 

case – control study. 



Keywords : Blood donor, Blood transfusion, Hepatitis C virus, Intravenous drug user. 

Abstract : Objective: To investigate the risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in healthy blood 

donors in Thailand Material and Method: We performed a case – control study of 435 

HCV – seropositive blood donors and 894 HCV – seronegative blood donors as controls. 

The study was done with direct interview regarding demographic characteristics and 

risk factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were calculated by 

using conditional logistic regression. Results: The final multivariable model included 

only the following independent HCV risk factors: intravenous drug user (IDU) (OR = 

61.5; 95%CI, 26.6 – 142.5), previous blood or blood products transfusion (OR = 12.3; 

95%CI, 7.6 – 19.9), sharing of razors (OR = 2.3, 95%CI, 1.6 – 3.2),unsafe injection (OR 

= 3.3, 95%CI, 1.8 – 5.9), unused condom (OR = 1.6; 95%CI, 1.1, 2.4). No risk was 

shown for a history of tattoo, ear piercing, or acupuncture and multiple sexual partners. 

Conclusion: The risk factors for HCV infection in healthy blood donors in Thailand 

are IDU, past history of blood transfusion and unsafe injection. 

No.990 

Author(s) : Tanwandee T, Wanichapol S, Vejbaesya S, Chainuvati S, Chotiyaputta W. 

Title : Association between HLA class II alleles and autoimmune hepatitis type 1 in Thai 

patients. 



Keywords : Autoimmune hepatitis type 1, HLA class II alleles. 

Abstract : Objective: To investigate the association between HLA class II alleles and autoimmune 

hepatitis (AIH) type I in Thai patients. Material and Method: The clinical data of 50 

autoimmune hepatitis patients type 1 (AIH) at Siriraj hepatitis clinic were analysed, 

37 of whom were tested for HLA class II genotyping using polymerase chain reaction 

and sequence – specific oligonucleotide technique (PCR – SSO). Results: AIH is an 

uncommon chronic hepatitis in Thailand with females predominant. The HLA 

DRB1*0301, and DQA1*0101 were significantly associated with AIH patients when 

compared to controls; (OR = 3.92 [1.18 – 13.30], p 0.021, OR = 2.31 [1.13 – 4.73], p 

0.019, respectively). When 18 patients with “definite” AIH were analysed, only HLA 

DRB1*0301 was still significantly associated with AIH (OR = 5.22, 95%CI = 1.28 – 

20.92, p 0.015) Conclusion: HLA genotyping has shown that HLA DRB1*0301 and 

HLA DQA1*0101 were significantly associated with AIH.


No.991 

Author(s) : Tarning J, Bergqvist Y, Day NP, Bergquist J, Arvidsson B, White NJ, Ashton M, 

Lindegardh N. 

Title : Characterization of human urinary metabolites of the antimalarial piperaquine. 

Source : Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 34 (12): 2011 – 2019, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Resistant falciparum – malaria, Solid – phase extraction, Dihydroartemisinin – 

piperaquine, Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, Oxygenation, Oxidase, Children, 

Plasma, Adults. 

Abstract : Five metabolites of the antimalarial piperaquine (PQ) (1, 3 – bis – [4 – (7chloroquinolyl 

– 4) – piperazinyl – 1] – propane) have been identified and their molecular structures 

characterized. After a p.o. dose of dihydroartemisinin – piperaquine, urine collected 

over 16 h from two healthy subjects was analyzed using liquid chromatography (LC)/ 

UV, LC/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), Fourier transform ion cyclotron 

resonance (FTICR)/MS, and H NMR. Five different peaks were recognized as possible 

metabolites [M1, 320 m/z; M2, M3, and M4, 551 m/z (PQ + 16 m/z); and M5, 567 m/z 

(PQ + 32 m/z)] using LC/MS/MS with gradient elution. The proposed carboxylic M1 

has a theoretical monoisotopic molecular mass of 320.1166 m/z, which is in accordance 

with the FTICR/MS (320.1168 m/z) findings. The LC/MS/MS results also showed a 551 

m/z metabolite (M2) with a distinct difference both in polarity and fragmentation 

pattern compared with PQ, 7 – hydroxypiperaquine, and the other 551 m/z metabolites. 

We suggest that this is caused by N – oxidation of PQ. The results showed two 

metabolites (M3 and M4) with a molecular ion at 551 m/z and similar fragmentation 

pattern as both PQ and 7 – hydroxypiperaquine; therefore, they are likely to be 

hydroxylated PQ metabolites. The molecular structures of M1 and M2 were also 

confirmed using H NMR. Urinary excretion rate in one subject suggested a terminal 

elimination half – life of about 53 days for M1. Assuming formation rate – limiting 

kinetics, this would support recent findings that the terminal elimination half – life of 

PQ has been underestimated previously. 

No.992 

Author(s) : Tarning J, Singtoroj T, Annerberg A, Ashton M, Bergqvist Y, White NJ, Day NPJ, 

Lindegardh N. 

Title : Development and validation of an automated solid phase extraction and liquid 

chromatographic method for the determination of piperaquine in urine. 



Keywords : Piperaquine, Liquid chromatography, Solid – phase extraction, Validation, Method 

development, Urine. 

Abstract : A sensitive and specific bioanalytical method for determination of piperaquine in 

urine by automated solid – phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography (LC) 

has been developed and validated. Buffered urine samples (containing internal 

standard) were loaded onto mixed phase (cation – exchange and octylsilica) SPE 

columns using an ASPEC XL SPE robot. Chromatographic separation was achieved 

on a Chromolith Performance RP – 18e (100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D.) LC column with 

phosphate buffer (pH 2.5; 0.1 mol/L) – acetonitrile (92:8, v/v). Piperaquine was 

analysed at a flow rate of 3 mL/min with UV detection at 347 rim. A linear regression 

model on log – log transformed data was used for quantification. Within – day precision 

for piperaquine was 1.3% at 5000 ng/mL and 6.6% at 50 ng/mL. Between – day 

precision for piperaquine was 3.7% at 5000 ng/mL and 7.2% at 50 ng/mL. Total – assay 

precision for piperaquine over 4 days using five replicates each day (n = 20) was 4.0%, 

5.2% and 9.8% at 5000, 500 and 50 ng/ml., respectively. The lower limit of quantification 

(LLOQ) was set to 3 ng/mL using 1 mL of urine, which could be lowered to 0.33 ng/mL 

when using 9 mL of urine and an increased injection volume. 

No.993 

Author(s) : Tassanakajon A, Klinbunga S, Paunglarp N, Rimphanitchayakit V, Udomkit A, 

Jitrapakdee S, Sritunyalucksana K, Phongdara A, Pongsomboon S, Supungul P, 

Tang S, Kuphanumart K, Pichyangkura R, Lursinsap C. 

Title : Penaeus monodon gene discovery project: The generation of an EST collection and 

establishment of a database. 

Source : Gene. 384: 104 – 112, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Expressed sequence tags, Shrimp, cDNA sequencing, Microsatellites. 

Abstract : A large – scale expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing project was undertaken for 

the purpose of gene discovery in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Initially, 

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15 cDNA libraries were constructed from different tissues (eyestalk, hepatopancrease, 

haematopoietic tissue, haemocyte, lymphoid organ, and ovary) of shrimp, reared 

under normal or stress conditions, to identify tissue – specific genes and genes 

responding to infection and heat stress. A total of 10, 100 clones were analyzed by 

single – pass sequencing from the 5' end. Clustering and assembling of these ESTs 

resulted in a total of 4845 unique sequences with 917 overlapping contigs and 3928 

singletons. The redundancy of each cDNA library ranged from 13.4% to 61.3% with 

an overall redundancy of 61.1%. About half of these ESTs (2365 clones, 48.8%) showed 

significant homology (BLASTX, e – values < 10(–4)) to known genes. A high proportion 

of P. monodon ESTs was most similar to the predicted protein sequences from various 

organisms, e.g. Homo sapiens (9%), Mus musculus (7%), Drosophila (6%), Gallus sp. 

(6%), and Anopheles (5%). Only 6% showed the highest similarity to other known 

genes from shrimp due to the limited sequence entries of the species in the public 

database. Several tissue – specific transcripts were identified as well as the candidate 

genes that may be implicated in the immune response. In addition, bioinformatic 

mining of microsatellites from the R monodon ESTs identified 997 unique microsatellite 

containing ESTs in which 74 loci resided within the genes of known functions. 

Consequently, the P monodon EST database was established. The EST sequence 

data and the BLAST results were stored and made available through a web – accessible 

database (http://pmodon.biotec.or.th). This EST database provides a useful resource 

for gene identification and functional genomic studies of shrimp. 

No.994 

Author(s) : Tawatsin A, Asavadachanukorn P, Thavara U, Wongsinkongman P, Bansidhi J, 

Boonruad T, Chavalittumrong P, Soonthornchareonnon N, Komalamisra N, Mulla 

MS. 

Title : Repellency of essential oils extracted from plants in Thailand against four mosquito 

vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) and oviposition deterrent effects against Aedes aegypti 

(Diptera: Culicidae). 





Abstract : In this study we evaluated and reported repellent effects of essential oils from Thai 

plants against 4 mosquito vectors: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles, dirus 

and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions using human volunteers. 

The essential oils were extracted from 18 plant species, belonging to 11 families, and 

the oils were then prepared as 10% solution in absolute ethanol with additives. Two 

chemical repellents, deet and IR3535, were also prepared in the same formulation as 

the essential oil repellents and tested for repellency as controls. The essential oils 

were also evaluated for oviposition deterrent effects against Ae. aegypti under 

laboratory conditions, The results show night – biting mosquitoes (An. dirus and Cx. 

quinquefasciatus) and Ae. albopictus were more sensitive to all the essential oils 

(repellency 4.5 – 8 hours) than was Ae. aegypti (repellency 0.3 – 2.8 hours), whereas 

deet and IR3535 provided excellent repellency against all four mosquito species 

(repellency 6.7 – 8 hours). All essential oils exhibited oviposition deterrent activity 

against Ae. aegypti with various degrees of repellency ranging from 16.6 to 94.7%, 

whereas deet and IR3535 had no repellency. The present study demonstrates the 

potential for using essential oils as mosquito repellents and oviposition deterrents. 

These findings may lead to new and more effective strategies for protection from and 

control of mosquitoes. 

No.995 

Author(s) : Taweemonkongsap T, Leewansangtong S, Tantiwong A, Soontrapa S. 

Title : Results of chimney modification technique in ureterointestinal anastomosis of 

hautmann ileal neobladder in bladder cancer. 

Source : Asian Journal of Surgery. 29 (4): 251 – 256, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Bladder cancer, Chimney modification, Neobladder. 

Abstract : Background: To evaluate the surgical technique and functional outcome of a new 

application of the chimney modification to the popular Hautmann ileal neobladder. 

This modification used 3 – 5 cm chimney tubularized ileal segment for the bilateral 

uretetointestinal anastomosis. Methods: Between December 2000 and July 2004, 15 

patients (14 men, 1 woman) with invasive bladder cancer underwent radical cystectomy 

and Hautmann neobladder with chimney modification at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok.


Mean age was 61.7 years (range, 43 – 72 years). Perioperative morbidity, early and 

late urinary diversion – related complications, other surgical complications, follow – 

up results of ureterointestinal anastomosis, renal function and metabolic disorders 

were evaluated. Patients were interviewed about their continence, voiding function 

and potency. Results: At a mean follow – up of 29.5 months, two patients had died of 

cancer progression. Of the 15 patients, nine (60%) had 10 early complications. Eight 

complications were related to the neobladder and two were not. Three (20%) patients 

had three late complications. Two complications were neobladder – related and one 

was not. There was no perioperative mortality. There was no ureteroileal anastomosis 

stricture in this series. Neobladder – ureteral reflux was demonstrated in eight of 22 

ureteral units in 11 patients in whom cystography was performed. All patients had 

normal upper urinary tract without evidence of urinary obstruction. All 14 men (93% 

of study sample) had spontaneous urination, normal renal function and no metabolic 

acidosis. Good and satisfactory continence in the day and night were 93% and 73%, 

respectively. All male patients experienced impotence postoperatively. Only one sought 

treatment and was successfully treated with sildenafil. The one woman in this study 

required intermittent catheterization to empty the neobladder completely. She also 

had renal insufficiency with serum creatinine of 2.2 mg/dL and hyperchloraemic 

metabolic acidosis.Conclusion: New chimney modification in Hautmann ileal 

neobladder is simple and safe. Complications are acceptable. Follow – up results of 

renal and voiding functions are satisfactory. This operation can maintain good quality 

of life for patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. 

No.996 

Author(s) : Taweemonkongsap T, Srinualnad S, Nualyong C, Tantiwong A, Soontrapa S. 

Title : Novel technique to prevent lymphocele recurrence after laparoscopic lymphocele 

fenestration in renal transplant patients. 

Source : Journal of Endourology. 20 (9): 654 – 658, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Posttransplant lymphocele, Kidney – Transplantation, Drainage, Management. 

Abstract : Purpose: To describe the use of nonabsorbable polymer ligating (NPL) clips to prevent 

recurrence after laparoscopic lymphocele fenestration and to determine the efficacy 

and safety of this treatment in renal – transplant patients at our center. Patients and 

Methods: From December 2000 to October 2005, nine patients with a mean age of 

38.5 years (range 26 – 54 years) and symptomatic lymphoceles were treated 

laparoscopically among 144 renal – transplant patients. The overall incidence of 

symptomatic lymphocele was 6.2% (9/144). The mean time from transplantation to 

diagnosis was 55.5 days (range 20 – 98 days). Patient and lymphocele characteristics, 

complications, recurrence rate, and outcomes of this procedure were analyzed 

retrospectively. Results: Laparoscopic treatment was successful in eight patients; the 

other was converted to open surgery. One patient sustained an allograft – ureteral 

injury. The mean operative time was 90.7 minutes (range 75 – 120 minutes), and the 

mean postoperative stay was 4.1 days (range 1 – 7 days). Lymphocele recurrence was 

found in the first two patients after laparoscopic surgery without NPL clips. With a 

mean follow – up of 42.3 months (range 31 – 51 months), no recurrence was observed 

in patients in whom NPL clips were used to maintain the patency of the peritoneal 

window. No late laparoscopy – related complications occurred. Conclusion: Laparoscopic 

lymphocele fenestration with NPL clips is a safe, technically easy, and efficacious 

procedure for the treatment of symptomatic lymphoceles after renal transplantion. 

No.997 

Author(s) : Taweepolcharoen N, Sumrithe S, Kunentrasai N, Phraisuwanna S. 

Title : Diabetes control in a university primary care setting in Thailand. 

Source : Quality in Primary Care. 14 (4): 219 – 223, 2006. 


Keywords : Diabetes mellitus, Primary care, Quality of health care. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate diabetes control status in a university primary care setting in 

Thailand using the American Diabetes Association (ADA) clinical guideline, and to 

determine factors associated with good glycaemic control. Methods: Data were collected 

from 1510 medical records of patients with diabetes and compliant with reviews, 

attending the clinic regularly (at least three times) between January 2004 and June 

2005. Results: The percentage of patients who attained ADA goal for haemoglobin 

A1c (HbA1c) was 23.4%. The goals achieved by the highest and the lowest proportion 

of patients were measurement of triglycerides (49.6%) and low – density lipoprotein 

(LDL) (13.1%) respectively. Most patients (72%) received an annual eye examination 

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and were evaluated for proteinuria. Approximately half the patients (50.5%) were 

not screened for microalbuminuria. Glycaemic control was significantly related to 

the duration of the disease measured by years since diagnosis. Males had significantly 

better control than females (adjusted odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.1 – 

1.8). Physician teaching or training status and group education were not associated 

with patients’ diabetic control. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of patients with 

diabetes in the clinic could not achieve the ADA target goals. Quality improvement 

strategies, such as a computerised tracking and recall system, should be developed to 

improve this. Improving glycaemic control especially in female patients with longer 

duration of disease, LDL management and microalbuminuria screening should be 

addressed as a priority in this primary care setting. 

No.998 

Author(s) : Taylor WRJ, Canon V, White NJ. 

Title : Pulmonary manifestations of malaria: Recognition and management. 

Source : Treatments in Respiratory Medicine. 5 (6): 419 – 428, 2006. 



Abstract : Lung involvement in malaria has been recognized for more than 200 hundred years, 

yet our knowledge of its pathogenesis and management is limited. Pulmonary edema 

is the most severe form of lung involvement. Increased alveolar capillary permeability 

leading to intravascular fluid loss into the lungs is the main pathophysiologic mechanism. 

This defines malaria as another cause of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory 

distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary edema has been described most often in non 

– immune individuals with Plasmodium falciparum infections as part of a severe 

systemic illness or as the main feature of acute malaria. P. vivax and P. ovale have 

also rarely caused pulmonary edema. Clinically, patients usually present with acute 

breathlessness that can rapidly progress to respiratory failure either at disease 

presentation or, interestingly, after treatment when clinical improvement is taking 

place and the parasitemia is falling. Pregnant women are particularly prone to 

developing pulmonary edema. Optimal management of malaria – induced ALI/ARDS 

includes early recognition and diagnosis. Malaria must always be suspected in a 

returning traveler or a visitor from a malaria – endemic country with an acute febrile 

illness. Slide microscopy and/or the use of rapid antigen tests are standard diagnostic 

tools. Malaria must be treated with effective drugs, but current choices are few: e.g. 

parenteral artemisinins, intravenous quinine or quinidine (in the US only). A recent 

trial in adults has shown that intravenous artesunate reduces severe malaria mortality 

by a third compared with adults treated with intravenous quinine. Respiratory 

compromise should be managed on its merits and may require mechanical ventilation. 

Patients should be managed in an intensive care unit and particular attention should 

be paid to the energetic management of other severe malaria complications, notably 

coma and acute renal failure. ALI/ARDS may also be related to a coincidental bacterial 

sepsis that may not be clinically obvious. Clinicians should employ a low threshold for 

starting broad spectrum antibacterials in such patients, after taking pertinent 

microbiologic specimens. Despite optimal management, the prognosis of severe malaria 

with ARDS is poor. ALI/ARDS in pediatric malaria appears to be rare. However, 

falciparum malaria with severe metabolic acidosis or acute pulmonary edema may 

present with a clinical picture of pneumonia, i.e. with tachypnea, intercostal recession, 

wheeze or inspiratory crepitations. This results in diagnostic confusion and suboptimal 

treatment. Whilst this is increasingly being recognized in malaria – endemic countries, 

clinicians in temperate zones should be aware that malaria may be a possible cause of 

‘pneumonia’ in a visiting or returning child. 

No.999 

Author(s) : Taylor WRJ, Terlouw DJ, Olliaro PL, White NJ, Brasseur P, ter Kuile FO. 

Title : Use of weight – for – age data to optimize tablet strength and dosing regimens for a 

new fixed – dose artesunate – amodiaquine combination for treating falciparum 

malaria. 

Source : Bulletin of the world Health Organization. 84 (12): 956 – 964, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Artemether – lumefantrine, Uncomplicated malaria, Oral artesunate, Artemisinin 

derivatives, Antimalarial – drugs, Improve adherence, Randomized – trial, Home 

treatment, Western Kenya, Rural Kenya. 

Abstract : Objective: To testa novel methodology to define age – based dosing regimens for the 

treatment of malaria with anew, user – friendly, blister – packaged fixed – dose


combination of artesunate and amodiaquine. Methods: A weight – for – age reference 

database of 88 054 individuals from sub – Saharan Africa was compiled using data 

from Demographic Health Surveys, observational and intervention studies, and 

standardized for sex, age and malaria risk. We then determined the optimal tablet 

strength (milligram (mg) per tablet) and age – dose categories for the combination of 

artesunate and amodiaquine, The proportions of patients predicted to receive doses 

within newly defined therapeutic ranges for amodiaquine (7 – 15 mg/kg/day) and 

artesunate (2 – 10 mg/kg/day), were estimated for different age categories and mg 

tablet strengths using models based on the weight – for – age reference database. 

Findings: The optimal paediatric (p) and adult (a) strength tablets contained 25/67.5 

and 100/270 mg artesunate/amodiaquine, respectively. A regimen with five age 

categories: 0 – 1 months (1/2 p), 2 – 11 months (1 p), 1 – 5 years (2 p), 6 – 13 years (1 

a), and >= 14 years (2 a) had an overall dosing accuracy of 83.4% and 99.9% for 

amodiaduine and artesunate, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed method to use 

weight – for – age reference data from countries where malaria is endemic is a useful 

tool for designing age – based dosing regimens for antimalarial drugs for drug 

registration and field use. 

No.1000 

Author(s) : Techaprasan J, Ngamriabsakul C, Klinbunga S, Chusacultanachai S, Jenjittikul T. 

Title : Genetic variation and species identification of Thai Boesenbergia (Zingiberaceae) 

analyzed by chloroplast DNA polymorphism. 

Source : Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39 (4): 361 – 370, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Boesenbergia, Chloroplast DNA, DNA sequencing, Genetic variation, PCR – RFLP, 

Species identification. 

Abstract : Genetic variation and molecular phylogeny of 22 taxa representing 14 extant species 

and 3 unidentified taxa of Boesenbergia in Thailand and four outgroup species 

(Cornukaempferia aurantiflora, Hedychium biflorum, Kaempferia parviflora, and 

Scaphochlamys rubescens) were examined by sequencing of 3 chloroplast (cp) DNA 

regions (matK, psbA – trnH and petA – psbJ). Low interspecific genetic divergence 

(0.25 – 1.74%) were observed in these investigated taxa. The 50% majority – rule 

consensus tree constructed from combined chloroplast DNA sequences allocated 

Boesenbergia in this study into 3 different groups. Using psbA – 1F/psbA – 3R primers, 

an insertion of 491 bp was observed in B. petiolata. Restriction analysis of the amplicon 

(380 – 410 bp) from the remaining species with Rsa I further differentiated 

Boesenbergia to 2 groupings; I (B. basispicata, R longiflora, B. longipes, B. plicata, R 

pulcherrima, B. tenuispicata, B. thorelii, B. xiphostachya, Boesenbergia sp.1 and 

Boesenbergia sp.3; phylogenetic clade A) that possesses a Rsa I restriction site and II 

(B. curtisii, R regalis, B. rotunda and Boesenbergia sp.2; phylogenetic clade B and B. 

siamensis; phylogenetic clade C) that lacks a restriction site of Rsa I. Single nucleotide 

polymorphism (SNP) and indels found can be unambiguously applied to authenticate 

specie – origin of all investigated samples and revealed that Boesenbergia sp.1, 

Boesenbergia sp.2 and B. pulcherrima (Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi), B. cf. 

pulcherrima1 (Prachuap Khiri Khan) and R cf. pulcherrima2 (Thong Pha Phum, 

Kanchanaburi) are R plicata, R rotunda and B. pulcherrima, respectively. In addition, 

molecular data also suggested that Boesenbergia sp.3 should be further differentiated 

from B. longiflora and regarded as a newly unidentified Boesenbergia species. 

No.1001 

Author(s) : Teerawattananon Y, Hanshaoworakul W, Russell S, Tangcharoensathien V, Jiamton 

S. 

Title : Targeting antiretroviral therapy: Lessons from a longitudinal study of morbidity and 

treatment in relation to CD4 count in Thailand. 



Keywords : HIV, AIDS, Thailand, Healthcare seeking behaviour, Antiretroviral therapy, Targeting, 

Economic evaluation. 

Abstract : The aim of the study was to quantify the incidence of illness and treatment behaviour 

in relation to CD4 count, age, and gender among a cohort of persons living with HIV/ 

AIDS in Thailand. 464 participants with a CD4 count between 50 and 550 cells/mm 3 

were followed up for 12 months. Multiple Poisson regression was used to model the 

adjusted incidence rate ratio of illness and care seeking at different levels. The 

incidence of morbidity and treatment pattern were significantly different among 

participants with different CD4 count, age and gender. For example, morbidity incidence 

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was significantly higher among participants with CD4 count of less than 200 cells/ 

mm 3 , among female participants, and participants aged 35 years or over. Females 

made significantly higher use of hospital ambulatory care and private clinics than 

males and males made significantly more use of private pharmacies. The potential 

opportunity cost of not providing ART to these different groups can be estimated and 

used to inform further economic evaluation and policy decisions on whether to provide 

ART at all and which patient groups to prioritise. 

No.1002 

Author(s) : Termklinchan V, Kulthanan K, Bunyaratavej S. 

Title : Assessment of dermographism at different anatomical regions by dermographometer. 



Keywords : Dermographism, Dermographometer, Urticaria. 

Abstract : Objective: Classic dermographism refers to the ability of the skin to produce a linear 

wheal with a scratch pressure of 4,900 gm/cm 2 . The authors manufactured a 

dermographometer to have precise and consistent measurement and tested it on 

different body regions to find the best location. Material and Method: Twenty two 

patients with dermographism were enrolled. The pressure was applied to the volar 

aspect of the left forearm using the dermographometer and to the right forearm by 

the pen head. Then the pressure was applied to the upper back, abdomen, and shin 

using the dermographometer. The time onset and size of wheal, erythema and flare 

were recorded. Result: The positive yield at the left forearm by the dermographometer 

was 72.7% and the positive yield at the right forearm by the pen head was 68.2%. The 

positive yield of back, abdomen and shin were 68.2%, 68.2% and 13.6%, respectively. 

Conclusion: The dermographometer gave a comparable positive yield in diagnosing 

dermographism with the pen head and the dermographometer. The volar forearm, 

back and abdomen are the sensitive areas to produce dermographism while the shin 

is the least sensitive area. The site of the body that is most appropriate in testing is 

the forearm as it is easy to approach. 

No.1003 

Author(s) : Tesavibul P, Suwanprateeb J. 

Title : Preparation and properties of three dimensional printing materials made from 

biopolymers for medical applications. 

Source : Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 28 (3): 575 – 586, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Implant, Medical, Natural polymer, Rapid prototyping, Three dimensional printing. 

Abstract : A preliminary study employing a mixture of natural polymers for three dimensional 

printing (3DP) technology was carried out to determine the influence of mixture 

composition and post – processing technique on their physical and mechanical 

properties. Series of blended natural polymers including cassava starch, maltodextrin, 

cellulose fiber and gelatin with different amount were formulated. It was observed 

that the percentage of individual component influenced the properties and 

characteristics of prepared samples including part stability, dimension accuracy and 

flexural properties. Starch aided part stability and the fineness of the mixture. 

Maltodextrin and gelatin increased flexural strength whereas cellulose fiber helped 

in both part stability and strength. Infiltration by light – cured resin could further 

enhance flexural modulus and flexural strength of samples to be close to generally 

used acrylate resin. Preliminary in vitro toxicity test of infiltrated sample showed 

that the cells which were in contact with samples were healthy. No inhibition zone 

was observed. 

No.1004 

Author(s) : Thakkinstian A, Bowe S, McEvoy M, Smith W, Attia J. 

Title : Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and age – related macular 

degeneration: A HuGE review and meta – analysis. 

Source : Americal Journal of Epidemiology. 164 (9): 813 – 822, 2006 (Nov). 


Keywords : ApoE, Apolipoproteins E, Epidemiology, Genetics, Macular degeneration, Meta – 

analysis, Polymorphism, Genetic. 

Abstract : A possible association between apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and age – related 

macular degeneration has been investigated numerous times, with conflicting results. 

A previous analysis pooling results from four studies (Schmidt et al., Ophthalmic


Genet 2002; 23:209 – 23) suggested an association, but those investigators did not 

document allele frequencies, the magnitude of the association, or the possible genetic 

mode of action. Thus, the authors searched MEDLINE from 1966 to December 2005 

for any English – language studies reporting genetic associations. Data and study 

quality were assessed in duplicate. Pooling was performed while checking for 

heterogeneity and publication bias. Frequencies of the E – 2 and E – 4 alleles in 

Caucasians were approximately 8% and 15%, respectively. Allele – and genotype – 

based tests of association indicated a risk effect of up to 20% for E – 2 and a protective 

effect of up to 40% for E – 4. E – 2 appeared to act in a recessive mode and E – 4 in a 

dominant mode. There appears to be a differential effect of the E – 2 and E – 4 alleles 

on the risk of age – related macular degeneration, although the possibility of survivor 

bias needs to be ruled out more definitively. 

No.1005 

Author(s) : Thakkinstian A, Han P, McEvoy M, Smith W, Hoh J, Magnusson K, Zhang K, Attia J. 

Title : Systematic review and meta – analysis of the association between complementary 

factor HY402H polymorphisms and age – related macular degeneration. 

Source : Human Molecular Genetics. 15 (18): 2784 – 2790, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Factor – H polymorphism, Beaver Dam Eye, Apolipoprotein – E genotype, Molecular 

association, Susceptibility loci, Genomewide – scan, Diseaseassociations, Familial 

aggregation, Gene polymorphisms, Extended families. 

Abstract : Age – related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the 

developed world and complement factor H (CFH) polymorphism has been found to 

associated with the AMD. We performed a meta – analysis to estimate the magnitude 

of the gene effect and the possible mode of action. A meta – analysis of eight studies 

assessing association between the CFH Y402H polymorphism and AMD was 

performed. Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed in duplicate, 

and heterogeneity and publication bias were explored. There was strong evidence for 

association between CFH and AMD, with those having CC and TC genotypes being 

roughly six and 2.5 times more likely to have AMD than patients with TT genotype, 

suggesting a co – dominant, multiplicative genetic model. The population attributable 

risk for the CC/TC genotype is 58.9%, i.e. the CFH polymorphism is involved in over 

half of all AMD. This meta – analysis summarizes the strong evidence for an association 

between CFH and AMD and indicates a multiplicative model with each C allele 

increasing the odds of AMD by similar to 2.5 – fold. This result is at least as important 

at the population level as ApoE4 and Alzheimer’s disease, playing a role in almost 60% 

of AMD at the population level. 

No.1006 

Author(s) : Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Bridging the gap between knowledge and action for health: case studies. 

Source : Bulletin of the world Health Organization. 84 (8): 603 – 607, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Mechanically ventilated patients, Randomized controlled – trials, Gastroesophageal 

reflux, Pulmonary aspiration, Clinical – practice, Body position, Saline flush, 

Metaanalysis, Implementation, Translation. 

Abstract : Biomedical discoveries could improve people’s health only if they are suited to the 

diverse political and social contexts, health systems and population groups. Knowledge 

generated through evidence – informed health policy and practice when applied to 

the local situation enhances the quality and efficiency of health care. This article 

describes four case studies on bridging the gap between knowledge and action for 

health in a tertiary care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Gaps between knowledge 

and action for health are classified into “know – do” and “do – know” gaps with 

knowledge implementation and knowledge generation being the key measures for 

bridging the gap. 

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No.1007 

Author(s) : Thamlikitkul V, Indranoi A. 

Title : Switching from heparinized saline flush to normal saline flush for maintaining 

peripheral venous catheter patency. 

Source : International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 18 (3): 183 – 185, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Heparinized saline flush, Normal saline flush, Peripheral venous catheter patency. 

Abstract : Background: The practice of using heparinized saline as a flush fluid for maintaining 

peripheral venous catheter patency of hospitalized patients in Siriraj Hospital in 

Bangkok, Thailand is not evidence – based. Objective: To switch from heparinized 

saline flush to normal saline flush for maintaining peripheral venous catheter patency 

in the patients hospitalized to medical wards. Methods: Study sites were 10 medical 

wards containing 240 beds. The interventions included (i) disseminating evidence – 

based clinical practice policy on using flush fluid for maintaining peripheral venous 

catheter patency to responsible personnel, (ii) reminding the prescribers on using 

normal saline flush instead of heparinized saline flush, (iii) providing technical advice 

on using normal saline flush to nurses who encountered peripheral venous catheter 

clot while using normal saline flush, (iv) confirming a necessity of heparinized saline 

flush order with the prescriber, and (v) setting up a regulation on marking a special 

symbol on heparinized saline flush prescription if one really needed heparinized 

saline flush. The information on using flush fluids was collected from the physicians’ 

order sheets in the medical records at baseline, every 2 – 4 weeks during the 

intervention periods, and at 6 months after launching intervention. Results: All 

hospitalized patients in medical wards who had peripheral venous catheter locks 

received heparinized saline flush in February 2005. The practice was totally switched 

to normal saline flush in June and November 2005. Conclusion: The key features 

critical to success of this implementation are dissemination of evidence – based clinical 

practice policy and a regulation of having prescriber mark a specific sign right after 

the heparinized saline flush order. 

No.1008 

Author(s) : Thamlikitkul V, Trakulsomboon S. 

Title : In vitro activity of tigecycline against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia 

thailandensis. 

Source : Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (4): 1555 – 1557, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Pseudomonas – Pseudomallei, Healthy – subjects, Pharmacokinetics, Resistance, 

Ceftazidime, Profile, Agents, Single, Serum. 

Abstract : Investigation of the in vitro activity of tigecycline against Burkholderia pseudomallei 

and Burkholderia thailandensis revealed that the inhibition zone diameters of 

tigecycline against all isolates were >= 20 mm and that the MIC50 values were 0.5 

and 1 mu g/ml and the MIC90 values were 2 and 1.5 mu g/ml for B. pseudomallei and 

B. thailandensis, respectively. 

No.1009 

Author(s) : Thammakan N, Somsook E. 

Title : Synthesis and thermal decomposition of cadmium dithiocarbamate complexes. 

Source : Materials Letters. 60 (9 – 10): 1161 – 1165, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Dithiocarbamate, Thermal analysis, Pyrolysis, Ferrocene, Nanofiber. 

Abstract : Cadmium (II) complexes of new polydentate dithiocarbamates with benzyl or 

methylferrocene as substituents have been prepared. The IR spectra of the complexes 

suggested a bidentate coordination of dithiocarbamate ligands to the cadmium ion. 

The thermal properties of cadmium complexes were studied by thermogravimetric 

analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pyrolysis of cadmium 

complexes was further carried out at 700 degrees C and the products were 

characterized by powder X – ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron 

microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the pyrolysis of 

cadmium methylferrocene complex produced a product with nanofibers. 

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No.1010 

Author(s) : Thammalangsy S, Sihavong A, Phouthavane T, Sayabounthavong K, Puapermpoonsiri 

S, Kitayaporn D, Gallwey J, Rowe PJ. 

Title : The prevalence of lower genital tract infections among ante – natal care (ANC) clinic 

patients in two central hospitals, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 





Abstract : This study of lower genital tract infections in pregnant women attending antenatal 

clinics in Vientiane, Lao PDR is a response to the reported rapid increase in the 

number of HIV infections in neighboring countries, and is a recognition of the important 

role of reproductive tract infections in facilitating HIV transmission. This cross – 

sectional study determines the prevalence of lower genital tract infections among 

500 antenatal attendees (gestational age < or = 20 weeks) attending two hospitals 

serving urban areas in Vientiane, between September 2001 and March 2002. Most 

participants were housewives (64.4%) and government workers (16.0%). Their 

husbands were mainly government officers (31.4%), laborers or farmers (30.2%), and 

businessmen (12.4%). Sixty – four percent reported a past history of “any vaginal 

complaints” with 44.2% having sought treatment. Candida spp had the highest 

prevalence of all infections (27.0%), followed by bacterial vaginosis (14.4% by Amsel’s 

criteria and 22.0% by Nugent’s score), C. trachomatis (10.2% by nucleic acid 

hybridization and 9.6% by PCR), T. vaginalis (1.8%), and N. gonorrhoeae (0.8%), but 

no syphilis serological markers. Taken in conjunction with other surveillance data 

from the same period, this study indicates an opportunity to prevent epidemic spread 

into the community of both sexually transmitted disease and HIV by appropriate 

preventative programmed activities, including treatment services targeted at higher 

risk community groups. 

No.1011 

Author(s) : Thammasirirak S, Ponkham P, Preecharram S, Khanchanuan R, Phonyothee P, 

Daduang S, Srisomsap C, Araki T, Svasti J. 

Title : Purification, characterization and comparison of reptile lysozymes. 

Source : Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C – Toxicity & Pharmacology. 

143 (2): 209 – 217, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Amyda cartilagenea, Asiatic soft shelled turtle lysozyme, Chelonia mydas, Green sea 

turtle lysozyme, Lysozyme, Lysozyme type C, Purification, Reptile lysozyme, Trionyx 

sinensis. 

Abstract : Cation exchange column chromatography and gel filtration chromatography were 

used to purify four reptile lysozymes from egg white: SSTL A and SSTL B from soft 

shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis), ASTL from Asiatic soft shelled turtle (Amyda 

cartilagenea) and GSTL from green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas). The molecular 

masses of the purified reptile lysozymes were estimated to be 14 kDa by SDS – PAGE. 

Enzyme activity of the four lysozymes could be confirmed by gel zymograms and 

showed charge differences on native – PAGE. SSTL A, SSTL B and ASTL had sharp 

pH optima of about pH 6.0, which contrasts with that of GSTL, which showed dual pH 

optima at about pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. The activities of the reptile lysozymes rapidly 

decreased within 30 min of incubation at 90 degrees C except for ASTL, which was 

more stable. Partial N – terminal amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping strongly 

suggested that the enzymes were C – type lysozyines. Interestingly, the mature 

SSTL lysozymes show an extra Gly residue at the N – terminus, which was previously 

found in soft – shelled turtle lysozyme. The reptile lysozymes showed lytic activity 

against several species of bacteria, such as Micrococcus luteus and Vibrio cholerae, 

but showed only weak activity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lacked activity towards 

Aeromonas hydrophila. 

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No.1012 

Author(s) : Thanaboonyawat I, Wataganara T, Boriboonhiransarn D, Viboonchart S, 

Tontisirin P. 

Title : Effect of halogen light in fetal stimulation for fetal well – being assessment. 



Keywords : Fetal heart rate reactivity, Fetal physiology, Fetal well – being, Halogen light 

stimulation test, Nonstress test. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate the shortening of the time of nonstress test (NST) by using 

transabdominal fetal stimulation with halogen light. Study design: Experimental 

research Material and Method: The authors enrolled 176 pregnant women between 

32 and 42 weeks of gestation indicated for NST at the Division of Maternal Fetal 

Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. They were randomly assigned to receive 

either NST (control) or halogen light stimulation test (LST). The stimulation was 

performed at the beginning of the test and repeated every 10 minutes until reassuring 

fetal heart rate (FHR) acceleration was achieved, or up to 3 times. All tracings were 

interpreted blindly by one investigator at the end of the tests. Results: The mean 

( SD) duration from starting the test to the first FHR acceleration was not significantly 

different between the control group and the LST group (5.6 7.2 and 5.4 5.2 

minutes, respectively). The average testing time ( SD) to achieved reactivity was 

10.5 8.8 minutes in the controls and 9.6 6.7 minutes in the LST group. This was not 

statistically different. The incidence of nonreactive tests was not significantly different 

between the LST and the controls (15.9% and 11.4%, respectively). Among the LST 

subjects, term fetuses and women with BMI < 27 kg/m 2 required less time to reach 

reactivity, 2.4 and 2.3 minutes respectively. Conclusion: Transabdominal halogen 

light stimulation did not shorten the duration of NST in the presented population. 

However, the presented data suggests that the fetus at term could respond to visual 

stimulation, especially when the gestational age is more advanced. 

No.1013 

Author(s) : Thanachartwet V, Krudsood S, Wilairatana P, Phumratanaprapin W, Silachamroon 

U, Looareesuwan S. 

Title : Peripheral gangrene in patients with severe falciparum malaria: report of 3 cases. 

Source : Korean J Parasitol. 44(2): 139 – 43, 2006 (Jun). 



Abstract : Peripheral gangrene, characterized by distal ischemia of the extremities, is a rare 

complication in patients with falciparum malaria. Patients with this complication 

have generally undergone early amputation of the affected areas. In this report, we 

describe 3 adult Thai patients presented at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, 

with high grade of fever ranged 6 – 9 days, jaundice, acute renal failure, respiratory 

failure, alteration of consciousness and shock. Two patients had gangrene developed 

at the lower extremities on day 1 of hospitalization and 1 patient had gangrene 

developed on day 3. Blood smears revealed hyperparasitemia with Plasmodium 

falciparum. These patients were diagnosed as having severe malaria with peripheral 

gangrene. The resolution of gangrene was successfully achieved by treatment with 

artesunate and conservative treatment in 2 of 3 cases. 

No.1014 

Author(s) : Thanasai J, Limpaiboon T, Jearanaikoon P, Bhudhisawasdi V, Khuntikeo N, Sripa B, 

Miwa M. 

Title : Amplification of D – 22S283 as a favorable prognostic indicator in liver fluke related 

cholangiocarcinoma. 

Source : World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (27): 4338 – 4344, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Liver fluke related cholangiocarcinorna, Chromosome 22q, D22S283, Allelic imbalance, 

Quantitative real time PCR. 

Abstract : Aim: To analyze the DNA copy number of target genes NF2, TIMP3, ST13, TOB2, 

BIK, and TP and the reference microsatellite markers D22S283, D22S423, and D22S274 

mapped on 22q12 – qter in liver fluke related cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and define 

its correlation with clinical parameters. Methods: Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) 

was used for determining allelic imbalances in 65 liver fluke related CCA tissues. 

Statistical correlations between allelic imbalances and clinicopathological parameters, 

i.e. age, sex, tumor stage, histological type, blood vessel invasion, nerve invasion and 

lymphatic invasion were evaluated by means of the chi(2) test. Cox regression analysis 

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was used for determining patient’s survival. Results: Amplifications of the TP 

(22q13.33), TOB2 (22q13.2 – 13.31), D22S283 (22q12.3), TIMP3 (22q12.3) and NF2 

(22q12.2) were found in 35 (53.8%), 28 (43.1%), 27 (41.5%), 24 (36.9%), and 24 (36.9%), 

and BIK (22q13.31) were detected in 26 (40%) and 23 (35.4%), respectively. Significant 

correlations were observed between lymphatic invasion and allelic losses of BIK (P = 

0.025) and D22S283 (P = 0.041). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis 

revealed D22S283 amplification as an independent predictor of good prognosis (P = 

0.006, death hazard ratio = 0.411, 95%CI = 0.217 – 0.779) and blood vessel invasion as 

an independent poor prognostic factor (P = 0.042, death hazard ratio = 1.911, 95%CI 

= 1.022 – 3.571) in CCA patients. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the 

involvement of gene amplification and deletion on chromosome 22q in liver fluke 

related CCA. This is the first report of D22S283 amplification as an independent 

indicator of favorable prognosis in liver fluke related CCA. 

No.1015 

Author(s) : Thanasuan S, Borriboonhirunsarn D. 

Title : Incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women with one abnormal 

value of oral glucose tolerance test. 



Keywords : Gestational diabetes mellitus, Incidence, One abnormal value, Oral glucose tolerance 

test. 

Abstract : Objective: To compare the incidence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) between 

pregnant women with one abnormal value of oral glucose tolerance test (Study 

group) and those with normal screening test (Control group) and compare their 

pregnancy outcomes. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Department of 

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital. Material and Method: 

Two hundred and twenty eight at – risk pregnant women were enrolled from January 

2003 to November 2004. They were divided equally with 114 each in study and control 

group. All received GDM screening before 24 weeks of gestation following the 

guidelines used at Siriraj Hospital. Data collection included baseline characteristics, 

data on clinical risks and screening results, final diagnosis, maternal and neonatal 

complications. Incidence of GDM and pregnancy outcomes was compared between 

the two groups. Results: Both groups’ baseline characteristics and clinical risks were 

comparable, except that the mean age of women in the study group was significantly 

greater than in the control group (32.8 4.9 and 29.7 5.5 years, p < 0001). The 

incidence of GDM was significantly higher among in study group compared with the 

control group (21.9% and 1.8% respectively, RR 12.5, 95%CI 3.0 – 51.5). After adjusting 

for maternal age, abnormal one OGTT value was the only independent risk for 

developing GDM (adjusted OR 16.3, 95%CI 3.7 – 71.9, p < 0.001). Infants of the study 

group had significantly higher birth weight than those of the control group (3203.6 

563.9 and 3050.7 457.8 g respectively, p = 0.026). Rate of primary cesarean section, 

asphyxia, macrosomia, low birth weight, and other neonatal complications were 

comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: Pregnant women with one abnormal 

value of oral glucose tolerance test had a significantly greater risk of developing GDM 

compared to women with normal screening test. Pregnancy outcomes between the 

two groups were not significantly different. 

No.1016 

Author(s) : Thanwisai A, Kuvangkadilok C, Baimai V. 

Title : Molecular phylogeny of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand, using ITS2 

rDNA. 

Source : Genetica. 128 (1 – 3): 177 – 204, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Black flies, ITS2, Molecular phylogeny, rDNA, Simulium. 

Abstract : The sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA 

(rDNA) were determined for 40 black fly species from Thailand, belonging to 4 

subgenera of the genus Simulium, namely Gomphostilbia (12 species), Nevermannia 

(5 species), Montisimulium (1 species), Simulium sensu stricto (21 species), and an 

unknown subgenus with one species (Simulium baimaii). The length of the ITS2 

ranged from 247 to 308 bp. All black fly species had high AT content, ranging from 71 

to 83.8%. Intraindividual variation (clonal variation) occurred in 13 species, ranging 

from 0.3 to 1.1%. Large intrapopulation and interpopulation heterogeneities exist in 

S. feuerboni from the same and different locations in Doi Inthanon National Park, 

northern Thailand. Phylogenetic relationships among 40 black fly species were 

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366 

examined using PAUP (version 4.0b10) and MrBAYS (version 3.0B4). The topology of 

the trees revealed two major monophyletic clades. The subgenus Simulium and 

Simulium baimaii were placed in the first monophyletic clade, whereas the subgenera 

Nevermannia + Montisimulium were placed as the sister group to the subgenus 

Gomphostilbia in the second monophyletic clade. Our results suggest that S. baimaii 

belongs to the malyschevi – group or variegatum – group in the subgenus Simulium. 

The molecular phylogeny generally agrees with existing morphology – based 

phylogenies. 

No.1017 

Author(s) : Tharaphan P, Chuenkongkaew WL, Luangtrakool K, Sanpachudayan T, Suktitipat 

B, Suphavilai R, Srisawat C, Sura T, Lertrit P. 

Title : Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup distribution in pedigrees of Southeast Asian G11778A 

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy. 

Source : Journal of Neuro – Ophthalmology. 26 (4): 264 – 267, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : mtDNA mutation, Gene, Neuroretinopathy, Disease, Haplotype, Families. 

Abstract : To investigate the association of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and Leber 

hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in the Southeast Asian population, mtDNA 

haplogroup determination was performed by high – resolution restriction fragment 

length polymorphism in 42 patients with LHON who were carrying the G11778A 

mutation and in control subjects drawn from a Thai urban population unaffected by 

LHON. The patients with LHON were of Thai, Thai – Chinese, and Indian origin. 

Three mtDNA haplogroups, M, B*, and B, were found in LHON patients in a frequency 

similar to that in control subjects. mtDNA haplogroup F was found in none of the 

patients with LHON but was the second most common haplogroup in control subjects. 

The G11778A mutation must have arisen in our population independently from the 

mutation in Caucasians. In contrast to Caucasians, no specific mtDNA haplotype was 

associated with the patients with LHON in the Southeast Asian population. The 

mitochondrial polymorphisms that modify the expression of LHON in Southeast 

Asians could not be identified in this study. The lack of haplogroup F in our patients 

with LHON may indicate the protective effect of this haplogroup in the expression of 

this disorder. 

No.1018 

Author(s) : Tharnpoophasiam P, Suthisarnsuntorn U, Worakhunpiset S, Charoenjai P, 

Tunyong W, Phrom – In S, Chattanadee S. 

Title : Preliminary post – tsunami water quality survey in Phang – Nga province, southern 

Thailand. 





Abstract : This preliminary water quality survey was performed eight weeks after the tsunami 

hit Phang – Nga Province on 26 December 2004. Water samples collected from the 

affected area, 10 km parallel to the seaside, were compared with water samples from 

the control area approximately 4 km from the seaside, which the tsunami waves 

could not reach. These samples included 18 surface – water samples, 37 well – water 

samples, and 8 drinking – water samples, which were examined for microbiology and 

physical – chemical properties. The microbiological examinations focused on enteric 

bacteria, which were isolated by culture method, while physical – chemical properties 

comprised on – site testing for pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity and 

total dissolved solids (TDS) by portable electrochemical meter (Sens Ion 156). The 

results of the microbiological examinations showed that water samples in the affected 

areas were more contaminated with enteric bacteria than the control area: 45.4% of 

surface – water samples in the affected area, and 40.0% in the control; 19.0% of well 

– water samples in the affected area, and 7.7% in the control. All eight drinking – 

water samples were clear of enteric bacteria. Tests for physical – chemical properties 

showed that the salinity, pH, conductivity, and TDS of surface – water samples from 

the affected area were significantly higher than the control. The salinity, conductivity, 

and TDS of the well – water samples from the affected areas were also significantly 

greater than those from the control area. The surface and well water in the tsunami 

– affected area have been changed greatly and need improvement.


No.1019 

Author(s) : Thasana N, Pisutjaroenpong S, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Two protocols for the conversion of biphenol to binaphthol: Synthesis of diospyrol. 

Source : Synlett. (7): 1080 – 1084, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Arynes, Biaryls, Ring closure, Directed orthometallation, Fries rearrangement. 

Abstract : The application of directed orthometallation (DoM), Fries rearrangement and 

transmetallation followed by allylation and cyclization is reported for the conversion 

of biphenol to binaphthol as a means for the synthesis of diospyrol. Furthermore, the 

same transformation can be accomplished by the reaction of the dienolate anion of an 

alpha, beta – unsaturated amide with an aryne intermediate. 

No.1020 

Author(s) : Thavichachart N, Phanthumchinda K, Chankrachang S, Praditsuwan R, 

Nidhinandana S, Senanarong V, Poungvarin N. 

Title : Efficacy study of galantamine in possible Alzheimer’s disease with or without 

cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia in Thai patients: a slow – titration 

regimen. 

Source : International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (5): 533 – 540, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Alzheimer’s disease, Galantamine, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Efficacy, 

Tolerability. 

Abstract : The objective is to evaluate the efficacy of galantamine when a slow titration regimen 

is employed in Thai Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with or without cerebrovascular 

disease and vascular dementia (VaD). A 6 – month, multicentre, open – label, 

uncontrolled trial was undertaken in 75 AD patients. Eligible patients received an 

initial galantamine dose of 8 mg/day and escalated over 5 – 8 weeks to maintenance 

doses of 16 or 24 mg/day. Primary efficacy measures were AD Assessment Scale – 

cognitive subscale (ADAS – cog) and the Clinician’s Interview – Based Impression of 

Change – Plus version (CIBIC – plus). The Behavioural Pathology in AD Rating Scale 

(BEHAVE AD), the AD Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Inventory and 

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were the secondary efficacy variables. Analyses were 

based on the intent – to – treat population. Treatment with galantamine showed 

significant improvement in cognition on the ADAS – cog and CIBIC – plus at month 

6. Galantamine showed favourable effects on activities of daily living. Behavioural 

symptoms and sleep quality were also significantly improved (p < 0.05). Galantamine 

was well tolerated. The adverse events were mild – to – moderate intensity. The most 

frequent adverse events commonly reported were nausea (16.4%), dizziness (9.6%) 

and vomiting (6.8%). The results of this study may be consistent with galantamine 

being an effective and safe treatment for mild – to – moderate AD patients with or 

without cerebrovascular disease and VaD. Flexible dose escalation of galantamine 

was well tolerated. The daily maintenance dose of galantamine was 16 mg/day, 

followed by a back up dose of 24 mg/day. 

No.1021 

Author(s) : Thaweboon B, Thaweboon S, Choonharuangdej S, Suppakpatana P. 

Title : Effects of sonicated Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Lactobacillus 

casei extracts on interleukin – 8 production by human dental pulp cells. 


37 (3): 523 – 527, 2006. 


Keyword : – 

Abstract : The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Prevotella intermedia, 

Fusobacterium nucleatum and Lactobacillus casei on the production of IL – 8 by 

human dental pulp cells. Human dental pulp cells from teeth of young patients (aged 

18 – 25 years) were cultured and tested with sonicated P. intermedia ATCC 25611, F. 

nucleatum ATCC 25586 and L. casei ATCC 4646 extracts. IL – 8 secreted into the 

culture supernatants were measured at 6, 12 and 24 hours using a quantitative 

sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Cell viability was evaluated using trypan 

blue exclusion technique. IL – 8 production by human dental pulp cells increased 

significantly at 12 and 24 hours after exposure to P. intermedia and F. nucleatum, 

whereas L. casei extract exhibited low IL – 8 production. The sonicated bacterial 

extracts did not significantly affect viability or total number of dental pulp cells. 

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No.1022 

Author(s) : Thaweboon B, Thaweboon S, Sopavanit C, Kasetsuwan R. 

Title : A modified dip – slide test for microbiological risk in caries assessment. 





Abstract : This study was undertaken to evaluate the validity of a new modified dip – slide test 

kit for the estimation of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida levels 

by comparison with the results obtained from conventional agar plate counts. Five 

milliliters of paraffin – stimulated saliva sample was collected from 118 6 – 12 – year 

old children attending 4 primary schools in Thailand. Saliva was poured over a 3 – 

compartment slide containing Mitis – Salivarius Bacitracin agar, Rogosa agar and 

Sabouraud dextrose agar. A slide was incubated in a 5%CO 2 incubator for 48 hours. 

The results of the modified test kit were compared with those from the conventional 

saliva sampling with dilution method. The salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli 

and Candida counts obtained from the conventional methods were significantly 

correlated (p < 0.0001) with the modified dip – slide estimates of these organisms. 

(Kendall Tau = 0.71, 0.58 and 0.76, respectively). The correlation between a modified 

dip – slide test kit and the conventional method indicates that this new test kit is 

suitable for the screening of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida 

levels in patients. The test is simple and would be useful for the early selection of 

patients for dental examination. In addition, it would be a valuable educational aid for 

the motivation and dietary counseling among children. 

No.1023 

Author(s) : Thawin C, Kanchanalarp C, Lertsukprasert K, Cheewaruangroj W, 

Khantapasuantara K, Ruencharoen S. 

Title : Auditory performance of cochlear implant children aged 2 – 5 years. 



Keywords : Categories of auditory performance, Cochlear implant, Lip reading. 

Abstract : Objective: To assess the categories of auditory performance in prelingual deaf children 

after implantation. Study design: Prospective study Material and Method: The present 

study consisted of one boy and four girls aged between 2 and 5 years old at the time 

of implantation. All subjects had bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss and 

received no substantial benefit from amplification. Three subjects were implanted 

with Med – El combi 40+ with CIS strategy and two subjects received multichanal 

monopolar Nucleus 24 cochlear implant with ACE strategy. After implantation, all 

subjects undertook a program of habilitation at the Speech and Hearing Clinic 

Ramathibodi Hospital. The Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) score was 

determined at regular intervals prior to implantation, immediately at the initial 

mapping (0) and 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the implantation. Results: The results 

showed that before implantation, only three children showed awareness of 

environment sounds, CAP score level 1, and that immediately after mapping, all of 

the children demonstrated awareness of the environmental sounds. Moreover, two 

of these children showed awareness of speech sounds, CAP score level 2. The CAP 

scores were gradually increased over a 12 – month period. At the 12 – month 

assessment interval, four children could discriminate two speech sounds, CAP score 

level 4 and one child understood phrases without lip reading, CAP score level 5. 18 

months after of implantation, the CAP score for four children increased to level 5. 

One child understood conversation without lip reading with a familiar talker, CAP 

score level 6. Furthermore, children with congenital hearing loss who underwent 

implantation at a younger age received more benefit from the implantation. 

Conclusion: The CAP score was found to be a useful and sensitive tool to evaluate the 

outcome of auditory receptive abilities in young congenital deaf children who 

underwent cochlear implantation. The accessible outcome measurement will provide 

information for parents and professionals to obtain a hierarchical scale on which the 

children’s auditory ability with other more formal measures may be inappropriate. 

368


No.1024 

Author(s) : Thepouyporn A, Kwanbunjan K, Pooudong S, Changbumrung S. 

Title : Mutagenicity study of weeds and common plants used in traditional medicine and for 

animal feed. 





Abstract : Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity potentials were tested using Ames’ test in crude 

distilled water and absolute ethanol extracts from the stems and leaves of Peperomia 

pellucida (Linn.) Kunth, Eichhornia crassipes Solms, Colocasia esculenta Schott and 

Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf, and the stems of Musa sapientum Linn. No 

mutagenic effect was found in any of the 10 mg/plate crude extracts of these plants 

for either TA98 or TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium, in a direct test and a mutagenic 

induced test by S – 9 mix. Both distilled water and absolute ethanol extract of 0.5 – 10 

mg/plate B. mutica showed strong antimutagenicity to AFB1, B(a)P and 4NQO in two 

tester strains. Ethanol extract of 0.1 – 0.5 mg/plate C. esculenta also showed 

antimutagenicity to AFB1, B(a)P and 4NQO in two tester strains, but the 0.5 – 10 mg/ 

plate water extract had an antimutagenic effect only for B(a)P in TA98. The ethanol 

extracts of 5 mg/plate B. mutica and 0.5 mg/plate C. esculenta are cytotoxic, as 

indicated by their partial killing effect. 

No.1025 

Author(s) : Thisoda P, Rangkadilok N, Pholphana N, Worasuttayangkurn L, Ruchirawat S, 

Satayalvivad J. 

Title : Inhibitory effect of Andrographis paniculata extract and its active diterpenoids on 

platelet aggregation. 

Source : European Journal of Pharmacology. 553 (1 – 3): 39 – 45, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Andrographis paniculata, Diterpenoids, Inhibition, Aggregation, Thrombin, ERK1/2. 

Abstract : Andrographis paniculata has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of 

common cold especially in Asia and Scandinavia. The three active diterpenoids from 

this plant, including aqueous plant extracts, were investigated for the inhibitory 

effect on platelet aggregation in vitro. The results indicated that andrographolide 

(AP(1)) and 14 – deoxy – 11, 12 – didehydroandrographolide (AP(3)) significantly 

inhibited thrombin – induced platelet aggregation in a concentration – (1 – 100 mu M) 

and time – dependent manner while neoandrographolide (AP(4)) had little or no 

activity. AP(3) exhibited higher antiplatelet activity than AP, with IC50 values ranging 

from 10 to 50 mu M. The inhibitory mechanism of AP(1) and AP(3) on platelet 

aggregation was also evaluated and the results indicated that the inhibition of 

extracellular signal – regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway may contribute to 

antiplatelet activity of these two compounds. In addition, standardized aqueous extracts 

of A. paniculata containing different amounts Of AP(3) inhibited thrombin – induced 

aggregation to different degrees. The extracts significantly decreased platelet 

aggregation in a concentration – (10 – 100 mu g/ml) and time – dependent manner. 

However, the extract with high level of AP(3) (Extract 13) (IC50 values = 50 – 75 mu 

g/ml) showed less inhibitory activity against thrombin than the extract with lower 

level of AP(3) (Extract A) (IC50 values = 25 – 50 mu g/ml). These results indicate that 

the standardized A. paniculata extract may contain other antiplatelet compounds 

rather than AP(1) and AP(3), which contribute to high antiplatelet activity. Therefore, 

the consumption of A. paniculata products may help to prevent or treat some 

cardiovascular disorders i.e. thrombosis; however, it should be used with caution by 

patients with bleeding disorders. 

No.1026 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Chutipongtanate S, Kanlaya R. 

Title : Systematic evaluation of sample preparation methods for gel – based human urinary 

proteomics: Quantity, quality, and variability. 

Source : Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (1): 183 – 191, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Urine, Urinary, Proteomics, Proteome, Yield, Sample preparation, Precipitation, 

Lyophilization, Ultracentrifugation, Filtration. 

Abstract : We performed systematic evaluation of 38 protocols to concentrate normal human 

urinary proteins prior to 2D – PAGE analysis. Recovery yield and pattern of resolved 

protein spots were compared among different methods and intra – / inter – individual 

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370 

variabilities were examined. Precipitation with 90% ethanol provided the greatest 

protein recovery yield (92.99%), whereas precipitation with 10% acetic acid had the 

least protein recovery (1.91%). In most of precipitation protocols, the higher percentage 

of applied organic compounds provided the greater recovery yield. With a fixed 

concentration at 75%, the urine precipitated with acetonitrile had the greatest number 

of protein spots visualized in 2D gel, whereas the acetic – precipitated sample had the 

smallest number of spots. For the intra – individual variability, the first morning 

urine had the greatest amount of total protein but provided the smallest number of 

protein spots visualized. Excessive water drinking, not caffeine ingestion, caused 

alterations in the urinary proteome profile with newly presenting spots and also 

proteins with decreased excretion levels. As expected, there was a considerable degree 

of inter – individual variability. Coefficients of variation for albumin and transferrin 

expression were greatest by inter – individual variables. Male urine had greater 

amount of total protein but provided smaller number of protein spots compared to 

female urine. These data offer a wealth of useful information for designing a high – 

quality, large – scale human urine proteome project. 

No.1027 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Chutipongtanate S, Kanlaya R, Songtawee N, Sinchaikul S, 

Parichatikanond P, Chen ST, Malasit P. 

Title : Proteomic identification of alterations in metabolic enzymes and signaling proteins in 

hypokalemic nephropathy. 

Source : Proteomics. 6 (7): 2273 – 2285, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Hypokalemic nephropathy, Kidney, Potassium, Proteome, Urine. 

Abstract : Hypokalemic nephropathy caused by prolonged K+ deficiency is associated with 

metabolic alkalosis, polydipsia, polyuria, growth retardation, hypertension, and 

progressive tubulointerstitial injury. Its pathophysiology, however, remains unclear. 

We performed gel – based, differential proteomics analysis of kidneys from BALB/c 

mice fed with high – normal – K+ (HNK), low – normal – K+ (LNK), or K+ – depleted 

diet for 8 wk (n = 6 in each group). Plasma K+ levels were 4.62 +/– 0.35, 4.46 +/– 0.23, 

and 1.51 +/– 0.21 mmol/L for HNK, LNK, and KD mice, respectively (P < 0.0001; KD 

vs. others). With comparable amounts of food intake, the KD mice drank significantly 

more water than the other two groups and had polyuria. Additionally, the KD mice 

had growth retardation, metabolic alkalosis, markedly enlarged kidneys, renal tubular 

dilation, intratubular deposition of amorphous and laminated hyaline materials, and 

tubular atrophy. A total of 33 renal proteins were differentially expressed between 

the KD mice and others, whereas only eight proteins were differentially expressed 

between the HNK and LNK groups, as determined by quantitative intensity analysis 

and ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparisons. Using MALDI – MS and/or 

quadrupole – TOF MS/MS, 30 altered proteins induced by K+ – depletion were 

identified as metabolic enzymes (e.g., carbonic anhydrase II, aldose reductase, 

glutathione S – transferase GT41A, etc.), signaling proteins (14 – 3 – 3 epsilon, 14 – 3 

– 3 zeta, and cofilin 1), and cytoskeletal proteins (gamma – actin and tropomyosin). 

Some of these altered proteins, particularly metabolic enzymes and signaling proteins, 

have been demonstrated to be involved in metabolic alkalosis, polyuria, and renal 

tubular injury. Our findings may lead to a new road map for research on hypokalemic 

nephropathy and to better understanding of the pathophysiology of this medical 

disease when the functional and physiological significances of these altered proteins 

are defined. 

No.1028 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Kanlaya R, Sinchaikul S, Parichatikanond P, Chen ST, Malasit P. 

Title : Proteomic identification of altered proteins in skeletal muscle during chronic potassium 

depletion: Implications for hypokalemic myopathy. 

Source : Journal of Proteome Research. 5 (12): 3326 – 3335, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Potassium, Hypokalemia, Myopathy, Muscle, Enzymes, Proteomics, Proteome. 

Abstract : Prolonged potassium depletion is a well – known cause of myopathy. The 

pathophysiology of hypokalemic myopathy, however, remains unclear. We performed 

a gel – based, differential proteomics study to define altered proteins in skeletal 

muscles during chronic potassium depletion. BALB/c mice were fed with normal 

chow (0.36% K+) or K+ – depleted (KD) diet (< 0.001% K+) for 8 weeks (n = 5 in each 

group). Left gastrocnemius muscles were surgically removed from each animal. 

Histopathological examination showed mild – degree infiltration of polymornuclear


and mononuclear cells at the interstitium of the KD muscles. Extracted proteins 

were resolved with two – dimensional electrophoresis (2 – DE), and visualized with 

Coomassie Brilliant Blue R – 250 stain. Quantitative intensity analysis revealed 16 up 

– regulated protein spots in the KD muscles, as compared to the controls. These 

differentially expressed proteins were subsequently identified by peptide mass 

fingerprinting and by quadrupole time – of – flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q – 

TOF MS/MS). Most of the altered proteins induced by chronic potassium depletion 

were muscle enzymes that play significant roles in several various metabolic pathways. 

Other up – regulated proteins included myosin – binding protein H, alpha – B 

Crystallin, and translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). These findings may 

lead to a new roadmap for research on hypokalemic myopathy, to better understanding 

of the pathophysiology of this medical disease, and to biomarker discovery. 

No.1029 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Semangoen T, Chutipongtanate S. 

Title : Factors determining types and morphologies of calcium oxalate crystals: Molar 

concentrations, buffering, pH, stirring and temperature. 

Source : Clinica Chimica Acta. 367 (1 – 2): 120 – 131, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Aggregation, Calcium oxalate, COD, COM, Crystal growth. 

Abstract : Background: Calcium oxalate (CaOx) can be crystallized in several forms and 

morphologies. We evaluated factors that determine differential types and shapes of 

CaOx crystals generated in vitro. Methods: CaCl 2 and Na 2 C 2 O 4 solutions at various 

molar concentrations were mixed in different conditions (with or without Tris – HCl 

buffer and varying pH, temperature and speed of stirring) and incubated 

overnight.Results: A total of 78 conditions were evaluated. The most frequently 

observed type of CaOx crystals was calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM). In 18.2 M 

Omega (.) cm water, typical monoclinic prismatic form of COM was found when 0.5 – 

1 mmol/l CaCl 2 and 0.5 – 1 mmol/l Na 2 C 2 O 4 were mixed, whereas, the COM dendrites 

were found when higher concentrations were used. Calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) 

crystals were observed when 5 mmol/l CaCl 2 and 0.5 mmol/l Na 2 C 2 O 4 were employed. 

With the same molar concentrations of CaCl 2 and Na 2 C 2 O 4 , the sequence of adding 

these 2 chemicals into the chamber had some effects on crystal types and morphologies. 

The presence of Tris – HCl buffer in the solution enhanced COM crystal growth and 

aggregation. The pH greater than 5.0 was associated with the presence of weddellite 

COD. Magnetic stirring of the supersaturated solution resulted to reduction in size of 

all crystal forms; the higher speed provided the smaller crystals. Finally, crystallization 

of CaOx at 4 degrees C was more efficient than performing the experiment at 25 and 

37 degrees C.Conclusions: Molar concentrations, order of adding the substrates, 

buffering, pH, stirring and temperature have significant effects on CaOx crystal 

formation, types and morphologies. Cataloging these differential forms of crystals 

generated in different conditions will be useful for further study on modulations of 

CaOx crystals and kidney stone disease. 

No.1030 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Songtawee N, Kanlaya R, Chutipongtanate S. 

Title : Quantitative analysis and evaluation of the solubility of hydrophobic proteins 

recovered from brain, heart and urine using UV – visible spectrophotometry. 

Source : Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 384 (4): 964 – 971, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Spectrophotometry, Hydrophobicity, Hydropathicity, Membrane proteins, Solubility, 

Critical micelle concentration. 

Abstract : There is a need for a simple method that can directly quantify hydrophobic proteins. 

UV – visible spectrophotometry was applied in the present study for this purpose. 

Absorbance at lambda = 280 nm (A (280)) was detected for both Escherichia coli 

membrane proteins and bovine serum albumin, whereas absorbance at lambda = 620 

nm (A (620)) was only detected for E. coli membrane proteins. The A (620) values of 

the brain samples were greater than those of heart samples when equal concentrations 

were used, regardless of the type of solubilizing agent employed. Because hydrophobic 

proteins tend to form colloidal microparticles in solution, we also applied UV – visible 

spectrophotometry to evaluate the efficacies of different extraction protocols for 

solubilizing hydrophobic proteins. For brain protein extraction, the highest A (620) 

was observed in samples recovered using Tris, whereas the lowest was from samples 

recovered using SDS. Solubilizing brain tissue with 0.25% SDS (above the CMC) gave 

a lower A (620) than extraction with 0.025% SDS (below the CMC). Addition of 0.25% 

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372 

SDS to samples recovered with Triton caused A (620) to drop. A (620) could also be 

used to distinguish between the hydrophobic fractions (pellets) of brain and urine 

proteins and their hydrophilic fractions (supernatants) prefractionated using high – 

speed centrifugation. Additionally, an A (620)/A (280) ratio exceeding 0.12 appears to 

denote highly hydrophobic samples. Our data suggest that direct UV – visible 

spectrophotometry can be used as a simple method to quantify and evaluate the 

solubilities of hydrophobic proteins. 

No.1031 

Author(s) : Thongboonkerd V, Vanaporn M, Songtawee N, Kanlaya R, Sinchaikul S, Chen ST, 

Bancroft GJ, Korbsrisate S. 

Title : Altered proteome in Burkholderia pseudomallei rpoE operon knockout mutant; 

Insights into mechanisms of rpoE in stress tolerance, survival, and virulence. 





No.1032 

Author(s) : Thongngarm T, Valyasevi AM, Pattanapanyasat K, Udompunturak S. 

Title : Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing in the Thai adult population. 



Keywords : Cell – mediated immunity, Delayed – type hypersensitivity, Skin testing, T – cell 

function, Tetanus toxoid, Tuberculin. 

Abstract : Objective: The present study was carried out in healthy Thai subjects to determine 

the types and concentrations of standard antigens used in delayed – type 

hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing as an evaluation of cell – mediated immunity. 

Material and Method: One hundred subjects were tested with three antigens including 

tuberculin (purified protein derivative), tetanus toxoid, 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions, and 

Candida albicans, 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions. Results: We found that 92% of the subjects 

responded to tuberculin and/or tetanus toxoid at a 1:10 dilution, 77% responded to 

tetanus toxoid at a 1:10 dilution, and 35% responded to a 1:100 dilution. There was 

only one subject who responded to Candida albicans at a 1:10 dilution, and none to a 

1:100 dilution. The size of tuberculin reactions varied from 5 mm to over 20 mm 

without any evidence of active tuberculosis. Conclusion: Tuberculin and tetanus 

toxoid at a 1:10 dilution are probably sufficient to be used in DTH skin testing to 

evaluate T – cell function. 

No.1033 

Author(s) : Thurlow RA, Winichagoon P, Pongcharoen T, Gowachirapant S, Boonpraderm A, 

Manger MS, Bailey KB, Wasantwisut E, Gibson RS. 

Title : Risk of zinc, iodine and other micronutrient deficiencies among school children in 

North East Thailand. 

Source : European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 60 (5): 623 – 632, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Zinc, Iodine, Vitamin A, Anemia, Children, Thailand. 

Abstract : Introduction: Micronutrient deficiencies during childhood can contribute to 

impairments in growth, immune competence, and mental and physical development, 

and the coexistence of several such deficiencies can adversely affect the efficacy of 

single micronutrient interventions. Objective: To assess the prevalence of zinc and 

iodine deficiency and their interrelationships with vitamin A deficiency and anemia 

and associations with socio – economic status, hemoglobin type, and anthropometry 

in a cross – sectional study. Setting: A total of 10 primary schools in North East 

Thailand. Methods: Non – fasting venipuncture blood samples and casual urine samples 

were collected from 567 children aged 6 – 13 years. Anthropometric measures and 

serum zinc, albumin, C – reactive protein and urinary iodine, are reported here and 

integrated with published data on vitamin A, anemia, and socio – economic status. 

Results: Of the children, 57% had low serum zinc and 83% had urinary iodine levels 

below the 100 mu g/l cutoff. Suboptimal serum zinc and urinary iodine concentrations 

may result from low intakes of zinc and iodized salt. Significant risk factors for low 

serum zinc were serum retinol < 1.05 mmol/l and being male. Those for urinary 

iodine < 100 mu g/l were height – for – age score > median and being female. For 

serum retinol < 1.05 mu mol/l, risk factors were low hemoglobin, low serum zinc, and


< 9 years, and for low hemoglobin indicative of anemia risk factors were < 9 years, AE 

hemoglobinopathy, and serum retinol < 1.05 mu mol/l. Of the children, 60% were at 

risk of two or more coexisting micronutrient deficiencies, most commonly suboptimal 

urinary iodine and low serum zinc. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need for 

multimicronutrient interventions in North East Thailand. 

No.1034 

Author(s) : Tiengrim S, Tribuddharat C, Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : In vitro activity of tigecycline against clinical isolates of multidrug – resistant 

Acinetobacter baumannii in Siriraj Hospital, Thailand. 



Keywords : Acinetobacter baumannii, Tigecycline. 

Abstract : In vitro activity of tigecycline against 148 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated 

from different patients hospitalized at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand during 

2002 to 2005 was conducted. These isolates were resistant to beta – lactams, 

aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. In vitro susceptibilities were determined by 

Kirby – Bauer disk diffusion, E – test and broth microdilution methods. The MIC50 

and MIC90 values of tigecycline against A. baumannii determined by the broth 

microdilution method were 0.5 and 1 mg/L respectively. The MICs of tigecycline 

determined by E – test were 4 – fold higher than those from the broth microdilution 

method. An inhibition zone of e”13 mm was well correlated with a tigecycline MIC of 

d•2 mg/L and had a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 100%. The study results 

indicated that 97.3% of MDR A. baumannii strains isolated from the patients 

hospitalized at Siriraj Hospital were susceptible to tigecycline. Tigecycline may prove 

to be an important antibiotic for treatment of multidrug – resistant A. baumannii 

infections in Thailand in the near future. 

No.1035 

Author(s) : Tiensuwan M, Lertprapai S, Sinha BK. 

Title : On a comparison of several competing estimates of a univariate normal mean by the 

multiple criteria decision – making method. 

Source : Communications in Statistics – Simulation and Computation. 35 (4): 877 – 891, 2006 

(Oct – Dec). 


Keywords : Multiple criteria decision making, Pretest estimate, Shrinkage estimate, Univariate 

normal mean. 

Abstract : In this article we consider the problem of estimation of the mean of a univariate 

normal population with an unknown variance when uncertain nonsample prior 

information about the mean is available. We compare four estimators of the mean, 

including pretest and shrinkage estimators. The performances of the estimators are 

compared based on the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) procedure in order 

to find the best estimator. 

No.1036 

Author(s) : Tingthanatikul Y, Choktanasiri W, Rochanawutanon M, Weerakeit S. 

Title : Prevalence and clinical predictors of endometrial hyperplasia in anovulatory women 

presenting with amenorrhea. 

Source : Gynecological Endocrinology. 22 (2): 101 – 105, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Amenorrhea, Anovulation, Endometrial hyperplasia, Polycystic ovary syndrome. 

Abstract : The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and clinical predictors 

of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) in amenorrheic women with anovulation. Fifty – 

seven women were enrolled in the study. Of these, 43 were diagnosed to have 

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 14 to have idiopathic anovulation. All women 

received transvaginal sonography to assess endometrial thickness (ET), patterns and 

abnormalities. At the same time, an endometrial biopsy was taken using a Pipelle 

instrument. The women’s age, body mass index (BMI) and waist – to – hip ratio 

(WHR) were 32.0 +/– 6.0 years, 27.3 +/– 6.5 kg/m 2 and 0.82 +/– 0.06 (mean +/– 

standard deviation), respectively. Twenty (35.1%) and 19 (33.3%) women were classified 

as obese by BMI and WHR, respectively. Hypertension was found in 17 (29.8%) 

women. The prevalence of EH was 45.6%. Most cases were simple EH, and only one 

(1.75%) was simple EH with atypia. EH prevalence was 48.8% and 35.7% in PCOS and 

idiopathic anovulatory women, respectively. Age, BMI, WHR and ET did not predict 

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374 

EH, whereas the endometrial hyperechogenic pattern was a clinical predictor of EH 

with borderline significance. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that almost half 

of the anovulatory women with amenorrhea had EH and no significant predictor was 

found. In view of these findings, an endometrial biopsy should be performed in all 

women with this disorder. 

No.1037 

Author(s) : Tjoa ML, Jani J, Lewi L, Peter I, Wataganara T, Johnson KL, Bianchi DW, 

Deprest JA. 

Title : Circulating cell – free fetal messenger RNA levels after fetoscopic interventions of 

complicated pregnancies. 

Source : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 195 (1): 230 – 235, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Cell – free fetal RNA, Twin – twin transfusion syndrome, 

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Fetoscopic surgery. 

Abstract : Objective: The aim of this study was to examine fetal gene expression in maternal 

plasma after fetoscopic intervention for twin – twin transfusion syndrome or 

congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Study design: Twelve women with pregnancies 

that were complicated by twin – twin transfusion syndrome and 10 women carrying 

fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia were sampled before and sequentially 

after treatment. Levels of glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate dehydrogenase, human 

placental lactogen, and gamma globin messenger RNA were measured by real – time 

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. Results: At all time 

points, glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA levels were 

higher in the congenital diaphragmatic hernia cases than in the twin – twin transfusion 

syndrome cases (P < .05), but during the immediate postoperative observation period, 

there were no significant changes in glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate dehydrogenase, 

human placental lactogen, or gamma globin messenger RNA levels in individual 

patients or patients who were grouped by procedure. Conclusion: Fetoscopic 

intervention of complicated pregnancies does not affect circulating fetal messenger 

RNA levels, which is in contrast to earlier observations that circulating fetal DNA 

levels increase after laser ablation for twin – twin transfusion syndrome. Plasma 

glyceraldehyde – 3 – phosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA levels could be a 

potential novel biomarker for fetal trauma. 

No.1038 

Author(s) : Tongchusak S, Pongsunk S, Watkins P, Chaiyaroj SC. 

Title : In vitro growth characterization of Penicillium marneffei morphotypic conversion. 



Keywords : Arthroconidiation, Conidia – yeast conversion, Dimorphic fungi, Penicillium marneffei. 

Abstract : Penicillium marneffei is a dimorphic pathogenic fungus responsible for opportunistic 

infection in HIV infected individuals. The fungus displays dimorphic switching in 

response to temperature changes. At 25 C, it grows in mold form that produces 

penicilli conidia which are thought to be infectious. At 37 C, the fungus transforms 

into a fission yeast. To investigate this morphological conversion, P. marneffei conidia 

were grown in media supplemented with various organic substances. Sabouraud 

dextrose broth (SDB) supplemented with 4% yeast extract enhanced regular fission 

yeast production, whereas SDB alone and SDB supplemented with fetal bovine serum 

did not produce homogeneous cultures. The fungus in Sabouraud maltose broth 

exhibited filamentous hyphae, while its growth in Sabouraud galactose broth was 

inhibited. Yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium supplemented with glucose gave hyphal 

growth and supplemented with N – acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) gave retarded growth 

with multiseptate hyphae. Conidia – yeast conversion was not observed in YNB 

supplemented with glucose plus various amino acids, However, when 1% peptone 

was added to these YNB media, however, yeast cells or short multi – septate hyphae 

were produced. Surprisingly, conidia cultivated in distilled water containing 1% peptone 

gave uniform fission yeast similar to yeast cells found in clinical specimens. Thus, 1% 

peptone supplementation was responsible for the yeast transition and will serve as 

simple method to obtain pure P. marneffei yeasts for future studies on virulence, 

invasiveness, and pathogenesis.


No.1039 

Author(s) : Tongdee R, Narra VR, McNeal G, Hildebolt CF, El – Merhi F, Foster G, Brown JJ. 

Title : Hybrid peripheral 3D contrast – enhanced MR angiography of calf and foot vasculature. 

Source : American Journal of Roentgenology. 186 (6): 1746 – 1753, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Calf, Extremities, Foot, MR angiography, MR arteriography, MRI, Parallel imaging, 

Peripheral vascular disease. 

Abstract : Objective: The objective of our study was to describe hybrid peripheral (HyPer) 3D 

contrast – enhanced MR angiography (CE – MRA) using sagittal acquisition with 

parallel imaging of the calf and foot station. The benefit of a dedicated sagittal 3D CE 

– MRA acquisition of the calf and foot was evaluated by assessing the degree of 

venous contamination and its diagnostic quality compared with standard bolus chase 

3D CE – MRA alone. Materials and Methods: Fifty – three patients (99 legs) were 

scanned with a 1.5 – T MR system equipped with a dedicated bilateral lower extremity 

phased – array coil. First, high – resolution 3D CE – MRA images of the calves and 

feet were obtained using two separate sagittal slabs with parallel imaging, with a 

resulting voxel size of 1.4 x 1.0 x 1.0 mm 3 . Second, standard bolus chase 3D CE – MRA 

was performed from the abdomen and pelvis station to the calf – foot station. Images 

were interpreted by two radiologists. The calf – foot arterial trees were divided into 

12 segments. Each segment was characterized as diagnostic or nondiagnostic. The 

degree of venous contamination was assessed as interfering with the diagnosis or 

not. Paired Student’s t test and Wilcoxon’s signed rank test were used to test for 

statistically significant differences between the techniques. Results: For the left leg 

(n = 48), the mean number (+/–SD) of diagnosed arterial segments for HyPer 3D CE 

– MRA was 9.2 +/– 2.3 and for bolus chase 3D CE – MRA, 7.1 +/– 4.2 (p


No.1042 

Author(s) : Tongraar A, Kerdcharoen T, Hannongbua S. 

Title : Simulations of liquid ammonia based on the combined quantum mechanical/molecular 

mechanical (QM/MM) approach. 

Source : Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 110 (14): 4924 – 4929, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Molecular – dynamics simulations, Oppenheimer ab – initio, Neutron – diffraction 

experiment, Density – functional theory, Preferential salvation, Water, Ca 2+ , Ion, 

Temperture. 

Abstract : Two combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular 

dynamics simulations, namely, HF/MM and B3LYP/MM, have been performed to 

investigate the local structure and dynamics of liquid ammonia. The most interesting 

region, a sphere containing a central reference molecule and all its nearest 

surrounding molecules (first coordination shell), was treated by the Hartree – Fock 

(HF) and hybrid density functional B3LYP methods, whereas the rest of the system 

was described by the classical pair potentials. On the basis of both HF and B3LYP 

methods, it is observed that the hydrogen bonding in this peculiar liquid is weak. The 

structure and dynamics of this liquid are suggested to be determined by the steric 

packing effects, rather than by the directional hydrogen bonding interactions. 

Compared to previous empirical as well as Car – Parrinello (CP) molecular dynamics 

studies, our QM/MM simulations provide detailed information that is in better 

agreement with experimental data. 

No.1043 

Author(s) : Tongyoo S, Vilaichone W, Ratanarat R, Permpikul C. 

Title : The effect of lateral position on oxygenation in ARDS patients: A pilot study. 



Keywords : Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS, Decubitus posture, Lateral position. 

Abstract : Background: The effect of body position on oxygenation in acute respiratory distress 

syndrome (ARDS) patients has long been known. Prone position improves the PaO 2 

in 60 – 70% of ARDS patients. However, the effect of the lateral positions, which are 

used in routine critical care, has never been reported. Objective: To determine whether 

placing the patient in a lateral position has any effect on oxygenation in ARDS. 

Material and Method: Prospective observational study, comparing oxygenation in 

ARDS patients between supine, right and left lateral positions (>60 degree). Results: 

We included 18 ARDS patients, their mean aged was 52.2 19.6 years, 14 were men 

and the ICU mortality rate was 61.1%. There was no significant change in the mean 

PaO 2 , arterial blood gas parameters, respiratory mechanics and hemodynamic 

parameters between the supine and decubitus positions in the overall group. However, 

there was a trend toward increasing the mean PaO 2 during right lateral position 

compared with the supine position (90.3 29.0 vs 84.6 20.4, p=0.23). Nine patients 

who responded to the right lateral position had significantly higher mean PaO 2 during 

the right lateral position than in the supine position (107.8 29.0 vs 85.6 21.8, 

p


active enzyme. Dalcochinase was expressed under methanol induction in P. pastoris, 

since this was much more efficient than constitutive expression in P. pastoris or in S. 

cerevisiae. Addition of 0.5% casamino acids to the culture medium stabilized the pH of 

the culture and increased the protein yield by 3 – to 5 – folds. Insertion of a polyhistidine 

– tag either after the N – terminal alpha factor signal sequence or at the C – terminus 

failed to assist in purification by immobilized metal – ion affinity chromatography 

(IMAC) due to post – translational processing at both termini. A new construct of 

dalcochinase with an N – terminal truncation following the propeptide and eight 

histidine residues enabled its purification by IMAC, following hydrophobic interaction 

chromatography. The purified recombinant dalcochinase was apparently composed 

of differently post – translationally modified forms, but had kinetic properties and pH 

and temperature optima comparable to natural dalcochinase. The procedures reported 

here overcome the limitation in enzyme supply from natural sources, and allow 

further studies on structure – function relationships in this enzyme. 

No.1045 

Author(s) : Tradtrantip L, Boyer JL, Suksamrarn A, Piyachaturawat P. 

Title : Differential effects of hydroxyacetophenone analogues on the transcytotic vesicular 

pathway in rat liver. 

Source : European Journal of Pharmacology. 547 (1 – 3): 152 – 159, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Colchicine, Hydroxyacetophenone, Horseradish peroxidase, Vesicular transport. 

Abstract : Insertion of transporter proteins into the apical canalicular membrane via vesicular 

transport is one of several choleretic mechanisms. Based on different choleretic 

activities of hydroxyacetophenone analogues including 4 – mono; 2, 6 – di and 2, 4, 6 

– trihydroxy – acetophenone (MHA, DHA and THA), the present study aims to 

determine if these compounds stimulated vesicular transport in hepatocytes. 

Hydroxyacetophenone was continuously infused into the duodenum of the bile fistula 

rat. Bile flow rate was allowed to stabilize and then followed by an intraportal injection 

of horseradish peroxidase, a marker of the transcytotic vesicle pathway. MHA which 

stimulates bile acid independent flow, showed a dose – dependent increase in both 

the early (paracellular) and late (transcellular) peak of horseradish peroxidase 

excretion in bile. THA, which stimulates both bile acid dependent flow and bile acid 

independent flow, did not alter the pattern of horseradish peroxidase excretion into 

bile. However, DHA, which is more hydrophobic and increases only bile acid dependent 

flow, decreased the late peak. The stimulating effects of MHA on bile flow and 

horseradish peroxidase excretion were markedly inhibited by colchicine, suggesting 

that its choleretic action involves stimulation of exocytosis, as well as increase in 

paracellular permeability. In contrast, the lack of a stimulatory effect of THA and 

DHA on biliary horseradish peroxidase excretion suggested that their choleretic 

action is not associated with vesicular exocytosis. These results demonstrate a variable 

effect of hydroxyacetophenones on the transcytotic vesicular pathway reflecting 

different choleretic mechanisms and therapeutic potential. 

No.1046 

Author(s) : Tradtrantip L, Chuncharunee A, Piyachaturawat P. 

Title : Modulating effect of hydroxyacetophenones on hepato – biliary excretion of horseradish 

peroxidase in rats. 

Source : FASEB Journal. 20 (5): A1278 – A1278 (Part 2), 2006 (Mar). 




No.1047 

Author(s) : Tragulpiankit P, Chulavatnatol S. 

Title : Preliminary review of Thai pharmacists’ original research publications related to 

adverse drug reaction monitoring. 

Source : Drug Safety. 29 (10): 976 – 976 125, 2006. 




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No.1048 

Author(s) : Traiphol R, Sanguansat P, Srikhirin T, Kerdcharoen T, Osotchan T. 

Title : Spectroscopic study of photophysical change in collapsed coils of conjugated polymers: 

Effects of solvent and temperature. 

Source : Macromolecules. 39 (3): 1165 – 1172, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : MEH – PPV, Interchain interactions, Conformational transition, Electronic – 

properties, Energy – transfer, Aggregation, Morphology, Molecules, Films, 

Planarization. 

Abstract : A relationship between conformation and photophysics of poly [2 – methoxy – 5 – (2' 

– ethylhexoxy) – p – phenylenevinylene] (MEH – PPV) in dilute solution was 

investigated by utilizing UV/vis absorption, excitation, and emission spectroscopy. By 

tuning polymer – solvent interactions, a control of conjugation length which relates 

to state of chain collapse is achieved. Position of absorption and emission spectra can 

be systematically moved within 60 nm by using a series of alcohols and aromatic 

solvents as well as mixed solvents. In addition to a decrease of conjugation length, the 

collapsed chain exhibit optical characteristics different from that of the extended 

counterpart. While a single type of emitter is present in the extended chain, separate 

emission from multiple emitters with various conjugation lengths is detected from 

the collapsed coils. Fluorescence decay measurements support the presence of multiple 

emitters. Studies of UV/vis absorption and photoluminescence upon increasing 

temperature detect a blue shift of transition energies and a decrease of absorption 

and emission efficiency. In addition, rate of the shift is found to decrease with increasing 

magnitude of chain collapse. 

No.1049 

Author(s) : Trakranrungsie N, Yartmak P, Kirtikara K, Maneerat Y. 

Title : The effect of organosulfur compounds on peroxynitrite – induced cytotoxicity: 

Attenuation or Potentiation? 





No.1050 

Author(s) : Trakulsomboon S, Kummalue T, Jiratchariyakul W. 

Title : Antibacterial activities of four Thai medicinal plants. 



Keywords : Antibacterial activities, Balanophora abbreviate Bl, Erycibe elliptilimba Merr & Chun, 

Gelonium multiflorum A Juss, Pouzolzia pentandra Benn. 

Abstract : Medicinal plants have long been used and prescribed in Thailand for centuries. Some 

of them have been used for treating various diseases including infectious diseases. 

Pouzolzia pentandra Benn., Gelonium multiflorum A. Juss., Erycibe elliptilimba Merr. 

& Chun., Balanophora abbreviate Bl. are Thai medicinal plants from the Thai 

pharmacopoeia that have been prescribed for treating unknown fevers including 

some specific infectious diseases. This investigation demonstrated the effects of these 

Thai medicinal plants for their antibacterial activities by using the macrodilution 

assay. Based on the present study, the water methanol fraction (fraction 2) of 

Balanophora abbreviate Bl. showed the antibacterial activity at the MIC level of 250 

g/ml but the activity was bacteriostatic in its effects. Therefore, the use of these 

medicinal plants in controlling fever and infectious diseases appears to be justified 

and further investigations may be required to obtain more information. 

No.1051 

Author(s) : Treebupachatsakul P, Srifeungfung S, Chayakulkeeree M. 

Title : Brain abscess due to listeria monocytogenes: First case report in Thailand. 



Keywords : Brain abscess, Listeria monocytogenes, Trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole. 

Abstract : Brain abscess with bacteremia caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a young woman 

with immune thrombocytopenic purpura was reported. The clinical features included 

fever, headache, and left – side weakness. Computed tomography and magnetic 

resonance imaging of the brain showed a large single abscess at the right frontoparietal 

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area. L. monocytogenes was isolated from a blood culture. The patient promptly 

received a surgical drainage. Because she had a history of penicillin allergy, and the 

organism was resistant to ampicillin, she was treated with trimethoprim – 

sulfamethoxazole (TMP – SMX) alone for 12 months. During a one – year follow – up 

period, the patient improved and her neurological deficit gradually recovered. This is 

the first case of listerial brain abscess in Thailand that was successfully treated with 

TMP – SMX monotherapy and surgical drainage. 

No.1052 

Author(s) : Treebupachatsakul P, Tiengrim S, Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Upper respiratory tract infection in Thai adults: Prevalence and prediction of bacterial 

causes, and effectiveness of using clinical practice guidelines. 



Keywords : Adult, Clinical practice guidelines, Upper respiratory tract infection. 

Abstract : Background: Antibiotics are over – prescribed for Upper Respiratory tract Infection 

(URI). Uncertainty in differentiating bacterial from viral infection is the main reason 

for this practice. More evidence is needed to encourage proper use of antibiotics for 

URI. Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of Group A – hemolytic Streptococci 

(GAS) in adults with URI and clinical features associated with GAS infection. 2) To 

evaluate the effectiveness of management of adults with URI using the Clinical 

Practice Guideline (CPG). Material and Method: A prospective study was conducted 

on adult out – patients with URI at Siriraj Hospital from April to October 2004. Throat 

swab cultures were performed in all participants. Patients were assessed and managed 

according to CPG adapted from principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment 

of acute upper respiratory tract infections in adults endorsed by the Centers for 

Disease Control and Prevention, USA. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by telephone 

interviews. Results: Out of 292 patients enrolled, 55.5% had non – specific URI/ 

common cold, 32.2% had pharyngitis/tonsillitis, 11% had acute bronchitis and only 

1.4% had acute sinusitis. The overall prevalence of GAS infection was 7.9%. GAS was 

isolated in 16% of the patients with pharyngitis/tonsillitis; and only 3.7% and 3.1% of 

the patients with non – specific URI/common cold and acute bronchitis respectively. 

Clinical manifestations associated with GAS were: 1) fever (T e•37.8 C), 2) exudate 

on the pharynx or tonsil, 3) tender cervical lymphadenopathy, and 4) absence of 

cough. The presence of d•3 of 4 criteria had high negative predictive value of 94.2%. 

None of the patients with non – specific URI/common cold, acute bronchitis and acute 

sinusitis had e•3 of 4 criteria. The clinical responses were not significantly different 

between those who received or did not receive antibiotics. Most of the patients had 

good clinical response by day 7. Conclusion: The prevalence of GAS infection in adults 

with URI was 7.9%. The clinical features of T e•37.8 C, exudate on pharynx or tonsil, 

tender cervical lymphadenopathy, and absence of cough were significantly found in 

the patients with GAS infection. Management of adults with URI using the CPG was 

effective and safe. 

No.1053 

Author(s) : Treepongkaruna S, Nopchinda S, Taweewongsounton A, Atisook K, Pienvichit P, 

Vithayasai N, Simakachorn N, Aanpreung P. 

Title : A rapid serologic test and immunoblotting for the detection of Helicobacter pylori 

infection in children. 

Source : Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 52 (4): 267 – 271, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Virulence factors, Chinese patients, Diagnosis, CagA, Assay, VacA, 

Immunohistochemistry, Immunoassays, Population, Accuracy. 

Abstract : The gold standard for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection requires an 

endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa for histological examination, urease test and 

culture. Noninvasive serological tests are useful as a screening test for H. pylori 

infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a rapid office – 

based serologic test, using immunochromatography (ICM), and the immunoblotting 

for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in Thai children. Eighty – two symptomatic 

children, 30 boys and 52 girls (mean age 9.2 +/– 3.8 years; range, 1.2 – 16.0 years) who 

had no previous treatment for H. pylori underwent upper endoscopy. Biopsies were 

obtained from the gastric body and antrum for histopathology and rapid urease test. 

Serum samples collected from all patients were tested for H. pylori IgG antibodies 

using ICM (Assure(TM) H. pylori Rapid Test, Genelabs(R) Diagnostics, Singapore). 

Immunoblotting (HelicoBlot 2.1, Genelabs(R) Diagnostics, Singapore) was tested in 

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380 

sera of 75 patients to detect antibodies to specific antigens of H. pylori. Positive H. 

pylori status was defined as positive for both histology and rapid urease test. Of 82 

patients, 25 (30.5%) were H. pylori positive, 56 (68.3%) were H. pylori negative and 

one was equivocal. ICM assay yielded a positive result in 24 of the 25 H. pylori – 

positive patients (96.0%) and 3 of the 56 H. pylori – negative patients (5.4%). The 

immunoblotting yielded a positive result in all of 22 H. pylori – positive patients 

(100%) and in 2 of the 52 H. pylori – negative patients (3.8%). Obtained ICM’s sensitivity, 

specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 

96.0, 94.6, 88.9, 98.1 and 95.1%, with immunoblotting 100.0, 96.2, 91.6, 100.0, and 

97.3%, respectively. The immunochromatographic and immunoblot tests are non – 

invasive, reliable and useful for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in Thai children. 

No.1054 

Author(s) : Treepongkaruna S, Pienvichit P, Sornmayura P, Pornkul R, Wisedopas N, 

Phuapradit P. 

Title : Inflammatory bowel disease in Thai children: Presentations and outcomes of 

treatment. 

Source : Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 24 (1): 73 – 79, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Crohns – disease, Ulcerative – colitis, Infliximab, Trial. 

Abstract : Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by idiopathic chronic intestinal 

inflammation, due to abnormalities in gastrointestinal immunoregulation. Pediatric 

IBD has been rarely reported in Thailand. We describe eight children, five girls and 

three boys, who were diagnosed with IBD at Ramathibodi Hospital during 1999 – 

2005 and had a follow – up of more than one year. Four cases had Crohn’s disease 

(CD) and four cases had ulcerative colitis (UC). The ages at diagnosis ranged from 3.5 

to 15.5 years. Diagnosis of IBID was delayed for more than 12 months in five patients. 

Five out of eight patients had early onset of disease, before 6 years of age. The 

manifestations included chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and perianal 

lesions. The common extraintestinal manifestations were oral ulcer, anemia, weight 

loss and failure to thrive. Most patients had moderate to severe diseases and ileocolic 

fistula developed in one patient with CD. The disease was controlled with 5 – 

aminosalicylic acid and corticosteroid in most patients. Four patients required additional 

therapy with azathioprine. Infliximab was used in two patients who were chronically 

steroid – dependent CD, one also had persistent ileocolic fistula and both patients 

responded well. During the follow – up period ranging from 1.1 to 5.8 years, three 

patients remained growth retardation; all had early onset of disease before 6 years of 

age, long duration of symptoms of more than 3 years before diagnosis and had 

multiple relapses. It is concluded that there is an increasing number of IBD in Thai 

children during the recent years. Most patients had moderate to severe diseases. 

Early onset of disease, delay in diagnosis and treatment are responsible for more 

complications, particularly persistent growth impairment. Early recognition of IBID 

and treatment are essential for a satisfactory long – term outcome. 

No.1055 

Author(s) : Treepongkaruna S, Sirachainan N, Kanjanapongkul S, Samritsopak R, Pienvichit P, 

Chuansumrit A. 

Title : Helicobacter pylori infection in Thai children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic 

purpura. 

Source : Helicobacter. 11 (Suppl.2): 24 – 24, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : ITP, Helicobacter pylori, Thailand, Children. 


No.1056 

Author(s) : Treerattrakool S, Udomkit A, Panyim S. 

Title : Anti – CHH antibody causes impaired hyperglycemia in Penaeus monodon. 

Source : Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39 (4): 371 – 376, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Antibody, Black tiger shrimp, Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, Eyestalk, Sinus 

gland. 

Abstract : Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) plays a major role in controlling glucose 

level in the haemolymph and also triggers important events during molting and 

reproductive cycles. In Penaeus monodon, three types of CHH, namely Pem – CHH1,


Pem – CHH2 and Pem – CHH3, have been previously characterized. In this study, 

mouse polyclonal antibody was raised against recombinant Pem – CHH1 that was 

expressed in Escherichia coli. The anti – Pem – CHH1 antibody recognized all three 

types of Pem – CHHs but did not cross – react with either related hormone, molt – 

inhibiting hormone of P monodon, or unrelated human growth hormone. The 

hyperglycemic activity in the extract from the eyestalk neural tissues was significantly 

depleted after incubating with anti – Pem – CHH antibody. Direct injection of the 

antibody into shrimp caused about 30 – 50% reduction in the haemolymph glucose 

level. The result demonstrates the ability of anti – Pem – CHH1 antibody to deplete 

the activity of CHH in vivo, and thus provides a possibility of using anti – Pem – CHH1 

antibody to inhibit the hormone activity as a strategy to modulate growth and 

reproduction in this species. 

No.1057 

Author(s) : Tresukosol D, Czeiger D, Porat Y, Belkin D, Belleli A, Belkin M, Fulga V, 

Chaithiraphan S. 

Title : Treatment of patients with severe angina pectoris using intracoronarily injected 

autologous blood – borne angiogenic cell precursors. 

Source : Circulation. 114 (18): 786 – 786 Suppl. S, 2006 (Oct). 




No.1058 

Author(s) : Trinavarat A, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Nopmaneejumruslers C, Inson K. 

Title : Reduction of endophthalmitis rate after cataract surgery with preoperative 5% 

povidone – iodine. 

Source : Dermatology. 212 (Suppl.1): 35 – 40, 2006. 


Keywords : Endophthalmitis, Povidone – iodine, Cataract. 

Abstract : Objective: Postoperative endophthalmitis reflects in part quality and safety aspects of 

cataract surgery. Preoperative 5% povidone – iodine was introduced as a quality 

improvement effort. This study evaluated the effect of this additional measure on the 

occurrence of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Method: Topical 5% povidone – 

iodine solution was applied onto the ocular surface just prior to transferring the 

patient into the operative theater for cataract surgery. Other prophylactic measures 

were allowed to continue as before. Patients developing postoperative intraocular 

inflammation and undergoing intravitreal antibiotic injection were included as 

occurrences of endophthalmitis. Alteration in endophthalmitis rate was analyzed 

using a ‘p control chart’ of a statistical process control method. The incidence in the 

povidoneiodine – receiving group was compared to those before implementation and 

concurrent nonreceiving groups. Result: The postoperative endophthalmitis rate 

showed a significant reduction after introduction of povidone – iodine. A year before, 

9 of 3,052 eyes developed endophthalmitis (0.294%). After introduction, this occurred 

in 4 of 4,089 eyes receiving povidone – iodine (0.097%) and 1 of 502 nonreceiving eyes 

(0.199%) in the following 16 months. Despite the apparent lower rate, comparison 

between groups was not statistically significant. Moderate to severe but tolerable eye 

irritation after application was reported in 6.6%. No other adverse events were detected. 

Conclusion: Topical preoperative 5% povidone – iodine contributed an additional 

effect to the reduction of the postoperative endophthalmitis rate after cataract surgery. 

This measure was rather safe to apply as a prophylaxis against endophthalmitis in 

cataract surgery. 

No.1059 

Author(s) : Triwitayakorn K, Moolmuang B, Sraphet S, Panyim S, Na – Chiangmai A, Smith DR. 

Title : Analysis of genetic diversity of the Thai swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using cattle 

microsatellite DNA markers. 

Source : Asian – Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 19 (5): 617 – 621, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Bubalus bubalis, Cattle microsatellites, Genetic diversity, Thai swamp buffalo. 

Abstract : Recently the numbers of the Thai swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), a native species 

of Thailand, have been rapidly declining, leading to a requirement for conservation 

programs for this breed. Such studies of the genetic diversity of this species arc 

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382 

essential for conservation decisions and to assist the rational implementation of 

breeding programs. In this Study, the genetic diversity of 80 Thai swamp buffalo, 

randomly selected from seven different research stations of the Thai Department of 

Livestock Development, were studied using ten cattle microsatellite markers. 

Polymorphic PCR products were observed at all microsatellite loci, with percentages 

of polymorphic loci ranging from 80.00 to 100.00%. The population from Payao showed 

the lowest level of polymorphism. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.7 with 

the highest number of alleles being eight (ETH152) and the lowest being three 

(HAUT27 and ILSTS030). The average unbiased heterozygosity for all seven 

populations was 0.61 and varied between 0.5314 (Samui) and 0.6798 (Surin). The 

genetic distance according to NEI’s (1972) ranged from 0.0722 to 0.4427. The 

populations from Surin and Burirum are the closest populations, while populations 

from Samui and Payao are the most divergent. The information generated by this 

study will greatly aid in the establishment of effective breeding and conservation 

programs for the Thai swamp buffalo. 

No.1060 

Author(s) : Trost BM, Jaratjaroonphong J, Reutrakul V. 

Title : A direct catalytic asymmetric Mannich – type reaction via a dinuclear zinc catalyst: 

Synthesis of either anti – or syn – alpha – hydroxy – beta – amino ketones. 

Source : Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (9): 2778 – 2779, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Alcohols, Equivalent, Acid. 


No.1061 

Author(s) : Tscheikuna J. 

Title : Medical thoracoscopy: Experiences in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Medical thoracoscopy. 

Abstract : Objective: Medical thoracosopy is the investigational and therapeutic procedure for 

many kinds of pleural diseases. One of its indications is for the diagnosis of 

undetermined pleural effusion. We report our experience in using medical thoracoscopy 

in investigating undiagnosed pleural effusion. Material and Method: Thirty four 

consecutive patients had thoracoscopy done for this indication from 1999 to 2005. 

Result: Malignancy was diagnosed in 21 patients. Pleural biopsies showed chronic 

pleuritis in 7 patients. Normal thoracoscopy was found in 2 cases and the procedures 

were unsuccessful in 4 cases because of extensive pleural adhesion. In patients with 

malignancy, pleural nodules had a tendency to be localized in the lower part of the 

pleural cavity. Better selection of the patient should lower the unsuccessful procedure. 

Conclusion: The review of the indication for thoracoscopy will increase the use of this 

procedure in respiratory medicine practice and shorten the investigation time. 

No.1062 

Author(s) : Tuchinda P, Boonchai W, Prukpaisarn P, Maungprasat C, Suthipinittharm P. 

Title : Prevalence of onychomycosis in patients with autoimmune diseases. 



Keywords : Autoimmune diseases, Onychomycosis, Tinea unguium. 

Abstract : Background: Onychomycosis is the most common nail disorder in adults. Many studies 

reported a higher prevalence of onychomycosis among particular patients, such as 

those with diabetes, poor peripheral circulation or immunosuppression. However, 

studies of the prevalence of onychomycosis in autoimmune patients who carry many 

of these predisposing factors have been limited. Objective: Study the prevalence of 

onychomycosis in autoimmune compared to non – autoimmune female patients 

Material and Method: A cross – sectional study of the prevalence of onychomycosis in 

autoimmune patients and non – autoimmune female patients visiting a dermatology 

clinic over a period of 18 months. One hundred and sixty – five female autoimmune 

patients were enrolled. Results: The prevalence of onychomycosis in autoimmune 

patients was 10.2% (95%CI 6.5%, 15.9%) compared to 6.7% (95%CI 3.8%, 11.6%), in 

non – autoimmune patients (p > 0.05, 2 – sided). Of vesiculobullous patients, mainly 

presenting with pemphigus and who were mostly on immunosuppressive medication, 

24% had onychomycosis [p = 0.013; OR 4.39 (95%CI 1.27, 14.89)]. Conclusion: Exposure


to humid microenvironments was an important factor in the occurrence of 

onychomycosis (p < 0.05, 2 – sided). However, the number of patients with each 

individual disease was too small to conclude a prevalence of onychomycosis in 

conjunction with these individual cutaneous autoimmune diseases. 

No.1063 

Author(s) : Tuchinda P, Kumkao A, Pohmakotr M, Sophasan S, Santisuk T, Reutrakul V. 

Title : Cytotoxic arylnaphthalide lignan glycosides from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus 

taxodiifolius. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (1): 60 – 62, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Cleistanthus – collinus, Chemical constituents. 

Abstract : The arylnaphthalide lignan glycosides, taxodiifoloside (1), cleistanthoside A (2), 

cleistanthin A (3) and cleistanthin A methyl ether (4), together with a triterpene, 

glochidone (5), have been isolated from the aerial parts of Phyllanthus taxodiifolius. 

The structures were established using spectral and chemical methods. Compounds 3 

and 4, as well as the derivatives 2a and 3a exhibited potent cytotoxic activities with 

GI(50) values in the range of 10(–7) – 10 (–9) M in five cultured mammalian cancer 

cell lines while the new compound 1 showed moderate activity (GI(50) in the order of 

10(–6) M). Compounds 2 and 5 were inactive in all tested cell lines. 

No.1064 

Author(s) : Tuchinda P, Munyoo B, Pohmakotr M, Thinapong P, Sophasan S, Santisuk T, 

Reutrakul V. 

Title : Cytotoxic styryl – lactones from the leaves and twigs of Polyalthia crassa. 

Source : Journal of Natural Products. 69 (12): 1728 – 1733, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Prenylated benzopyran derivatives, Mitochondrial respiratory – chain, Longifolia 

var. – pendula, Clerodane diterpenes, 2 – substituted furans, Cheliensis Hu, Alkaloids, 

Annonaceae, (+) – Goniofufurone, (+) – Goniopypyrone. 

Abstract : Four new styryl – lactones, crassalactones A – D (1 – 4), were isolated from a cytotoxic 

ethyl acetate – soluble extract of the leaves and twigs of Polyalthia crassa, together 

with seven known compounds, (+) – 3 – acetylaltholactone, (+) – altholactone, 

aristolactam AII, cinnamic acid, (+) – goniofufurone, (+) – goniopypyrone, and (+) – 

howiinol A. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods. 

The absolute configuration of 1 – 3 was established by chemical conversions. Single – 

crystal X – ray analysis and the Mosher ester method were used to confirm the 

absolute stereochemistry of 4. Cytotoxic evaluation against several mammalian cancer 

cell lines was performed on all new isolates, aristolactam AII, and the modified (+) – 

tricinnamate derivative 11 obtained from 1. 

No.1065 

Author(s) : Tumkiratiwong P, Sukkachart H, Buapuan T, Tungtrongchitr R, Tungtrongchitr A. 

Title : Riboflavin – deficient and Trichinella spiralis – induced stresses on plasma 

corticosterone associated with spermatogenesis in male wistar rats. 





Abstract : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of riboflavin – deficient and 

Trichinella spiralis – induced stresses on corticosterone associated with 

spermatogenesis in male Wistar rats. Rats were allocated into 4 groups: Group 1: 

control; group 2: riboflavin – deficient diet; group 3: T. spiralis infection; group 4: 

riboflavin deficient diet with T. spiralis infection. This experiment lasted for 12 weeks. 

Plasma corticosterone was significantly enhanced when exposed to acute riboflavin 

deficiency and/or T. spiralis infection stress. When the rats were chronically subjected 

to such stresses, T. spiralis per se had prolonged effects, in a marked increase in 

corticosterone. T. spiralis per se tended to impact on such sperm characteristics as 

sperm motility, sperm count and daily sperm production, even defected seminiferous 

tubules. It was proposed that the Trichinella spiralis – induced stress probably had 

adverse effects on the level of adrenocortical – testicular axis whenever their habitats 

on muscle fibers were evident. However, riboflavin – deficient – induced stress had 

little implication in the adrenocortical – testicular axis. 

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No.1066 

Author(s) : Tunapan M, Somsup C, Chairat S. 

Title : On a type of matrix ring. 

Source : Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society. 73 (1): 65 – 68, 2006 (Feb). 



Abstract : In this note we discuss a type of matrix ring that has nice properties concerning the 

injectivity and quasi – injectivity of one – sided ideals. 

No.1067 

Author(s) : Tuncer V, Unsworth MJ, Siripunvaraporn W, Craven JA. 

Title : Audio – magnetotelluric exploration for unconformity uranium deposits in the 

Athabasca Basin, Saskatachewan, Canada. 


Source : SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts. 25 (1): 1328 – 1332, 2006 (Jan). 


Abstract : Audio – magnetotelluric (AMT) exploration is being evaluated as a tool for locating 

unconformity related uranium deposits in the Athabasca Basin in Canada. These 

uranium deposits are often located above graphitic basement conductors that can be 

located with electromagnetic (EM) methods. A test survey at the McArthur River 

Mine showed good agreement between the known location of the uranium deposit 

and that inferred from the AMT data. Electrical resistivity models derived by 2D 

inversion were validated by comparison with 3D inversion and correlation with well 

log data. This validation was also tested with 3D forward modeling and 2D synthetic 

inversions. 

No.1068 

Author(s) : Tuncer V, Unsworth MJ, Siripunvaraporn W, Craven JA. 

Title : Exploration for unconformity – type uranium deposits with audiomagnetotelluric 

data: A case study from the McArthur River mine, Saskatchewan, Canada. 

Source : Geophysics. 71 (6): B201 – B209, 2006 (Nov – Dec). 


Keywords : Magnetotelluric inversion. 

Abstract : Unconformity – type deposits supply a significant amount of the world’s uranium and 

consist of uranium that is generally codeposited with graphite in a fault zone. The low 

resistivity of the graphite produces a significant contrast in electrical resistivity, 

which can be located with electromagnetic (EM) methods. The Athabasca Basin in 

Western Canada hosts significant uranium deposits, and exploration in deeper parts 

of the basin has required the application of new EM methods. This paper presents an 

evaluation of the audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) exploration method at the McArthur 

River mine in the Athabasca Basin. AMT data were collected at 132 stations on a grid, 

and two – dimensional (2D) and three – dimensional (3D) inversions were used to 

generate resistivity models. These models showed two major results: (1) a significant 

conductor coincident with a major basement fault (P2) and the uranium deposits (this 

conductor begins at the unconformity at a depth of 550 m and extends to a depth of at 

least three km) and (2) a resistive halo which might be caused by the silicification 

associated with mineralization. However, synthetic inversions showed that this halo 

could be an artifact of smoothing function in the inversion scheme. The 2D inversions 

were validated by synthetic inversions, comparison with the 3D inversion models, 

and correlation with well – log information. 3D AMT forward modeling showed that 

strong 3D effects are not present in the AMT impedance data. Induction vectors 

showed more evidence of complexity, but the inclusion of these data in the inversion 

improved subsurface resolution. 

No.1069 

Author(s) : Tungkasereerak P, Ong – Ajyooth L, Chaiyasoot W, Ong – Ajyooth S, Leowattana W, 

Vasuvattakul S, Vareesangthip K, Shayakul C, Chanchairujira T, Sritippayawan S. 

Title : Effect of short – term folate and vitamin B supplementation on blood homocysteine 

level and carotid artery wall thickness in chronic hemodialysis patients. 



Keywords : Atherosclerosis, Carotid artery wall thickness, Folate, Hemodialysis, 

Homocysteinemia, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6. 

Abstract : Objective: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic 

vascular disease in chronic hemodialysis patients. This stratified randomized controlled 

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trial was designed to measure the effect of high dose oral vitamin B6, vitamin B12, 

and folic acid on homocysteine levels, and to evaluate the effect on atherosclerosis as 

measured by Intima – Media Thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries. Material and Method: 

Fifty – four chronic hemodialysis patients with hyperhomocysteinemia were 

randomized to receive oral 15 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12 

daily (treatment group) or oral 5 mg folic acid alone (control group) for 6 months. 

Homocysteine level and IMT were measured in both groups. Results: At 6 months, 

homocysteine levels in the treatment group were significantly reduced from 27.94 

8.54 to 22.71 3.68 mmol/l (p = 0.009) and were not significantly increased from 26.81 

7.10 to 30.82 8.76 mmol/l in control group (p = 0.08). Mean difference between 

both groups was statistically significant (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference 

of IMT of carotid arteries, however, a tendency that the treatment group would have 

less thickness was observed (0.69 0.29 mm and 0.62 0.16 mm, p = 0.99). Conclusion: 

Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic hemodialysis patients with daily oral 

15 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12 for 6 months decreases 

homocysteine levels and tends to reduce IMT of carotid arteries. A long term study 

for the prevention of atherosclerosis is warranted. 

No.1070 

Author(s) : Tungsuchat T, Kuroda H, Narangajavana J, Maliga P. 

Title : Gene activation in plastids by the CRE site – specific recombinase. 

Source : Plant Molecular Biology. 61 (4 – 5): 711 – 718, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : CRE/loxP site – specific recombination, Green fluorescent protein (GFP), Nicotiana 

tabacum, Plastid gene activation, Plastid transformation. 

Abstract : We developed a novel system for gene activation in plastids that uses the CRE/loxP 

site – specific recombination system to create a translatable reading frame by excision 

of a blocking sequence. To test the system, we introduced an inactive gfp* gene into 

the tobacco plastid genome downstream of the selectable spectinomcyin resistance 

(aadA) marker gene. The aadA gene is the blocking sequence, and is flanked by 

directly oriented loxP sites for excision by the CRE. In the non – activated state, gfp* 

is transcribed from the aadA promoter, but the mRNA is not translated due to the 

lack of an AUG translation initiation codon. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) 

expression is activated by excision of the aadA coding segment to link up the gfp* 

coding region with the translation initiation codon of aadA. Tobacco plants that carry 

the inactive gfp* gene do not contain detectable levels of GFP. However, activation of 

gfp* resulted in GFP accumulation, proving the utility of CRE – induced protein 

expression in tobacco chloroplasts. The gene activation system described here will be 

useful to probe plastid gene function and for the production of recombinant proteins 

in chloroplasts. 

No.1071 

Author(s) : Tungtrakanpoung R, Pitaksajjakul P, Na – Ngarm N, Chaicumpa W, Ekpo P, 

Saengjaruk P, Froman G, Ramasoota P. 

Title : Mimotope of Leptospira from phage – displayed random peptide library is reactive 

with both monoclonal antibodies and patients’ sera. 

Source : Veterinary Microbiology. 115 (1 – 3): 54 – 63, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Phage display, Random peptide library, Mimotope, Monoclonal antibodies, Patients’ 

sera, Leptospirosis. 

Abstract : The study aim was to use random heptapeptide library displayed by bacteriophage T7 

for identifying mimotopes from 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to Leptospira 

spp., and from four leptospirosis patient sera, respectively. The bound phages, selected 

from fourth round of bio – parming with each antibody, were cloned by plaque 

isolation and the binding specificity of individual clones were confirmed by enzyme – 

linked immunosorbent assay, before being further amplified and checked for phage 

peptide sequence using PCR and DNA sequencing. All together 150 phages were 

selected, mimotope from 86 phages (56.6%) were found to match with protein 

sequences of Leptospira from GenBank database. The predominant mimotopes were 

mimotope with sequence LTPCD that found in 27.3%, followed by TPCSK (16%), 

KSKKSS (4%), KTKRXAS (4%), SSKSYR (3.3%), DPNXNSF (3.3%), KSGRC (2.6%), 

TLINIF (2%), TPCI (2%),1.33% each with mimotopes PKKS, PCNTKXTA, and CTKKK, 

and one phage each (0.66%) with mimotopes PTFGS, TNSKRK, SKSSRC, RSKRIR, 

VTNNTP, and CSNXSKR. Interestingly, mimotopes LTPCD, TPCSK, and TPCI were 

found to react with both MAb and patient’s sera. The matched proteins from GenBank 

385


386 

namely, leptospiral putative outer membrane protein (matched with mimotope 

PTFGS), thermolysin precursor protein (matched with mimotope TPCIXXGSAS), 

and hypothetical protein LIC 12228 (matched with mimotope CSNXSKR), were found 

to locate at outer membrane of Leptospira. These phage mimotopes, and matched 

proteins may have potential for further use as diagnostic reagent and immunogen 

against leptospirosis in the future. The results demonstrate that phage display 

technique has potential for rapidly identifying phage mimotopes that interact with 

leptospiral MAbs and patient’s sera. 

No.1072 

Author(s) : Tungtrongchitr R, Treeprasertsuk S, Nyein NE, Thepouyporn A, Phonrat B, 

Huntrup A. 

Title : Serum leptin concentrations in chronic hepatitis. 



Keywords : BMI, Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Leptin, 

Nonalcoholic Steatosis (NASH). 

Abstract : The objectives of this research were to investigate the leptin levels among Chronic 

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and non – alcoholic steatosis 

hepatitis (NASH) diseases of Thai patients compared with controls. Twenty of each 

HBV, HCV and NASH patients compared with sixty people as the control group from 

the Outpatient Department at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand 

were investigated. Fasting blood samples were collected for investigation of leptin 

concentration, liver enzyme function tests and hematological variables. The serum 

leptin concentration of liver patients was significantly higher than that of control 

subjects. It might be due to the accumulations of fat cells in liver disease patients. 

However, there is no relationship between leptin level and other parameters such as 

BMI, ALT, AST, ALP and hematological variables. Liver enzyme functions levels are 

much higher in patients groups. White blood cells counts, platelets and hematocrit 

values are slightly lower in liver disease patients. Therefore, it is concluded that 

physiological regulation of leptin maintains in relation to body fat, even in chronic 

viral liver diseases. This finding and the apparent stage suggest the possibility that in 

the course of chronic viral diseases, serum leptin levels may reflect the extent of liver 

dysfunction. 

No.1073 

Author(s) : Tuntipopipat S, Judprasong K, Zeder C, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, 

Charoenkiatkul S, Hurrell R, Walczyk T. 

Title : Chili, but not turmeric, inhibits iron absorption in young women from an iron – 

fortified composite meal. 

Source : Journal of Nutrition. 136 (12): 2970 – 2974, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Gastric – acid secretion, Phenolic – compounds, Curcumin, Foods, Capsaicin, Infants, 

Diet. 

Abstract : Chili and turmeric are common spices in indigenous diets in tropical regions. Being 

rich in phenolic compounds, they would be expected to bind iron (Fe)(3) in the intestine 

and inhibit Fe absorption in humans. Three experiments were conducted in healthy 

young women (n = 10/study) to assess the effect of chili and turmeric on Fe absorption 

from a rice – based Meal containing vegetables and iron fortified fish sauce in vivo. 

Iron absorption was determined by erythrocyte incorporation of stable isotope labels 

(Fe – 57/Fe – 58) using a randomized crossover design. Addition of freeze – dried chili 

(4.2 g dry powder, 25 mg polyphenols as gallic acid equivalents) reduced Fe absorption 

from the meal by 38% (6.0% with chili vs. 9.7% without chili, P = 0.0017). Turmeric 

(0.5 g dry powder, 50 mg polyphenols as gallic acid equivalents) did not inhibit iron 

absorption (P = 0.91). A possible effect of chili on gastric acid secretion was indirectly 

assessed by comparing Fe absorption from acid soluble [Fe – 57] – ferric pyrophosphate 

relative to water soluble [Fe – 58] – ferrous sulfate from the same meal in the 

presence and absence of chili. Chili did not enhance gastric acid secretion. Relative Fe 

bioavailability of ferric pyrophosphate was 5.4% in presence of chili and 6.4% in 

absence of chili (P = 0.47). Despite the much higher amount of phenolics in the 

turmeric meal, it did not affect iron absorption. We conclude that both phenol quality 

and quantity determine the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on iron absorption.


No.1074 

Author(s) : Tuntipopipat S, Walczyk T, Judprasong K, Zeder C, Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, 

Charoenkiatkul S, Hurrel R. 

Title : Effect of chili and turmeric on human iron absorption. 





No.1075 

Author(s) : Turbpaiboon C, Limjindaporn T, Wongwiwat W, U – Pratya Y, Siritanaratkul N, 

Yenchitsomanus PT, Jitrapakdee S, Wilairat P. 

Title : Impaired interaction of alpha – haemoglobin – stabilising protein with alpha – globin 

termination mutant in a yeast two – hybrid system. 

Source : British Journal of Haematology. 132 (3): 370 – 373, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Alpha – globin termination mutations, Haemoglobin constant spring; Haemoglobin 

paks, Alpha – thalassaemia, Alpha – haemoglobin – stabilising protein. 

Abstract : alpha – Thalassaemia caused by alpha – globin gene termination codon mutations 

(alpha (T) – globin) has been explained by their inherent mRNA instability and by 

oxidative damage arising from the presence of membrane – bound of alpha (T) – 

globin chains. To better understand the latter phenomenon, a yeast two – hybrid 

system was used to assay the interaction between alpha (T) – globin and its molecular 

chaperone, alpha – haemoglobin – stabilising protein (AHSP) and impaired binding of 

alpha (T) – globin with AHSP compared with a alpha (wild – type) – globin was 

observed. 

No.1076 

Author(s) : Ubol S, Kasisith J, Mitmoonpitak C, Pitidhamabhorn D. 

Title : Screening of upregulated genes in suckling mouse central nervous system during 

the disease stage of rabies virus infection. 

Source : Microbiology and Immunology. 50 (12): 951 – 959, 2006. 


Keywords : Rabies virus, cDNA array analysis, Viral pathogenesis, Virus – host interaction. 

Abstract : The pathogenesis of hydrophobia remains unclear. The aim of this study was to 

identify the differentially upregulated genes that correlated with disease development 

in an experimental mouse model to provide better understanding of pathological 

mechanisms in rabies. The present work employed Clontech mouse array 1.2 II 

containing 1,176 gene transcripts. Suckling mice were intracerebrally infected with 

canine rabies virus. The gene expression profiles on day 2, 4 and 6 post inoculation 

were followed. The results show genes whose expression increased at least twofold 

above the control, mock – infected brain. The numbers of genes showing altered 

expression level were 29, 109 and 98 genes on day 2, 4 and 6, respectively. The genes 

with altered expression were classified into eight major groups, namely immune 

response, metabolism, receptor and transporter, growth factors, death mediated 

factors, transcription and translation factors, proteases, and kinases. The numbers of 

upregulated genes during the disease stage was much higher than during the 

asymptomatic stage. This suggested that direct interaction between RABV and target 

cells induced massive destruction of a cellular homeostasis which may lead to 

functional termination of the CNS. 

No.1077 

Author(s) : Udomkan N, Limsuwan P, Winotai P, Tunkasiri T. 

Title : Development of perovskite in Pr substituted Pb (Zr0.52Ti0.48) O – 3 and dielectric 

characteristic. 

Source : International Journal of Modern Physics B. 20 (21): 3071 – 3080, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : PZT, Piezoelectric, Rietveld refinement. 

Abstract : The purpose of this research is to investigate the structure of lead zirconate titanate 

ceramics (Zr : Ti = 52 : 48) when doped with Pr 2 O 3 and the corresponding properties 

such as micro – structural properties, physical properties, dielectric constant ( r ), 

piezoelectric properties (k p ,Q m , and d 33 ), and the ferroelectric property. The materials 

were prepared via conventional mixed oxide method and sintered at 1200 degrees C. 

The Rietveld refinement of X – ray diffraction patterns and combination of both 

387


388 

patterns revealed the tetragonal structure for all samples to have space group of 

P4mm. For higher dopant content (10 mol%), the pyrochlore phase of Pr 2 O 3 also 

appeared in the respective samples. These pyrochlore phases caused the detriment of 

dielectric and piezoelectric properties. For those with lower dopant content (1.00 

mol%), the Pr ion substituted at the A and B sites with isovalent dopant effects, i.e. a 

lower value of r and k p . The hysteresis loops indicated the ferroelectric property for 

all samples. The microstructure showed dense grain according to a high density and 

the additional phases of Pr 2 O 3 were clearly observed for 10 mol% doping. The Curie 

temperature decreased with increasing dopant content, as determined from high 

temperature X – ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. 

No.1078 

Author(s) : Udomuksom W, Mackenzie P, Lewis B, Elliot D, Yoovathawornl K, Miners J. 

Title : Coding region mutations in UGT1A1 impair bilirubin and xenobiotic glucuronidation. 



Keywords : UGT1A1 polymorphism. 


No.1079 

Author(s) : Unagul P, Assantachai C, Phadungruengluij S, Pongsuteeragul T, Suphantharika M, 

Verduyn C. 

Title : Biomass and docosahexaenoic acid formation by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk – 02 

at low salt concentrations. 

Source : Botanica Marina. 49 (2): 182 – 190, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Biomass, Docosahexaenoic acid, Magnesium sulfate, Manganese, Sea salts, Sodium 

chloride. 

Abstract : Growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) formation in Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk 

– 02 were studied in yeast extract – glucose (YEG) media supplemented with either 

artificial sea salts (ASS) or a simplified salts medium consisting of magnesium sulfate 

and/or sodium chloride. With increasing concentrations of ASS, biomass increased 

from 9 (no ASS) to a maximum of 21 g l(–1) (at 2.1 M ASS or 68 g l(–1)). Addition of 

manganese increased these values to 17 (no ASS) and a plateau of 24 g l(–1) (at > 0.25 

M ASS). Replacing ASS with magnesium sulfate and/or sodium chloride and 

manganese as an additional factor suggested that maximal biomass (24 g l(–1)) could 

only be achieved when both magnesium sulfate and manganese were added. As 

significant carry – over of elements in the inoculum was observed, the latter was 

washed in further experiments. Addition of an optimal concentration of ca. 5 mM 

magnesium sulfate to YEG – media then resulted in a maximum biomass level of ca. 

24 g l(–1) and 5.2 g l(–1) DHA in 72 h. Additional supplementation with sodium 

chloride (8 mM) significantly stimulated biomass formation when magnesium sulfate 

addition was below 0.8 mM, but not at higher levels of the latter. However, cultivation 

time was reduced by ca. 24 h, resulting in formation of ca. 5.5 g l(–1) DHA in only 48 

h. By replacing ASS with magnesium sulfate plus sodium chloride, the sum of the 

concentration of these four elements in media could be reduced ca. nine – fold, while 

achieving similar biomass – and DHA – yields. The concentration of chloride, a 

compound highly corrosive to steel fermenters, was reduced more than ten – fold. 

No.1080 

Author(s) : Unajak S, Boonsaeng V, Jitrapakdee S. 

Title : Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding Argonaute, a component of RNA 

silencing in shrimp (Penaeus monodon). 

Source : Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B – Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 

145 (2): 179 – 187, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Argonaute, Differential display RT – PCR, Penaeus monodon, RNA interference, 

Gene silencing, Yellow head virus, Immune system, RNA virus. 

Abstract : We have identified a cDNA clone that encodes a protein with high sequence homology 

to Argonaute proteins of mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. The cDNA of 

Penaeus monodon (Pm Ago) consisted of 3178 nucleotides encoding 939 – amino acid 

residues with a calculated molecular weight of 104 kDa. The primary structure of Pm 

Ago showed the presence of two signature domains, PAZ and PIWI domains that 

exhibit highest homology to their counterparts in D. melanogaster. The inferred


protein sequence of Pm Ago was 80.8% identical with D. melanogaster and 82.1% 

identical with Anopheles gambiae Ago proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of Pin Ago 

with other invertebrate and vertebrate Argonaute proteins suggested that Pm Ago 

belongs to the Ago1 subfamily that plays crucial roles in stem cell differentiation or 

RNA interference (RNAi). Semi – quantitative RT – PCR analysis showed that the 

gene is highly expressed in the lymphoid organ and moderately expressed in intestine, 

muscle, pleopods and hemocytes. The expression of Pm Ago1 mRNA was 2 – 3 – fold 

increased during the early period of viral infection but declined rapidly at 30 hour 

post infection. By contrast, infection of shrimp by a bacterial pathogen, Vibrio harveyi 

did not induce a reduction of Pm Ago1 mRNA suggesting that its expression is 

associated with virus infection. 

No.1081 

Author(s) : Ungkanont K, Areyasathidmon S. 

Title : Factors affecting quality of life of pediatric outpatients with symptoms suggestive of 

sleep – disordered breathing. 

Source : International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol. 70 (11):1945 – 8, 2006 (Nov). 



Abstract : Objective: To determine the relationship between causative factors of sleep – 

disordered breathing (SDB) and quality of life (QOL) of children who presented with 

SDB. Methods: Prospective cross – sectional study was done. Pediatric outpatients 

with SDB were recruited. Patients with craniofacial, neurologic or syndromic anomalies 

and previous adenotonsillectomy were excluded. Data collected were clinical history, 

physical examination and lateral skull X – ray, along with QOL survey by using 

obstructive sleep apnea – 18 (OSA – 18) questionnaires. We assessed the association 

between clinical signs, the size of the tonsils and the adenoids, overweight/obesity 

and the OSA – 18 scores to see the impact of these factors on QOL. Results: Fifty – 

one children were enrolled. Mean age was 6.4+/–2.6 years. The most common clinical 

findings was mouth breathing (41.2%). Tonsillar hypertrophy (> or = 3+) was found 

in 62.7 and 52.9% had adenoid – nasopharyngeal ratio greater than 70%. Overweight/ 

obesity were found in 35.3% of the patients. OSA – 18 scores ranged from 22 to 85. 

Tonsillar hypertrophy was significantly related to QOL (p < 0.05). Adenoid hypertrophy 

had trends towards impact on QOL (p = 0.094). Mouth breathing correlated well with 

QOL (p < 0.01). Overweight/obesity and QOL had no statistically significant 

correlation. Conclusion: Tonsillar hypertrophy and mouth breathing were the clinical 

findings that affected most to the QOL of the children with SDB. Adenoid hypertrophy 

had trends towards the impact on QOL, although not statistically significant. 

No.1082 

Author(s) : Unnanuntana A, Waikakul S. 

Title : Neuropathic arthropathy of the elbow: A report of two cases. 



Keywords : Charcot joint, Combined median and ulnar nerve palsy, Elbow, Idiopathic, Infected 

joint, Neuropathic arthropathy, Septic. 

Abstract : Background: Neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot joint) of the elbow is a rare condition. 

It is among the least frequently reported Charcot pathology of the joint. The clinical 

symptoms are characterized by a painless and unstable joint. Infection in the 

neuropathic joint is rare. Only a limited number of cases have been reported in the 

literature. The authors present two cases of neuropathic arthropathy of the elbow. 

One of them was diagnosed as Septic neuropathic arthropathy. Material and Method: 

Two patients with neuropathic arthropathy of the elbow (an infected and a noninfected 

case) were treated at our department. Both patients were over 60 years old. The 

underlying conditions associated with the arthropathy included combined median 

and ulnar neuropathy in the infected case and idiopathic in the non – infected case. 

Both of the patients had a history of specific trauma at the affected elbows. The 

radiographs of the elbows revealed dislocation, fracture fragmentation and some 

bony sclerosis. The management in the non – infected case aimed to maintain the 

function of the elbow with a short period of immobilization and physical therapy. For 

the infected case, the patient was treated successfully with systemic antibiotic, surgical 

debridement and a period of immobilization with an external fixator. Results: The 

patients were followed – up for approximately 9 months for the non – infected and 2 

years for the infected case. Both of them had painless and functional range of motion 

of the elbows in the most recent follow – up examination. For the infected case, the 

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390 

surgical incision healed well and there was no recurrent discharge from that affected 

elbow. Conclusion: In the first case, with neuropathic arthropathy of the elbow, the 

investigations were made to find the underlying disease. The second case with septic 

neuropathic joint, systemic antibiotic, surgical debridement and appropriate 

immobilization were needed. With gross instability and marked distortion of the joint, 

the elbow of both patients functioned remarkably well. 

No.1083 

Author(s) : Upanan S, Cabrera – Hernandez A, Ekkapongpisit M, Smith DR. 

Title : A simplified PCR methodology for semiquantitatively analyzing dengue viruses. 

Source : Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 59 (6): 383 – 387, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Polymerase chain – reaction, Hemorrhagic – fever, Rapid detection, Assay, 

Pathogenesis, RNA. 

Abstract : The standard methodology for titrating dengue viruses, the plaque assay, is slow, 

time consuming and relatively expensive. Other methods require machinery that 

may not be routinely accessible to all researchers, particularly those in developing 

nations. We therefore sought to develop a rapid, simplified semiquantitative 

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology based on the use of a template mimic. 

In particular, it was desired that the mimic should be applicable for use a DNA 

template to avoid the requirement for producing an in vitro RNA transcript. A 511 

base pair fragment of the capsid – PrM junction of dengue serotype 4 was cloned into 

pGEM – T Easy vector and subjected to splicing overlap extension – PCR to generate 

a 160 base pair deletion. The deleted plasmid mimic competed competitively against 

the parent plasmid as well as the first strand cDNA of all four dengue viruses. The 

primers used are specific for the dengue virus, and no product was seen with first 

strand cDNA from a closely related flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus. Under the 

conditions used, accurate quantitation of the dengue viruses in the range of 10(3) to 

10(6) pfu can be achieved in a single day, as opposed to the 7 days required for 

conventional plaque assay. 

No.1084 

Author(s) : Uraisin K, Takayanagi T, Nacapricha D, Motomizu S. 

Title : Novel oxidation reaction of prochlorperazine with bromate in the presence of 

synergistic activators and its application to trace determination by flow injection/ 

spectrophotometric method. 

Source : Analytica Chimica Acta. 580 (1): 68 – 74, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Spectrophotornetry, Flow injection, Prochlorperazine, Bromate, Drinking water. 

Abstract : A simple and fast flow injection spectrophotometric method for the determination of 

bromate in water samples was developed. The detection system is based on the 

oxidation of prochlorperazine (PCP) with bromate in strongly acidic medium. Large 

amounts of chloride and bromide was found, for the first time, to act as an activator, 

and to enhance the sensitivity for bromate detection. The oxidation product of PCP 

gives pink color, which can be used to monitor the reaction spectrophotometrically at 

525 nm. Under the optimal conditions, the method is selective; only nitrite, chlorite 

and hypochlorite can interfere with the determination of bromate. The elimination of 

these three ions is discussed. The calibration graph for bromate determination was 

linear in the range of 10 – 130 mu g L(–1) with a detection limit of 2.3 mu gL(–1). The 

repeatability was satisfactory, with the relative standard deviation of 1.1% (25 mu g 

L(–1), n = 10). The sample throughput was 44 h(–1). The proposed method was found 

to be highly reliable for screening drinking waters containing bromate, which is 

above or below legislation limit of 10 mu g L(–1). 

No.1085 

Author(s) : Uraisin K, Takayanagi T, Oshima M, Nacapricha D, Motomizu S. 

Title : Kinetic – spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of 

bromide in seawater. 

Source : Talanta. 68 (3): 951 – 956, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Kinetic – spectrophotometry, Methylene blue, Bromide, Seawater. 

Abstract : A novel simple, sensitive and rapid kinetic – spectrophotornetric method is proposed 

for the determination of trace amounts of bromide. The method is based on its 

catalytic effect on the oxidation of methylene blue (MB) by hydrogen peroxide in


strongly acidic solution. The oxidation reaction is activated by large amounts of chloride 

and can be monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the 

absorbance of MB at 746 run. The determination of bromide is performed by a fixed 

– time method at the first 100 s from the initiation of the reaction. Unlike other 

kinetic – spectrophotornetric methods for the determination of bromide, the proposed 

method does not require heating the solution. Bromide can be determined in the 

range from 80 to 960 mu g l(–1) with the detection limit of 35 mu g l(–1). The relative 

standard deviation of ten replicate determination of 480 mu g l(–1) bromide was 1.4%. 

The influence of potential interfering ions was studied. The proposed method was 

satisfactorily applied to the determination of bromide in seawater without interfering 

effect from chloride ion. 

No.1086 

Author(s) : Uraiwan K, Pornchai O, Kannika J, Chiraporn N, Thipwipha P, Wanlapha A, Athiwat 

T, Sukit H, Sirikul C, Pravit A. 

Title : The anticancer effects of Thai medicinal plants containing antioxidant phenolics on 

breast cancer cells. 



Keywords : Medicinal plants, Phenolics, Antioxidants, Anticancer effects. 


No.1087 

Author(s) : Utaisincharoen P, Arjeharoen S, Limposuwan K, Tungpradabkul S, Sirisinha S. 

Title : Burkholderia pseudomallei RpoS regulates multinucleated giant cell formation and 

inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). 

Source : Microbial Pathogenesis. 40 (4): 184 – 189, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Burkholderia pseudomallei, Melioidosis, RpoS, Multinucleated giant cell formation, 

iNOS. 

Abstract : Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. This bacterium can 

invade and survive inside the phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. After internalization, 

the bacteria can escape from the membrane – bound phagosome into the cytoplasm. 

Internalised B. pseudomallei can also induce a cell – to – cell fusion, resulting in a 

multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation. In the present study, we demonstrated 

that B. pseudomallei rpoS null Mutant was similar to its wild type parent in its ability 

to survive and multiply inside the mouse macrophages, but it failed to stimulate 

MNGC formation. The rpoS mutant was also unable to activate inducible Nitric Oxide 

Synthase (iNOS) in resting mouse macrophages but in gamma interferon (IFN – 

gamma) – activated macrophages, the Mutant was able to induce significantly higher 

levels of iNOS and NO when compared with its wild – type counterpart, resulting in 

a significantly lower number of bacteria inside the infected host cells. 

No.1088 

Author(s) : Vaiyavatjamai P, Tongtrongchitr A. 

Title : Parasitic infections and allergy – A review. 



Keywords : Allergy, Cross – reactivity, Hygiene hypothesis, IgE, IL – 10, Parasite, Parasitic 

infection. 

Abstract : Parasitic infections have been one of the major health problems in Thailand for 

decades. However, the prevalence of parasitic infections has decreased considerably 

in recent years due to an increase in personal hygiene and public sanitation. In 

contrast, allergic diseases, their morbidity, and mortality appear to be on the rise. An 

immunological explanation and epidemiologic relationship between parasitic infections 

and allergies has been espoused since the late 1980s. The hygiene hypothesis has 

been the internationally recognized theory to explain the findings. IgE blocking 

hypothesis and the modified Th2 responses have also been purposed to describe the 

effect of preventing allergic diseases by parasitic infections and by IgG4 inducing 

tolerance, respectively. Several lines of evidence have suggested an inverse association 

between parasitic infections and the presence of allergic symptoms. Moreover, data 

have demonstrated interleukin – 10 presenting the suppressive effect of parasitic 

infection to allergic responses. Nevertheless, a causal relationship between parasitic 

infections and allergies remains to be proven. Future prospective and intervention 

studies are required to determine the role of parasitic infection with allergic responses 

to host exposures. 

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No.1089 

Author(s) : Vajrabhaya L – O, Korsuwannawong S, Jantarat J, Korre S. 

Title : Biocompatibility of furcal perforation repair material using cell culture technique: 

Ketac Molar versus ProRoot MTA. 

Source : Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 

102 (6): e48 – e50, 2006 (Dec). 



Abstract : Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of furcal 

perforation repair materials, GI and MTA, using cell culture technique. Study design: 

The extract of ProRoot MTA and Ketac Molar were treated on PDL cells in a 96 – well 

tissue – culture plate. Cell proliferation after an incubation period of 3 days was 

determined by using MTT assay. Results: The growth of cultured human periodontal 

fibroblast cells were suppressed by both perforation repair materials. The percent of 

cell viability in the Ketac Molar group was lower than in the ProRoot MTA group (P 

= .000). Conclusions: Although Ketac Molar has the advantage of adhering to dentine, 

it is more cytotoxic to the PDL cells than MTA. In selecting the perforation repair 

material, it is recommended not only to consider the sealing ability of the material 

with dentine but also the biocompatibility of material to the underlying tissue. 

No.1090 

Author(s) : Vajragupta O, Boonyarat C, Murakami Y, Tohda M, Musatmoto K, Olson AJ, 

Watanabe H. 

Title : A novel neuroprotective agent with antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase inhibitory 

action. 

Source : Free Radical Research. 40 (7): 685 – 695, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Nitric oxide synthase, Neuroprotection, Cell culture, NG108 – 15, Microdialysis, 

Nitro arginine. 

Abstract : N – alpha – vanillyl – N – omega – nitroarginine (N – 1) that combines the active 

functions of natural antioxidant and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor was developed for 

its neuroprotective properties. N – I exhibited protective effects against hydrogen 

peroxideinduced cell damage and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide ‘NO’ production 

induced by calcium ionophore in NG 108 – 15 cells. N – 1 inhibited the constitutive 

NOS isolated from rat cerebellar in a greater extent than constitutive NOS from 

human endothelial cells. Low binding energy (–10.2 kcal/mol) obtained from docking 

N – 1 to nNOS supported the additional mode of action of N – 1 as an nNOS inhibitor. 

The in vivo neuroprotective effect on kainic acid – induced nitric oxide production and 

neuronal cell death in rat brain was investigated via microdialysis. Rats were injected 

intra – peritonially with N – 1 at 7 5 mu mol/kg before kainic acid injection (10 mg/kg). 

The significant suppression effect on kainic acid – induced NO and significant increase 

in surviving cells were observed in the hippocampus at 40 min after the induction. 

No.1091 

Author(s) : Valcour VG, Sithinamsuwan P, Nidhinandana S, Thitivichianlert S, Ratto – Kim S, 

Apateerapono W, Shiramizu BT, Desouza MS, Chitpatima ST, Watt G, 

Chuenchitra T, Robertson KR, Paul RH, McArthur JC, Kim JH, Shikuma CM. 

Title : Neuropsychological testing among subtype CRF01_AE HIV – 1 in Bangkok. 

Source : Journal of Neurovirology. 12 (Suppl.1): 83 – 84 P198, 2006. 




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No.1092 

Author(s) : Vamre TBA, Stalsberg H, Thomas DB, Berry G, Maclennan R, Shearman R, 

Jelihovsky T, Booth JC, Molina R, Martinez L, Salas O, Dabacens A, Zhiheng C, 

Yun T, Wei HY, Cuadros A, Aristizabal N, Ebeling K, Nishan P, Kunde D, Modan B, 

Ron E, Alfandary E, Mati JG, Kenya P, Kungu A, Gatei D, Cuevas HR, Salazar SB, 

Palet A, Ontiveros P, Apelo RA, De La Cruz JR, Baens J, Javier B, Silpisornkosol S, 

Pardthaisong T, Martin N, Theetranont C, Boosiri B, Chutivongse S, Virutamasen P, 

Wongsrichanalai C, Jimakorn P, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Chantarakul N, 

Ray RM, Noonan EA, Holck S. 

Title : Extra – tumoral breast tissue in breast cancer patients: Variations with steroid 

contraceptive use. 

Source : International Journal of Cancer. 118 (11): 2827 – 2831, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Ductal carcinoma in situ, Ductal hyperplasia, Extra – tumoral breast tissue, 

Oral contraceptives, Risk factors. 

Abstract : The association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and benign breast changes in 

extra – tumoral breast tissue was studied histologically in 1,503 breast cancer patients 

from The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. The 

occurrence of ductal hyperplasia, ductal atypia, sclerosing adenosis, cysts, apocrine 

metaplasia, apocrine hyperplasia, apocrine atypia, adenosis, lobular atypia, duct ectasia, 

calcifications, inflammatory reaction, lactational metaplasia and a high epithelial – 

stromal ratio was graded semi – quantitatively. Prevalence odds ratio (POR) for each 

histologic variable was calculated by logistic regression analyses. Patients who had 

ever used OC had lower occurrence of ductal hyperplasia than never users (POR 0.72 

(95% CI 0.52 – 0.99)). Current use and more than 8 years of use was also associated 

with a lower prevalence of ductal hyperplasia (POR 0.40 (0.20 – 0.81) and POR 0.33 

(0.17 – 0.64), respectively). Age > 35 years at first use was associated with increased 

prevalence of ductal carcinoma in situ (POR 2.15 (1.05 – 4.40)), but not of atypical 

ductal hyperplasia. Our results show that the effects of OC use on ductal hyperplasia 

in non – neoplastic breast tissue of breast cancer patients are similar to what others 

have found in patients with benign breast disease only. The increased prevalence of 

extra – tumoral ductal carcinoma in situ in breast cancer patients who started OC use 

at high age may possibly be explained by a longer preinvasive phase in these patients. 

No.1093 

Author(s) : Van HT, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Suriyawongpaisal P, Khai LH. 

Title : Estimation of non – fatal road traffic injuries in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam using capture 

– recapture method. 





Abstract : Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are increasing in developing countries where accurate 

routine data are usually not available. Although a capture – recapture technique has 

increasingly been employed in studies of human populations to provide reliable 

estimates of the magnitude of problems, it has rarely been used in road traffic injury 

research. We applied two sample capture – recapture methods using hospital and 

traffic police records to estimate non – fatal road traffic injuries in Thai Nguyen City 

during the years 2000 – 2004. We generated a conservative adjusted estimate of non 

– fatal RTIs using data from the two sources matched by name, surname, sex of 

victims and at least one of the other matching variables, of age, address of victim and 

date of injuries. We then compared the estimated rates with those reported based on 

police and hospital data. The results show that during years 2000 – 2004, the police 

reported 1,373 non – fatal RTIs, while hospital records revealed 6,069 non – fatal 

RTIs. Most reported victims on both hospital and police reports were males (67.3% 

and 74.4%, respectively). More than half the victims on both hospital and police 

reports were drivers (77.5% and 66.1%, respectively) or pedestrians (10.6% and 7.1%, 

respectively). Youth and young adults (ages 15 – 34) constituted the majority of the 

victims on the hospital and police reports (52.8% and 63.7%, respectively). The capture 

– recapture analysis estimated that 11,140 (95%CI: 10,626 – 11,654) subjects were 

involved in RTIs during the study period. In comparison to the estimated figure, 

official sources accounted for only 21.9 to 60.1% of total non – fatal RTIs. Estimated 

rates of non – fatal RTIs were 105.5 injuries/10,000 population per year and 393 

injuries/10,000 vehicles. Given the fact that under reporting of RTIs has been a major 

limitation of routine official data sets in developing countries, we suggested the 

capture – recapture method be used as a tool to provide affordable and reliable 

estimates of RTIs in resource – poor countries. 

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No.1094 

Author(s) : Vanlandingham M, Im – Em W, Yokota F. 

Title : Access to treatment and care associated with HIV infection among members of AIDS 

support groups in Thailand. 

Source : AIDS Care – Psychological and Socio – Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV. 

18 (7): 637 – 646, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Parents, HIV/AIDS, People. 

Abstract : To examine the types and distributions of treatment received among persons living 

with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) in Thailand, we analyzed data collected during 2000 

from 412 members of PLWHA support organizations in Bangkok and three upcountry 

northern provinces. Most (74%) of the respondents report ever receiving modern 

medical care for their HIV – related symptoms; 31% report ever using herbal 

treatments. Small proportions of those experiencing severe symptoms related to 

activity limitations report treatments with anti – retroviral medication, treatment for 

opportunistic infections or treatment for pain. Multivariate analysis suggests that the 

government’s health card system plays an important role in keeping treatment costs 

down for PLWHAs and their families, that being open about one’s HIV status to one’s 

community is positively associated with receiving modern treatment for HIV – related 

ailments, that being female is negatively associated with receiving modern treatment 

and that living upcountry (as opposed to living in Bangkok) is associated with using 

herbal remedies. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. 

No.1095 

Author(s) : Vararattanavech A, Prommeenate P, Ketterman AJ. 

Title : The structural roles of a conserved small hydrophobic core in the active site and an 

ionic bridge in domain I of Delta class glutathione S – transferase. 

Source : Biochemical Journal. 393: 89 – 95 (Part 1), 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Anopheles dirus, Delta class glutathione S – transferase, Mosquito, 

Site – directed mutagenesis. 

Abstract : GSTs (glutathione S – transferases; E.C.2.5.1.18) are a supergene family of dimeric 

multifunctional enzymes that have a major role in detoxification pathways. Using a 

GST from the mosquito Anopheles dirus (adGSTD4 – 4), we have characterized the 

enzymatic and physical properties of Leu – 6, Thr – 31, Leu – 33, Ala – 35, Glu – 37, 

Lys – 40 and Glu – 42. These residues generate two motifs located in the N – terminal 

domain (domain 1) that are functionally conserved across GST classes. The aim of 

this study was to understand the function of these two motifs. The first motif is a 

small hydrophobic core in the G – site (glutathione – binding site) wall, and the 

second motif contains an ionic bridge at the N – terminus of the alpha 2 helix and is 

also part of the G – site. The mutations in the small hydrophobic core appear to have 

structural effects, as shown by the thermal stability, refolding rate and intrinsic 

fluorescence differences. In the Delta class GST, interactions form an ionic bridge 

motif located at the beginning of the alpha 2 helix. The data suggest that electrostatic 

interactions in the alpha 2 helix are involved in a – helix stabilization, and disruption 

of this ionic bridge interaction changes the movement of the alpha 2 – helix region, 

thereby modulating the interaction of the enzyme with substrates. These results 

show that the small hydrophobic core and ionic bridge have a major impact on 

structural stabilization, as well as being required to maintain structural conformation 

of the enzyme. These structural effects are also transmitted to the active site to 

influence substrate binding and specificity. Therefore changes in the conformation of 

the G – site wall in the active site appear to be capable of exerting influences on the 

tertiary structural organization of the whole GST protein. 

No.1096 

Author(s) : Vareesangthip K, Panthongdee W, Shayakul C, Nitiyanant W, Ong – Aj – Yooth L. 

Title : Abnormal kinetics of erythrocyte sodium lithium countertransport in patients with 

diabetic nephropathy in Thailand. 




Abstract : Background: In essential hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, sodium – lithium 

counter transport (Na/Li CT) is an inherited marker for metabolic influences of 

cardiovascular risk. The kinetics of Na/Li CT are modified by two types of thiol group 

in the membrane. In choline medium, the type 1 thiol reacts with N – ethtyl maleimide 

394


(NEM) to cause a decrease in Km and increase Vmax/Km ratio. However in the 

presence of external Na or Li both the type 1 or type 2 thiols react so that both Km 

and Vmax are reduced. Low Km of Na/Li CT has been previously reported to be a 

major abnormality in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and can be used to identify diabetic 

patients who are at high risk for DN. A recent study showed that the type 1 thiol 

protein controlling the Km of Na/Li CT was a 33 – kD protein and the gene for this 

protein is going to be cloned. Objective: The authors sought to identify Na/Li CT 

kinetic abnormalities in Type 2 diabetes in Thai patients. Material and Method: 

Erythrocyte Na/Li CT kinetics and their modulation by thiol proteins were measured 

in erythrocytes from 22 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 42 normal control subjects. 

Results: The kinetics of Na/Li CT in untreated erythrocytes were similar Thiol protein 

alkylation with NEM generally caused both Vmax and Km to fall, but caused Km to 

rise in erythrocytes of diabetic patients, whose native Km was low. Thus, abnormalities 

in the regulation of Na/Li CT by key thiol proteins were found in about one – third of 

subjects with Type 2 diabetes in Thailand. Conclusion: Membrane abnormalities may 

indicate a common pathway of pathological mechanism found in essential hypertension 

and diabetic nephropathy and may be used as a phenotype for further genetic studies 

of this transporter. 

No.1097 

Author(s) : Veerasarn V, Boonnuch W, Kakanaporn C. 

Title : A phase II study to evaluate WF10 in patients with late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis 

and proctitis. 

Source : Gynecologic Oncology. 100 (1): 179 – 184, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : WF10 therapy, Late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis, Proctitis. 

Abstract : Objective: To evaluate efficacy and safety of WF10 (TCDO iv Solution) therapy in 

patients with late hemorrhagic radiation cystitis and proctitis in a long – term follow 

tip. Material and methods: From February 1999 to July 2001, 30 symptomatic patients 

with endoscopically confirmed grade 2 and 3 late hemorrhagic cystitis (n = 16) and 

proctitis (n = 14) were treated with WHO. The dose was 0.5 ml/kg BIN, diluted in 250 

ml 5%D/W, administered by intravenous infusion over 2 h, 5 consecutive clays, every 

3 weeks for 2 – 4 cycles, combined with standard therapy. The patients were clinically 

followed up every 3 weeks for 3 months, then every 3 months for I year and then 

every 3 – 6 months. The study endpoints were immediate response with improvement 

to Grade 0 – 1 within 3 months and the incidence of recurrence to Grade >= 2 during 

the follow LIP time. Results: After completion of the WF10 therapy, 14 cystitis patients 

(88%) had improved to grade 0 – 1 hematuria, and 14 proctitis patients (100%) had 

improved in bleeding per rectum to grade 0 – 1 within 3 months. The median follow 

LIP time was 51 months. During the follow LIP period, among the responders, 4 

cystitis patients (28%) had recurrent hematuria of grade 2 and two proctitis patients 

(14%) had recurrent bleeding per rectum of grade 2 and 3. No treatment toxicity was 

observed. Conclusion: The WF10 therapy combined with conventional treatment is 

simple and safe with long – term efficacy in the treatment of late hemorrhagic 

radiation cystitis and proctitis. 

No.1098 

Author(s) : Veerasarn V, Phromratanapongse P, Lorvidhaya V, Lertsanguansinchai P, 

Lertbutsayanukul C, Panichevaluk A, Boonnuch W, Chinswangwatanakul V, 

Lohsiriwat D, Rojanasakul A, Thavichaigarn P, Jivapaisarnpong P. 

Title : Preoperative capecitabine with pelvic radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer 

(phase I trial). 



Keywords : Capecitabine, Chemoradiation, Radiotherapy, Rectal cancer. 

Abstract : Objective: Phase I multicenter study defined the maximal tolerated dose (MTD), dose 

– limiting toxicity (DLT) and safety profile of capecitabine in combination with 

preoperative radiation for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Material 

and Method: Patients were treated with oral capecitabine (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 

and 1200 mg/m 2 twice daily continuously) plus preoperative whole pelvic irradiation 

(45 – 46 Gy in 23 – 25 fractions over 5 – 6 weeks). Surgery was performed at the 

median of 42 days after chemoradiation treatment. Results: Twenty – seven patients 

were in this trial. Eighteen patients (3 per dose level) had received capecitabine from 

700 mg/m 2 twice daily to the highest dose level of 1200 mg/m 2 twice daily. There were 

no grade 3/4 DLTs during dose escalation, a further nine patients were included at 

395


396 

the highest capecitabine dose. Two of the twelve patients (16%) receiving capecitabine 

1200 mg/m 2 twice daily developed grade 3 diarrhea and discontinued treatment. There 

were no other grade 3/4 adverse events. After capecitabine chemoradiation, 24 of 27 

patients (89%) received definite surgery. Primary and lymph node down staging 

occurred in ten patients (42%). Sphincter – sparing surgery was performed in seven 

patients (26%) and abdominal – perineal resection was performed in 17 patients 

(63%). Conclusion: Preoperative capecitabine chemoradiation based on continuous 

daily capecitabine is very well tolerated in patients with LARC. The authors did not 

reach the MTD in the present study. 

No.1099 

Author(s) : Veerasarn V, Phromratanapongse P, Suntornpong N, Lorvidhaya V, Sukthomya V, 

Chitapanarux I, Tesavibul C, Swangsilpa T, Khorprasert C, Shotelersuk K, 

Kongthanarat Y, Panichevaluk A, Chiewvit S, Pusuwan P, Aekmahachai M, 

Ratchadara S, Sirilipoche S, Saengsuda Y. 

Title : Effect of amifostine to prevent radiotherapy – induced acute and late toxicity in head 

and neck cancer patients who had normal or mild impaired salivary gland function. 



Keywords : Amifostine, Head and neck cancer, Mucositis, Radiotherapy, Xerostomia. 

Abstract : Background: Amifostine has a potential role for salivary gland protection in head and 

neck cancer patients who had radiotherapy. Material and Method: Sixty – seven head 

and neck cancer patients were randomized to receive radiotherapy or radiotherapy 

plus Amifostine. The efficacy of the treatment was determined by a questionnaire 

evaluating dryness of mouth and the oral comfort, the RTOG/EORTC acute/late 

radiation morbidity scoring criteria, collection of the whole saliva and the 99mTc – 

pertecnetate scintigraphy of the salivary glands. Results: Amifostine significantly 

reduced the mean questionnaire scores from 6.49 to 3.73, the incidence of grade e•2 

mucositis from 75% to 36% and acute xerostomia from 82% to 39%. The salivary gland 

function returned to normal at a rate of 36.3% in the Amifostine group versus 9.1% in 

the control group. Conclusion: Amifostine is effective in reducing the incidence and 

severity of acute mucositis, acute and late xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. 

No.1100 

Author(s) : Vejchapipat P, Leawhiran N, Poomsawat S, Theamboonlers A, Chittmittrapap S, 

Poovorawan Y. 

Title : Amelioration of intestinal reperfusion injury by moderate hypothermia is associated 

with serum sICAM – 1 levels. 

Source : Journal of Surgical Research. 130 (1): 152 – 157, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Hypothermia, Intestinal ischemia, TNF, LIX, ICAM – 1. 

Abstract : Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate 

hypothermia on various serum markers involving in inflammation after intestinal 

ischemia – reperfusion (IR). Materials and methods: The model of 30 min intestinal 

ischemia +90 min reperfusion was used. Three groups of rats were studied, n = 7 – 8 

per group: 1) sham at normothermia, 36.5 to 37.5 degrees C; 2) IR at normothermia 

and; 3) IR at moderate hypothermia, 32 to 33 degrees C. Serum levels of TNF – alpha, 

lipopolysaccharide – inducible CXC chemokine (LIX), and soluble intercellular adhesion 

molecule – 1 (sICAM – 1) were determined using ELISA technique. Histological 

features of terminal ileum were also graded. Results: Intestinal IR at normothermia 

caused remarkable tissue injury together with an elevation in serum TNF – alpha, 

LIX, and sICAM – 1 levels. Moderate hypothermia significantly decreased the degree 

of mucosal damage and attenuated the elevation of serum sICAM – 1 levels. However, 

there were no significant differences in serum TNF – alpha and LIX levels between 

IR at normothermia and IR at hypothermia. Conclusions: Intestinal IR at 

normothermia induces the elevation of serum TNF – alpha, LIX, and sICAM – 1 

levels. Moderate hypothermia protects the small intestine from reperfusion injury. 

This beneficial effect is associated with serum sICAM – 1 levels but not with serum 

TNF – alpha and LIX levels. We speculate that one of the mechanisms, by which 

hypothermia blunts the tissue injury, is at the step of firm adhesion between 

leukocytes and endothelial cells.


No.1101 

Author(s) : Vejchapipat P, Poomsawat S, Poovorawan Y, Proctor E, Pierro A. 

Title : The effects of moderate hypothermia on energy metabolism and serum inflammatory 

markers during laparotomy. 

Source : Pediatric Surgery International. 22 (1): 66 – 71, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Hypothermia, Laparotomy, Energy metabolism. 

Abstract : The objective of this study was to investigate energy metabolism of the gut and liver 

as well as serum inflammatory cytokines following exploratory laparotomy at 

moderate hypothermia. Two groups of rats were studied, (n = 6 – 8/group); laparotomy 

at normothermia for 120 min and laparotomy at hypothermia (32 – 33 degrees C) for 

120 min. Study 1: Intestinal glucose, succinate, lactate, phosphocreatine, and ATP as 

well as hepatic glucose, succinate, lactate, and ATP were measured in terms of 

micromole per gram using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Study 2: Serum levels 

of TNF – alpha, IL – 1 beta, LPS – inducible chemokine (LIX), and sICAM – 1 were 

measured by ELISA. Histology of the gut and liver were interpreted. Data are 

expressed as mean and SEM. In Study 1, laparotomy at hypothermia caused an 

increase in intestinal glucose levels (0.78 +/– 0.03 vs. 1.29 +/– 0.11, P = 0.0012) with a 

decrease in hepatic lactate levels (0.82 +/– 0.04 vs. 0.44 +/– 0.06, P < 0.001). There 

were no differences in the other metabolites between the two groups. In Study 2, 

there were no differences in serum TNF – alpha, IL – 1 beta, LIX, or sICAM – 1 

between the two groups. Histological features of the gut and liver among groups 

were comparable. In conclusion, the intestine and liver react to hypothermia 

differently. However, levels of high – energy phosphates in both organs are not 

affected by hypothermia suggesting adequate energy for the organs. It is unlikely 

that hypothermia induces either systemic inflammatory response or hypoxic damage 

to the intestine and liver in this model. 

No.1102 

Author(s) : Verra F, Chokejindachai W, Weedall GD, Polley SD, Mwangi TW, Marsh K, Conway 

DJ. 

Title : Contrasting signatures of selection on the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding 

antigen gene family. 

Source : Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 149 (2): 182 – 190, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Natural selection, Neutrality tests, Antigens, Invasion, Immunity. 

Abstract : Erythrocyte binding antigens of Plasmodium falciparum are involved in erythrocyte 

invasion, and may be targets of acquired immunity, Of the five eba genes, protein 

products have been detected for eba – 175, eba – 181 and eba – 140, but not for psi eba 

– 165 or ebl – 1, providing opportunity for comparative analysis of genetic variation to 

identify selection. Region 11 of each of these genes was sequenced from a cross – 

sectional sample of parasites in an endemic Kenyan population, and the frequency 

distributions of polymorphisms analysed. A positive value of Tajima’s D was observed 

for eba – 175 (D = 1.13) indicating an excess of intermediate frequency polymorphisms, 

while all other genes had negative values, the most negative being ebl – 1 (D = –2.35) 

followed by psi eba – 165 (D = –1.79). The eba – 175 and ebl – 1 genes were then 

studied in a sample of parasites from Thailand, for which a positive Tajima’s D value 

was again observed for eba – 175 (D = 1.79), and a negative value for ebl – 1 (D = – 

1.85). This indicates that eba – 175 is under balancing selection in each population, in 

strong contrast to the other members of the gene family, particularly ebl – 1 and psi 

eba – 165 that may have been under recent directional selection. Population expansion 

simulations were performed under a neutral model, further supporting the departures 

from neutrality of these genes. 

No.1103 

Author(s) : Vesaratchavest M, Tumapa S, Day NPJ, Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Holden MTG, 

White NJ, Currie BJ, Spratt BG, Feil EJ, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Nonrandom distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei clones in relation to 

geographical location and virulence. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (7): 2553 – 2557, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Northern Australia, Neisseria – meningitides, Recombination, Melioidosis, Bacteria, 

Mutation, Biogeography, Population, Diversity, Patterns. 

Abstract : Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil – dwelling saprophyte and the causative agent of 

melioidosis, a life – threatening human infection. Most cases are reported from 

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northeast Thailand and northern Australia. Using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 

we have compared (i) soil and invasive isolates front northeast Thailand and (ii) 

invasive isolates front Thailand and Australia. A total of 266 Thai B. pseudomallei 

isolates were characterized (83 soil and 183 invasive). These corresponded to 123 

sequence types (STs), the most abundant being ST70 (n = 21), ST167 (n = 15), ST54 

(n = 12) and ST58 (n = 11). Two clusters of related STs (clonal complexes) were 

identified; the larger clonal complex (CC48) did not conform to a simple pattern of 

radial expansion from an assumed ancestor, while a second (CC70) corresponded to 

a simple radial expansion from ST70. Despite the large number of STs, overall 

nucleotide diversity was low. Of the Thai isolates, those isolated front patients with 

melioidosis were overrepresented in the 10 largest clones (P < 0.0001). There was a 

significant difference in the classification index between environmental and disease 

isolates (P < 0.001), confirming that genotypes were not distributed randomly between 

the two samples. MLST profiles for 158 isolates from Australia (mainly disease 

associated) contained a number of STs (96) similar to that seen with the Thai invasive 

isolates, but no ST was found in both populations. There were also differences in 

diversity and allele frequency distribution between the two populations. This analysis 

reveals strong, genetic differentiation on the basis of geographical isolation and a 

significant differentiation on the basis of virulence potential. 

No.1104 

Author(s) : Vichairuangthum K, Leowattana W, Ong – Ajyooth L, Pokum S. 

Title : The relationship between serum concentration of cardiac troponin I in chronic renal 

failure patients and cardiovascular events. 



Keywords : Cardiovascular events, Chronic renal failure, cTnI, NT – proBNP. 

Abstract : Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum 

cardiac troponin I in asymptomatic chronic renal failure patients and cardiovascular 

events. Background: Short – term follow – up studies on this subject produced 

conflicting results. Material and Method: A total of 63 asymptomatic patients with 

chronic renal failure (CRF) with regular hemodialysis were followed for 18 months 

for cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction events and interventional procedures 

such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery 

bypass graft (CABG). Serum cTnI and other blood chemistries were measured at the 

time of the study. Results: Forty seven chronic dialysis patients (75%) had an elevated 

level of cTnI concentration more than the 0.08 ng/ml cutoff but only fourteen patients 

(22%) had and elevated cTnI concentration of more than the AMI cutoff (0.4ng/ml). 

When using the 0.08 ng/ml cutoff, the NT – proBNP concentrations of the elevated 

groups were significantly higher than the normal groups. The authors also found 

that the elevated groups above the AMI cutoff had significantly higher cardiovascular 

events. Conclusion: Elevated cTnI concentrations are commonly found in chronic 

renal failure patients. The AMI cutoff level of cTnI (0.4 ng/ml) seem to have a benefit 

for predicting the cardiovascular events in asymptomatic chronic renal failure patients 

while the 0.08 ng/ml cutoff doesn’t have usefulness for this purpose. Further studies 

are needed to clarify this hypothesis. 

No.1105 

Author(s) : Vichasri – Grams S, Subpipattana P, Sobhon P, Viyanant V, Grams R. 

Title : An analysis of the calcium – binding protein 1 of Fasciola gigantica with a comparison 

to its homologs in the phylum platyhelminthes. 

Source : Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 146 (1): 10 – 23, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Fasciola gigantica, Calcium – binding protein, EF – hand, Dynein light chain, Tegument. 

Abstract : A full – length cDNA encoding the Fasciola gigantica calcium – binding protein 1 

(FgCaBP1) was cloned from an adult stage cDNA expression library in an 

immunoscreen using rabbit immune serum against the parasite’s excretion/secretion 

antigens. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 96.3% identity to Fh22CBP of 

Fasciola hepatica. During development in the mammalian host FgCaBP1 RNA was 

detected in metacercariae, juveniles and adults and was exclusively localized to the 

tegumental cell bodies. Immune serum of a rabbit infected with E gigantica detected 

recombinant FgCaBP1 starting from the sixth week of infection. Immune sera of 

mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma mekongi cross – reacted 

with recombinant FgCaBP1 in immunoblots. Recombinant FgCaBP1 showed calcium 

and magnesium – binding activity by a mobility shift during non – denaturing PAGE


in the presence of Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ respectively. A polyclonal mouse anti – rFgCaBP1 

antiserum detected the native protein as a major component of the parasite’s 

tegumental antigens in immunoblots and as a strictly tegumental antigen in tissue 

cross – sections of adult and juvenile parasites. Comparative sequence analysis of 

homologs from Fasciola and Schistosoma present in the GenBank database revealed 

sequence signatures specific to these trematode proteins and thereby indicates their 

origin from a single ancestor. FgCaBP1 contains two adjacent, N – terminal located 

EF – hands and a C – terminal located domain similar to dynein light chain type 1. 

Independent structure predictions of the two domains suggest that they will fold 

according to the already determined structures of the EF – hand motif and the dynein 

light chain type I proteins. 

No.1106 

Author(s) : Vichchathorn P, Jenwithisuk R, Leelaudomlipi S, Tungpradabkul S, Hongeng S, 

Cui L, Sattabongkot J, Udomsangpetch R. 

Title : Induction of specific immune responses against the Plasmodium vivax liver – stage 

via in vitro activation by dendritic cells. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55 (3): 187 – 193, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Plasmodium vivax, Pre – erythrocytic stage, EE stage, Malaria immunity, 

Dendritic cells. 

Abstract : Due to chronic morbidity, the risk of increasing drug resistance and the existence of 

the hypnozoite stage in Plasmodium vivax malaria, there is a need to find out how 

hosts develop immunity to compromise the malaria parasites. Here we focused on an 

in vitro model for immunotherapy and vaccine development. Immunosuppressive 

mechanisms in malaria include inhibition of T cell response and suppression of 

dendritic cell function. Using in vitro activation of lymphocytes by malaria antigen – 

pulsed dendritic cells could overcome the limitation of antigen presentation during 

acute infections. Here we showed that the sporozoite – pulsed dendritic cell could 

elicit cytotoxicity against liver stage of P. vivax. Analysis using immunophenotypic 

markers showed maturation of the dendritic cells and stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. 

Functional assay of the in vitro – activated cytotoxic T cells showed enhancement of 

specific killing of the P. vivax exoerythrocytic stages within infected hepatocytes. 

This model may be useful for vaccine development against human malaria. 

No.1107 

Author(s) : Vichit – Vadakan N, Aekplakorn W. 

Title : Effects of sulfur dioxide on lung growth in young children residing near lignite – coal 

power plant. 

Source : Epidemiology. 17 (6): S146 – S146 Suppl. S, 2006 (Nov). 




No.1108 

Author(s) : Vichit – Vadakan N, Ostro B, Vajanapoom N, Aekplakorn W, Supat W. 

Title : Estimating the mortality effects of air pollution in bangkok, Thailand. 





No.1109 

Author(s) : Viprakasit V, Chinchang W, Chotimarat P. 

Title : Hb Woodville, a rare alpha – globin variant, caused by codon 6 mutation of the alpha 

1 gene. 

Source : European Journal of Haematology. 76 (1): 79 – 82, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Hb Woodville, Alpha – haemoglobinopathy, Alpha 1 – globin gene mutation, 

Thalassaemia screening. 

Abstract : Since 1995, the national programme for the prevention and control of severe 

thalassaemia has been implemented in Thailand. This programme is composed of the 

population screening in pregnant women and couples by osmotic fragility, HbE 

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screening and the confirmation test using haemoglobin analyses by electrophoresis 

or chromatography. Thereafter, several hitherto unidentified haemoglobins (Hbs) 

with structural defects are increasingly described and these variants are now easily 

studied using DNA technology. In this study, the authors describe the haematology 

and molecular analyses in a 28 – yr – old healthy female who was identified as having 

an exceptionally ‘high HbA(2)’ from haemoglobin analysis. Subsequent analyses 

demonstrated that observed atypical ‘HbA(2)’ was, in fact, a rare innocuous alpha – 

globin variant, called Hb Woodville [alpha 2 6(A4); Asp –> Tyr]. For the first time, this 

abnormal Hb species is characterised at the molecular level. 

No.1110 

Author(s) : Viprakasit V, Monteerarat Y, Piboonpocanun O, Sanpakit K, Chinchang W, 

Tachavanich K, Visitsunthorn N, Thongboonkerd V, Vichyanond P. 

Title : Identification of a novel IL7RA mutation (444_450insA) caused marked reduction in 

CD127 expression from a cohort molecular analysis of severe combined 

immunodeficiency (T, B+, NK+SCID) in Thailand. 

Source : Blood. 108 (11): 367A – 367A 1247 (Part 1), 2006 (Nov). 




No.1111 

Author(s) : Viriyataveekul R, Laodee N, Potprasat S, Piyophirapong S. 

Title : Comparative evaluation of three different treponemal enzyme immunoassays for 

syphilis. 



Keywords : FTA – ABS, Sensitivity, Specificity, Syphilis, TPHA, Treponemal Pallidum. 

Abstract : Background: To reduce human errors and subjective interpretation, automation is 

currently a trend. However, replacing any tests with automation must first be 

validated. Objective: Evaluate the EIA tests performance characteristics of three 

commercially available enzyme immunoassays; Enzygnost Syphilis (Dade Behring 

Ltd), Syphilis EIA 480 (Newmarket Laboratory Ltd) and ICE* Syphilis (Abbott Murex). 

Material and Method: Three thousand and fifty – five serum samples were obtained 

from all workers who came for physical check ups before working abroad at the 

physical check – up unit of the out – patient department at Siriraj Hospital between 

February and August, 2001. Serum specimens known to be positive with VDRL and 

TPHA or FTA – ABS tests were included in the present study. Results: Of all the 

samples, 2953 were from workers who came for physical check ups; 102 were selected 

from known specimens positive with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test 

(VDRL) and Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination Assay (TPHA) or Fluorescent 

Treponemal Antibody ABSorption (FTA – ABS) test. A true positive result was 

determined when the sample was reactive either with two out of three enzyme 

immunoassays and TPHA or FTA – ABS, or both TPHA and FTA – ABS. A true 

negative result was determined when the aforementioned were absent. The sensitivity 

and specificity of Enzygnost Syphilis, Syphilis EIA 480 and ICE* Syphilis were 100% 

and 97.89%, 100% and 99.59%, and 99.1% and 99.76%, respectively. The results suggest 

that the specificity of Enzygnost Syphilis is the lowest among these three enzyme 

immunoassays; the price is also the cheapest. The decision to replace an existing test 

depends not only on the performance characteristics but also on other factors such as 

cost effectiveness, turnaround time, instrument maintenance, etc. The present study 

shows performance characteristics, whereas an economic evaluation is only briefly 

mentioned regarding a hospital’s decision in making test selection. Conclusion: Among 

the three commercial kits, the specificity of Enzygnost Syphilis was the lowest. 

However, the replacement of any existing test depends greatly on the purpose of the 

individual laboratory whereas performance characteristics will provide us with an 

appropriate economic evaluation.


No.1112 

Author(s) : Visalyaputra S. 

Title : Is ephedrine the best vasopressor for treating spinal anesthesia – induced hypotension 

in patients with pre – eclampsia? Response. 

Source : Anesthesia and Analgesia. 103 (6): 1584 – 1585, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Cesarean – section, Epidural – anesthesia, Randomized – trial, Delivery. 


No.1113 

Author(s) : Visawapoka U, Tovanabutra S, Currier JR, Cox JH, Mason CJ, Wasunna M, 

Ponglikitmongkol M, Dowling WE, Robb ML, Birx DL, McCutchan FE. 

Title : Circulating and unique recombinant forms of HIV type 1 containing subsubtype A2. 

Source : AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 22 (7): 695 – 702, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Immunodeficiency – virus type – 1, Subtype – A, Genetic diversity, Intersubtype 

recombinants, BC recombinant, South – America, West – Africa, Kenya, Identification, 

Breakpoints. 

Abstract : HIV – 1 strains containing subsubtype A2 are relatively rare in the pandemic but 

have been repeatedly identified in Kenya, where candidate vaccines based in part on 

subtype A, but not A2 strains, may be evaluated. Among the most recent is CRF16_A2D, 

a circulating recombinant form (CRF) whose prototypes are complete or partial HIV 

– 1 sequences from Kenya, Korea, and Argentina. Using samples from blood bank 

discards in Kenya and complete genome sequencing, this report further documents 

CRF16_A2D and related recombinants and identifies a second CRF, CRF21_A2D. The 

two A2 – containing CRFs, and two recombinants related to CRF16_A2D, share 

common structural elements but appear to have been independently derived. Concerted 

selection may have influenced the emergence and spread of certain A2 – containing 

strains in Kenya. The second complete subtype C sequence from Kenya is also reported 

here. Monitoring of A2 – containing recombinants and subtype C strains, both relatively 

rare in Kenya, may be informative in the course of cohort development and evaluation 

of candidate vaccines. 

No.1114 

Author(s) : Visessanguan W, Benjakul S, Smitinont T, Kittikun C, Thepkasikul P, Panya A. 

Title : Changes in microbiological, biochemical and physico – chemical properties of Nham 

inoculated with different inoculum levels of Lactobacillus curvatus. 

Source : LWT – Food Science and Technology. 39 (7): 814 – 826, 2006. 


Keywords : Nham, Fermented pork sausage, Starter culture, L. curvatus. 

Abstract : The effect of inoculum level of Lactobacillus curvatus on Nham fermentation was 

studied. Nham inoculated with L. curvatus at 10(4) (LC104) and 10(6) cfu/g (LC106) 

exhibited a higher rate of fermentation than naturally fermented Nham (control) as 

indicated by greater rate of pH drop, lactic acid production, and changes in protein 

compositions. Based on the pH, the fermentation was completed within 72, 48 and 

36h for control, LC104, and LC106, respectively. Higher extent of proteolysis and 

lipolysis were observed during fermentation of Nham inoculated with starter bacteria 

(P < 0.05). Due to higher acid production rate and extent, texture development of 

inoculated Nham was more rapid. Inoculated Nham exhibited higher TPA hardness 

and adhesiveness but lower fracturability than naturally fermented Nham (P < 0.05). 

In terms of acceptability, control and LC104 had higher ratings on the overall liking 

than LC106 (P < 0.05). However, LC104 was better accepted than control in terms of 

flavour, sourness, saltiness, and texture. Unusual smell was detected only in Nham 

inoculated at 10(6) cfu/g. Based on physico – chemical properties and consumer 

acceptability, L. curvatus is a potential starter for Nham fermentation. However, 

inoculation of L. curvatus at high level may cause off – flavour in the product. 

No.1115 

Author(s) : Visudtibhan A, Limhirun J, Chiemchanya S, Visudhiphan P. 

Title : Convulsive status epilepticus in Thai children at Ramathibodi hospital. 



Keywords : Children, Etiology, Status epilepticus. 

Abstract : Background: Convulsive Status Epilepticus (SE) is an emergency neurological 

condition with high morbidity and mortality. The outcome of this condition in children 

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depends on the etiology and the duration of convulsion. There is no report of this 

condition in Thai children. Objective: To study the etiology, clinical course and outcome 

in children with convulsive SE in a referral hospital in Thailand. Material and Method: 

The medical records of infants and children aged between one month and 15 years 

with the diagnosis of SE who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, 

Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok from January 1st, 1981 to December 31st, 2000 were 

retrospectively reviewed. The demographic data, types of seizure, duration of seizure, 

underlying diseases, precipitating factors, laboratory results, treatment, clinical course 

and outcomes were collected for descriptive analysis. Results: Thirty – two patients 

(15 boys, 17 girls) whose ages ranged from 2 months to 14.4 years (mean 6.5 years) 

were included. Twenty – four patients had underlying epilepsy. Twelve patients had 

prior diagnosis of symptomatic and idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy. Seven patients 

had acute insults to the central nervous system leading to SE. One patient with acute 

lymphoblastic leukemia presented with SE without association to either the underlying 

disease or the treatment. Fever with or without specific infection was the most 

common precipitating factor observed in these patients. The mean duration of SE 

was 64.4 minutes. The mean duration from initiation of treatment to the cessation of 

seizure was 41.4 minutes. Twelve patients were lost to follow up. Of the two patients 

who died, one had severe infection and the other had renal failure. Twelve patients 

had severe neurological deficits and six had mild neurological deficits. Among the 

thirteen patients who had e•1 hour of convulsion, eleven had severe neurological 

deficits or died. Conclusion: Infantile SE occurred more frequently in children with 

pre – existing epilepsy or neurological disorder. Acute febrile illness and infection 

were the most common precipitating causes in the present study. Early recognition 

and treatment of fever and infection in conjunction with prompt and appropriate 

termination of seizure in epileptic children may prevent the occurrence of SE and its 

morbidity. 

No.1116 

Author(s) : Vongsavat V, Winotai P, Meejoo S. 

Title : Phase transitions of natural corals monitored by ESR spectroscopy. 

Source : Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B – Beam Interactions 

with Materials and Atoms. 243 (1): 167 – 173, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Aragonite, Calcite, Coral, XRD, Rietveld refinement, IR, Thermal analyses and ESR. 

Abstract : The main purpose of this work is to present a systematic study of structure of marine 

exoskeletons, Acropora coral and its structural transformation upon heat treatments. 

The coralline sample was ground and characterized as powder throughout this work. 

Structural identifications of all samples have been confirmed using X – ray diffraction 

and IR spectroscopy. It was clearly found that the fresh specimen is made of aragonite, 

a common phase of the mineral CaCO 3 . Thermal analyses, DSC and TGA were used 

to monitor structural and thermal decompositions and an irreversible solid – state 

phase transition from aragonite to calcite of the marine carbonate. Next, the coral 

powder was annealed at specific temperatures over the range 350 – 900 degrees C, 

and the effects of heat treatment on the structure of coralline samples were carefully 

studied by Rietveld refinement method. In addition, we have examined Mn 2+ 

paramagnetic ions and free radicals present in the coral and changes of those upon 

heating by using ESR spectroscopy. The local environments of Mn 2+ ions were verified 

from the calculated ESR spectra using appropriate spin Hamiltonian parameters, i.e. 

gyromagnetic tensor g, zero – field splitting D and hyperfine tensor A. This work 

reported structures and compositions as well as physical, chemical and thermal 

properties of the coralline material upon heat treatments qualitatively and 

quantitatively. 

No.1117 

Author(s) : Vongvanich N, Kittakoop P, Charoenchai P, Intamas S, Sriklung K, 

Thebtaranonth Y. 

Title : Antiplasmodial, antimycobacterial, and cytotoxic principles from Camchaya calcarea. 

Source : Planta Medica. 72 (15): 1427 – 1430, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Occurring terpene derivatives, Centratherum – punctatum, Sesquiterpene lactones, 

Germacranolides, Guaianolides, Compositae, Inhibition, Ester, Assay. 

Abstract : Chemical exploration of Carrichaya calcarea (family Compositae) has led to the 

isolation of nine known sesquiterpene lactones 1 9, together with caffeic acid methyl 

ester 10. Sesquiterpenes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 exhibited moderate antiplasmodial


activity, but showed potent antimycobacterial activity. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity 

of sesquiterpene lactones 1, 2, and 4 towards small – cell lung cancer cell line (NCl – 

H187) is stronger (two orders of magnitude) than towards the Vero cell line. Caffeic 

acid methyl ester (10) was cytotoxic against NCl – H187 and BC cell lines, however 

the ester 10 showed only mild anti mycobacterial activity. 

No.1118 

Author(s) : Vorrakitpokatorn P, Permtongchuchai K, Raksamani E – O, Phettongkam, A. 

Title : Perioperative complications and risk factors of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. 



Keywords : Irrigation fluid, PCNL, Postoperative length of stay, Renal stone, Urolithiasis. 

Abstract : Objective: To study the risk factors of perioperative complications of PerCutaneous 

NephroLithotomy (PCNL). Material and Method: The present prospective descriptive 

study was carried out in the first time operation of 128 PCNL patients after general 

balanced anesthesia and standard surgical technique. Irrigation fluids were 0.9% 

NSS (24.1 16.36 liters) at room temperature. Perioperative complications and risk 

factors were observed, the results were displayed as adjusted Odds Ratio (OR), 95%CI 

and p value. Results: Intraoperative complications were hypothermia (56.2%), 

cardiovascular changes (57.1%) and bleeding. The first two complications statistically 

significantly related to volume of irrigation fluid > 20 liters (7.4, p < 0.05). Postoperative 

complications were electrolyte changes (but not statistically significant), pleural tear 

(3 cases), infection and bleeding. Septic shock was found in 4.7% (6/128) and 0.78% (1/ 

128) died. Fever was significantly correlated with postoperative transfusion e•1 unit 

(adjusted OR 4.9, p < 0.05). Risk factors of postoperative bleeding were operation 

time (adjusted OR 4.4, p < 0.05), intraoperative transfusion (adjusted OR 10, p < 0.01) 

and postoperative fever (adjusted OR 4.9 p < 0.01). Mean was 7.3 5.22 days and the 

mode of Length of Stay after operation (LOSPO) was 5 days. LOSPO was significantly 

related with postoperative fever > 38.5 C (adjusted OR 2.7, p < 0.05). Conclusion: 

Volume of irrigation fluid at room temperature > 20 liters significantly increased the 

rate of intraoperative hypothermia and cardiovascular changes. Infection was the 

most serious complication of PCNL and increased LOSPO. Antibiotics started at the 

beginning of the surgery could not always prevent this event. 

No.1119 

Author(s) : Waikagul J. 

Title : Southeast Asian tropical medicine and parasitology network. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55: S297 – S300 Suppl. S, 2006. 


Keywords : Tropical medicine network, Parasitology network, Southeast Asia. 

Abstract : The SEAMEO TROPMED Network is a regional cooperative network established in 

1967 for education, training and research in tropical medicine and public health 

under the Southeast Asia Ministers of Education Organization. The Network operates 

through four Regional Centers with respective areas of specialization and host 

institutions: Community Nutrition/Tropmed Indonesia; Microbiology, Parasitology 

and Entomology/Tropmed Malaysia; Public Health/Tropmed Philippines; and Tropical 

Medicine/Tropmed Thailand. To train health workers, to support research on endemic 

and newly emerging diseases, and to advocate relevant health policies are the main 

functions of these centers. SEAMEO TROPMED Network in collaboration with the 

Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University and other institutions has regularly 

organized the Seminar on Food – borne Parasitic Zoonoses every 3 – 5 years over the 

past 15 years. The Faculty of Tropical Medicine has organized the annual Joint 

International Tropical Medicine Meeting since 1996. Full papers of the presentations 

at these two meetings have been published as supplementary issues to the Southeast 

Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, an in – house journal of 

SEAMEO TROPMED Network. Recently, the Parasitology Association of ASEAN 

Countries has rotated the hosting of the ASEAN Congress of Parasitology and Tropical 

Medicine. These institutional and conference networks will enable closer links, to 

promote the health of people in the Southeast Asian region. 

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No.1120 

Author(s) : Waikagul J, Dekumyoy P, Anantaphruti MT. 

Title : Taenlasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in Thailand. 

Source : Parasitology International. 55: S175 – S180 Suppl. S, 2006. 


Keywords : Taeniasis, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Thailand. 

Abstract : Taeniasis is one of the major food – borne parasitic zoonoses in Thailand. During the 

years 1957 – 1997, the prevalence was low in most parts of the country. Recent (2000 

– 2005) country prevalence was lower than 1%. A high prevalence (5.9%) was found 

among 1450 villagers from 30 villages in the North, and among 1233 stool samples 

from 19 provinces in the Northeast (2.8%). Taenia saginata was the dominant species. 

Cysticercosis in Thailand is somewhat under – reported/recorded. During the period 

1965 – 2005, diagnosis was based on techniques other than serodiagnosis, giving a 

total of cysticercosis cases of less than 500. However, an immunoblot technique using 

delipidized cyst antigen showed 314 positive cases out of 754 samples tested in 2000 – 

2005. Reports of neurocysticercosis appeared more often than cutaneous cysticercosis. 

A total of 24 cases of echinococcosis, mostly hydatid cysts (only 2 cases of alveolar 

cysts), were recorded during 1936 – 2005. These records included 3 cases of foreigners 

seeking surgery in hospitals in Bangkok. Most Thai patients were migrant workers 

from the Middle East, and only a few cases were indigenous. The prevalence of 

cysticercosis and echinococcosis is increasing resulting from sensitive modem 

diagnostic tests. Taeniasis will persist in Thailand as the consumption of raw/half – 

cooked meat dishes is still a normal practice for Thai people. 

No.1121 

Author(s) : Waikagul J, Dekumyoy P, Yoonuan T, Praevanit R. 

Title : Conjunctiva philophthalmosis: A case report in Thailand. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (5): 848 – 849, 2006 (May). 


Keywords : Life – cycle, Gralli, Trematoda, Parasite. 

Abstract : A 31 – year – old Thai woman, a resident of Mapthaphut, Rayong Province, eastern 

Thailand, attended Rayong Provincial Hospital after suffering from consistent 

irritation of the eye for 5 days. Examination conducted by an ophthalmologist revealed 

a small worm moving on the conjunctiva of the right eye. The worm was removed 

and sent for. pharynx very large, ceca end close to the excretory pore, genital 

identification. It was 2.9 mm in length, elongated oval, pharynx very large, ceca end 

close to the excretory pore, genital pore opens in front of the ventral sucker at the 

cecal bifurcation; it was identified as Philophthalmus sp., a trematode that parasitizes 

the eyes of birds. This is the first human case of Philophthalmus infection in Thailand. 

No.1122 

Author(s) : Waitayakul A, Somsri S, Sattabongkot J, Looareesuwan S, Cui LW, 

Udomsangpetch R. 

Title : Natural human humoral response to salivary gland proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes 

in Thailand. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 98 (1): 66 – 73, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Anopheles salivary proteins, Anti – malaria antibodies, Anti – mosquito antibodies. 

Abstract : During blood feeding, arthropod vectors inject saliva into vertebrate hosts. The saliva 

is biochemically complex and pharmacologically active, and may play an important 

role in pathogen transmission. To examine whether mosquito saliva could elicit 

humoral immune response in humans under natural conditions, we have collected 

sera from malaria patients, healthy villagers, and people from a non – malarious 

region in Thailand. Here we have demonstrated that anti – Anopheles salivary protein 

antibodies occurred predominantly in patients with acute Plasmodium falciparum or 

P vivax malaria, whereas people from a non – malarious area had no such antibodies. 

Besides, antibody levels against mosquito salivary proteins in malaria patients were 

highly variable, which may be related to the levels of mosquito exposure. Despite 

variability, patients’ sera with high IgG titers consistently detected several proteins 

in Anopheles dirus salivary gland protein extracts. Immunohistochemical staining of 

Anopheles salivary glands with human sera showed that the salivary gland – specific 

IgGs reacted strongly with the median lobe. Comparison using Anopheles and Aedes 

salivary proteins suggests that the anti – salivary protein antibodies detected in 

malaria patients were Anopheles – specific, consistent with the major malaria vector 

status of An. dirus in this area. 

404


No.1123 

Author(s) : Wajanarogana S, Prasomrothanakul T, Udomsangpetch R, Tungpradabkul S. 

Title : Construction of a human functional single – chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody 

recognizing the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparium. 

Source : Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 44: 55 – 61 (Part 1), 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Protective immunity, Aotus monkeys, In – vitro, Antigen, Protein, Diversity, Database, 

Lymphocytes, Generation, Libraries. 

Abstract : Falciparum malaria is one of the most deadly and profound human health problems 

around the tropical world. Antimalarial drugs are now considered to be a powerful 

treatment; however, there are drugs currently being used that are resistant to 

Plasmodium falciparum parasites spreading in different parts of the world. Although 

the protective immune response against intra – erythrocytic stages of the falciparum 

malaria parasite is still not fully understood, immune antibodies have been shown to 

be associated with reduced parasite prevalence. Therefore antibodies of the right 

specificity present in adequate concentrations and affinity are reasonably effective in 

providing protection. In the present study, V – H (variable domain of heavy chain) 

and V – L (variable domain of light chain) were isolated from human blood lymphocytes 

of P. falciparum in one person who had high serum titre to RESA (ring – infected 

erythrocyte surface antigen). Equal amounts of V – H and V – L were assembled 

together with universal linker (G(4)S)(3) to generate scFvs (single – chain variable 

fragments). The scFv antibodies were expressed with a phage system for the selection 

process. Exclusively, an expressed scFv against asynchronous culture of P. falciparum 

– infected erythrocytes was selected and characterized. Sequence analysis of selected 

scFv revealed that this clone could be classified into a V – H family – derived germline 

gene (V(H)1) and V – kappa family segment (V(kappa)1). Using an indirect 

immunofluorescence assay, we could show that soluble expressed scFv reacted with 

falciparum – infected erythrocytes. The results encourage the further study of scFvs 

for development as a potential immunotherapeutic agent. 

No.1124 

Author(s) : Waller F, Muller A, Chung K – M, Yap Y – K, Nakamura K, Weiler E, Sano H. 

Title : Expression of a WIPK – activated transcription factor results in increase of endogenous 

salicylic acid and pathogen resistance in tobacco plants. 

Source : Plant and Cell Physiology. 47 (8): 1169 – 1174, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Hypersensitive response, Necrotic lesion, Nicotiana tabacum, Salicylic acid, Tobacco 

mosaic virus, Wound – induced protein kinase. 

Abstract : NtWIF is a transcription factor activated upon phosphorylation by wound – induced 

protein kinase (WIPK) in tobacco plants. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing 

NtWIF exhibited constitutive accumulation of transcripts for pathogenesis – related 

genes, PR – 1a and PR – 2. Salicylic acid levels were 50 – fold higher than those in wild 

– type plants. The levels of jasmonic acid and IAA did not significantly differ, while an 

increase of ABA upon wounding was delayed by 3 h in the transgenics. When 

challenged with tobacco mosaic virus, lesions developed faster and were smaller in 

the transgenic plants. The results suggest that NtWIF is likely to influence salicylic 

acid biosynthesis, being located downstream of WIPK. 

No.1125 

Author(s) : Wan JMF, Ngai HHY, Sit WH, Jiang PP, Thongboonkerd V. 

Title : Establishment of a 2 – DE glomerular proteomic profile in membranous nephropathy. 





405


No.1126 

Author(s) : Wanachiwanawin D, Piankijagum A, Chaiprasert A, Lertlaituan P, 

Tungtrongchitr A, Chinabutr P. 

Title : Ganoderma lucidum: A cause of pseudoparasitosis. 





Abstract : We report a pseudoparasitosis case due to Ganoderma lucidum. (lingzhi or reishi 

mushroom); we believe this to be a first reported case in Thailand. A 49 – year – old 

male patient with non – Hodgkins lymphoma presented with chronic watery diarrhea. 

He had a history of consumption of powdered lingzhi extract as a dietary supplement 

and herbal medicine. Stool examination demonstrated many spores of G. lucidum, 

which must be differentiated from intestinal helminth ova and coccidia. After 

discontinuation of mushroom spores ingestion, the diarrheal symptoms improved 

and fecal examination subsequently showed no Ganoderma spores. Many artifacts in 

the stool may be confused with parasites. Differentiation of parasites from artifacts 

depends on characterization of the size, shape, structure, and reactivity with common 

stains. 

No.1127 

Author(s) : Wanachiwanawin W, Siripanyaphinyo U, Piyawattanasakul N, Kinoshita T. 

Title : A cohort study of the nature of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones and PIG 

– A mutations in patients with aplastic anemia. 

Source : European Journal of Haematology. 76 (6): 502 – 509, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Phosphatidylinositol glycan class A, Aplastic 

anemia. 

Abstract : Background: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by the 

clonal expansion of blood cells, which are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol 

anchored proteins (GPI – APs). As PNH frequently occurs during the clinical course 

of acquired aplastic anemia (AA), it is likely that a process inducing bone marrow 

failure in AA is responsible for the selection of GPI – AP deficient blood cells or PNH 

clone. Objective: To explore the nature and mutation of a PNH clone in AA. Methods: 

We performed regular repeated flow cytometric analyses of CD59 expression on 

peripheral blood cells from a cohort of 32 patients with AA. Mutation of 

phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIG – A) was also studied. Results: Fifty – one 

episodes of occurrences of CD59 negative granulocytes out of a total cohort 167 flow 

cytometric analyses (31%) were observed in 22 patients (69%). CD59 negative 

erythrocytes were less apparent than the granulocytes. Repeated occurrences of 

PNH clones were observed in 16 patients. Most of the emerging PNH clones were 

transient in nature. They were more frequently detected during episodes of lower 

white blood cell and platelet counts. Persistence and expansion of the GPI – AP 

deficient blood cell populations to the level of clinical PNH were seen in only four 

patients (12.5%). Analysis of PIG – A gene demonstrated eight mutations among the 

four patients, with two and four independent mutations in two patients. Conclusions: 

Our study indicates that PIG – A mutations of hematopoietic stem cells with resultant 

PNH clones, are relatively common among AA patients. It also supports the hypothesis 

of selection of the PNH clone by a process or condition associated with or responsible 

for bone marrow failure in AA. However, there must be an additional factor favoring 

expansion or growth of the clone to the level of clinical or florid PNH. 

No.1128 

Author(s) : Wanitphakdeedecha R, Manuskiatti W. 

Title : Treatment of cellulite with a bipolar radiofrequency, infrared heat, and pulsatile 

suction device: a pilot study. 

Source : Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 5 (4): 284 – 288, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Cellulite, Circumferential reduction, Infrared heat, Pulsatile suction, Radiofrequency. 

Abstract : Background: Very few therapeutic options have proven effective in the treatment of 

cellulite. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness and adverse effects of a bipolar 

radiofrequency (RF), infrared (IR) heat and pulsatile suction device for the treatment 

of cellulite. Methods: Twelve subjects were treated with the RF – light – based device. 

All subjects were treated twice weekly for a total number of eight to nine treatments. 

Subjects were evaluated using standardized photographs, and measurements of body 

406


weight and circumference of treatment sites at baseline, immediately after the last 

treatment, and four weeks and one year after the last treatment. Clinical improvement 

scores of comparable photographs using a quartile grading scale (0 =< 25%, 1 = 25 – 

50%, 2 = 51 – 75%, 3 => 75% improvement) were judged independently by two non – 

treating dermatologists after the series of treatment. Results: The average body 

weights at baseline, immediately after the last treatment, and four weeks and one 

year after the complete treatment were 56.30, 56.05, 56.23, and 56.53 kg, respectively. 

The average circumferential reductions of the abdomen and thigh at the last treatment 

visit were 5.17 1.04 cm (6.32% 1.82%) and 3.50 2.16 cm (6.23 3.58%), respectively. 

At four weeks after the last treatment, the average circumferential reductions of the 

abdomen and thigh were sustained at 3.17 2.75 cm (4.04% 3.69%) and 3.50 2.04 

cm (6.26% 3.52%), respectively. At one year follow – up visit, the average 

circumferential reductions of the abdomen and thigh were maintained at 3.83 0.76 

cm (4.64% 1.15%) and 3.13 3.54 (5.50% 6.12%), respectively. Average clinical 

improvement scores of the abdomen and thigh after the series of treatments were 

0.75 (corresponding to ~25% improvement), and 1.75 (corresponding to ~50%). 

No.1129 

Author(s) : Wannasilp N, Sribhen K, Pussara N, Hwanpuch T, Wangchaijaroenkit S, 

Opartkiattikul N. 

Title : Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant for the detection of plasma ammonia. 

Source : Clinica Chimica Acta. 371 (1 – 2): 196 – 197, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Specimen. 


No.1130 

Author(s) : Wanvarie S, Sathapatayavongs B, Sirinavin S, Ingsathit A, Ungkanont A, Sirinan C. 

Title : Evidence – based medicine in clinical curriculum. 

Source : Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore. 35 (9): 615 – 8, 2006 (Sep). 


Keyword : – 

Abstract : Introduction: The teaching of evidence – based medicine (EBM) has now been 

incorporated as an integral part of medical curriculum at the Faculty of Medicine, 

Ramathibodi Hospital but there is little research into the effectiveness of the course. 

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the EBM skills of medical students and 

competency of the faculty member. Materials and Methods: The EBM course was 

created by the EBM Working Group at the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital 

for 3 rd – to 6 th – year medical students. The principles of EBM, clinical epidemiology 

and biostatistics were gradually instilled during the 4 years of medical school. 

Information technology infrastructure was also provided to facilitate critical appraisal 

skills. At the end of the Community Medicine clerkship, students anonymously 

evaluated aspects of the course regarding their EBM skills and faculty member 

competency with Likert scale questions. Results: Medical students generally gave 

high evaluations to all aspects of the EBM course taught in the Community Medicine 

Department. For each of the evaluation questions, the means were higher for faculty 

member competency. Conclusions: The teaching of EBM course at the Faculty of 

Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital is useful for medical students to enhance their critical 

thinking skills, and they seem to value the sessions positively. 

No.1131 

Author(s) : Waratrujiwong T, Krebs B, Spener F, Visoottiviseth P. 

Title : Recombinant purple acid phosphatase isoform 3 from sweet potato is an enzyme with 

a diiron metal center. 

Source : FEBS Journal. 273 (8): 1649 – 1659, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Baculovirus, Purple acid phosphatase, Semiapo – enzyme, Site – directed mutagenesis, 

Sweet potato. 

Abstract : Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) from sweet potato (sp) have been classified on the 

basis of their primary structure and the dinuclear metal center into isoforms spPAP1 

[Fe(III) – Zn(II)] and spPAP2 [Fe(III) – Mn(II)]; for spPAP3 only the cDNA is known. 

With the aim of unraveling the character of the dinuclear metal center we report 

here the characterization of this isoform at the protein level. We cloned spPAP3 

cDNA in a baculovirus and overexpressed this enzyme in Sf9 insect cells. Preparation 

407


408 

of recombinant spPAP3 in two steps afforded pure enzyme with yields of 4.5 mg.L –1 

culture medium. This enzyme is a dimeric, disulfide – linked PAP of 110 kDa, similar 

to known PAP isoforms from higher plants. Enzymatic studies and spectroscopic 

properties (max. absorption at 550 – 565 nm) indicated a diiron enzyme; quantitative 

and semiquantitative metal analysis using ICP – OES and TOF – SIMS, respectively, 

revealed the presence of only iron in purified spPAP3. Metal replacement in the 

second metal – binding site upon preparation of the semiapo – enzyme with Fe(II), 

Zn(II), or Mn(II) showed highest activities with Fe(II). The data show that recombinant 

spPAP3 has a diiron metal center. Site – directed mutagenesis was conducted to 

check catalytic efficiency at the atomic level. Tyr291 at the substrate – binding site in 

spPAP3 was mutated to His and Ala, the respective residues found in spPAP1 and 

spPAP2. Kinetic analysis showed that conversion of Tyr291 to His further optimized 

the performance of this protein as a diiron enzyme, whereas the Ala mutation 

weakened the catalytic efficiency regardless of the metal present in the second 

binding site. 

No.1132 

Author(s) : Warnnissorn N, Uiprasertkul M, Atisook K, Sirivatanauksorn Y, 

Limawongpranee S. 

Title : Alveolar echinococcosis in a Thai patient after migration to an endemic area in 

Central Europe. 

Source : Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 4 (1): 34 – 37, 2006 (Jan). 




No.1133 

Author(s) : Wasant P. 

Title : Inherited metabolic disorders in Thailand and the Asia – Pacific. 





No.1134 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Kolodny EH. 

Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (Sly syndrome) in a Thai boy: First reported case. 





No.1135 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S. 

Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome) in Thai children: Report of 4 cases 

(MPS III, IH/S, IS). 





No.1136 


Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) in Thai children: Report of 16 

cases. 




Abstract : –


No.1137 


Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo syndrome) in Thai children: Report of 4 

cases. 





No.1138 


Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (Morquio syndrome) in Thai children: Report of 3 

cases. 





No.1139 


Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB (Morquio syndrome) in Thai children: Report of 4 

cases. 





No.1140 


Title : Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux Lamy) in Thai patients: First report of 4 

cases. 





No.1141 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Matsumoto I. 

Title : Alkaptonuria in a Thai infant: First reported case. 





No.1142 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Naylor EW. 

Title : Carnitine palmitoyltransferase type I (CPT I) deficiency in a Thai infant: First reported 

case. 





No.1143 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Naylor EW, Matsumoto I, Srisomsap C, Svasti J. 

Title : Methylmalonic acidemia in Thai infants: A report of 3 cases. 





409


No.1144 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Naylor EW, Shinka T. 

Title : Isovaleric acidemia in Thai infants: A report of 5 cases. 





No.1145 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Ratanarak P. 

Title : A report of phenylketonuria in 2 Thai infants. 





No.1146 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Ratanarak P. 

Title : Report of 11 cases of classic maple syrup urine disease in Thai infants: Clinical and 

biochemical data. 





No.1147 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Ratanarak P, Sathienkijkanchai A, Watanavicharn N. 

Title : Nonketotic hyperglycinemia in Thai infants: Report of 5 cases. 





No.1148 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Sathienkijkarnchai A, Sanpakit K, Veerakul K. 

Title : Gaucher disease: Report of 5 cases in Thai children. 





No.1149 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Sathienkijkarnchai A, Shinka T. 

Title : Glutaric aciduria type I in a Thai infant. 





No.1150 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Sathienkijkarnchai A, Vatanavicharn N. 

Title : Propionic acidemia in Thai infants: A report of 2 cases. 





410


No.1151 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Sawangareetrakul P, Srisomsap C, Svasti J. 

Title : Homocystinuria in 2 Thai siblings: First reported cases. 





No.1152 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Shinka T. 

Title : Mitochondrial acetoacetyl – CoA thiolase (MAT) deficiency in a Thai boy: First reported 

case. 





No.1153 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Shinka T, Matsumoto I. 

Title : Fructose – 1, 6 – bisphosphatase deficiency (FBP1) in Thai infant: First reported case. 





No.1154 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Liammongkolkul S, Shinka T, Matsumoto I. 

Title : Multiple caroxylase deficiency in a Thai infant: First reported case. 





No.1155 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Moser H. 

Title : Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) type I in 2 Thai infants: First reported 

case. 





No.1156 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Sathienkijkarnchai A. 

Title : Congenital defect of glycosylation (CDG) in Thai infants: Report of 2 cases. 





No.1157 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Sathienkijkarnchai A. 

Title : Menkes disease in a Thai infant: First reported case. 





411


No.1158 

Author(s) : Wasant P, Tritilanant S, Vongjirad A. 

Title : Lesch – Nyhan syndrome in a Thai infant: First reported case. 





No.1159 

Author(s) : Wasantwisut E, Winichagoon P, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Yamborisut U, 

Boonpraderm A, Pongcharoen T, Sranacharoenpong K, Russameesopaphorn W. 

Title : Iron and zinc supplementation improved iron and zinc status, but not physical growth, 

of apparently healthy, breast – fed infants in rural communities of northeast Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Nutrition. 136 (9): 2405 – 2411, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Randomized controlled – trials, Developing – countries, Preschool – children, 

Indonesian infants, Deficiency anemia, Vitamin – A, Serum, Morbidity, Schoolchildren, 

Percentiles. 

Abstract : Iron deficiency is prevalent in children and infants worldwide. Zinc deficiency may be 

prevalent, but data are lacking. Both iron and zinc deficiency negatively affect growth 

and psychomotor development. Combined iron and zinc supplementation might be 

beneficial, but the potential interactions need to be verified. In a randomized, placebo 

– controlled trial using 2 x 2 factorial design, 609 Thai infants aged 4 – 6 mo were 

supplemented daily with 10 mg of iron and/or 10 mg of zinc for 6 mo to investigate 

effects and interactions on micronutrient status and growth. Iron supplementation 

alone increased hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations more than iron and zinc 

combined. Anemia prevalence was significantly lower in infants receiving only iron 

than in infants receiving iron and zinc combined. Baseline iron deficiency was very 

low, and iron deficiency anemia was almost nil. After supplementation, prevalence of 

iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia were significantly higher in infants receiving 

placebo and zinc than in those receiving iron or iron and zinc. Serum zinc was higher 

in infants receiving zinc (16.7 +/– 5.2 mu mol/L), iron and zinc (12.1 +/– 3.8 mu mol/L) 

or iron alone (11.5 +/– 2.5 mu mol/L) than in the placebo group (9.8 +/– 1.9 mu mol/L). 

Iron and zinc interacted to affect iron and zinc status, but not hemoglobin. Iron 

supplementation had a small but significant effect on ponderal growth, whereas zinc 

supplementation did not. To conclude, in Thai infants, iron supplementation improved 

hemoglobin, iron status, and ponderal growth, whereas zinc supplementation improved 

zinc status. Overall, for infants, combined iron and zinc supplementation is preferable 

to iron or zinc supplementation alone. 

No.1160 

Author(s) : Wataganara T, Sutanthavibool A, Limwongse C. 

Title : Real – time three dimensional sonographic features of an early third trimester fetus 

with achondrogenesis. 



Keywords : Achondrogenesis, Prenatal diagnosis, Three – dimensional sonography. 

Abstract : Generalized shortening of fetal long bones detected from prenatal sonographic 

examination usually raise a tentative diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia. Information 

obtained from grey – scale scan is frequently not sufficient to provide a definite 

diagnosis, and the images are not readily comprehensible for the parents – to – be. 

Lately, three – dimensional sonography has become increasing available in obstetric 

practice. The authors report here a rare case of fetal achondrogenesis, which is a 

lethal form of skeletal dysplasia, in a 30 – week – old fetus using real – time three – 

dimensional ultrasound. The prenatal findings of fetal achondrogenesis from this 

technique were thoroughly described, along with postnatal radiography and autopsy 

results. Sonographic features from this imaging technique allow for an accurate 

diagnosis and better understanding of the parents. This facilitates the genetic 

counseling process, as well as the parental options for further care. 

412


No.1161 

Author(s) : Wataganara T, Wiwanichayakul B, Ruengwuttilert P, Sunsaneevithayakul P, 

Viboonchart S, Wantanasiri C. 

Title : Noninvasive diagnosis of fetal anemia and fetal intravascular transfusion therapy: 

Experiences at Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : Fetal anemia, Fetal therapy, Hydrop fetalis, In utero transfusion, Isoimmunization. 

Abstract : Traditionally, when fetal hydrops are found along with certain markers indicating 

fetal anemia, fetal blood sampling would be performed through cordocentesis to 

confirm the diagnosis. This procedure, however, comes with an inherent risk of 

losing the whole pregnancy. When anemia was verified, treatment options were 

limited and the prognosis was grim. In this article, the authors described their 

experiences of using prenatal Doppler studies as a noninvasive venue in the diagnosis 

and treatment of fetal anemia. Once the diagnosis of fetal anemia is made, the 

patient will be asked to undergo an algorithm to investigate the definite cause of 

anemia, along with simultaneous ultrasound – guided intravascular fetal transfusion 

in selected cases. The authors selected two cases of fetal anemia of different etiologies 

and treatment outcomes to demonstrate the significance of early diagnosis and 

intervention. Review of the relevant medical literatures and the proposed algorithms 

were also provided. 

No.1162 

Author(s) : Watanapaisantrakul R, Chavasit V, Kongkachuichai R. 

Title : Fortification of soy sauce using various iron sources: Sensory acceptability and shelf 

stability. 

Source : Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 27 (1): 19 – 25, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Fortification, Iron deficiency, Iron sources, Soy sauces. 

Abstract : Background: Soy sauces are available in different types and grades, which allows 

them to reach consumers of all socioeconomic groups. Ferric sodium 

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaFeEDTA) has been used for iron fortification of 

soy sauces in some countries, however, its high cost may make it unattractive to 

policymakers and industry. Objective: We evaluated the feasibility of using more 

economical iron sources for iron fortification, with soy sauce of various types and 

grades used as a vehicle. Methods: Seven iron sources were tested for their feasibility 

for fortification of four types of soy sauce: naturally fermented in the traditional 

style, naturally fermented according to large – scale industrial formulas 1 and 5, and 

chemically hydrolyzed at 5 mg per serving (15 mL, per Thailand’s food labeling 

regulations). Either citric acid or sodium citrate was added at 0.1% as a chelator. 

Results: Five iron sources – ferrous sulfate, NaFeEDTA, ferric ammonium citrate, 

ferrous lactate, and ferrous gluconate – did not significantly affect the sensory qualities 

of the product over a period of 3 months (p > .05). Ferrous fumarate and ferrous 

bisglycinate caused unacceptable precipitation. Less than 3% of 260 and 306 commonly 

cooked foods out of 871 and 772 preparations using soy sauces fortified with NaFeEDTA 

and ferrous sulfate, respectively, were found to be different from normal with regard 

to sensory qualities. The cost of fortification was US 0.22 cents to US 3.28 cents per 

bottle (700 mL). Conclusions: Both naturally fermented and chemically hydrolyzed 

soy sauces could be fortified with all five iron sources. Ferrous sulfate is the most 

appropriate source because of its low cost and acceptable sensory characteristics. Soy 

sauce is a promising vehicle for iron fortification, however, the bioavailability of iron 

in the products examined here needs to be evaluated under normal use conditions. 

No.1163 

Author(s) : Watanapokasin R, Sanmund D, Winichagoon P, Muta K, Fucharoen S. 

Title : Hydroxyurea responses and fetal hemoglobin induction in beta – thalassemia/HbE 

patients’ peripheral blood erythroid cell culture. 

Source : Annals of Hematology. 85 (3): 164 – 169, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Real – time PCR, Primary erythroid cell liquid culture system, Hydroxyurea, Fetal 

hemoglobin, G gamma/A gamma – globin mRNA, Beta – thalassemia/HbE. 

Abstract : Due to genetic heterogeneity of beta – thalassemia (beta – thal) patients, several 

efforts have been undertaken to determine the efficacy of hydroxyurea treatment. 

The aim of this work is to determine the responder and nonresponder for hydroxyurea 

treatment in beta – thal intermedia based on gamma – globin mRNA and fetal 

413


414 

hemoglobin (HbF) induction in human erythroid progenitor cells purified from a 

patient’s peripheral blood. Eighteen beta – thal/hemoglobin E patients [13 beta(E)/ 

codon41/42(–TCTT), 4 beta(E)/codon17, and 1 beta(E)/ IVS – 654], requiring blood 

transfusion occasionally, with Hb levels of 5.20 – 8.50 g/dl were studied. The relative 

levels of gamma – globin mRNA was measured by real – time reverse – transcription 

polymerase chain reaction and HbF by high – performance liquid chromatography. 

The results indicated that erythroid progenitor cells treated with 30 mu mol/l 

hydroxyurea for 96 h preferentially enhanced (G)gamma– and (A)gamma – globin 

mRNA. The mean values of (G)gamma – globin mRNA fold induction were higher 

than (A)gamma – globin mRNA (12 +/– 4 vs 4 +/– 0.30), the Pearson’s correlation of 

(G)gamma – and (A)gamma – globin mRNA was r = 0.80. Induction of (G)gamma/ 

(A)gamma globin mRNA is up to ninefold. A 30% increase in the proportion of HbF 

out of the total Hb was found in cultures derived from four patients, 20 – 30% in 

cultures from nine patients, and less than 20% in cultures from five patients. In 

cultures from only two patients, increase in the proportion of HbF was less than 3%, 

and (G)gamma/(A)gamma globin mRNA is less than 0.50. 

No.1164 

Author(s) : Wattanasirichaigoon D, Benjaponpitak S, Techasaensiri C, Kamchaisatian W, 

Vichyanond P, Janwityanujit S, Choubtum L, Sirinavin S. 

Title : Four novel and three recurrent mutations of the BTK gene and pathogenic effects of 

putative splice mutations. 



Keywords : BTK gene, Ecthyma gangrenosurn, Splice mutation, XLA. 

Abstract : X – linked agammaglobulinemia is caused by mutations in the human BTK gene, 

leading to recurrent pyogenic infections. We describe four novel and three known 

BTK – mutations in seven patients from seven (six Thai and one Burmese) families. 

All but one were sporadic cases. Patients 1 and 2 had recurrent mutations in exon 10 

(R288W) and exon 17 (R562W), respectively. Patient 3, a previously healthy individual 

who presented with pseudomonas sepsis with ecthyma gangrenosum had a known 

mutation in exon 17 (1749delT), leading to frameshift effect (F583fsX586). Patient 4 

manifested with sepsis and concurrent acute appendicitis and pneumonia. He had a 

mutation, IVS8 + 1G > A, which led to an insertion of intron 8 into the transcripts. In 

Patient 5, a novel change in exon 7, c.588G > C, initially presumed Q196H, was found 

to cause a leaky splicing mutation, resulting in three distinct transcripts containing 

17, 108, and 190 bp of the 5' – terminal of intron 7, which led to truncated peptides 

consisting of 203 and 211 amino acid residues (or Q196fsX204 and Q196fsX212, 

respectively). Patient 6 had a mutation in exon 14 (W421X), while patient 7 had a 

newly defined large deletion of exons 6 – 9. All of the mothers tested were mutation 

carriers. Transcript analysis in three mothers who were heterozygous for frameshift 

mutations revealed a minimal amount of aberrant transcripts, while their affected 

children had full expression of the mutant alleles, suggesting rapid degradation due 

to nonsense – mediated mRNA decay in the mothers. This is the first report of 

mutations of BTK from Thailand. 

No.1165 

Author(s) : Wattanasirichaigoon D, Charoenpipop D. 

Title : Thanatophoric dysplasia: Roentgenographic findings and detection of a de novo 

mutation of FGFR3 gene in a Thai patient. 



Keywords : Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, Mutation, Thanatophoric dysplasia. 

Abstract : Thanatophoric dysplasia is the most common neonatal lethal skeletal dysplasia with 

an estimated incidence of 1 in 20,000 live births. This condition shares some similarity 

of radiological findings with other types of lethal skeletal dysplasias. Definite diagnosis 

is necessary for accurate medical and genetic counseling. The authors describe a 

male neonate who had characteristic features of thanatophoric dysplasia type I 

including severe shortening of limbs with redundant skin folds, large head, frontal 

bossing, depressed nasal bridge, and narrow thoracic cage with severe respiratory 

insufficiency. Postmortem radiographs revealed short ribs, flat vertebral bodies 

(platyspondyly), hypoplastic iliac bones, marked shortening of long bones including 

short and mild bowing of both femora, oval radiolucent area of proximal femur. 

Molecular analysis of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene identified a 

de novo mutation, p.R248C, in exon 7.


No.1166 

Author(s) : Wattanasirichaigoon D, Khowsathit P, Visudtibhan A, Suthutvoravut U, 

Charoenpipop D, Kim SZ, Levy HL, Shih VE. 

Title : Pericardial effusion in primary systemic carnitine deficiency. 

Source : Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 29 (4): 589 – 589, 2006 (Aug). 




No.1167 

Author(s) : Wattanasirichaigoon D, Svasti J, Ketudat Cairns JR, Tangnararatchakit K, 

Visudtibhan A, Keeratichamroen S, Ngiwsara L, Khowsathit P, Onkoksoong T, 

Lekskul A, Mongkolsiri D, Jariengprasert C, Thawil C, Ruencharoen S. 

Title : Clinical and molecular characterization of an extended family with fabry disease. 



Keywords : Alpha – galactosidase A, Angiokeratoma, Fabry disease, GLA gene, Neuropathic 

pain, Renal failure. 

Abstract : Objective: To characterize clinical manifestations, biochemical changes, mutation of 

alpha – Galactosidase ( – Gal A) gene A (GLA), and functional capability of mutant 

protein. Material and Method: Seventeen subjects from a family with a newly diagnosed 

patient with Fabry disease were enrolled in the present study. In each individual, 

clinical history, physical examination, leukocyte enzyme activity of – Gal A, and 

mutation analysis were performed. Those with a mutation were further investigated 

by ophthalmological and audiological evaluations, electrocardiography, 

echocardiogram, urinalysis, and blood tests to determine renal insufficiency. 

Expression study of the mutant protein was performed using a Pichia pastoris 

expression system. Results: Four affected males and five symptomatic female carriers 

were identified. Clinical manifestations included severe neuropathic pain, 

acroparesthesia, hypo – / hyper – hidrosis, frequent syncope, ischemic stroke, cardiac 

hypertrophy, corneal dystrophy and cart – wheel cataract, high frequency 

sensorineural hearing loss, periorbital edema and subcutaneous edema over hands 

and interphalangeal joints. None had angiokeratoma or renal symptoms. The authors 

identified a novel mutation, p.L106R, in the GLA gene. Recombinant expression of 

the mutant protein gave little or no enzyme activity compared to the normal protein. 

Conclusion: There were intrafamilial clinical variabilities, but consistent findings of 

the absence of angiokeratoma and renal symptoms, which could represent a unique 

feature of this particular mutation. 

No.1168 

Author(s) : Weerakieti S, Lertnarkorn K, Panburana P, Pitakitronakorn S, Vesathada K, 

Wansumrith S. 

Title : Can adiponectin predict gestational diabetes? 

Source : Gynecological Endocrinology. 22 (7): 362 – 368, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Adiponectin, Gestational diabetes mellitus, 50 – g glucose challenge test, 100 – g oral 

glucose tolerance test. 

Abstract : The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether adiponectin is a predictive 

factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is appropriate as a screening test 

for GDM. Three – hundred and fifty – nine women with singleton pregnancy and 

indications for GDM screening according to criteria of the American College of 

Obstetricians and Gynecologists were enrolled in the study between July 5, 2004 and 

March 11, 2005. After confirming gestational age (GA) and number of fetuses by 

ultrasound, all women underwent a 1 – h glucose challenge test with 50 g glucose 

load (50 – g GCT) between 21 and 27 weeks of GA. Blood samples for determination 

of adiponectin levels were also obtained on the same day. Subsequently, between 24 

and 28 weeks of GA, the women underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with 100 

g glucose load (100 – g OGTT). The diagnosis of GDM was established when two or 

more of the following criteria were fulfilled: (1) fasting glucose > 95 mg/dl; (2) 1 – h 

glucose > 180 mg/dl; (3) 2 – h glucose > 155 mg/dl; (4) 3 – h glucose > 140 mg/dl. Sixty 

women were diagnosed with GDM, a prevalence of 16.7%. There was no difference in 

age between the GDM and non – GDM groups. Prepregnancy and sampling – day 

body mass index (BMI), increase in weight and all blood glucose levels were greater 

in women with GDM than in those without (p < 0.05). Adiponectin concentrations 

were significantly negatively correlated with GA and plasma glucose levels of the 

415


416 

GCT and each OGTT. Using logistic regression analyses, adiponectin, but not age, 

prepregnancy BMI and increase in weight, was demonstrated as an independent 

predictive factor for GDM. The area under the receiver – operator characteristic 

curve of adiponectin was significantly lower than that of the GCT [0.63 (95% confidence 

interval (CI) 0.53 – 0.67) vs. 0.73 (95% CI 0.71 – 0.80), p < 0.001]. At a cut – off value 

of 140 mg/dl of the 50 – g GCT, the sensitivity and specificity of the test were 90% and 

61 %, respectively. The 50 – g GCT could identify GDM in 54 (90%) out of 60 women. 

On the other hand, at an arbitrary cut – off value of 10 mu g/ml for adiponectin, 

sensitivity of 91 % and specificity of 31% were achieved. If this cut – off value was 

used for ruling in or out pregnant women for the GDM screening, 27% of all women 

could be eliminated from needing to perform an OGTT, with five women (8.3%) 

misclassified. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that adiponectin was an 

independent predictor for GDM. As for GDM screening, adiponectin was not as strong 

a predictor as GCT. However, with advantage of being less cumbersome, adiponectin 

could be used to rule out pregnant women at low risk of GDM. 

No.1169 

Author(s) : Weihrauch D, Kanchanapoo J, Ao M, Prasad R, Piyachaturawat P, Rao MC. 

Title : Weanling, but not adult, rabbit colon absorbs bile acids: flux is linked to expression of 

putative bile acid transporters. 

Source : American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 

290 (3): G439 – G450, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Taurocholate transport, Apical sodium – dependent bile acid transporter, Multidrug 

resistance associated protein 3, Lipid – binding protein, Ileal bile acid – binding protein. 

Abstract : Intestinal handling of bile acids is age dependent; adult, but not newborn, ileum 

absorbs bile acids, and adult, but not weanling or newborn, distal colon secretes Cl – in 

response to bile acids. Bile acid transport involving the apical Na + – dependent bile 

acid transporter (Asbt) and lipid – binding protein (LBP) is well characterized in the 

ileum, but little is known about colonic bile acid transport. We investigated colonic 

bile acid transport and the nature of the underlying transporters and receptors. 

Colon from adult, weanling, and newborn rabbits was screened by semiquantitative 

RT – PCR for Asbt, its truncated variant t – Asbt, LBP, multidrug resistance – associated 

protein 3, organic solute transporter – alpha, and farnesoid X receptor. Asbt and LBP 

showed maximal expression in weanling and significantly less expression in adult 

and newborn rabbits. The ileum, but not the colon, expressed t – Asbt. Asbt, LBP, and 

farnesoid X receptor mRNA expression in weanling colon parallel the profile in adult 

ileum, a tissue designed for high bile acid absorption. To examine their functional 

role, transepithelial [H – 3] taurocholate transport was measured in weanling and 

adult colon and ileum. Under short – circuit conditions, weanling colon and ileum and 

adult ileum showed net bile acid absorption: 1.23 +/– 0.62, 5.53 +/– 1.20, and 11.41 +/ 

– 3.45 nmol.cm(–2).h(–1), respectively. However, adult colon secreted bile acids (– 

1.39 +/– 0.47 nmol.cm(–2).h(–1)). We demonstrate for the first time that weanling, 

but not adult, distal colon shows net bile acid absorption. Thus increased expression 

of Asbt and LBP in weanling colon, which is associated with parallel increases in 

taurocholate absorption, has relevance in enterohepatic conservation of bile acids 

when ileal bile acid recycling is not fully developed. 

No.1170 

Author(s) : Whangsuk W, Mongkolsuk S. 

Title : Analysis of mutations that alter H 2 O 2 sensing and transcription regulation properties 

of a global peroxide regulator OxyR in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Phaseoli. 

Source : FEMS Microbiology Letters. 257 (2): 214 – 220, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Bacterial transcription regulator, Functional changes, Mutation, Peroxide sensor. 

Abstract : OxyR5, from a Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli H 2 O 2 – resistant mutant, contains 

the two mutations G197D and L301R. The protein exists in its oxidized – like form in 

the absence of oxidants as judged by the protein’s ability to activate the ahpC promoter. 

Analysis of DNase I footprint patterns indicates that under reducing conditions OxyR5 

and OxyRG197D bind to the target site in the ahpC promoter in a manner similar to 

oxidized wild – type OxyR. Site – directed mutagenesis showed that OxyR5 behaves 

like oxidized OxyR, independent of the highly conserved C residues at positions 199 

and 208 where, in normal OxyR, a disulfide bond between these residues converts 

the protein from its reduced to the oxidized form. The presence of aspartic acid or 

valine residue at position 197 caused OxyR to behave like the oxidized form in uninduced


cells. Changing D197 to A or T in OxyR5 resulted in proteins with similar properties 

to native OxyR. In vivo, OxyR5 probably locked in an oxidized – like conformation, 

resulting in continuous high – level activation of target genes in the OxyR regulon. 

No.1171 

Author(s) : White NJ. 

Title : Editorial: Clinical trials in tropical diseases: a politically incorrect view. 

Source : Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (10): 1483 – 1484, 2006 (Oct). 


Keywords : Good clinical practice, Cost, Feasibility, Poor countries, Rich countries, Case record 

form, Clinical trial, Bureaucracy. 


No.1172 


Title : Editorial: Developing drugs for neglected diseases. 

Source : Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (4): 383 – 384, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Drugs, Neglected diseases, Malaria, Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, Schistosomiasis. 


No.1173 


Title : Focus on research – Malaria – Time to act. 

Source : New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 1956 – 1957, 2006 (Nov). 




No.1174 


Title : Malaria – Time to act. 

Source : New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 1956 – 1957, 2006 (Nov). 

Document Type : Short Survey. 



No.1175 


Title : Modelling malaria control. 

Source : PLoS Medicine. 3 (5): 589 – 590; Article No.: e111, 2006 (May). 




No.1176 

Author(s) : White NJ, Ashley EA, Nosten F. 

Title : Toxic brainstem encephalopathy after artemisinin treatment for breast cancer. 

Source : Annals of Neurology. 59 (4): 725 – 726, 2006 (Apr). 




No.1177 

Author(s) : White NJ, Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Day NPJ. 

Title : Artesunate versus quinine for severe falciparum malaria – Reply. 

Source : Lancet. 367 (9505): 111 – 112, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Co – artemether. 


417


No.1178 

Author(s) : White NJ, Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Day NPJ. 

Title : Authors’ reply. 

Source : Lancert. 367 (9505): 111 – 112, 2006 (Jan). 




No.1179 

Author(s) : Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T, White NJ, Day NP, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei. 

Source : Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (4): 272 – 282, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : III secretion system, Necrosis – fctor – alpha, Gram – negative bacteria, Quorum – 

sensing system, Actin – basec motility, Pseudomonas – pseudomallei, Murine model, 

IFN – gamma, Capsular polysaccharide, Possible mechanism. 

Abstract : Burkholderia pseudomallei is a potential bioterror agent and the causative agent of 

melioidosis, a severe disease that is endemic in areas of Southeast Asia and Northern 

Australia. Infection is often associated with bacterial dissemination to distant sites, 

and there are many possible disease manifestations, with melioidosis septic shock 

being the most severe. Eradication of the organism following infection is difficult, 

with a slow fever – clearance time, the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and a 

high rate of relapse if therapy is not completed. Mortality from melioidosis septic 

shock remains high despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prevention of disease 

and a reduction in mortality and the rate of relapse are priority areas for future 

research efforts. Studying how the disease is acquired and the host – pathogen 

interactions involved will underpin these efforts; this review presents an overview of 

current knowledge in these areas, highlighting key topics for evaluation. 

No.1180 

Author(s) : Wilailuckana C, Tribuddharat C, Tiensasitorn C, Pongpech P, Naenna P, 

Rugdeekha S, Dhiraputra C, Danchaivijitr S. 

Title : Discriminatory powers of molecular typing techniques for methicillin – resistant 

Staphylococcus aureus in a University Hospital, Thailand. 





Abstract : Discriminatory powers of various molecular techniques were evaluated for typing of 

methicillin – resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated in Siriraj Hospital, 

Bangkok, Thailand. Thirty MRSA isolates were randomly selected in this study. They 

were characterized by pulsed – field gel electrophoresis, ClaI – mecA and ClaI – Tn554 

polymorphisms, ribotyping, and PCR – based methods including SCCmec typing, spa 

and coa gene polymorphism, and repeat units in hypervariable region downstream of 

mecA. Individual molecular typing technique distinguished those MRSA isolates into 

2 to 5 types. Eleven genetic backgrounds of MRSA isolates were elucidated by 

combination of typing methods with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SXT) 

susceptibility. Combination of all typing methods including TMP/SXT susceptibility 

yielded a discriminatory index of 0.94. Combination of PCR – based methods and 

TMP/SXT susceptibility, with the discriminatory index of 0.89, is a practical typing 

approach suitable for rapid epidemiological investigation of MRSA isolates in a hospital 

setting. 

No.1181 

Author(s) : Williams L, Guest P, Varangrat A. 

Title : Early 40s and still unmarried: A continuing trend in Thailand. 

Source : International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 47 (2): 83 – 116, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Late marriage, Marriage, Marriage avoidance, Marriage delay, Non – marriage, 

Thailand. 

Abstract : In many parts of the world, including Thailand, marriage is being delayed and 

increasing proportions of women and men will never marry. The results reported in 

this article are based on microdata samples of the 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 Thai 

censuses, supplemented by focus group data. The increases in proportions never – 

418


married that had been observed between 1970 and 1990 continued through the 

decade of the 1990s. However, unlike earlier decades, changes in the 1990s were 

much greater for men than for women. Much of the difference in proportions never 

– married among women can probably be explained by changing socioeconomic 

composition of the population, but this may be less true for men. There is some 

evidence of a marriage squeeze for highly educated women and for men with the 

least formal schooling. Qualitative data suggest that while marriage may no longer 

be necessary, there remain abundant social pressures, particularly for women to 

formalize unions. Most young people still expect to get married at some point, if a 

suitable partner can be found, since the positive aspects of marriage still seem to 

outweigh the negative ones. Financial circumstances remain very important, however, 

in ascertaining whether one is ready or able to marry. 

No.1182 

Author(s) : Winichagoon P, McKenzie JE, Chavasit V, Pongcharoen T, Gowachirapant S, 

Boonpraderm A, Manger MS, Bailey KB, Wasantwisut E, Gibson RS. 

Title : A multi micronutrient – fortif ied seasoning powder enhances the hemoglobin, zinc, 

and iodine status of primary school children in north east Thailand: A randomized 

controlled trial of efficacy. 

Source : Journal of Nutrition. 136 (6): 1617 – 1623, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Micronutrients, Fortification, Children, Thailand. 

Abstract : Anemia and co – existing deficiencies of zinc, iron, iodine, and vitamin A occur among 

children in many developing countries including NE Thailand, probably contributing 

to impairments in growth, immune competence, and cognition. Sustainable strategies 

are urgently required to combat these deficiencies. We assessed the efficacy of a 

micronutrient – fortified seasoning powder served with a school lunch on reducing 

anemia and improving the micronutrient status of rural NE Thai children. Children 

(n = 569) aged 5.5 – 13.4y from 10 schools were randomly assigned to receive a 

seasoning powder either unfortified or fortified with zinc (5 mg), iron (5 mg), vitamin 

A (270 mu g), and iodine (50 mu g) (per serving) and incorporated into a school lunch 

prepared centrally and delivered 5 d/wk for 31 wk. Teachers monitored school lunch 

consumption. Baseline and final micronutrient status, hemoglobinopathies, and 

infection or inflammation were assessed from blood and urine samples. For the 

primary outcome, anemia (based on hemoglobin), no intervention effect was apparent 

(odds ratio: 1.02 95% CI: 0.69, 1.51) after adjustment for design strata. The odds of 

zinc (based on serum zinc) and urinary iodine deficiency in the fortified group were 

0.63 (0.42, 0.94) and 0.52 (0.38, 0.71) times those in the unfortified group, respectively. 

Fortification had no effect on serum retinol (0.61: 0.25, 1.51), ferritin (1.12: 0.43, 

2.96), or mean red cell volume (1.16: 0.82, 1.64). Therefore, a micronutrient – fortified 

seasoning powder is a promising vehicle for improving zinc, iodine, and hemoglobin 

status, and its potential for incorporation into lunch programs in day care centers and 

schools in NE Thailand warrants investigation. 

No.1183 

Author(s) : Wiratkapun C, Lertsithichai P, Wibulpolprasert B. 

Title : Positive predictive value of breast cancer in the lesions categorized as BI – RADS 

category 5. 



Keywords : BI – RADS category 5, Breast cancer. 

Abstract : Objective: To determine positive predictive value (PPV) of the breast imaging reporting 

and data systems (BI – RADS) category 5 mammogram and ultrasound (US) in the 

diagnosis of breast cancer in the study center and correlation between clinical, 

mammographic and US findings, and breast cancer. Material and Method: Four 

hundred and ninety seven patients with BI – RADS category 5 who underwent 

mammograms and US at the Breast diagnostic center, Ramathibodi Hospital from 

January, 1, 2002 to December, 31, 2004 were enrolled into the present study. Selected 

clinical information, mammographic and US findings, and histopathological diagnosis 

were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Breast cancer was found in 467 of 497 patients, 

giving a PPV of 94%. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common malignancy 

(89.5%). Fibrocystic change was the most common benign pathology found in the 

remaining patients. Discrete mass was the most frequently encountered lesion 

detected on mammography and US, followed by mass containing calcifications. Patients 

with advanced age, having a clinically palpable breast mass, with mammographic and 

419


420 

US evidence of mass containing calcifications showed significant statistical association 

with breast cancer. Conclusion: PPV of BI – RADS category 5 lesions in the present 

study was comparable to other published studies. Although the probability of 

malignancy was very high, a small number of patients had benign pathologies. 

Preoperative histopathologic diagnosis is necessary before definitive treatment. 

No.1184 

Author(s) : Wiratkapun C, Lertsithichai P, Wibulpolprasert B, Leelaswattanakul M, Detakarat J, 

Jungjai P. 

Title : Breast pain and service satisfaction during digital mammography. 



Keywords : Breast discomfort, Breast pain, Digital mammography, Service satisfaction. 

Abstract : Objectives: To determine the frequency and predisposing factors of breast pain felt 

during digital mammography, and factors associated with service satisfaction. Material 

and Method: A questionnaire was distributed to 1250 women immediately after their 

mammography. The outcomes assessed were a five – point scale of breast pain and 

rating of the satisfaction with the mammography service. Several factors potentially 

associated with breast pain and satisfaction were obtained from the questionnaire 

and analyzed. Multiple cumulative logit regression was used to identify independent, 

significant factors. Results: Breast pain was found to be absent in 22% of patients, 

slight in 50%, moderate in 23% and substantial or severe in only 4%. Significant 

factors associated with breast pain during mammography included higher educational 

level, having no children, having had prior mammography, impolite and rough 

radiographer and poorly performed mammography. Factors associated with 

satisfaction with the mammography service included older age, polite and gentle 

radiographer and well – performed mammography. Conclusion: Radiographer delivery 

of the mammography service seemed to be the most important, modifiable reason for 

breast pain during mammography and dissatisfaction with the mammography service. 

No.1185 

Author(s) : Wiratkapun C, Wibulpolprasert B, Lertsithichai P. 

Title : Breast cancer in patients initially assigned as BI – RADS category 3. 



Keywords : BI – RADS, BI – RADS category 3, Breast cancer, Probably benign lesion, Short – 

interval follow – up. 

Abstract : Objectives: To determine the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) for malignancy and 

characteristics of breast cancer found in patients who were initially categorized as 

having Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI – RADS) 3. Material and 

Method: Medical records of patients assigned to BI – RADS 3 from January, 1st to 

December, 31st 2002 at the Breast diagnostic center, Ramathibodi Hospital who had 

imaging follow – up for at least 2 years or had biopsy performed were retrospectively 

reviewed. Results: Of 949 patients, 23 were found to have malignancy, i.e., 2.4% PPV. 

The most common imaging findings of breast cancer were calcifications on 

mammogram and mass on sonogram. Mean interval from first imaging to biopsy was 

13.1 months. Only 78% of malignancies were diagnosed within 2 years. Less than 

50% of these were ductal carcinoma in situ or stage I invasive ductal carcinoma. 

Conclusion: PPV for malignancy in the present study was comparable to the previous 

studies. However, longer time to diagnosis and more advanced stage of breast cancer 

at diagnosis were found. Periodically short – interval mammogram and sonogram, at 

not less than 2 year – intervals, were recommended. 

No.1186 

Author(s) : Witoonpanich R, Barakul S, Dejthevaporn C. 

Title : Relative fatigability of muscles in response to repetitive nerve stimulation in 

myasthenia gravis. 



Keywords : Fatigability, Myasthenia gravis, Repetitive nerve stimulation. 

Abstract : Background: Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) plays an important role in the 

diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Technically, this test can be more easily 

performed on distal muscles than proximal muscles. On the other hand, proximal 

muscles have been shown to be more easily fatigued or more sensitive than the distal


ones. Objective: Evaluate the relative fatigability of different muscles in response to 

RNS in ocular and generalized MG patients. Material and Method: Two hundred 

patients with 44 ocular MG and 156 generalized MG were studied. The relative 

fatigability of each muscle was calculated as percentage of cases with abnormal 

response. A decrement of 10% or more of the amplitude of the compound muscle 

action potentials was considered abnormal. Result: The cases with abnormal response 

of adductor digiti minimi, anconeus, trapezius, nasalis and orbicularis oculi were 17%, 

50%, 55%, 62%, 66% in ocular MG and 53%, 77%, 79%, 85%, 79% in generalized MG 

respectively. These results showed that in generalized MG, the response in all the 

muscles was more frequently abnormal and was fatigable in a more comparable 

degree, whereas in ocular MG, the facial muscles were more often abnormal than 

the limb muscles. Conclusion: The abnormal response because of fatigability was 

more widespread in generalized MG, whereas facial muscles were relatively more 

sensitive in ocular MG. This finding may be useful for the selection of the muscles to 

be tested in RNS especially in ocular MG. 

No.1187 

Author(s) : Wiwaniikit V, Suwansaksri N, Suwansaksri J. 

Title : A note on the prothrombin time abnormality in the patients with amebic liver abscess. 

Source : Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. 5 (3), 2006. 


Keywords : Amebic liver abscess, Prothrombin time. 

Abstract : Amebic liver abscess is reported worldwide and can present with a a wide spectrum of 

clinical manifetations. Similar to the other liver diseases, the prothrombin time 

abnormality can be seen in the patients with amebic liver abscess. We retrospectively 

studied the prothrombin times among 30 Thai hospitalized patients with amebic liver 

abscesses and did not find any correlation between the prothrombin time and any 

other studied manifestation. 

No.1188 

Author(s) : Wiwanitkit V, Srisupanant M. 

Title : Cryptosporidiosis occurrence in anti – HIV – seropositive patients attending a sexually 

transmitted diseases clinic, Thailand. 

Source : Tropical Doctor. 36 (1): 64 – 64, 2006 (Jan). 




No.1189 

Author(s) : Wiwanitkit V, Srisupanunt M. 

Title : Opportunistic intestinal parasite infection and mode of sexual intercourse of HIV – 

infected patients in the era of HAART. 

Source : Sexuality and Disability. 24 (4): 213 – 215, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Protozoa, Opportunistic, HIV, Sexual intercourse, Mode. 

Abstract : One of the major health problems among HIV – infected patients is the intestinal 

parasite infestations. At present, opportunistic intestinal parasite infection is very 

common in patients with HIV/AIDS and remains a treat to public health. Association 

of HIV infection with gut parasites is likely to be related to sexual modes of contact 

that favour both HIV and the parasite. A cross – sectional study to determine the 

correlation between opportunistic intestinal parasite infection and mode of sexual 

intercourse among HIV/AIDS patients was conducted. In the study of 40 HIV/AIDS 

adult patients with diarrhea, a total of 38 cases with heterosexual mode of intercourse 

and 2 with homosexual mode of intercourse were reported during the study period. 

Of interest, there is no association between opportunistic intestinal parasite infection 

and mode of sexual intercourse of HIV – infected patients (P value > 0.05). 

421


No.1190 

Author(s) : Wiwatanapataphee B, Poltem D, Wu YH, Lenbury Y. 

Title : Simulation of Pulsatile flow of blood in stenosed coronary artery bypass with graft. 

Source : Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 3 (2): 371 – 383, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Mathematical modelling, Blood flow, Stenosis, Coronary artery, Bypass graft. 

Abstract : In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of the pulsatile blood flow in a stenosed 

right coronary artery with a bypass graft. The human blood is assumed to be a non – 

Newtonian fluid and its viscous behavior is described by the Carreau model. The 

transient phenomena of blood flow though the stenosed region and the bypass grafts 

are simulated by solving the three dimensional unsteady Navier – Stokes equations 

and continuity equation. The influence of the bypass angle on the flow interaction 

between the jet flow from the native artery and the flow from the bypass graft is 

investigated. Distributions of velocity, pressure and wall shear stresses are determined 

under various conditions. The results show that blood pressure in the stenosed artery 

drops dramatically in the stenosis area and that high wall shear stresses occur around 

the stenosis site. 

No.1191 

Author(s) : Wiwatanaratanabutr S, Kittayapong P. 

Title : Effects of temephos and temperature on Wolbachia load and life history traits of 

Aedes aliblopictus. 

Source : Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 20 (3): 300 – 307, 2006 (Sep). 


Keywords : Aedes albopictus, Wolbachia, Fitness, Mosquito bionomics, Temephos, Temperature, 

Survival rate, Development time, Wing size. 

Abstract : Maternally inherited Wolbachia (gram – negative bacteria) often affect the reproductive 

fitness of their arthropod hosts and may cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). 

Comparing Wolbachia – infected and uninfected strains of the mosquito Aedes 

albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), we assessed the effects on fitness of two 

stressors: temperature elevation (25 degrees C vs. 37 degrees C) and exposure to 

temephos insecticide (concentration range 0.0017 – 0.0167 mg/L) during larval 

development. Fitness was measured in terms of life history traits: percentage survival, 

development time and wing size. Insecticide treatment was associated with reduction 

in survival rates and wing size in both sexes, but did not affect development time or 

Wolbachia load. Temperature elevation by 12 degrees C significantly reduced all four 

bionomic parameters observed in both sexes. Wolbachia density within individual 

adult mosquitoes was determined by using realtime quantitative polymerase chain 

reaction (PCR) based on the wsp gene. Both male and female adults had significantly 

lower densities of Wolbachia after larval rearing at the higher temperature. 

No.1192 

Author(s) : Wong CM, Vichit – Vadakan N, Ostro B, Vajanapoom N, Aekplakorn W, 

Wangwongwatana S, Wong CM, Peiris JSM, Thach TQ, Chan PYK, Chan KP, Chung 

RY, Thomas GN, Lam TH, Wong TW, Hedley AJ, Chen BH, Kan HD, Zhao NQ, Song 

GX, Chen GH, Shan ZC, Guo CY, Qian ZM, He QC, Lin HM, Kong LL, Yang NN, Liu 

WS, Zhou DJ, Liao DP, Dan JJ. 

Title : Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): A mmulticity study for short – term 

effects of pollution on mortality. 





No.1193 

Author(s) : Wongchawalit J, Yamamoto T, Nakai H, Kim YM, Sato N, Nishimoto M, Okuyama M, 

Mori H, Saji O, Chanchao C, Wongsiri S, Surarit R, Svasti J, Chiba S, Kimura A. 

Title : Purification and characterization of alpha – glucosidase I from Japanese honeybee 

(Apis cerana japonica) and molecular cloning of its cDNA. 

Source : Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 70 (12): 2889 – 2898, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Japanese honeybee alpha – glucosidase, Honeybee isoenzymes, Western honeybee 

alpha – glucosidase, Allosteric enzyme. 

Abstract : a – Glucosidase (JHGase I) was purified from a Japanese subspecies of eastern 

honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) as an electrophoretically homogeneous protein. 

Enzyme activity of the crude extract was mainly separated into two fractions 

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(component I and II) by salting – out chromatography. JHGase I was isolated from 

component I by further purification procedure using CM – Toyopearl 650M and 

Sephacryl S – 100. JHGase I was a monomeric glycoprotein (containing 15% 

carbohydrate), of which the molecular weight was 82,000. Enzyme displayed the 

highest activity at pH 5.0, and was stable up to 40 degrees C and in a pH – range of 4.5 

– 10.5. JHGase I showed unusual kinetic features: the negative cooperative behavior 

on the intrinsic reaction on cleavage of sucrose, maltose, and p – nitrophenyl alpha – 

glucoside, and the positive cooperative behavior on turanose. We isolated cDNA 

(1,930bp) of JHGase I, of which the deduced amino – acid sequence (577 residues) 

confirmed that JHGase I was a member of alpha – amylase family enzymes. Western 

honeybees (Apis mellifera) had three alpha – glucosidase isoenzymes (WHGase I, II, 

and III), in which JHGase I was considered to correspond to WHGase I. 

No.1194 

Author(s) : Wongkajornsilp A, Vichchatorn P, Huabprasert S, Hongeng S. 

Title : Dendritic cells pulsed with total tumor RNA enhanced cytokine – induced killer (CIK) 

cells – induced glioblastoma multiforme cytolysis. 





No.1195 

Author(s) : Wongkamchai S, Rochjanawatsiriroj C, Monkong N, Nochot H, Loymek S, 

Jiraamornnimit C, Hunnangkul S, Choochote W. 

Title : Diagnostic value of IgG isotype responses against Brugia malayi antifilarial antibodies 

in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis. 

Source : Journal of Helminthology. 80 (4): 363 – 367, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Wuchereria – bancrofti infection, Specificity, Patterns, Antigen. 

Abstract : To study the diagnostic significance of antifilarial IgG subclasses in the clinical 

spectrum of brugian filariasis, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antifilarial antibodies were 

determined in an exposed population comprising 74 asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics, 

30 microfilaraemics, 20 lymphangitis and 16 elephantiasis patients resident in 

Narathiwart province, an area endemic for Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis in 

southern Thailand. The dominant isotype of antifilarial antibody was IgG4. A 

significantly higher percentage of individuals were positive for IgG1 in the 

microfilaraemic and lymphangitis groups compared with the elephantiasis and endemic 

normal patients, while a significantly higher positive rate of IgG3 was found in those 

with lymphangitis. The possible role of these isotypes for diagnostic purposes and the 

pattern of antibody response in various clinically manifesting groups are discussed. 

No.1196 

Author(s) : Wongprasert K, Asuvapongpatana S, Poltana P, Tiensuwan M, Withyachumnarnkul 

B. 

Title : Serotonin stimulates ovarian maturation and spawning in the black tiger shrimp 

Penaeus monodon. 

Source : Aquaculture. 261 (4): 1447 – 1454, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : ELISA, Immunohistochemistry, Penaeus monodon, Reproduction, Serotonin, 5HT. 

Abstract : Serotonin (5 – hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) has been reported to induce ovarian 

maturation and spawning in the crayfish Pro – cambarus clarkii and white Pacific 

shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the aim of this study was to explore the role of 

exogenous 5HT on the reproductive performance of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus 

monodon. 5HT solution was injected into domesticated P monodon broodstock at 50 

mu g/g body weight and ovarian maturation and spawning were recorded. The 

presence of 5HT in the ovary and oviduct of P. monodon was also studied by 

immunohistochemistry and its levels in the ovary by enzyme link immutioabsorbance 

assay (ELISA). The 5HT – injected P. monodon developed ovarian maturation and 

spawning rate at the level comparable to that of unilateral eyestalk – ablated shrimp. 

Hatching rate and the amount of nauplii produced per spawner were also significantly 

higher in the 5HT – injected shrimp, compared to the eyestalk – ablated shrimp. 5HT 

– positive reactions were found in the follicular cells of pre – vitellogenic oocytes, in 

the cytoplasm of early vitellogenic oocytes and on the cell membrane and cytoplasm 

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424 

of late vitellogenic oocytes. 5HT in the ovary was present at 3.53 +/– 0.26 ng/mg 

protein level in previtellogenic stage and increased to 17.03 +/– 0.57 ng/mg protein 

level in the mature stage of the ovary. The results suggest a significant role of 5HT, 

possibly directly on the ovary and oviduct, on the reproductive function of female P. 

monodon. 

No.1197 

Author(s) : Wongsantichon J, Ketterman AJ. 

Title : An intersubunit lock – and – key ‘Clasp’ motif in the dimer interface of Delta class 

glutathione transferase. 

Source : Biochemical Journal. 394: 135 – 144 (Part 1), 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Anopheles dirus, Aromatic ring stacking, Glutathione, Transferase, Lock – and – 

key, Pi – pi interaction, Subunit interface. 

Abstract : Structural investigations of a GST (glutathione transferase), adGSTD4 – 4, from the 

malaria vector Anopheles dirus show a novel lock – and – key ‘Clasp’ motif in the 

chiller interface of file Delta class enzyme. This motif also appears to be highly 

conserved across several insect GST classes, but differs from a previously reported 

mammalian lock – and – key motif. The aromatic ‘key’ residue not Only inserts into 

a hydrophobic pocket, the ‘lock’, of the neighouring subunit, but also acts as, part of 

the ‘lock’ for the other subunit ‘key’. The ‘key’ residues from both subunits show 

aromatic ring stacking with each other in a pi – pi interaction, generating a ‘Clasp’ in 

file middle of the Still interface. Enzyme catalytic and structural characterizations 

revealed that single amino acid replacements in this ‘Clasp’ motif impacted oil catalytic 

efficiencies, substrate selectivity and stability. Substitutions to file ‘key’ residue create 

strong positive co – operativity for glutathione binding, with a Hill coefficient 

approaching 2. The lock – and – key motif in general and especially the ‘Clasp’ motif 

with the pi – pi interaction appear to play a pivotal role in Subunit communication 

between active sites, as well as in stabilizing the quaternary structure. Evidence of 

allosteric effects suggests all important role for this particular inter – subunit 

architecture in regulating catalytic activity through conformational transitions Of 

Subunits. The observation of cooperativity in the mutants also implies that glutathione 

ligand binding and dimerization are linked. Quaternary structural changes of all 

Mutants suggest that Subunit assembly or dimerization basically manipulates subunit 

communication. 

No.1198 

Author(s) : Wongsantichon J, Yuvaniyama J, Ketterman AJ. 

Title : Crystallization and preliminary X – ray crystallographic analysis of a highly stable 

mutant V107A of glutathione transferase from Anopheles dirus in complex with 

glutathione. 

Source : Acta Crytallographica Section F – Structural Biology and Crystallization 

Communications. 62: 310 – 312 (Part 3), 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : S – Tranferases, Diffraction, Family. 

Abstract : An engineered mutant V107A of the dimeric glutathione transferase enzyme from 

Anopheles dirus (adgstD4 – 4) was cocrystallized with glutathione substrate using the 

hanging – drop vapour – diffusion method. The crystal diffracted to 2.47 angstrom 

resolution in space group P3(2)21 (unit – cell parameters a = b = 49.4, c = 272.4 

angstrom). Although the crystal morphology differed from that previously obtained 

for the wild – type enzyme, the crystal packing was the same. At 318 K, the engineered 

mutant showed an enzyme stability that was increased by about 32 – fold, while 

possessing a similar catalytic function to the wild type. Structural determination will 

provide valuable understanding of the role of Val107. This residue is in the dimeric 

interface and appears to contribute towards enhancing the physical properties of the 

entire protein.


No.1199 

Author(s) : Wongthida P, Akkarapatumwong V, Limjindaporn T, Kittanakom S, 

Keskanokwong T, Eurwilaichitr L, Yenchitsomanus PT. 

Title : Analysis of the interaction between human kidney anion exchanger 1 and kanadaptin 

using yeast two – hybrid systems. 

Source : Genetics and Molecular Biology. 29 (1): 14 – 22, 2006 (Mar). 


Keywords : Kidney anion exchanger 1, Kanadaptin, Yeast two – hybrid system. 

Abstract : Kidney anion exchanger adaptor protein (Kanadaptin) is a protein which interacts 

with the cytoplasmic N – terminal domain of kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) and 

was first detected in mice using the yeast two – hybrid system and was also found to 

co – localize with kAE1 in rabbit alpha – intercalated cells. Impaired trafficking of 

human kAE1 can result in the kidney disease – distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), 

and defective interaction between human kAE1 and kanadaptin may cause this 

trafficking impairment and be the basis for dRTA pathogenesis. However, it is 

unknown whether kAE1 can really interact with kanadaptin in humans. We have 

thus investigated the interaction between human kAE1 and human kanadaptin by 

using both Gal4 and LexA yeast two – hybrid systems. It was found that co – expression 

of Gal4DBD fused to the cytoplasmic N – terminal domain of kAE1 and Gal4AD fused 

to kanadaptin could not activate the transcription of the ADE2, HIS3 and lacZ reporters 

in the Gal4 system. A similar result was obtained for the interaction between B42AD 

fused to the cytoplasmic N – terminal domain of kAE1 and LexA fused to kanadaptin 

in activation of lacZ transcription in the LexA system. The absence of interaction 

between the fusion proteins in both yeast two – hybrid systems raises the possibility 

that kAE1 may not interact with kanadaptin in human cells. Considerably different 

structures of both kAE1 and kanadaptin in mice and humans may lead to different 

binding properties of the proteins in these two species. 

No.1200 

Author(s) : Wongtiraporn W, Wattanamongkonsil L, Kiartivich S, Mingvivat N, Thanakhumtorn 

S, Opartkiattikul N, Thamlikitkul V. 

Title : Utilization of calculated low density lipoprotein cholesterol and measured low density 

lipoprotein cholesterol in Siriraj Hospital. 



Keywords : LDL, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol. 

Abstract : A study to determine the utilization of calculated low density lipoprotein (c – LDL) 

cholesterol and measured low density lipoprotein (m – LDL) cholesterol was conducted. 

The test results of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL – cholesterol and m – LDL – 

cholesterol from the same individuals aged e•18 years who had the tests done at the 

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital during January 

to December 2004 were retrieved. The c – LDL – cholesterol level was computed 

using Friedewald formula. There were two data sets i.e. the m – LDL – cholesterol cut 

– off level derivation data set (784 subjects) and the m – LDL – cholesterol cut – off 

level validation data set (800 subjects). The study results revealed: 1) 2.6% of the 

subjects had blood triglyceride > 400 mg/dl hence c – LDL – cholesterol could not be 

computed, 2) the correlation between c – LDL – cholesterol levels and m – LDL – 

cholesterol levels from both data sets was very good (r > 0.95, p < 0.001), 3) the m – 

LDL – cholesterol levels were usually higher than c – LDL – cholesterol levels, 4) the 

m – LDL – cholesterol cut – off level derivation data set showed that m – LDL – 

cholesterol < 87, > 143, > 188, > 233 and > 254 mg/dl were highly correlated with c – 

LDL – cholesterol < 100, e•100, e•130, e•160 and e•190 mg/dl respectively, 5) an 

application of m – LDL – cholesterol cut – off levels derived from the m – LDL – 

cholesterol cut – off level derivation data set to the m – LDL – cholesterol cut – off 

level validation data set showed that m – LDL – cholesterol < 87, > 143, > 188, > 233 

and > 254 mg/dl had accuracy in predicting c – LDL – cholesterol < 100, e•100, e•130, 

e•160 and e•190 mg/dl of 100%, 99.7%, 100%, 100% and 100% respectively, 6) the use 

of m – LDL – cholesterol levels as a guide for initiating lipid – lowering agents based 

on cut – off values of c – LDL – cholesterol levels led to an overuse of lipid – lowering 

agents in 3.6% to 42.9% of the patients and 7) Nomogram for transforming m – LDL 

– cholesterol to c – LDL – cholesterol was developed as well as a formula for 

transforming m – LDL – cholesterol to c – LDL – cholesterol (c – LDL – cholesterol = 

0.89 % m – LDL – cholesterol). Therefore, m – LDL – cholesterol assay has a very 

limited use in managing individuals with suspected or known dyslipidemia. The use 

of m – LDL – cholesterol level as a guide for management of abnormal LDL – cholesterol 

conditions leads to an overuse of lipid lowering medications and an enormous expense 

of m – LDL – cholesterol assay. 

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No.1201 

Author(s) : Wongtrakul P, Shayakul C, Parichatikanond P, Suthipinittharm P, Amjaroen C, 

Kaewkaukul N, Vongirad A, Ongajyooth L. 

Title : Immunohistochemical study for the diagnosis of Alport’s syndrome. 



Keywords : Alport’s syndrome, Collagen type IV, Hereditary nephritis, Immunohistochemistry. 

Abstract : Background: Alport’s syndrome (AS) is the most common cause of inherited glomerular 

disease in Thailand. The majority of cases show X – linked inheritance, which is 

caused by mutations in the gene coding for the 5 chain of type IV collagen in the 

glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and epidermal basement membrane (EBM). 

Such mutation usually leads to a reduction in protein amount, thus, 

immunohistochemical studies have been considered in diagnostic evaluation. Objective: 

To study the expression of [IV] collagen chains in the skin as an alternative approach 

to diagnose AS. Material and Method: Eleven unrelated probands with proven AS, 7 

relatives with abnormal urinalysis, 4 suspected individuals, and 8 normal controls 

were enrolled. A punch skin biopsy and immunofluorescence staining of the tissue 

specimens for 1, 3 and 5[IV] collagen chains was performed. Results: The 5[IV] 

chain was absent in the EBM in all male AS patients while a discontinuing pattern 

was observed in all females except one. The findings are specific for AS with a 

sensitivity of 91%. Studies in relatives and suspected individuals also confirmed the 

advantage of this approach as demonstrated by the absence and discontinuation of 

5[IV] staining in all males and females, respectively. We also analyzed their 

expressions in the kidney tissue and demonstrated abnormal 3 and 5[IV] staining 

in five of six samples. Conclusion: Immunohistochemical study of the skin should be 

used as a screening method in patients suspected of AS, as it is much less invasive. 

Moreover, it is a useful adjunct to conventional examination of biopsied renal tissue. 

No.1202 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Kasemsook C, Plasen S. 

Title : Social isolation alters the effect of desipramine in the rat forced swimming test. 

Source : Behavioural Brain Research. 167 (2): 232 – 236, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Social isolation, Desipramine, Noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, Forced swimming test, 

Open – field test. 

Abstract : The present study determined whether rearing in social isolation alters the behavioural 

response produced by the selective noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, desipramine when 

rats are exposed to the forced swimmin. test or an open field arena. Male Wistar rats 

were raised from weaning either alone (isolation rearing) or in groups of five or six 

rats/cage (social rearing) for 4 weeks before behavioural testing. The results 

demonstrated that sub – chronic administration of desipramine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg 

i.p.) 24, 5 and I It caused a dose – related decrease in immobility time and increase 

struggling and produced locomotor hypoactivity compared with saline treated rats in 

both isolation and socially reared rats. However, these effects were significantly 

greater in isolation than socially reared rats. The results indicate isolation rearing 

alters the response to aversive stimuli and that sub – chronic antidepressant treatment 

potentiates these effects. 

No.1203 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Panya P, Yoopan N, Rittilert P. 

Title : Psychological stress increases the antidepressant – like effect of buspirone and barakol 

in the rats. 

Source : International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 9 (Suppl.1): S174 – S174, 2006 

(Jul). 




No.1204 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Ritilert P, Soo – ampon S. 

Title : Antidressant – like effect of barakol in stress rats. 





426


No.1205 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Soo – ampon S, Ritilert P, Verawatnapakul V. 

Title : Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of barakol. 

Source : International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 

9 (Suppl.1): S67 – S67, 2006 (Jul). 




No.1206 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Thaidee H. 

Title : Social isolation decreases the locomotor activity in caffeine – treated rats. 






No.1207 

Author(s) : Wongwitdecha N, Yoopan N, Thaidee H. 

Title : Early life stress alters the effects of midazolam and ethanol on the rat elevated plus 

maze. 






No.1208 

Author(s) : Worayuthakarn R, Thasana N, Ruchirawat S. 

Title : Three distinct reactions of 3, 4 – dihydroisoquinolines with azlactones: Novel synthesis 

of imidazoloisoquinolin – 3 – ones, benzo[a]quinolizin – 4 – ones, and benzo[d]azocin 

– 4 – ones. 

Source : Organic Letters. 8 (25): 5845 – 5848, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : G trimethyl ether, Ring – system, Efficient synthesis, Protoberberine alkaloids, 

Lamellarin alkaloids, Cycilc azomethines, Carbonyl – compounds, B – ring, Derivatives, 

Chemistry. 

Abstract : A facile and direct synthetic entry to tricyclic imidazoloisoquinolin – 3 – ones and 

benzo[a] quinolizin – 4 – ones is reported based on the ring annulation of 1 – 

unsubstituted and 1 – substituted dihydroisoquinolines with azlactones under neutral 

conditions in a one – step procedure. Bicyclic 2, 3dihydrobenzo[d]azocin – 4 – ones 

were also prepared using simple azlactone and 1 – substituted dihydroisoquinolines 

in a one – pot reaction. 

No.1209 

Author(s) : Worrasinchai S, Suphantharika M, Pinjai S, Jamnong P. 

Title : Beta – glucan prepared from spent brewer’s yeast as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. 

Source : Food Hydrocolloids. 20 (1): 68 – 78, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Beta – glucan, Fat replacer, Mayonnaise, Brewer’s yeast, Emulsion. 

Abstract : Application of beta – glucan prepared from spent brewer’s yeast as a fat replacer in 

mayonnaise was studied. Fat was partially substituted by beta – glucan at levels of 25, 

50, and 75% which were referred to as 25B, 50B, or 75B formulations, respectively. 

The full fat (FF) (100% oil) mayonnaise without beta – glucan substitution was used 

as a control experiment. Physicochemical, rheological, and microbiological analyses, 

and sensory evaluation of the FF and reduced fat (RF) mayonnaises were performed. 

The results indicated that all RF mayonnaises had significantly lower energy content, 

but higher water content than their FF counterpart and these differences increased 

with increasing substitution levels of beta – glucan. With regard to pH, there were no 

significant differences between the FF and RF mayonnaises after one – day storage. 

However, pH values of the RF samples decreased with an increasing degree of 

substitution after 2 months storage. In terms of texture, the 50B and 75B formulations 

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428 

showed similar firmness and adhesiveness values as those of the FF sample. 

Microstructure analysis showed close packing structures of large droplets for the FF 

and 25B and loose structures of a network of aggregated small droplets for the 50B 

and 75B samples. Both FF and RF mayonnaises exhibited thixothopic shear thinning 

behaviour under steady shear tests and were rheologically classified as weak gels 

under small amplitude oscillatory shear tests. Microbial loadings of all mayonnaises 

tested were in the acceptable limit throughout the storage time. The RF mayonnaises 

exhibited higher storage stability than the FF sample. Sensory evaluation 

demonstrated that mayonnaises substituted with beta – glucan of not more than 50% 

were acceptable. This study shows good potential for spent brewer’s yeast beta – 

glucan to be used as a fat replacer in mayonnaise. 

No.1210 

Author(s) : Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Langa S, Chaowagul W, Panpitpat C, Saipan P, 

Thoujaikong T, Day NP, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Development of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei during childhood in 

melioidosis – endemic northeast Thailand. 

Source : American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 74 (6): 1074 – 1075, 2006 (Jun). 



Abstract : A cross – sectional serological survey of 2,214 children living in northeast Thailand 

was conducted to define the antibody response to Burkholderia pseudomallei from 

birth to 14 years. There was a sharp rise in detectable antibodies from birth to 4 years 

followed by reactivity in approximately 60 – 70% of children thereafter. 

No.1211 

Author(s) : Wuthiekanun V, Chierakul W, Rattanalertnavee J, Langa S, Sirodom D, 

Wattanawaitunechai C, Winothai W, White NJ, Day N, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Serological evidence for increased human exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei 

following the tsunami in southern Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (1): 239 – 240, 2006 (Jan). 


Keywords : Melioidosis. 

Abstract : A serological study was performed to determine recent human exposure to 

Burkholderia pseudomallei (the cause of melioidosis) in residents of southern Thailand 

affected by the tsunami of 26 December 2004. The findings were suggestive of 

increased recent exposure in both tsunami survivors and uninjured bystanders. 

Survivors of the Thailand tsunami may be at increased risk of melioidosis. 

No.1212 

Author(s) : Wuthiekanun V, Langa S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Jedsadapanpong W, Kaengnet Y, 

Chierakul W, Day NP, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Melioidosis in Myanmar: Forgotten but not gone? 



Keywords : Burkholderia – pseudomallei, Northeast Thailand, Southern Thailand, Diagnosis, 

Tsunami. 

Abstract : A serologic survey of adults resident in Myanmar was conducted to define the presence 

of antibodies to Burkholderia pselidomallei, the cause of melioidosis. Antibodies were 

detectable by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) in 757 (78%) of 968 adults, of 

whom 69 (7%) had an IHA titer >= 1:160. 

No.1213 

Author(s) : Wuthiekanun V, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis. 



Keywords : Burkholderia pseudomallei, Laboratory diagnosis, Melioidosis, Treatment. 

Abstract : Melioidosis is a serious infection caused by the soil dwelling Gram – negative bacillus 

Burkholderia pseudomallei. This disease is most commonly reported in north – east 

Thailand and the top end of northern Australia where it is considered endemic. The 

most frequent picture is a septicaemic illness often in association with bacterial 

dissemination to distant sites, but possible manifestations are extremely broad ranging.


Isolation of B. pseudomallei represents the diagnostic “gold standard”. Gram stain 

and microscopy of clinical specimens has poor sensitivity, and the bacterial appearance 

is not specific. Culture is straightforward, although sensitivity can be increased by 

the use of selective media for non – sterile specimens and enrichment media for 

sterile site samples. Serological tests have poor diagnostic accuracy in melioidosis – 

endemic areas where seropositivity is common in the healthy population, but are 

more useful in the non – endemic setting. Use of molecular techniques to identify the 

presence of B. pseudomallei in clinical specimens has been described, but is not 

routine in most diagnostic microbiology laboratories. 

No.1214 

Author(s) : Wuthiekanun V, Peacock SJ. 

Title : Management of melioidosis. 

Source : Expert Review of Anti – Infective Therapy. 4 (3): 445 – 455, 2006 (Jun). 


Keywords : Burkholderia pseudomallei, Management, Melioidosis, Treatment. 

Abstract : Melioidosis is a serious human infection caused by the environmental Gram – negative 

bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Outcome following melioidosis remains poor 

despite 20 years of clinical research. Overall mortality is 50% in north – east Thailand 

(35% in children) and 19% in Australia. Relapse is common (13% over 10 years), and 

results from failure to eradicate the organism. Treatment is required to complete 12 

– 20 weeks, or longer if clinically indicated. This is divided into intravenous and oral 

phases. Clinical trial evidence supports the use of ceftazidime or a carbapenem 

antibiotic for initial parenteral therapy, which should be administered for at least 10 

– 14 days. This is followed by a prolonged course of oral antimicrobial therapy with 

trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole (TMP – SMX) with or without doxycycline. 

Amoxicillin – clavulanate is an alternative for children, pregnant women and for 

patients with intolerance to first – line therapy. Resistance of B. pseudomallei to 

these drugs is rare, with the exception of TMP – SMX; resistance rates are 

approximately 2.5% in Australia and 13 – 16% in Thailand. There is a lack of evidence 

for the value of adjunctive therapies in the treatment of melioidosis. Future studies 

aim to address whether meropenem is superior to ceftazidime during parenteral 

therapy, and whether doxycycline is a necessary component of oral treatment. 

No.1215 

Author(s) : Wutthiphan S, Foster SR, Poonyathalang A, Pongpech S. 

Title : Abducens – oculomlotor synkinesis associated with internuclear ophthalmoplegia 

and acquired abducens nerve palsy. 

Source : Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus. 43 (4): 246 – 249, 2006 (Jul – Aug). 


Keywords : Aberrant regeneration, Oculomotor synkinesis. 

Abstract : We report a case of acquired abducens – oculomotor synkinesis, internuclear 

ophthalmoplegia, and abducens nerve palsy following brainstem hemorrhage. 

Weakening surgery on the medial rectus muscle did not eliminate the synergistic 

movement. The mechanism responsible for the abducens – oculomotor synkinesis is 

discussed. 

No.1216 

Author(s) : Xenos P, Achmad S, Sheng Lin H, Keung Luis P, Podhisita C, Raymundo C, Thapa S. 

Title : Delayed Asian transitions to adulthood: A perspective from national youth surveys. 

Source : Asian Population Studies. 2 (2): 149 – 185, 2006 (Jul). 


Keywords : Asian countries, Home – leaving, Marriage, Transition to adulthood. 

Abstract : Important events in the transition to adulthood are examined for young men and 

women in six Asian societies. Broad description of the pattern of many events is 

followed by a detailed consideration of event – sequences among school – leaving, 

home – leaving and entrance to marriage. The recent Asian experience is set against 

recent patterns in Western societies, and broad similarities and differences are noted. 

In both sets of countries there is clear evidence of significant delay in the key 

transitional events, many of which are being pushed into the third decade of life. Also 

in both regions there is evidence of a high demographic density of events in the 

central years of transition. The standardization of individual event distributions may 

not be occurring in the Asian countries examined, but there is clear evidence of 

individuation or a rising diversity of sequences or paths taken. Suggestions are 

offered regarding themes for future research on Asian adulthood transitions, in light 

of 

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No.1217 

Author(s) : Yamborisut U, Kosulwat V, Chittchang U, Wimonpeerapattana W, Suthutvoravut U. 

Title : Factors associated with dual form of malnutrition in school children in Nakhon Pathom 

and Bangkok. 



Keywords : Dual form malnutrition, Feeding practices, Obesity, Wasting children. 

Abstract : Objective: The present study examined the influence of family characteristics and 

maternal feeding practices on eating behaviors, food consumption and nutritional 

status of children living in 6 districts of Nakhon Pathom province and 3 surrounding 

districts of Bangkok. Material and Method: One hundred and ninety nine families 

were enrolled in the present study. Four specific mother – child pair groups were 

purposively selected: 62 obese child/overweight mother pairs, 49 obese child/normal 

weight mother pairs, 37 wasted child/overweight mother pairs, and 51 normal weight 

child/normal weight mother pairs. Anthropometric measurements were performed 

on all subjects. Biological data, socioeconomic status, maternal feeding practices, as 

well as eating and lifestyle behaviors of the children were obtained from mothers and 

children using structured questionnaires and interviews. Result: Most mothers from 

all groups, 40.8% – 62.2%, had a primary education, were non – manual workers, with 

families containing 4 – 6 persons per household, and a family income of d•20,000 baht 

per month. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternal overweight 

prior to pregnancy (OR11.85, 95%CI 2.16 – 64.99) child’s high birth weight (OR 4.53, 

95%CI 1.09 – 18.73) as well as maternal control over the consumption of high caloric 

food (OR13.07, 95%CI 4.08 – 41.86) and large amounts of food consumed by the 

children (OR12.58, 95%CI 4.30 – 36.80) were significant factors associated with 

childhood obesity. Compared to normal weight children, a higher proportion of obese 

children were not breast – fed and a higher proportion of normal weight mothers 

controlled the consumption of high caloric food in their obese children. Overweight 

mothers with wasted children also controlled their children’s food intake. Higher 

proportion of wasted children had a higher snack consumption frequency but lower 

energy food intake than the normal weight children. Conclusion: Understanding the 

underlying causes of dual form of malnutrition in the households would have implication 

for policy makers to address and implement a nutrition action plan. It is suggested 

that a malnutrition, (under and over – nutrition) prevention program must involve 

strategies within families that focus on providing nutrition education and the powerful 

guidance to help parents foster appropriate patterns of food choice and eating in their 

children. Promotion of increased physical activity in children is also essential. These 

strategies are aimed to promote the optimal child’s weight and health. 

No.1218 

Author(s) : Yampri P, Pintavirooj C, Daochai S , Teartulakarn S. 

Title : White blood cell classification based on the combination of eigen cell and parametric 

feature detection. 

Source : 2006 1st IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. Article 

No.4025942, 2006. 


Keywords : Eigen cell, Principal component analysis, White blood cell count. 

Abstract : Numbers of white blood cells in different classes help doctors to diagnose patients. A 

technique for automating the differential count of white blood cell is presented. The 

proposed system takes an input, color image of stained peripheral blood smears. The 

process in general involves segmentation, feature extraction and classification. In 

this paper, features extracted from the segmented cell are motivated by the concept 

of the wellknown Eigen face which is performed on the pre – classified which blood 

cell based on parametric feature detection. The derived Eigen value and Eigen vector 

contributes to the important feature in the classification process. The results presented 

here are based on trials conducted with normal cells. For training the classifiers, a 

library set of 50 patterns is used. The tested data consists of 50 samples and produced 

correct classification rate close to 92 %. 

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No.1219 

Authors : Yamwong P. 

Title : The Medical Education System in Thailand. 

Source : Asia Pacific Biotech News. 10 (15): 815 – 817, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : Education – curricula, Instructional systems, Medical colleges, Medical education, 

Professional education, Educational quality. 

Abstract : The article deals with the medical education system in Thailand. There are 12 medical 

schools in Taiwan with 4 located in rural areas and the rest in Bangkok. Most medical 

schools in the country used traditional curricula in the initial phase, but curricular 

reforms take place every 6 to 7 years. Most of the schools are using the student – 

based learning in their curricula. How to keep pace with rapidly changing knowledge 

and teach medical students and how to maintain a good quality of education, while 

there is a demand for an increasing number of graduates are some of the challenges 

being faced by the medical education system of the country. 

No.1220 

Author(s) : Yanagisawa Y, Iwamoto S, Kawabata T, Nakamura Y, Charupoonphol P, Supannatas 

S, Sone H, Kaneko Y, Watanabe S, Komatsu E, Sakuma M, Miyagi S, Hasegawa K, 

Kagawa Y. 

Title : Leptin resistance conferred by a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism and 

the adoption of a western lifestyle in urban areas of Thailand. 

Source : Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging. 10 (3): 176 – 182, 2006 (May – Jun). 


Keywords : Leptin resistance, SNPs, Uncoupling protein, Westernization, Thailand. 

Abstract : Objectives: An increasing number of lifestyle disorders have emerged in response to 

the rapid urbanization that has occurred in Thailand. Recently, leptin resistance has 

been nominated as a possible marker for the onset of metabolic disorders in Asian 

countries. The research aimed to assess the relationship between leptin – resistance 

and environmental and/or genetic factors by comparing urban and rural inhabitants 

in Thailand. Methods: A total of 212 age – and sex – matched subjects from an urban 

area (Bangkok) and from rural areas (Sai Noi) participated in the study. 

Anthropometric measurements, blood biochemistry, single nucleotide polymorphism 

analyses, and interviews concerning lifestyles and dietary habits were conducted 

individually. Backward elimination multiple regression analyses and least trimmed 

sum of square methods were used to estimate the effects of possible factors. Results: 

A transition of staple food from rice to bread (decreased rice intake; p < 0.01 and 

increased bread intake; p < 0.05) was significant in urban areas. Leptin levels were 

higher in urban groups, with a significant difference in women (p < 0.001 in women 

and p = 0.06 in men), but not in men. Predictors selected for leptin – resistance in 

women were genotypes of UCP2, PPARg2, bread intake, living area, and smoking 

habit (r = 0.510); in men, genotypes of UCP2 and UCP3p, smoking habit, and rice 

intake (r = 0.315). Conclusions: Urban women with del/del type of UCP2 exhibited 

significant leptin resistance. A combination of urbanization and UCP2 genotype were 

considered to be responsible. 

No.1221 

Author(s) : Yang ZQ, Miao J, Huang YM, Li XY, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Gao Q, 

Udomsangpetch R, Sattabongkot J, Cui LW. 

Title : Genetic structures of geographically distinct Plasmodium vivax populations assessed 

by PCR/RFLP analysis of the merozoite surface protein 3 beta gene. 

Source : Acta Tropica. 100 (3): 205 – 212, 2006 (Dec). 


Keywords : Plasmodium vivax, Genotyping, Merozoite surface protein 3 beta, Mixed strain 

infection. 

Abstract : The recent resurgence of Plasinodium vivax malaria requires close epidemiological 

surveillance and monitoring of the circulating parasite populations. In this study, we 

developed a combination of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length 

polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) method to investigate the genetic diversity of the P vivax 

merozoite surface protein 3 beta (PvMSP3 beta) gene among four Asian parasite 

populations representing both tropical and temperate strains with dramatic divergent 

relapse patterns (N = 143). Using P vivax field isolates from symptomatic patients, we 

have validated the feasibility of this protocol in distinguishing parasite genotypes. We 

have shown that PCR alone could detect three major size polymorphisms of the 

PvMSP3 beta gene, and restriction analysis detected a total of 12 alleles within these 

431


432 

Asian samples. Samples from different geographical areas differed dramatically in 

their PvMSP3 beta allele composition and frequency, indicating that complex, yet 

different parasite genotypes were circulating in different endemic areas. This protocol 

allowed easy detections of multiple infections, which reached 20.5% in the samples 

from Thailand. It is interesting to note that samples from one temperate site in China 

collected during a recent outbreak of the disease also showed a high level of genetic 

diversity with multiple infections accounting for 5.6% of the samples. When combined 

with the PvMSP3 alpha locus, this method provides better capability in distinguishing 

P vivax genotypes and detecting mixed genotype infections. 

No.1222 

Author(s) : Yangthaisong A, Osotchan T. 

Title : Monte Carlo simulations of strained Si/SiGe – OI nMOSFETs. 

Source : NanoSingapore 2006: IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies – Nanoelectronics 

– Proceedings. 2006: 438 – 441; Article No.: 1609766, 2006. 


Keywords : Monte Carlo simulations, SGOI – MOSFET, Strained Si. 

Abstract : The motivation for research into n – type strained – Si/SiGe – on – insulator metal – 

oxide field effect transistors (SiGe – OI MOSFETs) is to take advantage of both the 

enhancement of electron transport properties due to strain and the mass production 

of advanced CMOS technology. Two dimensional self – consistent ensemble Monte 

Carlo simulation has been used to provide a description of the steady and transient 

charge transport in a strained – Si/SiGe – OI nMOSFET with 55 nm gate length. The 

simulated device is similar to that investigate experimentally by the IBM group. The 

simulation provides information on the microscopic details of the carrier behavior, 

including carrier velocity, kinetic energy, and carrier density, as a function of position 

in the device. Detailed time – dependent voltage signal analysis has been carried out 

to test the device response and derive the frequency bandwidth, which has been 

compared with the result of an identical analysis performed on a conventional planar 

geometry silicon – on – insulator (SOI) nMOSFET of similar dimensions and doping. 

A sine voltage pulse is applied to the gate and the resulting drain current and gate 

currents used to calculate the current gain as a function of frequency. 

No.1223 

Author(s) : Yodmuang S, Tirasophon W, Roshorm Y, Chinnirunvong W, Panyim S. 

Title : YHV – protease dsRNA inhibits YHV replication in Penaeus monodon and prevents 

mortality. 

Source : Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 341(2):351–356, 2006(Mar). 


Keywords : RNA interference, Double – stranded RNA, Yellow head virus, Penaeus monodon. 

Abstract : Yellow head virus infects cultured shrimps and causes severe mortality resulting in 

a great economic loss. Haemolymph injection of dsRNA (pro) corresponding to the 

protease motif of YHV genome resulted in a complete inhibition of YHV replication. 

The effect of dsRNA lasted for at least 5 days. Injecting sequence – unrelated dsRNA 

(gfp) or dsRNA (TSV – pol) also resulted in an inhibition of YHV replication but at a 

comparatively Much less extent. Shrimp mortality was monitored for 10 days when 

more than 90% shrimps receiving no dsRNA died within 8 dpi. However, those receiving 

dsRNA (pro) showed no mortality. A partial mortality was observed among the shrimps 

receiving dsRNA (gfp) or dsRNA (TSV – pol). Thus, Penaeus monodon possesses the 

sequence – specific protection to YHV infection, most likely through the RNAi pathways 

in addition to sequence – independent protection. It gives a new notion that dsRNA 

induction of antiviral immunity in shrimp goes through two pathways, sequence – 

independent and sequence – dependent. 

No.1224 

Author(s) : Yoganandhan K, Leartvibhas M, Sriwongpuk S, Limsuwan C. 

Title : White tail disease of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in 

Thailand. 

Source : Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 69 (2 – 3): 255 – 258, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : White tail disease, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, Extra small virus, RT – 

PCR detection, Brooder. 

Abstract : White tail disease (WTD) of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii has 

recently been the cause of high mortalities in Thai prawn farms. The causative


agents of this disease in other countries are M rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and 

extra small virus (XSV), which are usually detected using reverse transcriptase – 

polymerase chain reaction (RT – PCR) protocols. Using RT – PCR, most Thai post – 

larvae (PL) samples showing gross signs of WTD tested positive for MrNV but only a 

few were positive for XSV. In contrast, all tested brooder samples were positive for 

both MrNV and XSV. The possibility that brooders infected with MrNV and XSV 

could transmit the viruses to larvae and PL should be examined. Cloning, sequencing 

and comparison of deduced amino acid sequences of RT – PCR amplicons of WTD 

samples from Thailand with those of MrNV and XSV previously reported from the 

French West Indies and China revealed that the MrNV were closely related but not 

identical while those from XSV were identical. This is the first report of MrNV and 

XSV from Thailand. 

No.1225 

Author(s) : Yongyuth P, Koyadun S, Jaturabundit N, Sampuch A, Bhumiratana A. 

Title : Efficacy of a single – dose treatment with 300 mg diethylcarbamazine and a combination 

of 400 mg albendazole in reduction of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia and 

concomitant geohelminths in Myanmar Migrants in Southern Thailand. 



Keywords : Albendazole, Diethylcarbamazine, Geohelminths, Myanmar migrants, Wuchereria 

bancrofti. 

Abstract : Background: There seems to be a large magnitude of parasitic worm loads caused by 

nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti and geohelminths, in cross – border 

Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. We are therefore considering an effective 

Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and Albendazole 

(ABZ). Due to short periods of their residency and current situation of W. bancrofti 

antigenemics and concomitant geohelminths, treatment effects on the containment 

of the infections need to be analyzed. Objectives: Analyze short – term effects on 

reduction of W. bancrofti antigen (WbAg) and geohelminths’ egg (GhE) loads. The 

efficacy of a single – dose combined treatment with 300 mg DEC (for filariasis) and 

400 mg ABZ (for helminthiasis) was evaluated and compared with a single – dose 

treatment arm with 300 mg DEC alone. Material and Method: A randomized clinical 

trial of two treatment choices in 28 Myanmar male workers (DEC/ABZ or group I = 

15, DEC or group II = 13) was conducted in Phang Nga province, Southern Thailand. 

Because of the withdrawal of three subjects of the DEC group, all the 10 DEC subjects 

were follow – up monitored at post treatment 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Their mean age 

was 26.4 years; worm loads (mean SD 103) of W. bancrofti, Ascaris and Trichuris 

was 103.9 44.1 antigen units (AU)/ml, 47.3 38.7 eggs per gram (EPG) and 16.6 

22.2 EPG, respectively. The data on the 15 DEC/ABZ subjects showed a mean age of 

25.7 years; corresponding worm loads = 96.1 54.6 AU/ml, 397.0 117.3 EPG and 54.5 

42.8 EPG, respectively. The Antigen Reduction Rates (ARR) and Egg Reduction 

Rates (ERR) were presented. Results: At the 12 – week post treatment, WbAg loads 

(mean SD 103 AU/ml) were 61.5 58.4 for group I and 76.8 40.7 for group II. A 

significant WbAg reduction was noted for both groups at weeks 8 and 12 (p < 0.05). 

Also, the significant reduction of GhE loads was more pronounced for both groups 

after week 2 (p < 0.05). When comparing efficacy of the treatment choices by the 

treatment retention time, it was more likely to show both groups had similar adulticidal 

effects on either WbAg, denoted as the ARR (F = 0.064, p = 0.806) or GhE, denoted as 

the ERR (F = 0.196, p = 0.669). Conclusion: The single – dose 300 mg DEC plus 400 mg 

ABZ, or 300 mg DEC alone, can be effectively used for treating infections with W. 

bancrofti and concomitant geohelminths commonly observed in the area. But 

treatment rounds are required to clear the infections. The reduction of the parasitic 

worm loads in the legal Myanmar migrants provide values in monitoring and evaluating 

an effective MDA program with the DEC/ABZ at the provincial level. 

No.1226 

Author(s) : Yoopan N, Wongsawatkul O, Watcharasit P, Piyachaturawat P, Satayavivad J. 

Title : Contribution of cholinergic muscarinic functions in cadmium – induced hypertension 

in rats. 

Source : Toxicology Letters. 164: S155 – S155 Sp. Iss. SI, 2006 (Sep). 




433


No.1227 

Author(s) : Yoopan N, Wongwitdecha N. 

Title : Early life stress alters the open field behavior of female adult rats. 





No.1228 

Author(s) : Yoovathawom K, Hanpithakpong W, Muangman V. 

Title : Studies on the efficacy and safety of Phlai gel. 





No.1229 

Author(s) : Yunyongwattanakorn J, Sakdapipanich JT. 

Title : Physical property changes in commercial natural rubbers during long term storage. 

Source : Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 79 (1): 72 – 81, 2006. 



Abstract : The physical properties during long term storage of selected commercial Standard 

Thai Rubbers (STR), i.e. STR XL, STR 5L and STR CV60 as high – graded natural 

rubber (NR), were investigated. Sections of commercial NR were subjected to 

examination after storage – hardening. STR 5L showed clearly an increase in Mooney 

viscosity (VR), Mooney relaxtion (MR30), gel content and initial plasticity (P0), higher 

than that of STR XL. This result suggests that STR 5L exhibits the highest 

inconsistency in physical properties. The increasing viscosity and gel content of STR 

5L and STR XL samples suggest the occurrence of a crosslink structure during 

storage. STR CV60, known as a viscosity – stabilized NR sample, also showed an 

increase in VR, gel content, P0 and high PRI value during long storage. These findings 

indicate that storage – hardening occurred in the rubber samples even after carefully 

controlled production procedures. As for the different sections of samples, there was 

no clear relation with gel content with respect to storage time, indicating that depth 

or positions of specimens in a certain rubber bale did not affect the storage – hardening 

phenomenon. 

No.1230 

Author(s) : Yupin S, Laddawal P, Piyanee R, Pawinee P. 

Title : Hypocholesterolemic effects of Curcuma comosa in cholesterol – fed rabbits. 



Keywords : Curcuma comosa, Cholesterol, TBARS, Aortic plaque. 


No.1231 

Author(s) : Zhang SD, Prabpai S, Kongsaeree P, Arvidsson PI. 

Title : Poly – N – methylated alpha – peptides: synthesis and X – ray structure determination 

of beta – strand forming foldamers. 

Source : Chemical Communications. (5): 497 – 499, 2006 (Feb). 


Keywords : Alkyl amino – acids, Solid – phase, Conformational aspects, Polypeptide structure, 

Amyloid formation, Cyclosporine – O, Omphalotin – A, Inhibition, Design, Toxicity. 

Abstract : The first high resolution X – ray structure determination of poly – N – methylated a 

– peptides, a class of peptides widely used in biomedical research, is described; it 

shows that these molecules adopt a beta – strand conformation. 

434


No.1232 

Author(s) : Zhao YF, Chaiswing L, Bakthavatchalu V, Oherley TD, St Clair DK. 

Title : Ras mutation promotes p53 activation and apoptosis of skin keratinocytes. 

Source : Carcinogenesis. 27 (8): 1692 – 1698, 2006 (Aug). 


Keywords : NADPH Oxidase, Transcriptional activation, Oxidative stress, Mouse skin, Cells, 

Fibroblasts, Generarion, Acetate, Model, TPA. 

Abstract : Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that 7, 12 – 

dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12 – O – tetradecanoylphorbol – 13 – acetate (DMBA/ 

TPA) treatment induced apoptosis and mitochondrial translocation of the tumor 

suppressor p53 in a mouse skin carcinogenesis model, suggesting that oncogenic 

versus cell death signaling involve a common mediator. Mutational activation of 

oncogenic Ras is an early event and has been demonstrated to play a critical role in 

skin carcinogenesis. A malignant skin keratinocyte cell line (308), which carries a H 

– ras mutation at codon 61, showed elevated p53 levels, increased caspase 3 activity 

and enhanced apoptosis after TPA treatment. In contrast, the non – malignant 

counterpart (C50) showed undetectable levels of p53 and less apoptosis than 308 cells 

similarly treated. Inhibition of NADPH – oxidase (NOX) by diphenyleneiodonium. 

suppressed p53 activation and apoptosis in 308 cells, linking Ras mutation to NOX – 

induced p53 activation, which was further supported by the finding that siRNA to 

Rac1 inhibited p53 activation after TPA treatment. Application of DPI to DMBA – 

initiated skin tissue significantly blocked TPA – mediated increased p53 levels and 

reduced apoptosis in skin epidermal tissues. Taken together, our results suggest that 

NOX bridges oncogenic activation and p53 mitochondrial translocation to apoptosis in 

the multistage chemical – induced skin carcinogenesis model. 

No.1233 

Author(s) : Zhao YF, Wang LM, Chaiswing L, Yen HC, Oberley TD, Lien YC, Lin SM, 

Mattson MP, St Clair D. 

Title : Tamoxifen protects against acute tumor necrosis factor alpha – induced cardiac injury 

via improving mitochondrial functions. 

Source : Free Radicla Biology and Medicine. 40 (7): 1234 – 1241, 2006 (Apr). 


Keywords : Tamoxifen, Tumor necrosis factor, Cardiac injury, Superoxide removal, Mitochondria. 

Abstract : Tamoxifen is the most commonly used antiestrogen for the treatment of breast 

cancer. Several clinical trials demonstrate that tamoxifen reduces the risk of heart 

disease and osteoporosis. However, the mechanism by which tamoxifen causes 

cardioprotection is unclear. Because increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha 

(TNF alpha) in tissue and/or plasma have been observed in virtually all forms of 

cardiac injury, we investigated whether tamoxifen prevents cardiac injury in a murine 

model of acute TNFa challenge. Five – to six – week – old female mice were injected 

(ip) with tamoxifen at 0.25 mg/kg daily for 3 or 7 days before receiving an injection of 

TNF alpha. Ultrastructural examination of cardiac tissues revealed remarkable 

protection against TNF alpha – induced mitochondrial damage in tamoxifen pretreated 

mice. Tamoxifen treatment significantly improved the mitochondrial respiratory 

function and enhanced superoxide – scavenging activity of mitochondria. These findings 

reveal a novel mitochondria – mediated mechanism by which tamoxifen exerts its 

cardiac protection effect against acute TNF alpha – induced heart injury. 

 

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2006 ที่น้องแอนทำ.pmd - Mahidol University

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