SOLAR PV CONTROL SYSTEM.pdf

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Main points: Sensing energy in external environment Analysis and visualization of energy over periods of time to increase our understanding of energy flow Actuators respond to environment and also act as inputs via feedback loop Remote interaction also possible via internet or wireless links Software in micro-controller allows a wide range of adaptability in behaviour Open source hardware and software allows changes to be made easily MOTORS: without the reliance on closed proprietary systems. This allows maintainability and flexible integration in the long term. A motor is an actuator. An actuator is a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It takes energy, usually transported by air, electric current, or liquid, and converts that into some kind of motion. A motor is a device that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy hence imparting motion. An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electric motor can be a direct current (d.c) or alternating current (a.c) motor. The reference to d.c or a.c refers to how current is transferred through and from the motor. D.C motors use a constant single current D.C MOTORS D.C motors are best used where 1. Speed needs to be controlled or varied. Speed is directly proportional to armature voltage; the higher the armature voltage the faster the speed of rotation. 2. Torque needs to be controlled. Output torque is proportional to current; if the current is limited, then the amount of torque that can be achieved by that motor is also limited. Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke 15 2012
3. Simple circuitry is desired. A very basic drive for controlling speed and torque would require a little more than a large enough potentiometer. 4. D.C motors provide continuous current and would be appropriate for application like driving wheels. From the start, DC motors are quite simple, apply a voltage to both terminals, and it spins. If you want to control which direction the motor spins just reverse the wires. Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke Figure 2: A DC Motor If you want the motor to spin at half that speed; then use less voltage. Some considerations when using D.C motors are: • Voltage: DC motors are non-polarized - meaning that one can reverse voltage without any damage. Typical DC motors are rated from about 6V-12V. The larger ones are often 24V or more. But for the purposes of a robot, you probably will stay in the 6V-12V range. Voltage is directly related to motor speed as current is related to motor torque i.e. the more the voltage, the higher the torque. A DC motor is rated at the voltage it is most efficient at running. If you apply too few volts, it just won’t work. If you apply too much, it will overheat and the coils will melt. So the general rule is, try to apply as close to the rated voltage of the motor as you can. Also, although a 24V motor might be stronger, consider that it will need a 24v battery which increases the initial load. Unless really high torque needs to be overcome it’s better to stick to the 6-12V motors. • Current: As with all circuitry, attention must be paid to current. Too little won’t work and too much, meltdown occurs. When buying a motor, there are two current ratings you should pay attention to. The first is operating current. This is the 16 2012
Page 1 and 2: Solar PV Control System using an Ar
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement I must acknowledge
Page 5 and 6: Contents Declaration ..............
Page 7 and 8: Figure 21: Block Diagram ..........
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Solar PV
Page 11 and 12: panel. This increases the amount of
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Renewab
Page 15: Since the Max Peak Power Point (MPP
Page 19 and 20: SERVO MOTORS Servos are DC motors w
Page 21 and 22: STEPPER MOTORS A stepper motor is a
Page 23 and 24: Motor Sizing To size an electric mo
Page 25 and 26: SENSORS LED as light sensor Figure
Page 27 and 28: Photocells Photocells are sensors t
Page 29 and 30: Main functions Include PWM (Pulse
Page 31 and 32: Applications Street Lighting Path
Page 33 and 34: D. COMMUNICATION Wireless technolog
Page 35 and 36: 802.11a has fast maximum speed; reg
Page 37 and 38: Advantage and disadvantage Wireless
Page 39 and 40: transmission. The latest version of
Page 41 and 42: is a hard challenge since considera
Page 43 and 44: When we use these two technologies
Page 45 and 46: total number of 27 channels, where
Page 47 and 48: communication. FFD can also be set
Page 49 and 50: Power management The main focus for
Page 51 and 52: Figure 20: Reference Pin out (Xbee)
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 3 Methodology of Implementa
Page 55 and 56: Block Diagram of Improved solar tra
Page 57 and 58: Street Light Implementation Increas
Page 59 and 60: Figure 23: LM35, LCD connections to
Page 61 and 62: Thus basically the figure shown bel
Page 63 and 64: Figure 28: HyperTerminal Figure 29:
Page 65 and 66: Conclusion: - Possible Errors 1. Sy
Page 67 and 68:
APPENDIX: Plan of Action Table 4: P
Page 69 and 70:
int LED1=40; // Digitalpin int LED2
Page 71:
delay (5000); digitalWrite (swpin10
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