SOLAR PV CONTROL SYSTEM.pdf

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Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) Introduction Bluetooth is wireless technology where devices can communicate with each other within a short range. The specification is based upon the Radio Frequency (RF) operating in the unlicensed 2.4GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band and the technique is based on low-cost, short-range radio link which makes it easy to ad- hoc connections for stationary and mobile communication environments. The specification is available for areas such as short-range, point-to-multipoint, voice and data transfer. Bluetooth technology is a wireless protocol that connects electronic devices while they are close to each another like computers, phones up to a distance of 100 metres. There are three class categories of range - Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3, which the operation of the device depends on. The highest range of operation falls under Class 1 Radios, which is of 100 meters or 300 meters range. This category is specifically used in case of the industries and generally not for domestic purpose. The second highest range is Class 2 Radios, with an operation range of 10 meters or 30 meters. This category has found its scope in case of the mobile devices. Lastly, the Class 3 Radios is used to operate the devices within a very short range of 1meter or 3 feet. Bluetooth connects a device to the other through the latest network system - commonly called "Piconets". This technology smartly operates at 2.40 GHz to 2.485 GHz ISM band, while only the former (i.e. 2.40 GHz) is unlicensed and easily available in most parts of the world. ISM, here, refers to Industrial, Scientific and Medical band, Bluetooth technology uses spread spectrum, frequency hopping and full-duplex signal at a rate -- as lower as - 1600 hops per second. AFH -- Adaptive Frequency Hopping is another supportive technology, which makes the Bluetooth interference tolerant. This enables Bluetooth to send and receive an interference free Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke 37 2012
transmission. The latest version of Bluetooth technology is 2.0+ Enhanced Data Rate, which supports a data rate of 3 Mbps. You can use Bluetooth for the following: Connect to your PC or laptop to transfer files. Share data with other users - including contacts, diary entries, documents and photos Connect to the Internet for surfing or email, via a Bluetooth-enabled modem or access point Connect to a Bluetooth GPS unit for satellite navigation Basic operation The functionality of Bluetooth communication is based on frequency hopping system with a nominal hopping rate of 1600 hops per second. The hops are divided into time slots, each 625 µsec long. The reason why Bluetooth uses frequency hopping is for low interference and fading. For full duplex transmission it uses TDD (Time Division Duplex) scheme and transmits by using GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. Bluetooth protocol uses a mixture of circuit and packet switching. The protocol stack can use an asynchronous connection–less (ACL) link for data and up to three simultaneous synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) links for voice or a mixture of asynchronous voice (DV packet type). When two or more application are connected to the same channel in Bluetooth network it creates a piconet, which contains a master device and up to seven active slave devices. Interference becomes greater in Bluetooth communication when the amount of piconet increases. This courses a packet collision that needs retransmission. The reason to this is because of the randomly frequency hopping system provided by the Bluetooth communication amongst a total of 79 frequencies. A Bluetooth device can function in either master or slave mode. The maximum number of device which a piconet can contain is eight Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke 38 2012
Page 1 and 2: Solar PV Control System using an Ar
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement I must acknowledge
Page 5 and 6: Contents Declaration ..............
Page 7 and 8: Figure 21: Block Diagram ..........
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Solar PV
Page 11 and 12: panel. This increases the amount of
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Renewab
Page 15 and 16: Since the Max Peak Power Point (MPP
Page 17 and 18: 3. Simple circuitry is desired. A v
Page 19 and 20: SERVO MOTORS Servos are DC motors w
Page 21 and 22: STEPPER MOTORS A stepper motor is a
Page 23 and 24: Motor Sizing To size an electric mo
Page 25 and 26: SENSORS LED as light sensor Figure
Page 27 and 28: Photocells Photocells are sensors t
Page 29 and 30: Main functions Include PWM (Pulse
Page 31 and 32: Applications Street Lighting Path
Page 33 and 34: D. COMMUNICATION Wireless technolog
Page 35 and 36: 802.11a has fast maximum speed; reg
Page 37: Advantage and disadvantage Wireless
Page 41 and 42: is a hard challenge since considera
Page 43 and 44: When we use these two technologies
Page 45 and 46: total number of 27 channels, where
Page 47 and 48: communication. FFD can also be set
Page 49 and 50: Power management The main focus for
Page 51 and 52: Figure 20: Reference Pin out (Xbee)
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 3 Methodology of Implementa
Page 55 and 56: Block Diagram of Improved solar tra
Page 57 and 58: Street Light Implementation Increas
Page 59 and 60: Figure 23: LM35, LCD connections to
Page 61 and 62: Thus basically the figure shown bel
Page 63 and 64: Figure 28: HyperTerminal Figure 29:
Page 65 and 66: Conclusion: - Possible Errors 1. Sy
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX: Plan of Action Table 4: P
Page 69 and 70: int LED1=40; // Digitalpin int LED2
Page 71: delay (5000); digitalWrite (swpin10

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