SOLAR PV CONTROL SYSTEM.pdf

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absence of ambient light. The LED used for the backlight was also used as the ambient light sensor. This resulted in increased functionality for no increase in manufacturing costs. Bidirectional communications LEDs can be used as both emitters and detectors of light, which means that a device having only a single LED can be used to achieve bidirectional communications with another device meeting these requirements. Using this technology, any of the ubiquitous LEDs connected to household appliances, computers and other electronic devices can be used as a bidirectional communications port. One application for bidirectional communication with a single LED is fibre optic communications. In typical plastic optical fibre communications, a single optical fiber is used only for communication in one direction. This is because a single LED transmitter is placed at one end of the fiber, and a photodiode receiver is placed at the other end. Thus, two fibers are needed for bidirectional communication. However, if a single LED is placed at each end of a fiber, then the optical fiber can carry information in both directions using half the number of components as a typical system. This reduces system weight, cost and complexity. Another application of this use of LEDs is a proposed alternative to RFID tags called the iDropper, developed by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories in 2003. The iDropper is a small device that consists of a microcontroller, a battery, an LED, and a single push-button. The device records or transmits a small amount of data upon command from the user. Compared to RFID tags, the iDropper is more secure because the user must press a button to reveal personal information, and is similar in cost. A single LED can only operate as a half-duplex transceiver; it can either transmit or receive information at one time, not both simultaneously. Simultaneous two-way communication requires both a forward and reverse channel and a second LED. Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke 25 2012
Photocells Photocells are sensors that allow you to detect light. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason they often appear in toys, gadgets and appliances. They are often referred to as CdS cells (they are made of Cadmium-Sulphide), light-dependent resistors (LDR), and photo-resistors. [10] A light-dependent resistor (LDR) is used to detect light. The LDR is a semiconductor device whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. LDRs made of cadmium sulphide are cheap, but have poor response time. The following illustrations show the variation of LDR resistance as a function of incident light and some sample LDR devices.78 Figure 9: Variation of LDR resistance as a function of Incident Light (Picture shows an example of LDR) Thermistor A thermistor is a temperature-dependent resistor. A thermistor is one of the cheapest temperature sensors. There are two types: negative temperature coefficient (NTC) and positive temperature coefficient (PTC). As the name suggests for the PTC thermistors, as the temperature raises the resistance of the thermistor increases. For the NTC thermistors, as the temperature rises, the resistance of the thermistor decreases. The only drawback of thermistors is the lack of linearity of the response of the thermistor, that is, the resistance variation as a function of Email: david.irungu@stu.kuct.ac.ke 26 2012
Page 1 and 2: Solar PV Control System using an Ar
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgement I must acknowledge
Page 5 and 6: Contents Declaration ..............
Page 7 and 8: Figure 21: Block Diagram ..........
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 1 Introduction The Solar PV
Page 11 and 12: panel. This increases the amount of
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Renewab
Page 15 and 16: Since the Max Peak Power Point (MPP
Page 17 and 18: 3. Simple circuitry is desired. A v
Page 19 and 20: SERVO MOTORS Servos are DC motors w
Page 21 and 22: STEPPER MOTORS A stepper motor is a
Page 23 and 24: Motor Sizing To size an electric mo
Page 25: SENSORS LED as light sensor Figure
Page 29 and 30: Main functions Include PWM (Pulse
Page 31 and 32: Applications Street Lighting Path
Page 33 and 34: D. COMMUNICATION Wireless technolog
Page 35 and 36: 802.11a has fast maximum speed; reg
Page 37 and 38: Advantage and disadvantage Wireless
Page 39 and 40: transmission. The latest version of
Page 41 and 42: is a hard challenge since considera
Page 43 and 44: When we use these two technologies
Page 45 and 46: total number of 27 channels, where
Page 47 and 48: communication. FFD can also be set
Page 49 and 50: Power management The main focus for
Page 51 and 52: Figure 20: Reference Pin out (Xbee)
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 3 Methodology of Implementa
Page 55 and 56: Block Diagram of Improved solar tra
Page 57 and 58: Street Light Implementation Increas
Page 59 and 60: Figure 23: LM35, LCD connections to
Page 61 and 62: Thus basically the figure shown bel
Page 63 and 64: Figure 28: HyperTerminal Figure 29:
Page 65 and 66: Conclusion: - Possible Errors 1. Sy
Page 67 and 68: APPENDIX: Plan of Action Table 4: P
Page 69 and 70: int LED1=40; // Digitalpin int LED2
Page 71: delay (5000); digitalWrite (swpin10

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