Keys to the macrolichens and checklist of the lichens and ...

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Key B: Foliose lichens 1a. Thallus yellow.......................................................................................................... 2 1b. Thallus not yellow.................................................................................................... 3 2a. Thallus K-, lobes very small, 0.3-0.5(-1.5) mm wide............ Candelaria crawfordii 2b. Thallus K+ red, lobes more than 2 mm wide............................................. Xanthoria 3a. Photobiont in thallus mainly blue-green (cyanobacterial)....................................... 4 3b. Photobiont in thallus mainly green (chlorococcoid).............................................. 19 4a. Thallus not layered in cross-section (homoiomerous); thallus blue-grey or brown throughout................................................................................................................ 5 4b. Thallus layered in cross-section (heteromerous); upper and lower surfaces distinctly different.................................................................................................... 8 5a. Thallus without a cellular upper cortex (microscope); swelling rapidly when wet. 6 5b. Upper cortex of a single layer of well-defined cells (microscope), thallus not swollen when wet...................................................................................... Leptogium 6a. Thallus bluish, without apothecia ............................................ Kroswia crystallifera 6b. Thallus brown, often with apothecia........................................................................ 7 7a. Ascospore simple; thallus very thick .............................................................Physma 7b. Ascospores septate........................................................................................Collema 8a. Thallus squamulose or placodioid, often with blue-black prothallus ...................... 9 8b. Thallus foliose........................................................................................................ 12 9a. Thallus plate-like, Pd–; thalline exciple absent .............................................Degelia 9b. Thallus with distinct lobes ..................................................................................... 10 10a. Thallus mainly brown; hymenium I+ blue turnig brown...................Fuscopannaria 10b. Thallus mainly grey; hymenium I+ persistently blue ............................................ 11 11a. Thallus always PD-; asci with internal amyloid ring structure............... Parmeliella 11b. Thallus often PD+; asci without internal amyloid structure ....................... Pannaria 12a. Thallus closely applicated to substrate and usually under 3 cm wide ................... 13 12b. Thallus ascending and free from substrate except of attachment structures.......... 15 13a. Thallus with stiff hairs, mostly PD+ orange; apothecia marginal ............Erioderma 13b. Thallus with arachnoid hairs or glabrous, always PD-; apothecia laminal............ 14 14a. Thallus bluish, upper surface smooth; asci with I+ blue cap.................Coccocarpia 14a. Thallus bluish, upper surface cob-webby; asci with I+ blue cap..............Leioderma 14b. Thallus brownish, upper surface smooth; asci without I+ blue cap........................... ...........................................................................................Fuscoderma papuanorum 15a. Cyphellae or pseudocyphellae present on lower surface ....................................... 16
15b. Cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent from lower surface, but bald patches may be present amongst the tomentum.......................................................................... 17 16a. Cyphellae present with distinct raised margins, thallus smelling of fish when wet. ........................................................................................................................... Sticta 16b. Pseudocyphellae present without distinct raised margins, thallus not smelling of fish when wet ............................................................................... Pseudocyphellaria 17a. Lower surface naked or sparingly tomentose (but tomentose in two extinct species), apothecia (if present) on lower surface of lobe ends ................. Nephroma 17b. Lower surface tomentose, apothecia (if present) on upper surface of thallus or lobe ends ................................................................................................................ 18 18a. Lower surface with a ± well-developed coarse network of white or brown veins; apothecia (if present) on short marginal projections................................... Peltigera 18b. Lower surface without veins, but with bald patches amongst the tomentum; apothecia (if present) laminal........................................................................ Lobaria 19a. Thallus with spongiostratum (dense sponge-like cushions on lower surface)....... 20 19b. Thallus without spongiostratum............................................................................. 21 20a. Upper surface yellowish, with usnic acid .........................Pannoparmelia angustata 20b. Upper surface grey, without usnic acid............................................................. Anzia 21a. Thallus lobes inflated, hollow in section, lower surface without rhizines............. 22 21b. Thallus lobes solid in section, flat or convex......................................................... 23 22a. Thallus without perforations on the upper surface ................................Hypogymnia 22b. Thallus with perforations on the upper or lower surface ........................ Menegazzia 23a. Lobes with tomentum on lower surface, with or without lower cortex................. 24 23b. Lobes with distinct lower cortex, tomentum absent .............................................. 28 24a. Thallus lobes rounded, with a single urceolate apothecia ± immersed in the centre of the thallus or if absent lower surface orange and without distinct veins. ........................................................................................................Solorina simensis 24b. Thallus lobes spreading, or if rounded then with distinct raised veins; apothecia if present on margins of the thallus ........................................................................... 25 25a. Lobes without a lower cortex; rhizines often conspicuous to the margin... Peltigera 25b. Lobes with a distinct lower cortex; rhizines absent from the margin of the lower surface.................................................................................................................... 26 26a. Cyphellae and pseudocyphellae absent on lower surface............................. Lobaria 26b. Cyphellae or pseudocyphellae present on lower surface ....................................... 27 27a. Cyphellae white, with distinct raised margins present on lower surface.......... Sticta 27b. Pseudocyphellae present as punctiform or effigurate breaks in the lower cortex. ...................................................................................................... Pseudocyphellaria
Page 1 and 2: Keys to the macrolichens and checkl
Page 3: 18a. Thallus with distinct, white,
Page 7 and 8: 43a. Rhizines branched dichotomous
Page 9 and 10: 3b. Medulla C- ....................
Page 11 and 12: 18a. Scyphi generally well develope
Page 13 and 14: 2a. Thallus not lobed around the ma
Page 15 and 16: Fuscopannaria Key (after Jørgensen
Page 17 and 18: 3a. Thallus lacking isidia, soredia
Page 19 and 20: 33a. Medulla lemon-yellow; secaloni
Page 21 and 22: 11a. Thallus purplish brown, very t
Page 23 and 24: 2a. Thallus truly isidiate or with
Page 25 and 26: 6b. Thallus grey or brown, placodio
Page 27 and 28: 10a. Medulla K+ yellow-orange; cole
Page 29 and 30: 38b. Medulla P+ deep orange-red; fa
Page 31 and 32: 6b. Margins with soralia or isidioi
Page 33 and 34: 6b. Upper surface grey, not pruinos
Page 35 and 36: 24a. Upper surface faveolate to pit
Page 37 and 38: 8a. Isidia present ................
Page 39 and 40: 5a. Phyllocladia mainly basal, abse
Page 41 and 42: 2a. Not isidiate...................
Page 43 and 44: Aulaxina dictyospora R. Sant. Aptro
Page 45 and 46: C. papuaensis Archer www.tropicalli
Page 47 and 48: Cryptolechia subincolorella (Nyl.)
Page 49 and 50: G. leptogramma Nyl. www.tropicallic
Page 51 and 52: H. sinuosa (Sm.) Hale Streimann 198
Page 53 and 54: Linhartia patellarioides (Rehm) Vĕ
Page 55 and 56:
M. terebratulum (Nyl.) Hale www.bgb
Page 57 and 58:
P. latissimum (Fée) Hale Streimann
Page 59 and 60:
P. subsorodes Elix & A.W. Archer El
Page 61 and 62:
P. viridinigricans Vain. Streimann
Page 63 and 64:
R. monospora Aptroot Aptroot et al.
Page 65 and 66:
Stigmidium epiphyllum Matzer Matzer
Page 67 and 68:
U. himantodes Stirton. Stevens 1999
Page 69 and 70:
Bjerke, J.W. & H.J.M. Sipman 2007.
Page 71 and 72:
Komposch, H., A. Aptroot & J. Hafel
Page 73:
Stevens, G.N. 1999. A revision of t
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