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fostering new ones will assist Canadian organizations in adapting to changes in scholarly publishing. Universities can play an important role in nurturing these kinds of relationships. Digital publishing activities on campus are often uncoordinated, and can sometimes be at odds. By better aligning the services of presses, libraries and other digital publishing projects, institutions can facilitate a shared vision and benefit from the combined expertise of representatives from various sectors. Universities have a lot to gain from becoming more engaged with digital publishing. As argued in a 2007 paper published by ITHAKA, “a renewed commitment to publishing in its broadest sense can enable universities to more fully realize the potential global impact of their academic programs, enhance the reputations of their institutions, maintain a strong voice in determining what constitutes important scholarship, and in some cases reduce costs.” 2 This review shows that Canadian universities are already deeply involved in a range of publishing activities. Universities should consider implementing a university-wide strategy, which would ensure that publishing activities are well supported and reflect the broader aims of the institution. 2 ITHAKA is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to helping the academic community take full advantage of rapidly advancing information and networking technologies. See Brown, pg. 3 5
Case Studies The remainder of this report describes specific trends in the scholarly publishing environment and presents a number of case studies that highlight these trends. The case studies should not be considered as a comprehensive record of initiatives in Canada, but rather an attempt to demonstrate the range of activities occurring here. I. Open Access Journals Open access journals have been moving into the mainstream over the last decade and currently represent a significant portion of the world’s academic journals. As of March 2010, the Directory of Open Access Journals lists just fewer than 5,000 journals (4755) 3 . This represents approximately one-fifth to one-sixth of the estimated total number of journals being published currently 4 . In Canada, most of these open access journals are independent scholar-led journals not affiliated with large publishing houses. Many OA journals are hosted by libraries and are receiving support through the Synergies project. Funding is a major challenge for Canadian journal publishers. Most Canadian-based journals are run on a shoestring budget, and rely heavily on volunteer contributions, graduate student work, and technical and hosting support from academic libraries. Open access journals must find funds other than via subscriptions to undertake copy-editing, layout, and XML markup of articles, marketing, etc. In addition, they must compete with the sophisticated platforms of the major publishers that are quite expensive to maintain. In Canada, as elsewhere, open access journal publishers are still looking for the right balance of funding sources in order to reliably cover the costs of publishing. Current sources of revenue for open access journals include: grants, subsidies, sponsorships, institutional and individual memberships, advertisements, donations, and submission/article processing fees. Often, journals will derive funding from several of these sources. A recent survey of 998 journals using OJS software found that the “strongest source of revenue comes in the form of subsidies…from the institution, the state, or a donor, and a number of programs exist for the subsidization of scholarly publishing” 5 . The study found that submission or publication fees were a source of revenue for only 12 percent and existed principally for biomedical journals. Some journals, for instance many journals available through Érudit, provide open access only after a period of from 6 months to two-years. This allows them to retain some revenue from subscriptions for current issues, while providing free access to their archives. 3 From the Directory of Open Access Journals: http://www.doaj.org/ 4 Corbyn, pg. 1 5 Edgar, et.al. pg. 11. 6
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Preface Special Collections in ARL
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