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greater return on investment in research and development, something that benefits any economy 12 . The cost of providing free open access to taxpayer funded research is a mere fraction of the money invested in science. In the United States, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) spends several million dollars a year ingesting roughly 80,000 articles into PubMed Central which, via the National Library of Medicine, provides free access to biomedical literature. That is a small amount compared to the $30 billion dollars the NIH spent on research in 2009, and to the great value presented by having it publicly available to be used and re‐purposed. The PMC database is one of a suite of public resources that more than 2 million users access daily. It is by building on prior studies that many greatly beneficial discoveries have been made. The discovery of the structure of DNA, the development of penicillin, and the development of radiation therapy to treat cancer patients all originated from researchers’ ability to interpret and build upon the work of other researchers 13 . Scientific research is meant to benefit society through the creation of new knowledge. Universities, governments, industry and others invest enormously in research to meet current societal challenges and problems. Putting that research to its best possible use is contingent upon disseminating it as far and wide as possible and in a cost‐effective manner, something which is aptly put in a declaration in support of open access issued by Association of American Universities, the Association of Research Libraries, the Coalition for Networked Information, and the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges. Their vision statement for the university’s role in research dissemination reads thus: The creation of new knowledge lies at the heart of the research university and results from tremendous investments of resources by universities, federal and state governments, industry, foundations, and others. The products of that enterprise are created to benefit society. In the process, those products also advance further research and scholarship, along with the teaching and service missions of the university. Reflecting its investments, the academy has a responsibility to ensure the broadest possible access to the fruits of its work both in the short and long term by publics both local and global. Faculty research and scholarship represent invaluable intellectual capital, but the value of that capital lies in its effective dissemination to present and future audiences. Dissemination strategies that restrict access are fundamentally at odds with the dissemination imperative inherent in the university mission 14 . Growing support for open access worldwide At the grassroots levels academic librarians discuss scholarly communication issues with students and faculty to raise awareness of the shortcomings of the current dissemination system and of the 12 Houghton, J., and P. Sheehan. 2006. The economic impact of enhanced access to research findings. CSES Working Paper number 23, University of Victoria, Melbourne, as cited by Swan in Open Access and the Progress of Science 13 ARL comments to OSTP, January 15, 2010 14 Association of American Universities, Association of Research Libraries, The Coalition for Networked Information, and the Association of Public and Land‐grant Universities, The University’s Role in the Dissemination of Research and Scholarship – A Call to Action, February 2009 http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/disseminating‐research‐ feb09.pdf 6
importance of experimenting with models that will allow greater, more cost‐effective access to scientific and scholarly information. Groups such as the Association of American Universities, the Association of Research Libraries, the Coalition for Networked Information, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), among others advocate for public access to federally‐funded research to bring national attention to the matter of a sustainable scientific information environment that is accessible to every citizen. Recognizing the worldwide momentum favoring the development of efficient and sustainable information systems that maximize the impact of public investment in scientific research , the [U.S.] Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a call in December 2009 for input regarding “Public Access Policies for Science and Technology Funding Agencies across the Federal Government” which garnered a tremendous amount of responses from organizations and individuals which the OSTP will analyze to craft policy recommendations 15 . On the heels of the OSTP’s request for feedback on public access policies, Rep. Mike Doyle (D‐PA) and a bi‐partisan host of co‐sponsors introduced the Federal Research Public Access Act of 2010 (FRPAA) in the U.S. House of Representatives on April 15, 2010. The proposed bill would build on the success of the first U.S. mandate for public access to the published results of publicly funded research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and require federal agencies with annual extramural research budgets of $100 million or more to ensure the public benefits from online access to research article manuscripts stemming from funded research no later than six months after publication in a peer‐reviewed journal. The bill is seen by many to recognize the need and opportunity to use digital technology to increase the pace of innovation. 16 Another arena where great strides in favour of open access are being made is in open digital repositories. There are over 1700 open digital repositories that collect and preserve the research outputs of universities and research centres worldwide 17 . Research funders, universities and other institutions have thus far adopted over 200 hundred open access mandates. In the United States, faculty at Harvard University, MIT, the University of Kansas, and Duke University have adopted institutional mandates requiring researchers to deposit copies of article manuscripts, accepted for publication in peer‐reviewed journals, in the open digital repositories of their institutions. 18 The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) established in October 2009, and of which <strong>CARL</strong> is a founding member, embodies significant support for open access internationally. With members from over 25 countries around the world, COAR seeks to establish a “global network of open access digital repositories to enhance the wide visibility and applicability of research outputs.” Some of its activities are to lobby for repositories, their networks, and repository‐based cyberinfrastructure at 15 Office of Science and Technology Policy, Public Access Policy Update, March 8, 2010 http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/03/08/public‐access‐policy‐update 16 Alliance for Taxpayer Access, Congress takes another stride toward public access to research, April 15, 2010 http://www.taxpayeraccess.org/news/news_releases/10‐0415.shtml 17 Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) http://roar.eprints.org/ 18 Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policies (ROARMAP) http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/policysignup/ 7
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Meeting of the CARL Committee on Sc
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For the matter of print preservatio
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as the first step in developing a s
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Minutes of the CARL Scholarly Commu
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DART Europe (ETDs partnership betwe
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Document 3 strategic interest in op
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Document 3 memberships have one vot
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(ICM) Document 3 Partners Ligue des
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Outline - Synergies Business and Su
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Special Collections in ARL Librarie
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Page 37 and 38: Preface Special Collections in ARL
Page 39: ARL Working Group on Special Collec
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Page 47: Recommendations: Special Collection
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Page 69 and 70: identify and acquire culturally sig
Page 71 and 72: Collaborative Print Repositories: A
Page 73 and 74: willingness to consider the goals o
Page 75 and 76: OCUL digital collection development
Page 77 and 78: might happen. There are still many
Page 79 and 80: Document 10 2010 Open Access Engage
Page 81 and 82: CARL Brief for Open Access Engageme
Page 83 and 84: scholarship through hybrid scholarl
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Page 89 and 90: At its January 2010 meeting, the Si
Page 91 and 92: Recommendation: The Canadian Associ
Page 93 and 94: Meetings (resulting from letters) M
Page 95 and 96: In attendance: SCHOLARLY JOURNALS S
Page 97 and 98: context of world trends towards ope
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Page 101 and 102: and determine whether it could be t
Page 103 and 104: Total 2010 budget of Scholarly Comm
Page 105 and 106: December 2009 Questionnaire RE: Int
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Page 113 and 114: A Review of Emerging Models in Cana
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Page 117 and 118: Case Studies The remainder of this
Page 119 and 120: The journals single revenue source
Page 121 and 122: want to be “Main Sponsors”. •
Page 123 and 124: improving access to research result
Page 125 and 126: • Provide the server space to hos
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Page 131 and 132: Funding for the Press comes from bl
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collection. Contributors are encour
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The content is updated daily. Once
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References Antonius, Daniel and Ada
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Appendix 1: More examples of journa
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services are available to the McMas
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University of Western Ontario Libra
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