hardware implementation of data compression ... - INFN Bologna

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4 The ALICE experiment 1.1.2 Physics of the ITS The ITS will contribute to the track reconstruction by improving the momentum resolution obtained by the TPC. This will be beneficial for practically all physics topics which will be addressed by the ALICE experiment. The global event features will be studied by measuring the multiplicity distributions and the inclusive particle spectra. For the study of resonance production (ρ, ω and φ), and, more important, the behaviour of the mass and width of these mesons in the dense medium, the momentum resolution is even more important. We have to achieve a mass precision comparable to, or better than, the natural width of the resonances in order to observe changes of their parameters caused by chiral symmetry restoration. Also the mass resolution for heavy states, like D mesons, J/ψ and Υ, will be better, thus improving the signal-to-background ratio in the measurement of the open charm production, and in the study of heavy-quarkonia suppression. Improved momentum resolution will enhance the performances in the observation of another hard phenomenon, the jet production and predicted jet quenching, i.e. the energy loss of partons in strongly interacting dense matter. The low-momentum particles (below 100 MeV/c) will be detectable only by the ITS. This is of interest in itself, because it widens the momentum range for the measurement of particle spectra, which allows collective effects associated with the large length scales to be studied. In addition, a low-pt cut-off is essential to suppress the soft gamma conversions and the background in the electron-pair spectrum due to Dalitz pairs. Also the PID capabilities of the ITS in the non-relativistic (1/β2 ) region will therefore be of great help. In addition to the improved momentum resolution, which is necessary for the identical particle interferometry, especially at low momenta, the ITS will contribute to this study through an excellent double-hit resolution enabling the separation of tracks with close momenta. In order to be able to study particle correlations in the three components of
1.1 — The Inner Tracking System their relative momenta, and hence to get information about the space time evolution of the system produced in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, we need sufficient angular resolution in the measurement of the particle’s direction. Two of the three components of the relative momentum (the side and longitudinal ones) are crucially dependent on the precision with which the particle direction is known. The angular resolution is determined by the precise ITS measurements of the primary vertex position and of the first points on the tracks. The particle identification at low momenta will enhance the physics capability by allowing the interferometry of individual particle species as well as the study of non-identical particle correlations, the latter giving access to the emission time of different particles. The study of strangeness production is an essential part of the ALICE physics program. It will allow the level of chemical equilibration and the density of strange quarks in the system to be established. The measurement will be performed by charge kaon identification and hyperon detection, based on the ITS capability to recognize secondary vertices. The observation of multi-strange hyperons (Ξ − and Ω − ) is of particular interest, because they are unlikely to be produced during the hadronic rescattering due to the high-energy threshold for their production. In this way we can obtain information about the strangeness density of the earlier stage of the collision. Open charm production in heavy-ion collisions is of great physics interest. Charmed quarks can be produced in the initial hard parton scattering and then only at the very early stages of the collision, while the energy in parton rescattering is above the charm production threshold. The charm yield is not altered later. The excellent performance of the ITS in finding the secondary vertices close to the interaction point gives us the possibility to detect D mesons, by reconstructing the full decay topology. 5
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Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction ix 1 The ALIC
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS 4 2D compression algorithm
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This thesis work has b
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 The ALICE experiment ALIC
Page 15: 1.1 — The Inner Tracking System 1
Page 19 and 20: 1.1 — The Inner Tracking System P
Page 21 and 22: 1.2 — Design of the drift layers
Page 23 and 24: 1.3 — The SDDs (Silicon Drift Det
Page 25 and 26: PASCAL AMBRA 1.4 — SDD readout sy
Page 27 and 28: data_in[0] data_in[1] data_in[2] da
Page 29 and 30: 1.4 — SDD readout system 1.4.2 Ev
Page 31 and 32: 1.4 — SDD readout system with a c
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Data compression techniqu
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 — Remarks on information theo
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 — Compression techniques 2.3.
Page 39 and 40: 2.4 — Lossless compression techni
Page 45 and 46: Original sequence Sequence after di
Page 47 and 48: 2.5 — Lossy compression technique
Page 63 and 64: 2.6 — Implementation of compressi
Page 65 and 66: Symlets sym2 sym3 sym4 sym8 Wavelet
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Chapter 3 1D compression algorithm
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3.2 — 1D compression algorithm Fi
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3.3 — 1D algorithm performances s
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3.3 — 1D algorithm performances F
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3.4 — CARLOS v1 Figure 3.6: CARLO
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3.4 — CARLOS v1 Figure 3.7: Pictu
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3.4 — CARLOS v1 3.4.3 Functions p
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 have a 100% compa
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 3.5.1 The firstch
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 data and when loa
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 which of the 8 qu
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- indat6 : input 32-bit bus; - inda
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 - femux is a mult
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 total optical fib
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 Figure 3.11: Desi
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3.5 — CARLOS v2 that CARLOS will
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3.6 — CARLOS v2 design flow Figur
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3.7 — Tests performed on CARLOS v
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Chapter 4 2D compression algorithm
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4.2 — CARLOS v3 vs. the previous
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4.3 — The final readout architect
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks -
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks T
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks F
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks c
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks o
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks u
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks a
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4.5 — CARLOS v3 building blocks p
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4.7 — CARLOS layout features post
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Chapter 5 Wavelet based compression
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levels used: 5.1 — Wavelet based
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5.2 — Multiresolution algorithm o
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5.3 — Choice of the architecture
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5.3 — Choice of the architecture
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Dettaglio 1 1 D1 2 Downsample Hi_De
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2 Upsample Dettaglio 1 1 D1 Hi_Rec
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5.4 — Multiresolution algorithm p
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5.5 — Hardware implementation ter
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5.5 — Hardware implementation Fig
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5.5 — Hardware implementation com
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5.5 — Hardware implementation Haa
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Conclusions The main goal of this t
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Bibliography [1] ALICE Collaboratio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY [19] D. Cavagnino, P.
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