NSW Bitou Bush Threat Abatement Plan - Department of ...

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viii Threat Abatement Plan - Invasion of native plant communities by Chrysanthemoides monilifera List of abbreviations used Abbreviation expanded text Agvet Act Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code 1994 (Commonwealth) [also Agvet Chemicals] ANZECC Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (formerly NRA) AQIS Australian Quarantine Inspection Service ARMCANZ Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand AWC Australian Weeds Committee BC Act Biological Control Act 1984 (Commonwealth) Bitou TAP TAP for invasion of native plant communities by bitou bush/boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) CAMBA China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement CAP Catchment Action Plan CCP Commonwealth Coastal Policy CMA Catchment Management Authority CRC Cooperative Research Centre DAFF Department of Agricultural Forestry and Fisheries Australia DEC Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW: incorporating the former NPWS and EPA) DEH Department of the Environment and Heritage DoD Department of Defence DoL Department of Lands (NSW) DPI Department of Primary Industries (NSW) DWM Defeating the Weeds Menace EEC Endangered Ecological Community as defined under the NSW TSC Act and the EPBC Act EPA Environment Protection Authority [now part of the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)] EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) EP&A Act Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) ESBS Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub GIS Geographical Information System IWM Integrated Weed Management JAMBA Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement KDF Kurnell Dune Forest KTP Key Threatening Process LCA Local Control Authorities (referring to regions under the Noxious Weeds Act 1993) LGA Local Government Area LG Act Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) NCWAC North Coast Weeds Advisory Committee NHT Natural Heritage Trust NP National Park NPW Act National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW) NPWS NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service [now part of the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)] NR Nature Reserve NRA National Registration Authority for agricultural and veterinary chemicals (now APVMA) NRC Natural Resource Commission NRM Natural Resource Management NRMSC Natural Resource Management Standing Committee NW Act Noxious Weeds Act 1993 (NSW) NWAC NSW Noxious Weeds Advisory Committee NWS National Weeds Strategy PAS Priorities Action Statement PoM Plan of Management POEA polyoxethylene amine POEO Act Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 QNR&M Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines RCC Regional Competitive Component RBG Royal Botanic Gardens RMP Regional Management Plans ROTAP Rare or threatened Australian plants SCA State Conservation Area (formerly SRA: State Recreation Area) SCARM Standing Committee on Agricultural and Resource Management SEPP State Environmental Planning Policy subsp. Subspecies (also referenced as ssp. in some texts) TAP Threat abatement plan TSC Act Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW) WINS Weed Impacts on Native Species assessment tool WONS Weeds of National Significance
Threat Abatement Plan - Invasion of native plant communities by Chrysanthemoides monilifera 1 Introduction Two subspecies of Chrysanthemoides monilifera have been introduced to Australia from South Africa; both are now widely established and are major environmental weeds. Since their introduction, bitou bush (subsp. rotundata) and boneseed (subsp. monilifera) have invaded a wide range of coastal habitats, including sand dunes, coastal grasslands, heathlands, woodlands and forests. Today, bitou bush poses the greatest threat in New South Wales, while boneseed poses a serious threat in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Their combined impact has been such that they were collectively listed as one of the 20 Weeds of National Significance (WONS) by the Australian Government (Thorp and Lynch 2000). A recent survey of bitou bush in New South Wales showed that it was present along approximately 900 km (80%) of the coastline (Thomas and Leys 2002), an increase of approximately 240 km (36%) over the last 20 years (see Love 1984 for previous survey results). The current survey recorded bitou bush up to 10 km inland and noted that it was the dominant species along 400 km of the coast. The extent of the bitou bush problem in New South Wales has resulted in it being declared a noxious weed under the NSW Noxious Weeds Act 1993. Boneseed is not as widespread in New South Wales. It mainly occurs as isolated small infestations, however, larger infestations occur around Sydney and south of the Hunter River. Boneseed can occur further inland than bitou bush. As boneseed is a major weed in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia it could pose a serious threat to New South Wales in the future if it is not managed. Bitou bush and boneseed proliferate because of their rapid growth, large seed production, the capacity to develop large dormant soil seed banks, and their lack of natural enemies in Australia (native or otherwise). They have the potential to grow in a wide range of coastal environments. The combination of these factors has allowed bitou bush to predominate and signals the potential threat from boneseed within New South Wales. The worst case scenario for bitou bush/boneseed invasion would be dense monocultures that displace native species and alter ecosystem dynamics; such infestations occur along approximately 400 km of the NSW coastline (Thomas and Leys 2002). Effective control is well beyond the current resources of most land managers. A national strategy for bitou bush and boneseed was developed in 2000 (ARMCANZ et al. 2000). Other strategies include the NSW Bitou Bush Strategy (NPWS 2001a) and specific regional strategies within New South Wales (Gerrand 2000; Scanlon 2001; Broese van Groenou and Wolfenden 2002). These strategies prioritise and coordinate management objectives across different levels of government, interest groups and local communities, resulting in a more focused and extensive control effort within New South Wales. However, these strategies are not specifically designed to combat the threat of bitou bush or boneseed invasion to threatened species and ecological communities. As such, both the national and state strategies identified the development of a threat abatement plan for bitou bush and boneseed as a high priority. In 1999 Invasion of native plant communities by bitou bush and boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera) was listed as a Key Threatening Process (KTP) to biodiversity under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). The NSW Scientific Committee listed bitou bush as a KTP because of the area occupied, its biology and dominance, and the number of species and ecological communities that are potentially at risk from invasion (NSW SC 1999a). 1
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