A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch

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Thus the word no longer describes something owned only by the few. From the ppetr. example above we see that one person might own, or at least have under his control, more than one παράδεισος. As to the possibility of a wall surrounding the παράδεισος the papyri give no clear information and it is impossible to say 4 whether or not a wall was an essential feature. It is reason able to suppose, however, that the valuable crop contained in a παράδεισος would often have been protected in this way. That παράδεισοι needed protection is clear from the mention of παραδεισοφύλακες in PCair.zen. 690.22 (iii B.C.).^ Α παράδεισος, then, may be defined as 'an area of culti vated ground containing chiefly fruit-trees, at times also other types of tree,vines, and possibly other plants, and per haps protected by a wall'. There is no exact equivalent to this term in English. Orchard' is probably the nearest to it.^ 'Garden' is unsatisfactory, suggesting an area planted mainly or only with vegetables or flowers, and a παράδεισος was clearly not a 'garden' in that sense. The usual word in iii B.C. for that type of garden seems to have been κήπος, from which παράδεισος is distinguished e.g. in PPetr. 3.26.6 (iii B.C.) έάν εμβηι βοϋς ή ύποζύγιον ... εις άλλότριον κλήρον ή παράδεισον ή κήπον ή αμπελώνα ... .Cf. also PCair.Zen. 184 quoted above. It is this word that the translators used (13 times alto gether) to render i> in the story of the Garden of Eden in Ge. 2 and 3, and the reason for their choice is clear. The Garden of Eden is exactly what would have been called in iii B.C. Egypt a παράδεισος. The description shows that its main feature was fruit-trees, with possibly a number of trees of 7 other types as well. 4. In PCair.Zen. 825.13f. (252 B.C.) a quantity of bricks is referred to as coming, so it seems, from a παράδεισος. Perhaps they were taken from the wall surrounding it. 5. There is definite evidence for walls surrounding vineyards, Schnebel, Landwirtschaft 242ff. 6. So MM. π. is always an 'orchard' also for Rostovtzeff, A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C., Madison, 1922, e.g. 42. 7. There is no mention of a wall anywhere in the Genesis account.
Ge. 2.8-9 καί έφύτευσεν κύριος ό θεός παράδεισον εν Εδεμ...(9) και έξανέτειλεν ό θεός ετι έκ της γης πάν ξύλον ώραιον εις δρασιν καί καλόν εις βρώσιν καί τό ξύλον της ζωής έν μέσω τφ παραδείσω καί τό ξύλον τού είδέναι γνωστόν καλού καί πονηρού. Compare 2.16 Άπό παντός ξυλού τού έν τω παραδε ίσω βρώσει φάγη , (17) άπό δε του ξύλου τού γινώσκειν καλόν καί πονηρόν, ού φάγεσθε άπ'αύτού The word is similarly used twice elsewhere in the Penta teuch, again translating p : Ge. 13.10 ε ι δεν πάσαν τήν περίχωρον τού Ιορδανού ότι πάσα ήν ποτιζομε'νη ... ώς ό παράδεισος τού θεού. Nu. 24.5-6 ως κάλοι σου οι οίκοι, Ιακώβ, αί σκηναί σου, Ισραήλ· (6) ώσεί νάπαι σκιάζουσαι καί ώσεί παράδεισοι έπί ποταμών.^ παρίστημι In addition to its numerous other uses, this word had developed in iii B.C. a specialized sense as an agricultural term, viz. 'be ripe', 'be fully grown' (intrans.), of crops. 8 J. Jeremias, TWNTV 766, considers that the LXX use of the word of God's garden involves a change of meaning: 'In Jewish- Gk., from the LXX on, it is used esp. for the garden of God in the creation story ... More exactly God's garden as distinct from secular parks is ό παράδεισος τού θεού ... or ό παράδεισος τής τρυφής ·-· This involves a notable shift in meaning; the LXX has moved the term from the profane sphere to the religious.' This seems to me quite mistaken. The mere fact of using a word in a religious context - and that is all the Pentateuch translators have done with παράδεισος - does not change its meaning. Is there a shift in meaning in the word 'garden' when used in the phrase 'God's garden'? There is no change in the meaning of π. until it is used as the technical term for a particular religious idea, and J. himself notes that this step came later: 'Test.L.18.10 was then the first to give the simple word the technical sense of "Paradise".' Cf. Barr's remarks on the supposed semantic change in αλήθεια and the like in NT Gk., Semantics 249. LSJ similarly classify the Ge. use as a separate sense, s.v. 3, giving the meaning as the garden of Eden, a manifest impossibility. 9. Its connexion with the other senses of the word is not obvious. Perhaps it derives from the sense of 'to be here', 'to have come' (LSJ s.v.II), the expression 'the crop has come' being practically equivalent to 'the crop is ripe'. Similarly Conybeare-Stock, ad loc.
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SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE SEPT
Page 3 and 4:
A LEXICAL STUDY OF THE SEPTUAGINT V
Page 6:
CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS page ix I IN
Page 9 and 10:
Daniel, Recherches S. Daniel, Reche
Page 11 and 12:
Moulton-Howard, Gramm. II Moulton-T
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number, not, as in LSJ, by volume a
Page 15 and 16:
My purpose in examining them will b
Page 17 and 18: proceed on the hypothesis that it i
Page 19 and 20: undertaken for the LXX. One work pu
Page 21 and 22: Ziegler's examination of the LXX of
Page 23 and 24: overlooked in LXX lexicographical s
Page 25 and 26: influence of a Semitic language. On
Page 27 and 28: there are many differing shades of
Page 29 and 30: Gehman's hypothesis it was that kin
Page 31 and 32: mode of thought' of the Jew. It is
Page 33 and 34: Writers on the LXX have frequently
Page 35 and 36: in addition a variety of subsidiary
Page 37 and 38: not on any satisfactory evidence fo
Page 39 and 40: Nu. 14.4 και είπαν έτερ
Page 41 and 42: Other examples, selected at random,
Page 43 and 44: accidently, as it were, fell into n
Page 45 and 46: For many words, of course, to disco
Page 47 and 48: time and could just as well be used
Page 49 and 50: intrans.: (i) 'stand back, aloof (f
Page 51 and 52: application of water to the object
Page 53 and 54: Le. 1.9,13, 8.21, 9.14, quoted abov
Page 55 and 56: To distinguish new words and uses f
Page 57 and 58: mostly be accurately dated. Some ar
Page 59 and 60: transcribe and edit them'. We canno
Page 61 and 62: same applies to examples like κα
Page 63 and 64: development is analogous to that in
Page 65 and 66: een created as technical terms. The
Page 67: An. 1.2.7 ενταύθα κύρω
Page 71 and 72: In the Pentateuch, however, it is f
Page 73 and 74: The usual Classical word for the id
Page 75 and 76: offered to return the money they fo
Page 77 and 78: and στατήρ is not to be thoug
Page 79 and 80: the sense of 'be ill', ένοχλέ
Page 81 and 82: όχύρωμα Attested first in Xe
Page 83 and 84: of explaining the rendering in rela
Page 85 and 86: τών αδελφών υμών τώ
Page 87 and 88: literature, though he does actually
Page 89 and 90: which can be paralleled in other la
Page 91 and 92: συγκρίνω The earlier senses
Page 93 and 94: PH ib. 82.19 (239-8 (238-7) B.C.)
Page 95 and 96: 2. 'here', Ge. 19.12 "Εστίν τ
Page 97 and 98: περίβλημα, 'garment', Nu.
Page 99 and 100: supply the present and imperfect, t
Page 101 and 102: In each of the compounds of πορ
Page 103 and 104: similarly 18.7. In two instances we
Page 105 and 106: The word appears often in the Penta
Page 107 and 108: 1. 'send away', 'dismiss 1 , e.g. G
Page 109 and 110: translators' time: e.g. PCair.zen.
Page 111 and 112: νευροκοπέω ('hamstring')
Page 113 and 114: χόρτασμα ('fodder 1 ; usual
Page 115 and 116: The primary sense is, as the etymol
Page 117 and 118: αποσκευή/ usually as a rend
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Clearly this is a possible sense, a
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ελαιών Ex. 23.11, De. 6.11, v
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Nu. 3.43 πάντα τά πρωτό
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it also in inscr. Del. 1416 A i 58
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CHAPTER VI NEW WORDS In this chapte
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loan-word, and may in fact be old i
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CHAPTER VII INNOVATION AND OBSOLESC
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In the Koine we find that ποτί
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157. 20 ff. (135 A.D.) εί χρε
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16.4 ιδού έγώ υω υμΐν
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B.C.) ποιέων δ κα θέλη
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It is noteworthy that in this one p
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een strongly contested by Barthél
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specified direction). It also had t
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vernacular book does not affect the
Page 149 and 150:
upz 68.6 (152 B.C.) έγώ γαρ
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1. 'take care 1 , Ex. 33.5 οράτ
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consistent with the evidence. The f
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Berichtigungsliste I p.102.18 = PMa
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easonable supposition that that tex
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It is worth pointing out, too, that
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In regard to the dating of our text
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FURTHER EXAMPLES OF AVOIDANCE OF HE
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SOME OLD WORDS AND USES ATTESTED AL
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παρακρούομαι 'cheat' π
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Bowman R.A., 'Aramaeans, Aramaic, a
Page 171 and 172:
Lefort L.-Th., 'Pour une grammaire
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Turner E.G., Greek Papyri: An Intro
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βρούχος 4 2 γάιδαρος
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κιβωτός 30,51 κλαίω 124
Page 179 and 180:
χόρτασμα χρόνος χρ
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ηχΊ 51 BUT 27,51 mi 72 ym 39 f.
Page 183 and 184:
Koine Greek, 6; possible Semitic in
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A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch

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