Fundamental Astronomy

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Name and Subject Index A aberration 23 – annual 40 – chromatic see chromatic aberration –diurnal 24 aberration constant 24 absolute magnitude 152 absorption 48, 95, 96, 308 – atmospheric 47 – interstellar 88, 89 absorption efficiency factor 309 absorption line 96, 207 abundance – helium 397 accretion 288, 301 achromatic lens 52 active galactic nucleus 384 – type 2 388 active optics 58 Adams, John C. 183 adaptive optics 58 adiabatic equation of state 231 adiabatic exponent 231 AGN see active galactic nucleus air mass 90 airglow 168 albedo 149 – Bond 150, 153, 155 – geometric 150, 153 – of interstellar grains 317 Aldebaran 30, 210, 339 Alfvén, Hannes 334 Algol 254 Algol paradox 254 Algol stars 224, 225 ALH 84001 422, 423 Almagest 30 alpha reactions 236 altitude 16, 25 Altman, Sidney 419 Am star 214 Ambartsumyan, Viktor 339 amino acid 416, 419 ammonia 328 Andromeda Galaxy 9 angle 432 ångström unit 209 angular diameter–redshift test 403 angular momentum 118 – of a planet 114 – of a contracting cloud 260 – of electron 97, 100, 101 angular momentum quantum number 100 angular velocity – of orbital motion 118 annual parallax 23 anomalistic month 136 anomalistic year 134 anomalous X-ray pulsars 295 anomaly 116 – eccentric 121 – mean 122 – true 122 antapex 349 Antares 313, 314 antenna 69 – dipole 70 – parabolic 70 antimatter 405 aperture 50 aperture ratio 50 aperture synthesis 74 apex 349, 350 aphelion 119 Aphrodite Terra 160 Apollo 11 165 Apollo-Amor asteroids 189 apparent motions 133 apparent place 25, 40 Ap star 214 Aquila 348 Arctic Circle 134 Arcturus 321 Argelander, F.W.A. 30, 32 argument of perihelion 117 Ariel 184 Aries 17 Arp, Halton 387 Arrhenius, Svante 422 association 329, 339 – OB 339, 353 – T Tauri 339 asteroids 131, 186, 188, 452 – collision 189 – composition 191 – distances 188 – formation 188 – magnitude 153 – mass 188 – number of 188 – orbits 188 – rotation 188 – shape 140 – size 188 asthenosphere 162 astrograph 52 astrometry – absolute 25 – relative 25 Astronomical Almanac 33, 36, 37 astronomical unit 23, 27, 119, 131, 140, 446 astrophysics 7 asymptotic branch 216, 250, 343 Atlas 181 Atlas Coelestis 30 atmosphere – planetary 109 – solar 266 – stellar 109, 209, 216, 218 atom 95 – nucleus 234 atomic mass unit (amu) 446 atomic number 234 atomic weight 234 AU see astronomical unit aurora 148, 164, 168, 275 autumnal equinox 21, 134 azimuth 17 477
478 Name and Subject Index B Baade, Walter 282 Babcock, Horace W. 273 background radiation 396 Balmer discontinuity 98 Balmer lines 209, 210, 268 Balmer series 98 Balmer, Johann 98 barium star 215 Barnard’s Star 28 Barnard, E.E. 190 basis vector 435 Bayer, Johannes 29, 32 Be star 214 beam efficiency 106 Becklin–Neugebauer object 328, 331 Bell, Jocelyn 294 beryllium 257, 259 Bessel, F.W. 27 β Cephei star 280–283 β decay 259 β Lyrae star 225 β Pictoris 424 Betelgeuse 283 Betelgeuze 216 Bethe, Hans 234 Big Dipper 28, 29 binary pulsar 226 binary stars 5, 221, 457 – astrometric 221, 222 – close 221, 254, 286 – contact 221, 225, 254 – detached 254 – distant 221 – evolution 254–256 – mass transfer 255 – masses 222, 224, 226 – nova 286 – optical 221 – photometric 221, 224 – semidetached 254 – spectroscopic 221–223 – visual 221, 222 binding energy, nuclear 234 black dwarf 252 black hole 5, 251, 252, 254, 291, 298, 363, 387, 411 – rotating 299 – supermassive 302 blackbody 103, 104, 397, 401 blazar 388 blue loop 250 blueshift 29 Bode, Johann 182 Bohr model 97 Bok, Bart 312 bolides 168, 195 bolometric correction 86 Boltzmann constant 103, 145, 446 Boltzmann distribution 102, 107 Bond albedo see albedo, Bond Bonner Durchmusterung 30, 32 boron 259 Borrelly 192 boson 101 bow shock 147 Bowen, Ira S. 326 Brackett series 99 breccia 165 bremsstrahlung 95 brown dwarfs 209, 247, 252 BTA 58 bulge, galactic 368, 375 Bunsen, Robert 207 Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 36 burning 234 butterfly diagram 272 C C asteroids 191 Caesar, Julius 38 calcium 209, 274 – interstellar 318, 319 calendar 3, 38 – Gregorian 38 – Julian 38 – Roman 38 Callisto 176, 178 Caloris Basin 157 Cannon, Annie Jump 209 Capella 30 carbon 415, 421 carbon burning 237, 250 carbon cycle see CNO cycle carbon flash 250, 252 carbon monoxide 326, 328 carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle see CNO cycle carbonaceous chondrites 196 Carlsberg foundation 58 Carruthers, George R. 326 Carte du Ciel 27, 30 Cassini division 179 Cassini, G. 172 Cassiopeia A 334 cataclysmic variables 283 catastrophe theories 197 CCD camera 66, 67 CDM see cold dark matter Cech, Thomas 419 celestial mechanics 7, 113 celestial pole 14, 17, 19 celestial sphere 16 cell, eukaryotic 415, 422 cell, prokaryotic 415 Centaurus A 387 central angle 11 cepheid 250, 256, 280–282, 289, 351 Ceres 186, 188 Cerro Paranal 63 Chandler period 36 Chandrasekhar mass 252, 254, 288, 292 charge number 95 Charon 186 chemosynthesis 420 Chile 49 chirality 416 Chiron 189 chondrites 196 chromatic aberration 52 chromosphere 266, 267, 274, 275 circle 432 circumpolar 19 Clementine 166 cloud – interstellar 7 – molecular 328 cluster – globular 9, 339, 343, 354, 355 – open 339, 353 cluster variable 282 CMB see cosmic microwave background CNO cycle 236, 247, 252 Coalsack 311, 312 COBE 397 codon 416 coelostat 57
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Fundamental Astronomy
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Dr. Hannu Karttunen University of T
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VI Preface to the First Edition The
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VIII Contents 5.6 Continuous Spectr
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X Contents 16. Star Clusters and As
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1. Introduction 1.1 TheRoleofAstron
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1.2 Astronomical Objects of Researc
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theory of relativity must be used t
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of the gas may be 10 −21 kg m −
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12 2. Spherical Astronomy angles co
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14 or 2. Spherical Astronomy sin B
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16 2. Spherical Astronomy defined t
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18 2. Spherical Astronomy the verna
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20 2. Spherical Astronomy pole. The
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22 2. Spherical Astronomy Fig. 2.16
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26 2. Spherical Astronomy
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30 2. Spherical Astronomy numbers,
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32 2. Spherical Astronomy In the 19
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34 2. Spherical Astronomy mid-Septe
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36 2. Spherical Astronomy correspon
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38 2. Spherical Astronomy second of
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2. Spherical Astronomy 40 Since ∆
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42 2. Spherical Astronomy For the s
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44 2. Spherical Astronomy red. What
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3. Observations and Instruments Up
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the long, oblique path through the
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Fig. 3.6a-e. Diffraction and resolv
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3.2 Optical Telescopes Fig. 3.10. T
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3.2 Optical Telescopes Fig. 3.13. T
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so thin that it absorbs very little
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3.2 Optical Telescopes 59
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3.2 Optical Telescopes 61
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3.2 Optical Telescopes ◭ Fig. 3.1
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and CCD-cameras have largely replac
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Fig. 3.22a-e. The principle of read
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than a prism. The dispersion can be
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3.4 Radio Telescopes Fig. 3.25. The
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Fig. 3.27. The Atacama Large Millim
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Fig. 3.30. The VLA at Socorro, New
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Fig. 3.31. (a) X-rays are not refle
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Fig. 3.33. Refractors are not suita
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tored by laser interferometers. If
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4. Photometric Concepts and Magnitu
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If we are outside the source, where
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magnitudes can be equal, the flux d
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flux L will now decrease with incre
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this line is extrapolated to X = 0,
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since due to extinction, radiation
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96 5. Radiation Mechanisms Fig. 5.1
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98 5. Radiation Mechanisms From (5.
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100 5. Radiation Mechanisms Fig. 5.
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104 5. Radiation Mechanisms We now
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5. Radiation Mechanisms 106 Again F
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110 5. Radiation Mechanisms We can
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112 5. Radiation Mechanisms differe
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114 6. Celestial Mechanics The solu
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116 6. Celestial Mechanics prove (6
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118 6. Celestial Mechanics in the d
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120 6. Celestial Mechanics But cons
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122 6. Celestial Mechanics by the e
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124 6. Celestial Mechanics Substitu
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126 6. Celestial Mechanics a cloud
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128 6. Celestial Mechanics Since th
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130 6. Celestial Mechanics Exercise
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132 7. The Solar System Fig. 7.1. (
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134 7. The Solar System for each ob
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136 7. The Solar System Fig. 7.5. L
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138 7. The Solar System Inserting t
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140 7. The Solar System Therefore o
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142 7. The Solar System Fig. 7.10.
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144 7. The Solar System behaves mor
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146 7. The Solar System Table 7.1.
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150 7. The Solar System of the plan
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152 7. The Solar System If we denot
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154 7. The Solar System where F⊥
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158 7. The Solar System larized fea
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162 7. The Solar System The outer c
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168 7. The Solar System weak and co
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170 7. The Solar System amount of w
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176 7. The Solar System ter the rin
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178 7. The Solar System face, most
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180 7. The Solar System The F ring,
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182 7. The Solar System Herschel hi
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188 7. The Solar System liding, sin
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196 7. The Solar System of this mat
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202 7. The Solar System Near the po
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204 7. The Solar System be solved f
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8. Stellar Spectra All our informat
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which appears as irregular fluctuat
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8.2 The Harvard Spectral Classifica
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ate of ionization is essentially de
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lines of titanium, scandium and van
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efore τ = 1, i. e. the radiation i
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yielding Iν(0,θ)= Sν(τ ∗ ) +
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222 9. Binary Stars and Stellar Mas
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10. Stellar Structure The stars are
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where a = 4σ/c = 7.564 × 10−16
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where me is the electron mass and N
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is produced by the proton-proton (p
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oxygen, which in turn reacts to for
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According to (4.7), (4.4) and (5.16
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Example 10.6 The Radiation Pressure
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11. Stellar Evolution In the preced
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increases. The stellar surface temp
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Since stars are most likely to be f
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Fig. 11.4a-c. Energy transport in t
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Fig. 11.5. The structure of a massi
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tract to planetlike brown dwarfs. S
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Fig. 11.10a-f. Evolution of a low-m
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Fig. 11.12. The Wolf-Rayet star WR
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In a neutron capture, a nucleus wit
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This is several orders of magnitude
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264 12.TheSun Fig. 12.2. (a) The ro
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266 12.TheSun according to the heli
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268 12.TheSun shines into view for
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270 12.TheSun was established that
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272 12.TheSun Fig. 12.11. In pairs
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274 12.TheSun Fig. 12.15. (a) Quies
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276 12.TheSun Fig. 12.17. An X-ray
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13. Variable Stars Stars with chang
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Fig. 13.3. The variation of brightn
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Fig. 13.5. The lightcurve of a long
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duced when the carbon condenses int
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13.3 Eruptive Variables Fig. 13.12.
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Fig. 13.15. Supernova 1987A in the
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14. Compact Stars In astrophysics t
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about 1.4 M⊙, which is thus the u
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1968. In the following year it was
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ditions required for hypernova expl
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This is greater than the speed of l
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Fig. 14.12. Scale drawings of 16 bl
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are (or, in the radio case, have on
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14.6 Exercises Exercise 14.1 The ma
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308 15. The Interstellar Medium Fig
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310 15. The Interstellar Medium R d
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312 15. The Interstellar Medium pol
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318 15. The Interstellar Medium Tab
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322 15. The Interstellar Medium met
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324 15. The Interstellar Medium
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326 15. The Interstellar Medium He
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330 15. The Interstellar Medium up
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332 15. The Interstellar Medium hav
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334 15. The Interstellar Medium len
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336 15. The Interstellar Medium dro
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338 15. The Interstellar Medium the
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340 16. Star Clusters and Associati
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17. The Milky Way On clear, moonles
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Fig. 17.3. The directions to the ga
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classes of stars are main sequence
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Fig. 17.9. The size of the volume e
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lar material similarly moves in the
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Fig. 17.14. In order to derive Oort
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Fig. 17.17. The radial velocity as
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a suitable mass distribution, such
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esting because it may be a small-sc
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material constituting the galaxy. I
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18. Galaxies The galaxies are the f
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Fig. 18.3. The classification of no
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18.1 The Classification of Galaxies
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Fig. 18.7. Compound luminosity func
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In order to measure the mass at eve
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length r0 = 1-5 kpc. In Sc galaxies
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18.4 Dynamics of Galaxies We have s
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gas. Some normal spirals may have b
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the Large and Small Magellanic Clou
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stars are forming and evolving into
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panion galaxy. The tail is interpre
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een made at these wavelengths with
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galaxies in our present neighbourho
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394 19. Cosmology tographs form an
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396 19. Cosmology Fig. 19.3. Hubble
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398 19. Cosmology element after hyd
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400 19. Cosmology 19.3 Homogeneous
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402 19. Cosmology The potential ene
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404 19. Cosmology In an expanding c
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406 19. Cosmology about 40,000 degr
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408 19. Cosmology rather slowly. In
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410 19. Cosmology Fig. 19.15. Corre
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412 19. Cosmology where Ω0 = ρ0/
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414 19. Cosmology Example 19.2 Find
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416 20. Astrobiology According to t
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418 20. Astrobiology of spiral gala
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420 20. Astrobiology Fig. 20.2. Bla
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422 20. Astrobiology reached 10% of
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Page 428 and 429: 428 20. Astrobiology cles that we s
Page 430 and 431: Appendices 431
Page 432 and 433: Ellipse. Equation in rectangular co
Page 434 and 435: A and B can be determined graphical
Page 436 and 437: When using matrix formalism it is c
Page 438 and 439: Similarly, a volume integral I = f
Page 440 and 441: B. Theory of Relativity Albert Eins
Page 442 and 443: time interval between the events is
Page 444 and 445: C. Tables Table C.1. SI basic units
Page 446 and 447: Table C.6. The Sun Property Symbol
Page 448 and 449: Table C.11. Osculating elements of
Page 450 and 451: Discoverer Year of a Psid e i r M
Page 452 and 453: Table C.16. Periodic comets with se
Page 454 and 455: Table C.17 (continued) C. Tables Na
Page 456 and 457: C. Tables Table C.19. Some double s
Page 458 and 459: Table C.22. Optically brightest gal
Page 460 and 461: Table C.23 (continued) Abbreviation
Page 462 and 463: C. Tables Table C.26. Millimetre an
Page 464 and 465: Table C.27 (continued) Satellite La
Page 466 and 467: 468 Answers to Exercises 6.2 a = 1.
Page 468 and 469: 470 Answers to Exercises Chapter 17
Page 470 and 471: 472 Further Reading Morrison (ed.):
Page 472 and 473: 474 Further Reading Maps and Catalo
Page 476 and 477: coherent radiation 95 Cold Dark Mat
Page 478 and 479: forbidden transition 101, 332 four-
Page 480 and 481: Kellman, Edith 212 Kepler’s equat
Page 482 and 483: nautical mile 15 nautical triangle
Page 484 and 485: Reber, Grote 69 recombination 95, 9
Page 486 and 487: synchronous rotation 135 synchrotro
Page 488 and 489: Colour Supplement 491
Page 490 and 491: Plate 14. The first view from the s
Page 492 and 493: Plate 1 Plate 2 Colour Supplement 4
Page 494 and 495: Plate 6 Plate 5 Colour Supplement 4
Page 496 and 497: Plate 9 Colour Supplement Plate 10
Page 502 and 503: Plate 23 Plate 24 Colour Supplement
Page 504 and 505: Colour Supplement Plate 29 507
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