Legitimate use of military force against state-sponsored - Air University

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Blum, Yehuda. State Terrorism and the International System. Proceedings of the International Security Council, Tel Aviv, Israel, 26-28 January 1986. New York: CAUSA International, 1986. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Combatting Terrorism: A Matter of Leverage. Ed. Edward Marks and Debra van Ostpal. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, June 1986. Cordes, Bonnie, et al. A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Terrorist Groups. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corp., June 1985.. Rand, R-3151. DiGenova, Joseph B. “Terrorism, Intelligence and the Law.” In Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on the Role of Behavioral Science in Physical Security. Springfield, Va.: Defense Nuclear Agency, Nuclear Security Division, 3-4 April 1984. Jenkins, Brian. International Terrorism: A New Mode of Conflict. Los Angeles: Crescent Publications, 1975. California Seminar on Arms Control and Foreign Policy, research paper 48. ______, ed. Terrorism and Beyond: An International Conference on Terrorism and Low-Level Conflict. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corp., December 1982. Rand, R-2714-DOE/DOJ/ DOS/RC. Klingaman, Jerome W. Policy and Strategy Foundations for Low Intensity Warfare. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, September 1986. AUCADRE, AU-ARI-CP-86-2. Sloan, Stephen. Beating International Terrorism: An Action Strategy for Preemption and Punishment. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, December 1986. Studies (Unpublished) Corrigan, Dennis M., Col, USA. “Legal Use of Military Force to Counter Terrorism.” Strategic study 86-1 E-85, National War College, Washington, D.C., February 1986. Frey, Terry C., Maj, USA. “Terrorism: Has It Become a Form of Modern Warfare?” Student research paper 86-0915, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1986. Humphries, John G., Maj, USAF. “International Terrorism as a Lawful Form of Warfare: An Idea Whose Time Should Not Arrive.” Student research paper 86-1200, Air Command and Staff College. Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1986. Jenkins, Brian Michael. “Combatting Terrorism Becomes a War.” Rand, 6988, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., May 1984. ______. “Combatting Terrorism: Some Policy Implications.” Rand, 6666, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., August 1981. ______. “Fighting Terrorism: An Enduring Task.” Rand, 6585, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., February 1981. ______. “Future Trends in International Terrorism.” Presented at the Defense Intelligence College, Washington, D.C., Rand, 7176, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., December 1985. ______. “Military Force May Not Be Ruled Out.” Rand, 7103, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., June 1985. ______. “A Strategy for Combatting Terrorism.” Rand, 6624, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., May 1981. ______. ‘‘The Study of Terrorism: Definitional Problems.’’ Rand, 6563, Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif., November 1980.
Kaszczuk, Robert E., Maj, USAF. “Legal Limitations on the Use of Airpower against Terrorist Activity.” Student research paper 86-1350, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 1986. Killen, John E., Col, USAF, and Robert A. Hoffman, Col, USAF. “Coping with Terrorism: A Concept Paper.” Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 1987. Leroy, Lloyd F., Maj, USAF. “The Legality of Military Strikes to Counter International Terrorism.” Student research paper 86-1530, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1986. Olson, G. Brent. “A Suggested National Strategy to Counter Terrorism.” Strategic study no. SSP 85-98, National War College, Washington, D.C., April 1985. Pouliquen, Guy, Lt Col, French air force. “Special Operations as a Response to Hostage Seizures.” Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., February 1983. Roberts, Kenneth B. “Terrorism and the Military Response.” Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pa., October 1975. Shani, Joshua, Col, Israeli Air Force. “Airborne Raids: A Potential Weapon in Countering Transnational Terrorism.” Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., February 1983. Stafford, Millard D., Maj, USAF. “International Terrorism: A Future Mode of Warfare.” Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1979. Stecker, Charles W. “Political Terrorism: National and International Responses since 1972.” Master’s thesis, University of Nebraska, December 1982. Symes, Frances T., Lt Col, USAF. “Terrorism and the Amended Law of War.” Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., 15 June 1982. Public and Official Documents Air Force Pamphlet (AFP) 110-20. Selected International Agreements. July 1981. AFP 110-31. International Law—The Conduct of Armed Conflict and Air Operations. November 1976. AFP 110-34. Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Armed Conflict July 1980. Air Force Regulation (AFR) 208-1. The US Air Force Antiterrorism Program. October 1982. Borysoglebski v. Continental Insurance Co., Inc. US Dist. Ct., N. Dist. Ill., 73 C 1392 (1974). Bush v. United States. 389 F. 2d 485 (1968). Chorzow factory case. Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), series A, no. 17 (1928). Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States). 1984 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 169. Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States v. Iran), merits. 1980 ICJ 3. Corfu channel case (United Kingdom v. Albania), merits. 1949 ICJ 4. DOD Directive 2000.12. Protection of DOD Personnel and Resources against Terrorist Acts, 16 June 1986. DOD Directive 5100.69. DOD Program for Prisoners of War and Other Detainees, 27 December 1972. DOD Directive 5100.77. DOD Law of War Program, 10 July 1972. DOD Directive 5500.15. Review of Legality of Weapons under International Law, 16 October 1974. Eain v. Wilkes. 641 F. 2d 504 (1981).
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LEGITIMATE USE OF MILITARY FORCE AG
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CONTENTS Page Disclaimer ii Forewor
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Chapter 7 USE OF MILITARY FORCE: TE
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Lt Col Richard J.
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INTRODUCTION THE RELEVANCE OF INTER
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Chapter 7 summarizes the lessons le
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This Study, How Meaningful? States
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The international arena has seen so
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Combating terrorism accents this is
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7. Many scholars and jurists have f
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Jenkins, “Combatting Terrorism Be
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Thoughts toward an International Co
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29. See Vice President, Report on C
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CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS TERRORISM AND HOW
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If a general definition would be so
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Terrorism is the unlawful use or th
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International Terrorism: A Working
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there is evidence that President Id
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The Vice President’s Task Force o
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A Threat More Serious Than Numbers
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Diplomatic relations between countr
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And what has the challenge become?
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physically or by neutralizing their
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27. UN General Assembly, resolution
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44. L. C. Green of the University o
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65. Information provided by L. Cart
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105. See Stephen Sloan, Beating int
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The law of armed conflict approach
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But, as regards terrorism, the arme
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1. If the law of armed conflict is
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Although both approaches, law enfor
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crime involved. This initiative has
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Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) wa
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eaches, prosecution, and extraditio
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the latter instance, no one claimed
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international law establishing indi
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Another issue is the choice and use
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NOTES 1. Department of State, “Li
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28. Paul A. Tharp, Jr., “The Laws
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1919 a process has been under way t
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66. See Geneva Convention IV, artic
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CHAPTER 3 STATES HAVE RESPONSIBILIT
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International Terrorism and the Dut
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government exercises within its ter
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few states, although they do not vi
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to establish the linkage required u
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chapters 4-6 examine the second. Te
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all Members shall refrain in their
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valuable tools of self-help and of
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object the removal or destruction o
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10. Jordan J. Paust, “Entebbe and
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34. See “Terrorism’s Grim Upsur
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through activities that involve for
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CHAPTER 4 INDIVIDUAL SELF-DEFENSE A
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Strictly speaking, the right of ind
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Clearly, however, states may not re
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Although the degree of control that
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The expansive school’s belief tha
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What is the customary law on self-d
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await the arrival on scene of an ar
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Reasonable Response This element re
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Summary and Transition Individual s
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Security; Implications of Israel’
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In response to this line of reasoni
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American Society of International L
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Brownlie, “Use of Force,” 231.
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avoided if the focus is put properl
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The danger of conceding to individu
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Fifth, and finally, article 52, par
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12. See Rosalyn Higgins, “The Leg
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CHAPTER 6 OTHER LEGAL ARGUMENTS TO
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conditions necessary for invitation
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The action must be taken for a puni
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…Yet, essentially for reasons of
Page 150 and 151: The action must be necessitated by
Page 152 and 153: emained so once the operations were
Page 154 and 155: Perhaps the best ease for humanitar
Page 156 and 157: The state contemplating interventio
Page 158 and 159: Many have criticized the modern law
Page 160 and 161: NOTES 1. See J. E. S. Fawcett, ‘I
Page 162 and 163: 27. Bowett writes, ‘‘Reprisals
Page 164 and 165: 49. See Bowett, Self-Defence, 88. 5
Page 166 and 167: An International Journal 7, no. 2 (
Page 168 and 169: This study has considered each of t
Page 170 and 171: Piracy, which is limited to illegal
Page 172 and 173: NOTES 1. Joint Chiefs of Stall, Uni
Page 174 and 175: 3. The action is taken to protect e
Page 176 and 177: Option 4: Collective Anticipatory S
Page 178 and 179: Option 8: Peacetime Reprisal Source
Page 180 and 181: 8. The action is for a limited dura
Page 182 and 183: APPENDIX B UNITED NATIONS CHARTER (
Page 184 and 185: APPENDIX C STATUTE OF THE INTERNATI
Page 186 and 187: Crelinsten, Ronald D., Danielle Lab
Page 188 and 189: Almond, Harry E., Jr. “Using Law
Page 190 and 191: Clark, Roger S. “Humanitarian Int
Page 192 and 193: Harlow, Bruce, Lt Comdr, USN. “Th
Page 194 and 195: Livingstone, Neil C., and Terrell B
Page 196 and 197: Paust, Jordan 5. “Entebbe and Sel
Page 198 and 199: ______. “Problems with the Applic
Page 202 and 203: “European Convention on the Suppr
Page 204 and 205: ______. Arms Control and Disarmamen
Page 206 and 207: ______. “Terrorist Attacks on US
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