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9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 26 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Effect of burial depth and soil water regime on the fate of Cirsium arvense seeds in relation to burial time A. Ghassam 1 , S. Babaei 2 , H. Alizadeh 3 and H. Karimmojeni 4 1- MSc Weed Science Students, University of Tehran, Iran 2- PhD Weed Science Students, University of Tehran Email: sbabaei@ut.ac.ir 3- Academic member of University of Tehran 4- Academic member of University of Esfahan Cirsium arvense (Creeping Thistle) is an increasing annual weed in winter crops such as wheat and barley in the semiarid region of Iran. Recent years this weed distributed under low impact tillage systems and current agricultural practice that has become popular. Seed dispersal in the soil profile under conventional tillage will change when reduced tillage is implemented, thus affecting on the micro environmental condition. A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of seed burial depth and soil water regime on field's germination, obligate and innate dormancy, and seed decay in relation to burial time. In addition, the effect of burial depth on the seed germination and seedling emergence was studied under laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed using a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates .Treatments consisted of seeds buried at 2 and20 cm under two different fluctuating water regimes ,rain-fed (RAINF) and rain-fed plus irrigation (IRRIG),exhumed at different time intervals. Each treatment (combination of a given burial depth, soil water regime and time of burial) was applied to a mesh bag containing 50 seeds. Results showed that Field's germination of buried seed ranged from 45-60% for shallow depth (2 cm), and from 5-25% for greater depths (20 cm). Obligate dormancy was significantly higher among deeper burial seeds. The amount of innate dormant seeds was reduced to
9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 27 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Effect of row spacing, nitrogen amount and different densities of velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) on sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) K. Haghnama 1 , A. Faraji 2 , L. Alimoradi 3 and A.A. Haghighi 4 1-Msc student of weed science, Islamic Azad university of Mashhad, 2,4- Scientific member of Golestan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3-Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad university of Mashhad branch Email: kianooshhaghnama@yahoo.com Abstract Among oilseed crops, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) has an oil with high quality. Weeds are important factors decreasing yield in sesame. Velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) is one of the most important weeds in sesame fields, reducing seed yield, considerably. In order to evaluate the effect of sesame row spacing (40 and 60 cm), nitrogen amount (50 and 100 kg N/ha) and velvet leaf densities (0, 4, 8 and 12 plant per square meter) on sesame, an experiment was conducted in Ramian, Golestan province, Iran, in 2009. The experimental treatments were arranged in factorial split plots based on complete randomized block design with four replications. The results showed that, total dry matter of sesame was affected by the weed. Also leaf area index and morphological characters such as plant height and secondary stem numbers of sesame were significantly different, affected by different treatments. Seed yield of sesame was decreased with increase in weed density. The mean seed yield of sesame was 644 and 800 kg/ha in 50 and 100 kg N/ha, 683 and 762 kg/ha in 40 and 60 cm sesame row spacing, and 895, 740, 653 and 601 kg/ha in 0, 4, 8 and 12 velvet leaf plant per square meter, respectively. Introduction: Caliskan et al., (2004) showed that grain yield and yield components of sesame were significantly affected by planting methods are. They stated that planting a row of about 34 percent increase in yield will be. Plant height, branch number and yield per plant decreased with increasing density. Effect of culture pattern in the study sesame yield increase was 48 percent. However, the nitrogen concentration increased only 6 percent increase in seed yield (Mujaya & Yerokun, 2003). Common patterns are different cultures that can affect crop performance. Whatever theory of the distance between rows than to plant distances on a number of rows to be closer (square planting pattern) less competition for available resources will be together (Banai et al. 2004). Ottman and Welch (1979) also were told that the pattern of maize cultivation compared with the pattern of rectangular squares, due to more uniform distribution of the distance between the plant and the efficient use of development resources, particularly light, had a greater yield. Have stated that the above-mentioned differences in the performance of the two planting systems in high density is more evident. Faraji (2004) the effect of row spacing and seed rate and yield and yield components of rapeseed concluded that increased eruption space increases the number of branches at a distance of 35 cm to 25 cm long distances, and ultimately increase the number of plant capsule is. One of the essential elements of nitrogen in plant nutrition management is the lack or increase in the different reactions by plants creates. Kazemini and Ghadiri (2004) showed that nitrogen fertilizer increased grain yield of rice was, but between levels 80 and 120 kg N ha −1 significant difference was observed with the addition of nitrogen fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency decreased. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer, harvest index decreased but this decrease was not significant. paparimoghaddamfard (2000) results showed that quite a significant effect of nitrogen fertilizer on crop characteristics such as sesame numbers per plant, plant height and grain yield was final. Other
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