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9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 54 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 References Cross J.V., E. Dicker (1994). Guidelines for Integtated Production of Pome Fruits in Europe. IOBC Technical Guideline III,17, 9 1-8 Djeneva A., Rankova Z .(2010). Influence of different systems for maintenance of the soil surface on the yield and quality of almond fruits, cultivar “Start”. Journal of mountain agriculture on the Balkans,13, 3, 735-745 Djeneva A., Rankova Z.(in print). Soil Maintenance Systems in Almond Plantations., Acta Horticulturae Domozetov, D., Doychev, K. (1999). Fruit growing under the conditions in mountain and hilly regions. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. “Science and Education”. National advisory system in agriculture, Sofia. Dzhuvinov, V., Kumanov, K., Bozhkova, V., Lecheva, I., Popov, V (2007). Integrated production of pip-fruits (apples and pears). Major principles and rules. Possibilities for application in Bulgaria. Fetvadzhieva, N. (1973). Weed control. Zemedelie, Sofia. Ilieva, I., Tsolov, Ts., Nikolov, N., Marinov, P., Babyashev, E., Belyakov, V., Karov, S., Angelova, R. (1983). Apricot. Publisher: “Hr. Zh. Danov”, Plovdiv Kolev, I. (1963). Weeds in Bulgaria. Sofia Lyubenov, Ya. et al. (1988) Integrated systems for weed control. Vol. II, Zemizdat, Sofiq Mitov, P., Zhelev, I., Pepelyankov, G., Panova, R. (1981). Intensive fruit tree plantings. Publisher: “Hr. Zh. Danov”, Plovdiv Nikolova, S. (1995). Systems for maintainance of the soil surface in apricot orchards. Agricultural University, Plovdiv. Collection of reports and abstracts from the Anniversary Scientific Session “Sustainable agriculture under the conditions of transition to a market economy”, Vol. II, book 1, 65 – 68 Petrov, P., Dinkova, H., Vincheva, S. (1994). New systems for maintenance of the soil surface in a plum orchard. Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Ecology, 4 – 4, 154 – 155 Rankova Z.,( 2006). Еcological approaches for weed control in fruit orchards. Proceedings of First International Symposium “Ecological approaches towards the production of safety food” 19-20 October 2006, Plovdiv, 211- 216. Rankova, Z. and Kolev, K. (2009). Weed control in intensive cherry tree plantations. Journal of mountain agriculture on the Balkans,1, 168-178 Simeonov, B. et al. (1979). Characteristics of the modern methods for soil cultivation. NAPS CINTII, Sofia Stamatov, I., Todorov, V., Gogova, K., Makariev, Z. (1982). Systems for soil maintainance in orchards. Publisher: “Hr. Zh. Danov”, Plovdiv Stoynev et al. (1986) Modern agriculture (Advanced technologies), Zemizdat, Sofia Taseva, V. (1995). Influence of herbicides and mulching on the soil microflora, growth and yield of apple trees. PhD Thesis Taseva, V., Ilieva, S. (1992). Influence of some systems for herbicide application on the species composition and abundance of weeds in fruiting apple tree plantings. Plant Science, 9 – 10, 93 – 102 Todorov, F. et al. (1963) Soil cultivation. Sofia Tonev et al. (2007) Herbology. Academic publisher of the Agricultural University – Plovdiv Tonev T., 2000. Handbook of integrated weed control and farming culture, Higher Institute of Agriculture – Plovdiv, Book 2. Zhivonodov, A. and Rankova, Z. (2009). Integrated fruit production – environmentally friendly approach for safe fruit production. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium “Ecological approaches in production of safe foods”, 15 - 22
9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 55 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Investigation of row spacing effect on competitive ability of canola in competition to Sinapis arvensis (Wild mustard) N.Salamati 1 , M.Tahmasebi 2 , J.Gherekhloo 3 and N.Latifi 4 1 M.Sc. student in agronomy,Gorgan University,Gorgan,Iran , Email: niloofarsalamati@yahoo.com 2 M.Sc. student in agronomy,Gorgan University,Gorgan,Iran 3 Assistant of agronomy, Gorgan University,Gorgan,Iran 4 Professor of agronomy, Gorgan University,Gorgan,Iran In order to investigation of canola competitive ability in competition with Sinapis arvensis, an experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research field of gorgan university of agricultural sciences and natural resources in 2009- 2010.Treatments were components of 3 row spacings of canola (12،24 and 36 cm) and weed density (0 and 8 plant in m 2) . The results showed that Sinapis arvensis decrease leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, dry matter and canola yield in all of row spacings. The most of leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate was observed in row spacings of 36، 24 and 12 cm and the most of dry matter and yield of canola was observed in row spacings of 12، 24 and 36 cm respectively.The results of this research indicated that increase of crop density via decrease of row spacing, is an effective practice in decrease of Sinapis arvensis density. References Ozer, H. 2003. The effect of plant population densities on growth, yield and yield components of two spring rapeseed cultivars. Plant Soil Environ. 49(9):422-426. Yazdifar, S., Amini, I. and Ramea. V. 2007. Evaluation of row spacing and seed rates effects on yield. Yield components and seed oil in spring canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivar. J.Agric. Sci. Natur. Resqur. 13(2):58-65. Zimdahl, R. 2004. Weed crop competition, a review. A review Corvallis, OR: Int. Plant. Prot. Center. Oregon state university.
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