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9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 60 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Allelopathic Effects of Juglans nigra L. and Datura stramonium L. on Cyperus rotundus L. and Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Ayşe Yazlik 1 and Mine Ruşen 1 1 Atatürk Horticulture Central Research Institute, Plant Protection Departments, Yalova – TÜRKİYE ayseyazlik77@hotmail.com Abstract The allelopathic potential of dried leaves of walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) on germination and growth of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) and Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. (bermuda grass) were studied Walnut leaves were collected from young leaves. The other allelopathic material jimsonweed leaves were collected in the period of blooming in the morning hours. The leaves were dried at 25 0 C after than grounded. These extracts were added into soil with four different doses (5, 10, 20, 40 g/pot). The experiments were evaluated after 25 days. Both walnut and jimsonweed dry extratct had negative effects on growing of the purple nudsedge and bermuda grass. The highest effect was obtained from the rate of 40 g/pot. Bermuda grass and purple nutsedge dry weight was affected from walnut extracts by 76% and 74 respectively. There is a possibility to use walnut and jimsonweed plants as ann natural allelochemicals for the management of these perennial weeds. Introduction Allelopathy is a natural phenomenon that refers to direct or indirect positive or negative effect of one plant (including the microbes) on another through the release of chemical compounds into the environment. (Rice,1984; Delabays et. al., 2004). According to Putnam(1988), chemicals with allelopathic potential are present (commonly in conjugated form) in almost all plants and in many diffrent tissues, such as leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds and roots. These chemicals are released into the environment (atmosphere or rhizosphere) by means of volatilization, leaching, decomposition of residues, and root exudation under specific conditions (Chou, 1990). Information on the chemical nature and mode of action of allelochemicals is expanding (Dayan et al., 2000; Inderjit and Duke, 2003; Marcías et al., 2004). An equally promising way to use allelopathy in weed control is using extracts of allelopathic plants as natural herbicides (Dayan, 2002). The most practical and immediate way to use allelopathy in weed control is to use allelopathic cover crops in rotations, or apply residues of allelopathic weeds or crops as mulches (Rice, 1984, Arslan, 2006). For instance; Six Brassicaceae crops were investigated under laboratory and field conditions for allelopathic potential of their residues to control johnsongrass. In both conditions all species suppressed johnsongrass and followed similar pattern. It has been shown that Brassicaceae crops, which are grown in Turkey, can be used as rotational crops in cropping systems to reduce johnsongrass infestation (Üremiş et. al. 2009). The aim of this study were to found allelopathic effect of dry leaves of J. nigra and D. stramonium on germination and growth of C. rotundus L. and C. dactylon (L.) Pers. Materials and methods Walnut young leaves were collected in the morning hours. Jimsonweed leaves were collected in the period of blooming in the morning hours. The collected plants were air-dried for 15 days in dark condition at room temperature (25 ±4°C). Then, dry leaves were grounded by fine cut (FC). Experiments were established as a pot experiment. The pots diameter were 14 cm. Grounded
9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 61 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 exctracts were separately added into soil at four different doses (5, 10, 20, 40 g/pot). Five cm long rhizomes were used for both purple nutsedge and bermuda grass These rhizomes also had at least two live nodes. In addition, there was a tuber in the purple nutsedge. The rhizomes or tuber+rhizomes of each pot (soil mixed with different doses) were sown separately. In addition to that control pots were arranged. Plants lengths and dry weights of two weeds were evaluated after 25 days. Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications and repeated twice, in Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute of Plant Protection Department’s greenhouse in 2009. The data were analyzed by using SPSS and means grouped on basis of least significant difference (LSD) at the 0.05 probability level. Results and discussion Target plants were sprouting in rhizomes, but walnut and jimsonweed had significantly inhibited the dry weight of purple nutsedge and bermudagrass. As a result, walnut and jimsonweed plants had negative effects on growing of the purple nudsedge and bermuda grass. These effects were incresed by doses. The highest effect rates for the both plants were determined at the rate of 40 g/pot. Bermuda grass dry weight average was affected % 76, and purple nutsedge dry weight average was affected % 74 by walnut. Similarly, bermuda grass dry weight was affected % 66.5, and purple nutsedge dry weight was affected % 61.4 by jimsonweed. The responses of weeds to walnut are given in Table 1 and 2. Similarly results showed (Table 3 and Table 4) that the effects and response rates for jimsonweed. Conclusions The results of the greenhouse experiments of this study indicate that inhibitory substances are present in extracts of walnut and jimsonweed leaves. Wulnut and jimsonweed had many allelocheicals substances that could potentially influence the growth of purple nutsedge and bermuda grass. There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of walnut and jimsonweed plants as natural herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds. But allelopathy needs to be researched as well as the mechanism. Walnut Table 1: The effect of walnut on dry weight of target plants (g) Purple nutsedge Bermuda grass Doz Dry weight Dry weight 0 14,30 a 17,00 a 5 11,00 a 9,80 b 10 6,80 b 7,50 bc 20 3,80 bc 5,50 bc 40 3,00 c 3,30 c LSD 3,40 4,52 0 14,30 a 17,00 a 5 * 11,50 b 10,30 b 10 * 10,00 bc 10,30 b 20 * 8,00 c 8,13 bc 40 * 4,50 d 4,90 c * LSD 2,30 4,50 P ≤ 0.05: probability level
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