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9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 34 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Effect of nitrogen on vegetative growth parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in competition with velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) K. Haghnama 1 , A. Faraji 2 , L. Alimoradi 3 and A.A. Haghighi 4 1-Msc student of weed science, Islamic Azad university of Mashhad, 2,4- Scientific member of Golestan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 3-Faculty of Agriculture in Islamic Azad university of Mashhad branch. Email: kianooshhaghnama@yahoo.com Abstract In order to study the effect of nitrogen regimes on vegetative growth parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), in competing with velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.), an experiment was conducted in Ramian, Golestan province, Iran, in 2009. The experimental treatments were arranged in factorial split plots, based on complete randomized block design, with four replications. Two nitrogen amount (50 and 100 kg N/ha) and two sesame row spacing (40 and 60 cm) were arranged in main plots as a factorial form, and four velvet leaf densities (0, 4, 8 and 12 plants per square meter) were arranged in sub plots. Investigation on main effects of experimental treatments showed significant increase in leaf area index and dry weight of shoot in sesame when nitrogen level increased and velvet leaf density decreased. Increase of nitrogen amount in different weed densities had significant negative effects on sesame leaf area index and shoot dry weight. Also increase of weed density decreased plant height, stem diameter, above-ground dry mater, oil percent, yield and yield components of sesame, in both nitrogen regimes. Introduction: Velvet leaf through factors such as competition for nutrients and soil moisture and shade on the crops up, a significant reduction in performance of their cause (Zeinali & Ehteshami, 2003). Velvet leaf when accompanied by green crop is usually late in the growing season than the crop has a greater height (Regnier et al. 1988). So most of the interference reduced soybean yield Velvet leaf up leaves through the upper shadow is caused by weeds (Stoller & Woolley, 1985). Weber and Stainforth (1966) expressed the shade weed great savings on soybean plants are weed than the savings are less shadows, causing yield losses are greater. Among the nutrients, nitrogen is the element with the most competitive weeds and creates concerns about the impact of nitrogen on crop competitiveness with weeds much research (Ditomaso, 1995, Patterson, 1995 & Matthew et al., 2004) was conducted. Vengris et al. (1955) in maize and weed review concluded; since it can not overcome the lack of nutrients can therefore compensate for the competition over nutrients by weeds should increase soil fertility levels. But more studies of other results if Applby et al. (1976) showed high levels of nitrogen in combination with high density darnel, a wheat yield reduction was greatest. Darnel data showed that nitrogen fertility conditions than wheat answers. Nitrogen in plant nutrition management, or lack of increase in the different reactions by plants creates. Kazemini and ghadiri (2004) showed that nitrogen fertilizer increased grain yield of rice was, but between levels 80 and 120 kg N ha -1 significant difference was observed with the addition of nitrogen fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency decreased. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer, harvest index decreased but this decrease was not significant. The purpose of this study the effect of nitrogen and the condensation on the components Velvet leaf eruption is sesame.
9 th EWRS Workshop on Physical and Cultural Weed Control 35 Samsun, Turkey, 28 – 30 March 2011 Materials and methods: The survey in 2009 on a farm located in the city participate Motahhari Golestan was Ramian. Split-plot factorial experiment design based on completely randomized blocks with four replications was performed. Two levels of 50 and 100 kg ha and the distance between two rows of sesame 40 and 60 cm for the factorial plots combined and formed the original test. Four densities 0, 4, 8 and 12 plants per square meter as Velvet leaf factor was considered minor. Velvet leaf plants between rows of sesame were planted simultaneously with it. Before the plant cultivation, preparation of soil samples based on soil test results, including the base rate of 85 kg of fertilizer per hectare of P205 sources superphosphate triple were used. Treat nitrogen levels tested as a third base prior to planting, flowering, and a third in one-third at the start of grain filling was used. After plowing the soil by doing a disk plow and fertilizer spraying operations were based. Intervals in rows 40 and 60 cm sesame seeds, is the number of rows of plants, respectively 15 and 10 cm intervals so that the number of operating plants constant per unit area equivalent to 16.6 plants per square meter is. The first watering plants before planting and watering was done by the next turn with a time of nitrogen fertilizer was done. During the growing season weeds in all plots except the weed is Velvet leaf were hand-weeding. Maturity in 10 ground sesame, were taken by observing the sidelines and vegetative traits were calculated. Data obtained by statistical software SAS (1996, SAS) were analyzed and averages data for different traits using LSD test at the 5 percent level were compared. Results and discussion: Final Height: The results showed that treatment 100 kg ha −1 Sesame positive effect on final height had increased to 13 percent of Sesame height treatment than 50 kg ha −1 been. Mean final height in the treated sesame 50 and 100 kg of pure nitrogen, respectively 101 and 116 cm respectively (Table). Sesame could possibly maximum efficiency of resources to increase the final height to use. David et al. (2000), Noora et al. (2009) and paparimoghaddamfard (2000), Effect of nitrogen fertilizer showed quite significant final height sesame. Different densities Velvet leaf Sesame negative effect on final height and final height of sesame caused by increasing density to 12 plants m Velvet leaf rate of 9 percent compared to the control, was reduced. Mean final height in treatments 4, 8 and 12 plants m −2 respectively 112, 111, 108 and 102 cm respectively (Table). Seem to affect final height Sesame competition between species, and been a member of the availability of resources reduced the height of primary products and been impressed dropped. Mousavi and Bararpoor (1998) in the densities of different experimental Velvet leaf have done with cotton showed that there even a weed Velvet leaf m long row at a reduced rate of plant height 22.7 percent over the control was no competition . Abdollahi and Bararpoor (2007) also showed that the density effect on growth of soybean cultivar Williams Velvet leaf density 0.25 m row Velvet leaf plant m height soybean 14.5 percent compared with weed-free treatment reduced. Mousavi (2001) reported that Velvet leaf absorb nutrients from the soil has a greater capacity than is cotton. Velvet leaf height due to the addition of water and food for the cotton they are in competition are competing over the light. Aguyoh et al. (1992) showed a rapid increase in height of an important competitive advantage as compared to other species are. LAI: treatment 50 kg ha −1 nitrogen increased 16 percent compared to LAI Sesame treatment 100 kg ha −1 was. Sesame average LAI in treatments 50 and 100 kg of pure nitrogen, respectively in 1.04 and 0.87 respectively (Table). The results showed increasing N increased LAI was sesame. Appears to reduce the effect of sesame leaf nitrogen fertilizer application because, very high impact on increased nitrogen fertilizer use more leaf area is Velvet leaf the next episode will be referred to. Okafor and Datta (1976) also found that increased nitrogen in rice is more in Cyperus rotundus and reduced leaf area index is rice.
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