Declaration Dr. Thomas H. Pringle - Buffalo Field Campaign

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within a possible third location (Mirror Plateau/Pelican Valley) during the summer rut season (Fig. 1-1) (Meagher et al. 2002; Geremia et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2006). Genetic variation and population substructure, for these breeding groups is unknown. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty obtaining blood or tissue samples from wild, free ranging bison during the summer. Also, the high risk of undue physiological stress from live capture, and potential mortality associated with immobilizing agents further hinder invasive approaches to sample collection. Sampling bison with traditional methods while they are congregated in large groups during the breeding season can be complicated, dangerous and stressful for the bison. Therefore, an alternative sampling approach was considered for acquiring genetic data from bison within the parks. Non-invasive fecal DNA sampling offers an efficient means of acquiring genetic data from GYA bison populations across their geographic range, with minimum risk to wild bison, and personnel collecting samples. This approach will also allow us to associate the genetic data with specific locations of breeding groups. Most importantly, the non-invasive sampling approach is highly compatible with NPS wildlife management philosophy which mandates the following: “The Wildlife Management Program will achieve the NPS’s primary mission by…minimizing human impacts on native animals, populations, communities, and ecosystems, and the processes that sustain them” (USDOI-NPS 2006). This study will also assist the NPS with meeting the Genetic Resource Management Principles “to protect the full range of genetic types (genotypes) of native plants and animal populations in the parks by perpetuating natural evolutionary processes and minimizing human interference with evolving genetic diversity…the Service will maintain the appropriate levels of natural genetic diversity”, 4
through providing genetic information crucial for management of the GYA bison (USDOI-NPS 2006). Non-invasive sampling for genetic studies Non-invasive sampling has the advantage of extracting DNA from alternative sources of cellular material without physically handling wildlife. DNA has been extracted from hairs, feces, urine, feathers, snake skins, eggshells, and even skulls found in owl pellets (Bricker et al. 1996; Morin and Woodruff 1996; Taberlet and Fumagali 1996). Analysis of genetic material, particularly microsatellites, obtained through non-invasive sources collected in the field can be highly informative. Fecal DNA samples can provide individual identification, relatedness estimates, pedigree construction, sex identification, estimates of census and effective population size, mark-recapture data, and determine genetic variation within and between populations (Luikart and England 1999; Taberlet et al. 1999; Frantz et al. 2003; Wilson et al. 2003). Non-invasive fecal sampling has been used successfully in studies of ungulates, such as alpine ibex (Capra ibex), Corsican mouflon (Ovis musimo), and bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) (Maudet et al. 2004; Luikart et al. 2007). Fecal sampling in wild, free ranging ungulates, such as bison, can allow observation of groups or individuals at safe distances for social dominance ranking, sex, and age group prior to collection of feces, thus, providing an opportunity to collect additional data with respect to their ecology. DNA amplification from fecal samples (as well as other non-invasive sample types) can present several challenges to successful genotyping that may potentially offer false results (Taberlet et al. 1999). Genotyping error rates can be high in certain types of 5
Page 1 and 2: 02/14/2011 10:36 5206827080 Summer
Page 4 and 5: 02/14/2011 10:35 5205827080 " PICTU
Page 6 and 7: 02/14/2011 10:35 5205827080 PICTURE
Page 8 and 9: Below, analysis of complete bison m
Page 10 and 11: • The mutation rate in mitochondr
Page 12 and 13: possibility of mitochondrial dysfun
Page 14 and 15: arginine R100 provides an essential
Page 16 and 17: inbreeding, small herd sizes and ge
Page 18 and 19: 42. XB Q, Jianlin H et al. Assessme
Page 20 and 21: Table 3. Bison non-sporadic mitocho
Page 22 and 23: Table 6. A. Phylogenetic conservati
Page 24 and 25: AY748671 ..........................
Page 26 and 27: DEVELOPMENT OF FECAL DNA SAMPLING M
Page 28 and 29: Table of Contents Abstract………
Page 30 and 31: List of Figures 1-1 Map of YNP show
Page 32 and 33: Dedication The work presented withi
Page 34 and 35: Preface Dale Lott grew up on the Na
Page 36 and 37: principles of the historic American
Page 40 and 41: samples. However, repeated genotypi
Page 42 and 43: population structure within YNP bre
Page 44 and 45: The highly differentiated populatio
Page 46 and 47: Figure 1-1. Map of YNP showing loca
Page 48 and 49: INTRODUCTION Wild bison are at risk
Page 50 and 51: sample was extracted twice using th
Page 52 and 53: Fragment analysis was carried out o
Page 54 and 55: visualized, assessed for quality, a
Page 56 and 57: aligned with less than two out of t
Page 58 and 59: ears (Ursus americanus), and brown
Page 60 and 61: Figures: Figure 2-1. Flow diagram s
Page 62 and 63: Table 2-2. Amplification success (A
Page 64 and 65: Appendix 2-3. Allelic dropout (AD)
Page 66 and 67: strong fine scale genetic different
Page 68 and 69: fidelity to breeding areas may be h
Page 70 and 71: RFLP PCR amplification was carried
Page 72 and 73: etween the Lamar Valley and Hayden
Page 74 and 75: and Lamar Valley, in comparison to
Page 76 and 77: The differences in haplotype freque
Page 78 and 79: Figures: Figure 3-1. Approximate lo
Page 80 and 81: Literature Cited Allendorf, F.W., R
Page 82 and 83: Côté, S.D., F. Dallas, F. Marshal
Page 84 and 85: Luikart, G., S. Zundel, D. Rioux, C
Page 86 and 87: Tedford, S. Zimov, and A. Cooper. 2
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general approach using mtDNA marker
Page 90 and 91:
2 K.C. Douglas et al. / Mitochondri
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mitochondrial genome is 16318-16323
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Bison Herd (bHap13 and bHap16), the
Page 97 and 98:
spread distribution of bison prior
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Declaration Dr. Thomas H. Pringle - Buffalo Field Campaign

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