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and meaning as those who utilized her image her faced new political and social situations under the rule of the Roman emperor. As the previous sections on the cult and art of Fortuna have elucidated, an examination of literary studies of Fortuna show that singular studies of Fortuna are limited and the term “Tyche-Fortuna” is unnecessary. In this last section, we have seen that the ancient sources themselves describe the importance of the visual iconography of Tyche and Fortuna, demonstrating the inherent shortcomings of separate studies of Fortuna in cult, art, and textual categories. The power of the goddess of Chance was reflected as much in artistic depictions as descriptive epithets and topoi. 137
Chapter 3: Fortuna and the late Republican dynasts: background and assessment A close examination of the forces that led to Fortuna’s prominence during the late Republic depicts a side of the goddess that constantly changed due to political and social exigencies. Simultaneously these forces exerted an image of Fortuna as a powerful and constant figure next to the late Republican general, for better and for worse. This chapter first addresses two important cult sites of Tyche in the Greek East (Alexandria) and the Greek West (Syracuse) so as to better explain the transformation of Fortuna from her national identity during the Republic to her role as the personal patroness of Late Republican generals. This role, and its multivalent associations, would be critical to the formulation of the new Fortuna cults, Fortuna Redux and Fortuna Augusta, during the reigns of Augustus and his successors. THE TYCHAION OF ALEXANDRIA The rhetorical discourse of arete and Tyche (which lead to victory) was also expressed visually in the Greek East, in the central statuary group in the 138
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Copyright by Darius Andre Arya 2002
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The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rom
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Acknowledgements This study of Fort
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the moment I arrived in Texas, this
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influenced the image of Tyche as mu
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Fortuna “installations” in the
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The Antonines and Severans ........
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unique creation from Sparta, which
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slightly to the viewer’s left; th
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The mural crown of Tyche was derive
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Vergil’s Aeneid (6.626-670), whic
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shoulders his father, Anchises (who
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mural crown itself. Two gates are o
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The Sparta Tyche head, with the fig
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By virtue of the depiction of the w
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of Augustus. 51 The emperor also cr
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agora analogous to the Tyche statue
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The basic information about the sta
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figured prominently in other Seleuc
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vicinity of the Theater of Marcellu
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ecame visually canonized through he
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Most scholars, instead, identify th
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coinage in the East. The city becam
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triad. 103 The Tyche of Antioch sea
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emperor. The first Tyche statue con
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fortune of a city, and the fortune
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eginnings. Ferre, “to bring,” a
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY Recent studies o
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as many scholars often conclude. 13
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characteristics of Tyche has obscur
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goddess was a central feature in th
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Initial inquiries into the relation
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Chapter 2: The interrelationship be
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Fortuna” does not necessarily des
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conquered one’s own city). 154 Th
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Respiciens (Cicero, leg., 2.28), an
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cases, the two Fortuna goddesses ar
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adorned the bronze 178 cult statue
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econstruction of the entire site at
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Max. 1.8.11, Ovid, Fasti, 6.569-572
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Cornucopia The account of one of th
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chthonic deities. 213 By the first
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grain, e.g., the Tychai of Alexandr
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fourth century depict the goddess w
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the relief, has questioned the iden
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an independent symbol of power. 252
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The concept of Tyche standing preca
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statuary depicting Fortuna holding
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Page 109 and 110: a term; indeed, the Romans never de
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Page 113 and 114: In particular, the Tabula of Cebes,
Page 115 and 116: Hellenistic depictions of Tyche, ac
Page 117 and 118: Writing in Greek, Plutarch defines
Page 119 and 120: two essays on Alexander served as a
Page 121 and 122: “ἤόόὶάὶίίίὴ
Page 123 and 124: depended on its dedicator, the circ
Page 125 and 126: disagreements on Plutarch’s trans
Page 127 and 128: features common to her artistic rep
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Page 131 and 132: individuals. 355 In Plutarch’s hi
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Page 135 and 136: Historians also recognized Tyche’
Page 137 and 138: In On the Fortune of the Romans, Pl
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Page 141 and 142: Plutarch reveals that the reigns of
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Page 147 and 148: the demise of Greek power and the r
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Page 151: Fortune of the Romans, however, dem
Page 155 and 156: throne, another, naked, holding a g
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Page 159 and 160: including Stoicism. Indeed, the Tyc
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Page 163 and 164: The Greek city states and citizens
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Page 171 and 172: Personal relations with Fortuna in
Page 173 and 174: Primigenia, Antium, and the Tyche o
Page 175 and 176: epiphany of the god, akin to appear
Page 177 and 178: goddess, successfully blended with
Page 179 and 180: (8.26.3). Both Greek terms underlin
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Page 191 and 192: Pythagorean doctrines, which flouri
Page 193 and 194: to Dem, 153, 474). Triptolemus was
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Page 197 and 198: Sulla, 34.3). He designated Lucullu
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constructed a massive temple dedica
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essentially muscled in on Lucullus
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archaeological remains justify Coar
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Capitoline), thereby demonstrating
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the Augustan building program, in t
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This new attribution of the Fortuna
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symbolic ramifications. 639 Not onl
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his household in 12 CE to the shrin
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creation of the cult of divus Iuliu
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BCE. Indeed, recent study suggests
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tyche. 665 The association between
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Through his subsequent dedication o
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pietas, reflects Lucius’ fraterna
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Valeria and Sulla and to the Graeco
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In conclusion, the Late Republican
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of Hellenistic Alexandria, created
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According to the new study, the ter
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the sea with a fisherman’s vessel
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generals, that Victory and Good For
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eligio-political Augustan program i
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audience and context. As a result o
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With the victory of Octavian over M
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the fact that the entrances faced o
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entrance into Augustus’ Mausoleum
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studies, Caesar’s role in these p
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Agrippa, 741 would actually succeed
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libraries. In doing so, Caesar join
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Nile, a common feature of Isiac san
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echoed in the creation of the Tycha
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the Italian Fortuna cult by the end
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The planning (and possible construc
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The Augustan Campus Martius related
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and the sentiments of victory that
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The earliest mention of the water b
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dedicated on September 23, Augustus
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Apollo from nearby Seleucia; Apollo
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Chapter 5: Fortuna in Augustan Rome
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of dynastic succession, for the Jul
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complexity of these cults in Rome.
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two stanzas of I.35, Nisbet and Hub
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Fortuna as other deities of Rome, a
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asking Fortuna to protect Augustus,
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Rome (both of which utilized Antium
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with an actual prayer to the goddes
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Through her many epithets (90), 855
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In the second century CE, the priva
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predominant, private and public shr
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Aurelius Urbanus/ ex voto” next t
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well as goddess who could turn arou
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FORTUNA IN THE MARS ULTOR PEDIMENT
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The pairing of Fortuna and Venus in
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Lucan's choice of the mural crown f
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lituus, in the Mars Ultor panel as
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[Aram Fortunam Reducis ante ae]des
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Historical background: grain shorta
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The altar in relationship to nearby
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identified with the Muses and assoc
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the structure where the general cha
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he later celebrated this diplomatic
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to Parthia, Trajan stopped at Antio
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archaeological park of S. Omobono.
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i.e., without figural panels. 965 G
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of the altar, December 15 (Degrassi
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Apollo were paired in cult settings
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theme of Fortuna’s role in time,
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general. 984 Although the literary
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presents the double gate next to th
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Nova. 997 However, he flatly reject
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the “gate” (a triumphal arch ac
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esponse to the famine that was reco
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the early fifth century CE. 1022 De
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studies. 1027 The Marcus Aurelius
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elief, the relief has been dated to
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Nortia and Nemesis, were aspects th
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vengeance on imperial monuments, su
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second and third centuries CE, and
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administered by slaves (see below).
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later, they were both slaves and fr
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Fortuna Augusta are common in the A
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The association between non-elites
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society and was readily adopted by
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The inscriptional evidence for the
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demonstrates that the city became a
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society. The dialogue that began ce
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of plenty capped with a twin of Dru
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Sejanus and Galba represent two ind
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officially joined Fortuna Redux as
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The rise of the Flavians signaled a
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Hadrian, reminiscent of the scene f
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Many other episodes demonstrate the
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the cultural setting of Rome, accor
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Bibliography Abramenko, A. (1993).
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Bemmann, K. (1992). Füllhörner in
Page 389 and 390:
Cahn, H. A. (1981). "Abundantia," L
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_________. (1993). Lazio, (Guide Ar
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Dohrn, T. (1960). Die Tyche von Ant
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Forni, G. (1989). La Fortuna dei Ro
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Gersht, R. (1984). "The Tyche of Ca
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Hallett, C. H. (1995). “Kopienkri
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Hornum, M. B. (1993). Nemesis, The
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Koeppel, G. (1983). “Die historis
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Levi, M. A. (1980). “’Fortuna-f
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Martin, H. G. (1987). Römische Tem
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Naumann, F. (1983). Der Ikonographi
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Perry, B. E. (1967). The Ancient Ro
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________. (1994). “Caesar: civil
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________. (1992). “Der Capricorn
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____________. (2000). “Nero and t
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Tobin, J. (1993). "Some new thought
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Viscogliosi, A. (1996). “Il tempi
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Zanker, P. (1984) Il Foro di August
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