The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text - University of ...

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Grimal, P. (1977). La Guerre Civile de Pétrone (Paris). Gros, P. (1976). Aurea Templa. Recherches sur l’architecture religieuse de Rome à l’époque d’Auguste (Rome). Grottanelli, C. (1987). "Servio Tullio, Fortuna e l'Oriente," DdA. 5.71-110. Gruen, E. (1984). The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (California). ________. (1985). “Augustus and the Ideology of War and Peace,” in Winkes (1985) 51-72. ________. (1990a). Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy (Leiden). ________. (1990b). “The Imperial Policy of Augustus,” in Raaflaub and Toher (1990) 395-416. ________. (1992). Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Cornell). ________. (1996). “The expansion of the empire under Augustus,” CAH (second edition) 10.147-197. Guerrini, L. (1974/75) “Problemi Statuari: Originali e copie,” in In memoria di G. Becatti, StudMisc 22.109ff. ________. (1987). Scienze dell’antichità I.225-256. Guido, G. (1975). Petronio: Bellum Civile (Florence). Gullini, G. (1973). "Il Santuario della Fortuna Primigenia a Palestrina," ANRW 1.4.746-799. Gurval, R. (1995). Actium and Augustus. The Politics and Emotions of the Civil War (Ann Arbor). Habicht, C. (1973). “Die augusteische Zeit,” in W. den Boer, ed., Le culte des souverains dans l’empire romain. Entr. Fond. Hardt 19 (Geneva) 41-88. _________. (1985) Pausanias’ Guide to Ancient Greece (Berkeley). Hägg, T. (1983). The Novel in Antiquity (Oxford). 383
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Copyright by Darius Andre Arya 2002
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The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rom
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Acknowledgements This study of Fort
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the moment I arrived in Texas, this
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influenced the image of Tyche as mu
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Fortuna “installations” in the
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The Antonines and Severans ........
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unique creation from Sparta, which
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slightly to the viewer’s left; th
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The mural crown of Tyche was derive
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Vergil’s Aeneid (6.626-670), whic
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shoulders his father, Anchises (who
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mural crown itself. Two gates are o
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The Sparta Tyche head, with the fig
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By virtue of the depiction of the w
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of Augustus. 51 The emperor also cr
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agora analogous to the Tyche statue
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The basic information about the sta
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figured prominently in other Seleuc
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vicinity of the Theater of Marcellu
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ecame visually canonized through he
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Most scholars, instead, identify th
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coinage in the East. The city becam
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triad. 103 The Tyche of Antioch sea
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emperor. The first Tyche statue con
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fortune of a city, and the fortune
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eginnings. Ferre, “to bring,” a
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY Recent studies o
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as many scholars often conclude. 13
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characteristics of Tyche has obscur
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goddess was a central feature in th
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Initial inquiries into the relation
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Chapter 2: The interrelationship be
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Fortuna” does not necessarily des
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conquered one’s own city). 154 Th
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Respiciens (Cicero, leg., 2.28), an
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cases, the two Fortuna goddesses ar
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adorned the bronze 178 cult statue
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econstruction of the entire site at
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Max. 1.8.11, Ovid, Fasti, 6.569-572
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Cornucopia The account of one of th
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chthonic deities. 213 By the first
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grain, e.g., the Tychai of Alexandr
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fourth century depict the goddess w
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the relief, has questioned the iden
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an independent symbol of power. 252
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The concept of Tyche standing preca
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statuary depicting Fortuna holding
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an apple tree branch in her left ha
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The wheel, in a negative sense, as
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Tyche in the sixth century BCE rema
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securely-identified Fortuna-type fi
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a term; indeed, the Romans never de
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artistic representations (discussed
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In particular, the Tabula of Cebes,
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Hellenistic depictions of Tyche, ac
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Writing in Greek, Plutarch defines
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two essays on Alexander served as a
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“ἤόόὶάὶίίίὴ
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depended on its dedicator, the circ
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disagreements on Plutarch’s trans
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features common to her artistic rep
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stormy sea crossing (319B-D). This
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individuals. 355 In Plutarch’s hi
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Arete-Tyche topos Plutarch’s essa
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Historians also recognized Tyche’
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In On the Fortune of the Romans, Pl
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protecting Rome throughout history
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Plutarch reveals that the reigns of
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the East as early as the second cen
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honor gods, speak to and for cities
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the demise of Greek power and the r
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defeats of Philip V and Antiochus I
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Fortune of the Romans, however, dem
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Chapter 3: Fortuna and the late Rep
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throne, another, naked, holding a g
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of the period immediately after the
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including Stoicism. Indeed, the Tyc
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individual identified as such. 439
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The Greek city states and citizens
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great influence in Caesarian and Au
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events that took place in the fifth
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Roman deities, 474 became less the
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Personal relations with Fortuna in
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Primigenia, Antium, and the Tyche o
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epiphany of the god, akin to appear
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goddess, successfully blended with
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(8.26.3). Both Greek terms underlin
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uncertain deity and ensurer of vict
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architectural complex, in particula
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had just been rebuilt recently, was
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of the round temple and long portic
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associative iconography of the Roma
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Pythagorean doctrines, which flouri
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to Dem, 153, 474). Triptolemus was
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and Augustus. 575 The Temple of For
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Sulla, 34.3). He designated Lucullu
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mural crown). 586 The affinity betw
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Sulla also fostered personal relati
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constructed a massive temple dedica
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essentially muscled in on Lucullus
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archaeological remains justify Coar
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Capitoline), thereby demonstrating
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the Augustan building program, in t
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This new attribution of the Fortuna
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symbolic ramifications. 639 Not onl
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his household in 12 CE to the shrin
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creation of the cult of divus Iuliu
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BCE. Indeed, recent study suggests
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tyche. 665 The association between
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Through his subsequent dedication o
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pietas, reflects Lucius’ fraterna
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Valeria and Sulla and to the Graeco
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In conclusion, the Late Republican
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of Hellenistic Alexandria, created
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According to the new study, the ter
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the sea with a fisherman’s vessel
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generals, that Victory and Good For
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eligio-political Augustan program i
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audience and context. As a result o
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With the victory of Octavian over M
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the fact that the entrances faced o
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entrance into Augustus’ Mausoleum
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studies, Caesar’s role in these p
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Agrippa, 741 would actually succeed
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libraries. In doing so, Caesar join
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Nile, a common feature of Isiac san
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echoed in the creation of the Tycha
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the Italian Fortuna cult by the end
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The planning (and possible construc
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The Augustan Campus Martius related
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and the sentiments of victory that
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The earliest mention of the water b
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dedicated on September 23, Augustus
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Apollo from nearby Seleucia; Apollo
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Chapter 5: Fortuna in Augustan Rome
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of dynastic succession, for the Jul
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complexity of these cults in Rome.
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two stanzas of I.35, Nisbet and Hub
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Fortuna as other deities of Rome, a
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asking Fortuna to protect Augustus,
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Rome (both of which utilized Antium
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with an actual prayer to the goddes
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Through her many epithets (90), 855
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In the second century CE, the priva
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predominant, private and public shr
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Aurelius Urbanus/ ex voto” next t
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well as goddess who could turn arou
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FORTUNA IN THE MARS ULTOR PEDIMENT
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The pairing of Fortuna and Venus in
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Lucan's choice of the mural crown f
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lituus, in the Mars Ultor panel as
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[Aram Fortunam Reducis ante ae]des
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Historical background: grain shorta
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The altar in relationship to nearby
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identified with the Muses and assoc
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the structure where the general cha
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he later celebrated this diplomatic
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to Parthia, Trajan stopped at Antio
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archaeological park of S. Omobono.
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i.e., without figural panels. 965 G
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of the altar, December 15 (Degrassi
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Apollo were paired in cult settings
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theme of Fortuna’s role in time,
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general. 984 Although the literary
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presents the double gate next to th
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Nova. 997 However, he flatly reject
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the “gate” (a triumphal arch ac
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esponse to the famine that was reco
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the early fifth century CE. 1022 De
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studies. 1027 The Marcus Aurelius
Page 347 and 348: elief, the relief has been dated to
Page 349 and 350: Nortia and Nemesis, were aspects th
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Page 355 and 356: administered by slaves (see below).
Page 357 and 358: later, they were both slaves and fr
Page 359 and 360: Fortuna Augusta are common in the A
Page 361 and 362: The association between non-elites
Page 363 and 364: society and was readily adopted by
Page 365 and 366: The inscriptional evidence for the
Page 367 and 368: demonstrates that the city became a
Page 369 and 370: society. The dialogue that began ce
Page 371 and 372: of plenty capped with a twin of Dru
Page 373 and 374: Sejanus and Galba represent two ind
Page 375 and 376: officially joined Fortuna Redux as
Page 377 and 378: The rise of the Flavians signaled a
Page 379 and 380: Hadrian, reminiscent of the scene f
Page 381 and 382: Many other episodes demonstrate the
Page 383 and 384: the cultural setting of Rome, accor
Page 385 and 386: Bibliography Abramenko, A. (1993).
Page 387 and 388: Bemmann, K. (1992). Füllhörner in
Page 389 and 390: Cahn, H. A. (1981). "Abundantia," L
Page 391 and 392: _________. (1993). Lazio, (Guide Ar
Page 393 and 394: Dohrn, T. (1960). Die Tyche von Ant
Page 395 and 396: Forni, G. (1989). La Fortuna dei Ro
Page 397: Gersht, R. (1984). "The Tyche of Ca
Page 401 and 402: Hornum, M. B. (1993). Nemesis, The
Page 403 and 404: Koeppel, G. (1983). “Die historis
Page 405 and 406: Levi, M. A. (1980). “’Fortuna-f
Page 407 and 408: Martin, H. G. (1987). Römische Tem
Page 409 and 410: Naumann, F. (1983). Der Ikonographi
Page 411 and 412: Perry, B. E. (1967). The Ancient Ro
Page 413 and 414: ________. (1994). “Caesar: civil
Page 415 and 416: ________. (1992). “Der Capricorn
Page 417 and 418: ____________. (2000). “Nero and t
Page 419 and 420: Tobin, J. (1993). "Some new thought
Page 421 and 422: Viscogliosi, A. (1996). “Il tempi
Page 423 and 424: Zanker, P. (1984) Il Foro di August
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