The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text - University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text Publication No._____________ Darius Andre Arya, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2002 Supervisor: Karl Galinsky Fortuna in imperial Rome was a complex, multivalent deity, venerated with particular fervency during the first and second centuries CE. This study presents an examination of the continual evolution of the cult and image of goddess in case studies from cult settings, artistic depictions, and literary descriptions, revealing the multiple meanings that she conveyed to Romans and Greeks during the imperial period. Fortuna’s evolving character was due to a variety of political, religious, social exigencies. Romans considered her a single, universalized deity and qualified her with over ninety epithets, according to different settings and needs. However, despite Fortuna’s strong rapport with Tyche, the modern term “Tyche-Fortuna” has only served to obscure the persona of Fortuna because it has been interpreted variously in religious, art historical, and literary studies; Fortuna did not simply become Tyche in the imperial period. In the first chapter, two studies of Tyche statues demonstrate that the Romans viii
influenced the image of Tyche as much as the Greeks influenced that of Fortuna. Fortuna’s image continued to change during the imperial period. For example, Fortuna statuary received new iconographical features in a Roman setting, including a rudder resting on a globe and a rudder resting on a wheel, reflecting her novel role as guarantor of the empire and the emperor. The background of Fortuna in Rome included shrines and temples dedicated to the goddess from Rome’s primordial past, as well as features adopted and adapted from the cult of Tyche during the Republican period. The second and first centuries BCE witnessed the transformation of Fortuna from national deity to personal patron of various Roman generals, from Catulus to Julius Caesar. A new development in the cult of Fortuna took place under Augustus. In the Campus Martius, the figure of Fortuna figures prominently in a number of Augustan buildings, in particular, the Pantheon that was modeled, in part, after the Tychaion in Alexandria. Most explicitly, the role of Fortuna in Augustan Rome became focused on the cults of Fortuna Redux and Fortuna Augusta, directly tied to the persona of the emperor as kingmaker and guarantor of dynastic succession. ix
Page 1 and 2: Copyright by Darius Andre Arya 2002
Page 3 and 4: The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rom
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements This study of Fort
Page 7: the moment I arrived in Texas, this
Page 11 and 12: Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
Page 13 and 14: Fortuna “installations” in the
Page 15 and 16: The Antonines and Severans ........
Page 17 and 18: unique creation from Sparta, which
Page 19 and 20: slightly to the viewer’s left; th
Page 21 and 22: The mural crown of Tyche was derive
Page 23 and 24: Vergil’s Aeneid (6.626-670), whic
Page 25 and 26: shoulders his father, Anchises (who
Page 27 and 28: mural crown itself. Two gates are o
Page 29 and 30: The Sparta Tyche head, with the fig
Page 31 and 32: By virtue of the depiction of the w
Page 33 and 34: of Augustus. 51 The emperor also cr
Page 35 and 36: agora analogous to the Tyche statue
Page 37 and 38: The basic information about the sta
Page 39 and 40: figured prominently in other Seleuc
Page 41 and 42: vicinity of the Theater of Marcellu
Page 43 and 44: ecame visually canonized through he
Page 45 and 46: Most scholars, instead, identify th
Page 47 and 48: coinage in the East. The city becam
Page 49 and 50: triad. 103 The Tyche of Antioch sea
Page 51 and 52: emperor. The first Tyche statue con
Page 53 and 54: fortune of a city, and the fortune
Page 55 and 56: eginnings. Ferre, “to bring,” a
Page 57 and 58: SCOPE OF THE STUDY Recent studies o
Page 59 and 60:
as many scholars often conclude. 13
Page 61 and 62:
characteristics of Tyche has obscur
Page 63 and 64:
goddess was a central feature in th
Page 65 and 66:
Initial inquiries into the relation
Page 67 and 68:
Chapter 2: The interrelationship be
Page 69 and 70:
Fortuna” does not necessarily des
Page 71 and 72:
conquered one’s own city). 154 Th
Page 73 and 74:
Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
Page 75 and 76:
Respiciens (Cicero, leg., 2.28), an
Page 77 and 78:
cases, the two Fortuna goddesses ar
Page 79 and 80:
adorned the bronze 178 cult statue
Page 81 and 82:
econstruction of the entire site at
Page 83 and 84:
Max. 1.8.11, Ovid, Fasti, 6.569-572
Page 85 and 86:
Cornucopia The account of one of th
Page 87 and 88:
chthonic deities. 213 By the first
Page 89 and 90:
grain, e.g., the Tychai of Alexandr
Page 91 and 92:
fourth century depict the goddess w
Page 93 and 94:
the relief, has questioned the iden
Page 95 and 96:
an independent symbol of power. 252
Page 97 and 98:
The concept of Tyche standing preca
Page 99 and 100:
statuary depicting Fortuna holding
Page 101 and 102:
an apple tree branch in her left ha
Page 103 and 104:
The wheel, in a negative sense, as
Page 105 and 106:
Tyche in the sixth century BCE rema
Page 107 and 108:
securely-identified Fortuna-type fi
Page 109 and 110:
a term; indeed, the Romans never de
Page 111 and 112:
artistic representations (discussed
Page 113 and 114:
In particular, the Tabula of Cebes,
Page 115 and 116:
Hellenistic depictions of Tyche, ac
Page 117 and 118:
Writing in Greek, Plutarch defines
Page 119 and 120:
two essays on Alexander served as a
Page 121 and 122:
“ἤόόὶάὶίίίὴ
Page 123 and 124:
depended on its dedicator, the circ
Page 125 and 126:
disagreements on Plutarch’s trans
Page 127 and 128:
features common to her artistic rep
Page 129 and 130:
stormy sea crossing (319B-D). This
Page 131 and 132:
individuals. 355 In Plutarch’s hi
Page 133 and 134:
Arete-Tyche topos Plutarch’s essa
Page 135 and 136:
Historians also recognized Tyche’
Page 137 and 138:
In On the Fortune of the Romans, Pl
Page 139 and 140:
protecting Rome throughout history
Page 141 and 142:
Plutarch reveals that the reigns of
Page 143 and 144:
the East as early as the second cen
Page 145 and 146:
honor gods, speak to and for cities
Page 147 and 148:
the demise of Greek power and the r
Page 149 and 150:
defeats of Philip V and Antiochus I
Page 151 and 152:
Fortune of the Romans, however, dem
Page 153 and 154:
Chapter 3: Fortuna and the late Rep
Page 155 and 156:
throne, another, naked, holding a g
Page 157 and 158:
of the period immediately after the
Page 159 and 160:
including Stoicism. Indeed, the Tyc
Page 161 and 162:
individual identified as such. 439
Page 163 and 164:
The Greek city states and citizens
Page 165 and 166:
great influence in Caesarian and Au
Page 167 and 168:
events that took place in the fifth
Page 169 and 170:
Roman deities, 474 became less the
Page 171 and 172:
Personal relations with Fortuna in
Page 173 and 174:
Primigenia, Antium, and the Tyche o
Page 175 and 176:
epiphany of the god, akin to appear
Page 177 and 178:
goddess, successfully blended with
Page 179 and 180:
(8.26.3). Both Greek terms underlin
Page 181 and 182:
uncertain deity and ensurer of vict
Page 183 and 184:
architectural complex, in particula
Page 185 and 186:
had just been rebuilt recently, was
Page 187 and 188:
of the round temple and long portic
Page 189 and 190:
associative iconography of the Roma
Page 191 and 192:
Pythagorean doctrines, which flouri
Page 193 and 194:
to Dem, 153, 474). Triptolemus was
Page 195 and 196:
and Augustus. 575 The Temple of For
Page 197 and 198:
Sulla, 34.3). He designated Lucullu
Page 199 and 200:
mural crown). 586 The affinity betw
Page 201 and 202:
Sulla also fostered personal relati
Page 203 and 204:
constructed a massive temple dedica
Page 205 and 206:
essentially muscled in on Lucullus
Page 207 and 208:
archaeological remains justify Coar
Page 209 and 210:
Capitoline), thereby demonstrating
Page 211 and 212:
the Augustan building program, in t
Page 213 and 214:
This new attribution of the Fortuna
Page 215 and 216:
symbolic ramifications. 639 Not onl
Page 217 and 218:
his household in 12 CE to the shrin
Page 219 and 220:
creation of the cult of divus Iuliu
Page 221 and 222:
BCE. Indeed, recent study suggests
Page 223 and 224:
tyche. 665 The association between
Page 225 and 226:
Through his subsequent dedication o
Page 227 and 228:
pietas, reflects Lucius’ fraterna
Page 229 and 230:
Valeria and Sulla and to the Graeco
Page 231 and 232:
In conclusion, the Late Republican
Page 233 and 234:
of Hellenistic Alexandria, created
Page 235 and 236:
According to the new study, the ter
Page 237 and 238:
the sea with a fisherman’s vessel
Page 239 and 240:
generals, that Victory and Good For
Page 241 and 242:
eligio-political Augustan program i
Page 243 and 244:
audience and context. As a result o
Page 245 and 246:
With the victory of Octavian over M
Page 247 and 248:
the fact that the entrances faced o
Page 249 and 250:
entrance into Augustus’ Mausoleum
Page 251 and 252:
studies, Caesar’s role in these p
Page 253 and 254:
Agrippa, 741 would actually succeed
Page 255 and 256:
libraries. In doing so, Caesar join
Page 257 and 258:
Nile, a common feature of Isiac san
Page 259 and 260:
echoed in the creation of the Tycha
Page 261 and 262:
the Italian Fortuna cult by the end
Page 263 and 264:
The planning (and possible construc
Page 265 and 266:
The Augustan Campus Martius related
Page 267 and 268:
and the sentiments of victory that
Page 269 and 270:
The earliest mention of the water b
Page 271 and 272:
dedicated on September 23, Augustus
Page 273 and 274:
Apollo from nearby Seleucia; Apollo
Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 5: Fortuna in Augustan Rome
Page 277 and 278:
of dynastic succession, for the Jul
Page 279 and 280:
complexity of these cults in Rome.
Page 281 and 282:
two stanzas of I.35, Nisbet and Hub
Page 283 and 284:
Fortuna as other deities of Rome, a
Page 285 and 286:
asking Fortuna to protect Augustus,
Page 287 and 288:
Rome (both of which utilized Antium
Page 289 and 290:
with an actual prayer to the goddes
Page 291 and 292:
Through her many epithets (90), 855
Page 293 and 294:
In the second century CE, the priva
Page 295 and 296:
predominant, private and public shr
Page 297 and 298:
Aurelius Urbanus/ ex voto” next t
Page 299 and 300:
well as goddess who could turn arou
Page 301 and 302:
FORTUNA IN THE MARS ULTOR PEDIMENT
Page 303 and 304:
The pairing of Fortuna and Venus in
Page 305 and 306:
Lucan's choice of the mural crown f
Page 307 and 308:
lituus, in the Mars Ultor panel as
Page 309 and 310:
[Aram Fortunam Reducis ante ae]des
Page 311 and 312:
Historical background: grain shorta
Page 313 and 314:
The altar in relationship to nearby
Page 315 and 316:
identified with the Muses and assoc
Page 317 and 318:
the structure where the general cha
Page 319 and 320:
he later celebrated this diplomatic
Page 321 and 322:
to Parthia, Trajan stopped at Antio
Page 323 and 324:
archaeological park of S. Omobono.
Page 325 and 326:
i.e., without figural panels. 965 G
Page 327 and 328:
of the altar, December 15 (Degrassi
Page 329 and 330:
Apollo were paired in cult settings
Page 331 and 332:
theme of Fortuna’s role in time,
Page 333 and 334:
general. 984 Although the literary
Page 335 and 336:
presents the double gate next to th
Page 337 and 338:
Nova. 997 However, he flatly reject
Page 339 and 340:
the “gate” (a triumphal arch ac
Page 341 and 342:
esponse to the famine that was reco
Page 343 and 344:
the early fifth century CE. 1022 De
Page 345 and 346:
studies. 1027 The Marcus Aurelius
Page 347 and 348:
elief, the relief has been dated to
Page 349 and 350:
Nortia and Nemesis, were aspects th
Page 351 and 352:
vengeance on imperial monuments, su
Page 353 and 354:
second and third centuries CE, and
Page 355 and 356:
administered by slaves (see below).
Page 357 and 358:
later, they were both slaves and fr
Page 359 and 360:
Fortuna Augusta are common in the A
Page 361 and 362:
The association between non-elites
Page 363 and 364:
society and was readily adopted by
Page 365 and 366:
The inscriptional evidence for the
Page 367 and 368:
demonstrates that the city became a
Page 369 and 370:
society. The dialogue that began ce
Page 371 and 372:
of plenty capped with a twin of Dru
Page 373 and 374:
Sejanus and Galba represent two ind
Page 375 and 376:
officially joined Fortuna Redux as
Page 377 and 378:
The rise of the Flavians signaled a
Page 379 and 380:
Hadrian, reminiscent of the scene f
Page 381 and 382:
Many other episodes demonstrate the
Page 383 and 384:
the cultural setting of Rome, accor
Page 385 and 386:
Bibliography Abramenko, A. (1993).
Page 387 and 388:
Bemmann, K. (1992). Füllhörner in
Page 389 and 390:
Cahn, H. A. (1981). "Abundantia," L
Page 391 and 392:
_________. (1993). Lazio, (Guide Ar
Page 393 and 394:
Dohrn, T. (1960). Die Tyche von Ant
Page 395 and 396:
Forni, G. (1989). La Fortuna dei Ro
Page 397 and 398:
Gersht, R. (1984). "The Tyche of Ca
Page 399 and 400:
Hallett, C. H. (1995). “Kopienkri
Page 401 and 402:
Hornum, M. B. (1993). Nemesis, The
Page 403 and 404:
Koeppel, G. (1983). “Die historis
Page 405 and 406:
Levi, M. A. (1980). “’Fortuna-f
Page 407 and 408:
Martin, H. G. (1987). Römische Tem
Page 409 and 410:
Naumann, F. (1983). Der Ikonographi
Page 411 and 412:
Perry, B. E. (1967). The Ancient Ro
Page 413 and 414:
________. (1994). “Caesar: civil
Page 415 and 416:
________. (1992). “Der Capricorn
Page 417 and 418:
____________. (2000). “Nero and t
Page 419 and 420:
Tobin, J. (1993). "Some new thought
Page 421 and 422:
Viscogliosi, A. (1996). “Il tempi
Page 423 and 424:
Zanker, P. (1984) Il Foro di August
show all

The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text - University of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?