The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text - University of ...

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and bucrania. The partially-preserved inscription on the entablature reads: Imp. Caesar Vesp[asianus]. 799 The monument is of obvious importance to the nearby monuments, since it is located along the curve of the Theater of Marcellus and is on axis with the steps of the Temple of Apollo, two important Augustan monuments. Given the intentional architectural relationship with these two structures, it is probable that the design of the monument was, in fact, Augustan, part of the revitalization of the area, if not earlier. The theater-temple association originated in the second-century BCE building phase in the area. 800 Both the Temple of Apollo and the position of the theater (completed and dedicated to Marcellus by Augustus in 13 BCE) originated as a Caesarian project. 801 Viscogliosi suggests that Sosius, who served as a lieutenant under Julius Caesar, had been designated to reconstruct the Temple of Apollo, while Caesar was still alive. Later, when Sosius became a partisan of Mark Antony, he planned the project to rival Octavian’s Temple of Apollo Palatinus. After Octavian’s victory, the temple went through an apparent architectural change. It was not dedicated under Sosius’ name, nor was it mentioned in Augustus’ Res Gestae as the princeps’ project; however, it had become an Augustan monument by the time of its dedication, since it was 799 Ibid. 800 LTUR (1993) A. Viscogliosi, “Apollo, aedes in Circo,” I.49-54, Viscogliosi (1996). Gros (1976), Zanker (1988a) 66ff. 255
dedicated on September 23, Augustus’ birthday (like the Temple of Bonus Eventus). 802 Given Vespasian’s own self-promoted association with Augustus, the fountain would have been an appropriate monument to rebuild along with the theater, which he restored after a fire (Suet., Vesp. 19.1). The theater itself was an important dynastic monument since it housed the first statue of the divine Augustus “ad theatrum Marcelli,” (before the construction of the Temple of Divus Augustus) and was in the vicinity of other dynastic monuments in the nearby Circus Flaminius. 803 The monopteros-theater combination of the Theater of Marcellus finds a parallel in the sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia in Praeneste. Its theme of theater and temple were imitated in Tivoli and Rome (e.g., Hercules Victor, Pompey’s theater complex). In addition, on the Palatine, the Temple of Mater Magna had a theater, 804 in the vicinity of the round (tholos-like) hut of Romulus, 805 all of which became associated with the house of Augustus. The tholos-like colonnade around the fountain also conveys affiliations between Fortuna and the imperial cult. The Fortuna Huiusce Diei in the Campus Martius, if not the Pantheon were both tholos structures, as I have previously 801 Ibid. 802 Ibid., Gros (1976), Zanker (1988a) 66-67. 803 LTUR (1993) A. Viscogliosi, “Circus Flaminius,” I.269-272. 804 LTUR (1996) P. Pensabene, “Magna Mater, aedes,” III.206-208, Richardson (1992) 242-243. 256
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Copyright by Darius Andre Arya 2002
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The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rom
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Acknowledgements This study of Fort
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the moment I arrived in Texas, this
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influenced the image of Tyche as mu
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Fortuna “installations” in the
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The Antonines and Severans ........
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unique creation from Sparta, which
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slightly to the viewer’s left; th
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The mural crown of Tyche was derive
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Vergil’s Aeneid (6.626-670), whic
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shoulders his father, Anchises (who
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mural crown itself. Two gates are o
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The Sparta Tyche head, with the fig
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By virtue of the depiction of the w
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of Augustus. 51 The emperor also cr
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agora analogous to the Tyche statue
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The basic information about the sta
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figured prominently in other Seleuc
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vicinity of the Theater of Marcellu
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ecame visually canonized through he
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Most scholars, instead, identify th
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coinage in the East. The city becam
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triad. 103 The Tyche of Antioch sea
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emperor. The first Tyche statue con
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fortune of a city, and the fortune
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eginnings. Ferre, “to bring,” a
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY Recent studies o
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as many scholars often conclude. 13
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characteristics of Tyche has obscur
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goddess was a central feature in th
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Initial inquiries into the relation
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Chapter 2: The interrelationship be
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Fortuna” does not necessarily des
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conquered one’s own city). 154 Th
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Respiciens (Cicero, leg., 2.28), an
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cases, the two Fortuna goddesses ar
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adorned the bronze 178 cult statue
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econstruction of the entire site at
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Max. 1.8.11, Ovid, Fasti, 6.569-572
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Cornucopia The account of one of th
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chthonic deities. 213 By the first
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grain, e.g., the Tychai of Alexandr
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fourth century depict the goddess w
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the relief, has questioned the iden
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an independent symbol of power. 252
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The concept of Tyche standing preca
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statuary depicting Fortuna holding
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an apple tree branch in her left ha
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The wheel, in a negative sense, as
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Tyche in the sixth century BCE rema
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securely-identified Fortuna-type fi
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a term; indeed, the Romans never de
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artistic representations (discussed
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In particular, the Tabula of Cebes,
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Hellenistic depictions of Tyche, ac
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Writing in Greek, Plutarch defines
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two essays on Alexander served as a
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“ἤόόὶάὶίίίὴ
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depended on its dedicator, the circ
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disagreements on Plutarch’s trans
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features common to her artistic rep
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stormy sea crossing (319B-D). This
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individuals. 355 In Plutarch’s hi
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Arete-Tyche topos Plutarch’s essa
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Historians also recognized Tyche’
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In On the Fortune of the Romans, Pl
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protecting Rome throughout history
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Plutarch reveals that the reigns of
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the East as early as the second cen
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honor gods, speak to and for cities
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the demise of Greek power and the r
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defeats of Philip V and Antiochus I
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Fortune of the Romans, however, dem
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Chapter 3: Fortuna and the late Rep
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throne, another, naked, holding a g
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of the period immediately after the
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including Stoicism. Indeed, the Tyc
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individual identified as such. 439
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The Greek city states and citizens
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great influence in Caesarian and Au
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events that took place in the fifth
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Roman deities, 474 became less the
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Personal relations with Fortuna in
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Primigenia, Antium, and the Tyche o
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epiphany of the god, akin to appear
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goddess, successfully blended with
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(8.26.3). Both Greek terms underlin
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uncertain deity and ensurer of vict
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architectural complex, in particula
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had just been rebuilt recently, was
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of the round temple and long portic
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associative iconography of the Roma
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Pythagorean doctrines, which flouri
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to Dem, 153, 474). Triptolemus was
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and Augustus. 575 The Temple of For
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Sulla, 34.3). He designated Lucullu
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mural crown). 586 The affinity betw
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Sulla also fostered personal relati
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constructed a massive temple dedica
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essentially muscled in on Lucullus
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archaeological remains justify Coar
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Capitoline), thereby demonstrating
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the Augustan building program, in t
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This new attribution of the Fortuna
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symbolic ramifications. 639 Not onl
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his household in 12 CE to the shrin
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Page 225 and 226: Through his subsequent dedication o
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Page 235 and 236: According to the new study, the ter
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Page 245 and 246: With the victory of Octavian over M
Page 247 and 248: the fact that the entrances faced o
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Page 251 and 252: studies, Caesar’s role in these p
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Page 291 and 292: Through her many epithets (90), 855
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Page 297 and 298: Aurelius Urbanus/ ex voto” next t
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Page 301 and 302: FORTUNA IN THE MARS ULTOR PEDIMENT
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to Parthia, Trajan stopped at Antio
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archaeological park of S. Omobono.
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i.e., without figural panels. 965 G
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of the altar, December 15 (Degrassi
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Apollo were paired in cult settings
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theme of Fortuna’s role in time,
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general. 984 Although the literary
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presents the double gate next to th
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Nova. 997 However, he flatly reject
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the “gate” (a triumphal arch ac
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esponse to the famine that was reco
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the early fifth century CE. 1022 De
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studies. 1027 The Marcus Aurelius
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elief, the relief has been dated to
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Nortia and Nemesis, were aspects th
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vengeance on imperial monuments, su
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second and third centuries CE, and
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administered by slaves (see below).
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later, they were both slaves and fr
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Fortuna Augusta are common in the A
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The association between non-elites
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society and was readily adopted by
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The inscriptional evidence for the
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demonstrates that the city became a
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society. The dialogue that began ce
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of plenty capped with a twin of Dru
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Sejanus and Galba represent two ind
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officially joined Fortuna Redux as
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The rise of the Flavians signaled a
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Hadrian, reminiscent of the scene f
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Many other episodes demonstrate the
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the cultural setting of Rome, accor
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Bibliography Abramenko, A. (1993).
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Bemmann, K. (1992). Füllhörner in
Page 389 and 390:
Cahn, H. A. (1981). "Abundantia," L
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_________. (1993). Lazio, (Guide Ar
Page 393 and 394:
Dohrn, T. (1960). Die Tyche von Ant
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Forni, G. (1989). La Fortuna dei Ro
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Gersht, R. (1984). "The Tyche of Ca
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Hallett, C. H. (1995). “Kopienkri
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Hornum, M. B. (1993). Nemesis, The
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Koeppel, G. (1983). “Die historis
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Levi, M. A. (1980). “’Fortuna-f
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Martin, H. G. (1987). Römische Tem
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Naumann, F. (1983). Der Ikonographi
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Perry, B. E. (1967). The Ancient Ro
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________. (1994). “Caesar: civil
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________. (1992). “Der Capricorn
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____________. (2000). “Nero and t
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Tobin, J. (1993). "Some new thought
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Viscogliosi, A. (1996). “Il tempi
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Zanker, P. (1984) Il Foro di August
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