The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text - University of ...

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_________. (1981b). "The Theology of Victory in Rome: Approaches and Problems," ANRW II.17.2.736-826. __________. (1981c). "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," ANRW II.17.2.827-948. Feeney, D. C. (1991). The Gods in Epic (Oxford). ___________. (1998). Literature and Religion at Rome: Cultures, Contexts, and Beliefs (Cambridge). Ferguson, J. (1970). Religions of the Roman Empire (London). Fishwick, D. (1969). “Genius and Numen,” HThR 62.356-367. __________. (1970). “Numina Augustorum,” CQ 64.191-197. __________. (1978). “The development of Provincial Rulder Worship in the Western Roman Empire,” ANRW II.16.2.1201-1253. __________. (1982). “The Altar of Augustus and the Municipal Cult of Tarraco,” Madr. Mitt. 23.222-233. __________. (1987 and 1992). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West. Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire. Vols. 1 and 2 (Leiden). Fitzgerald, J. T., and White, L. M. (1983). Tabula of Cebes (California). Flacelière, R. (1966). “Plutarque, ‘De Fortuna Romanorum,’” Mélanges Carcopino, 367-75. Fleischer, R. (1984a). “Aphrodite (Aphrodisias),” LIMC II.151-154. _________. (1984b). “Artemis Ephesia,” LIMC II.755-763. _________. (1986a). “Die Tyche des Demetrios I. Von Syria,” AA 698-706. _________. (1986b). “Die Tychegruppe von Balanea-Leukas in Syrien,” AA 707- 709. _________. (1986c). “Atargatis (Damascus),” LIMC III.358. 379
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Copyright by Darius Andre Arya 2002
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The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rom
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Acknowledgements This study of Fort
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the moment I arrived in Texas, this
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influenced the image of Tyche as mu
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Fortuna “installations” in the
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The Antonines and Severans ........
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unique creation from Sparta, which
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slightly to the viewer’s left; th
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The mural crown of Tyche was derive
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Vergil’s Aeneid (6.626-670), whic
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shoulders his father, Anchises (who
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mural crown itself. Two gates are o
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The Sparta Tyche head, with the fig
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By virtue of the depiction of the w
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of Augustus. 51 The emperor also cr
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agora analogous to the Tyche statue
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The basic information about the sta
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figured prominently in other Seleuc
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vicinity of the Theater of Marcellu
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ecame visually canonized through he
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Most scholars, instead, identify th
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coinage in the East. The city becam
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triad. 103 The Tyche of Antioch sea
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emperor. The first Tyche statue con
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fortune of a city, and the fortune
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eginnings. Ferre, “to bring,” a
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY Recent studies o
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as many scholars often conclude. 13
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characteristics of Tyche has obscur
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goddess was a central feature in th
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Initial inquiries into the relation
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Chapter 2: The interrelationship be
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Fortuna” does not necessarily des
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conquered one’s own city). 154 Th
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Fortuna: multivalent (beneficent an
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Respiciens (Cicero, leg., 2.28), an
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cases, the two Fortuna goddesses ar
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adorned the bronze 178 cult statue
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econstruction of the entire site at
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Max. 1.8.11, Ovid, Fasti, 6.569-572
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Cornucopia The account of one of th
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chthonic deities. 213 By the first
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grain, e.g., the Tychai of Alexandr
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fourth century depict the goddess w
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the relief, has questioned the iden
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an independent symbol of power. 252
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The concept of Tyche standing preca
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statuary depicting Fortuna holding
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an apple tree branch in her left ha
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The wheel, in a negative sense, as
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Tyche in the sixth century BCE rema
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securely-identified Fortuna-type fi
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a term; indeed, the Romans never de
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artistic representations (discussed
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In particular, the Tabula of Cebes,
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Hellenistic depictions of Tyche, ac
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Writing in Greek, Plutarch defines
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two essays on Alexander served as a
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“ἤόόὶάὶίίίὴ
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depended on its dedicator, the circ
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disagreements on Plutarch’s trans
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features common to her artistic rep
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stormy sea crossing (319B-D). This
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individuals. 355 In Plutarch’s hi
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Arete-Tyche topos Plutarch’s essa
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Historians also recognized Tyche’
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In On the Fortune of the Romans, Pl
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protecting Rome throughout history
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Plutarch reveals that the reigns of
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the East as early as the second cen
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honor gods, speak to and for cities
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the demise of Greek power and the r
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defeats of Philip V and Antiochus I
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Fortune of the Romans, however, dem
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Chapter 3: Fortuna and the late Rep
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throne, another, naked, holding a g
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of the period immediately after the
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including Stoicism. Indeed, the Tyc
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individual identified as such. 439
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The Greek city states and citizens
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great influence in Caesarian and Au
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events that took place in the fifth
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Roman deities, 474 became less the
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Personal relations with Fortuna in
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Primigenia, Antium, and the Tyche o
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epiphany of the god, akin to appear
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goddess, successfully blended with
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(8.26.3). Both Greek terms underlin
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uncertain deity and ensurer of vict
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architectural complex, in particula
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had just been rebuilt recently, was
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of the round temple and long portic
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associative iconography of the Roma
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Pythagorean doctrines, which flouri
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to Dem, 153, 474). Triptolemus was
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and Augustus. 575 The Temple of For
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Sulla, 34.3). He designated Lucullu
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mural crown). 586 The affinity betw
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Sulla also fostered personal relati
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constructed a massive temple dedica
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essentially muscled in on Lucullus
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archaeological remains justify Coar
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Capitoline), thereby demonstrating
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the Augustan building program, in t
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This new attribution of the Fortuna
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symbolic ramifications. 639 Not onl
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his household in 12 CE to the shrin
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creation of the cult of divus Iuliu
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BCE. Indeed, recent study suggests
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tyche. 665 The association between
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Through his subsequent dedication o
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pietas, reflects Lucius’ fraterna
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Valeria and Sulla and to the Graeco
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In conclusion, the Late Republican
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of Hellenistic Alexandria, created
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According to the new study, the ter
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the sea with a fisherman’s vessel
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generals, that Victory and Good For
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eligio-political Augustan program i
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audience and context. As a result o
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With the victory of Octavian over M
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the fact that the entrances faced o
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entrance into Augustus’ Mausoleum
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studies, Caesar’s role in these p
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Agrippa, 741 would actually succeed
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libraries. In doing so, Caesar join
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Nile, a common feature of Isiac san
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echoed in the creation of the Tycha
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the Italian Fortuna cult by the end
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The planning (and possible construc
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The Augustan Campus Martius related
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and the sentiments of victory that
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The earliest mention of the water b
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dedicated on September 23, Augustus
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Apollo from nearby Seleucia; Apollo
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Chapter 5: Fortuna in Augustan Rome
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of dynastic succession, for the Jul
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complexity of these cults in Rome.
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two stanzas of I.35, Nisbet and Hub
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Fortuna as other deities of Rome, a
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asking Fortuna to protect Augustus,
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Rome (both of which utilized Antium
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with an actual prayer to the goddes
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Through her many epithets (90), 855
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In the second century CE, the priva
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predominant, private and public shr
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Aurelius Urbanus/ ex voto” next t
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well as goddess who could turn arou
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FORTUNA IN THE MARS ULTOR PEDIMENT
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The pairing of Fortuna and Venus in
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Lucan's choice of the mural crown f
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lituus, in the Mars Ultor panel as
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[Aram Fortunam Reducis ante ae]des
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Historical background: grain shorta
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The altar in relationship to nearby
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identified with the Muses and assoc
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the structure where the general cha
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he later celebrated this diplomatic
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to Parthia, Trajan stopped at Antio
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archaeological park of S. Omobono.
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i.e., without figural panels. 965 G
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of the altar, December 15 (Degrassi
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Apollo were paired in cult settings
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theme of Fortuna’s role in time,
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general. 984 Although the literary
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presents the double gate next to th
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Nova. 997 However, he flatly reject
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the “gate” (a triumphal arch ac
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esponse to the famine that was reco
Page 343 and 344: the early fifth century CE. 1022 De
Page 345 and 346: studies. 1027 The Marcus Aurelius
Page 347 and 348: elief, the relief has been dated to
Page 349 and 350: Nortia and Nemesis, were aspects th
Page 351 and 352: vengeance on imperial monuments, su
Page 353 and 354: second and third centuries CE, and
Page 355 and 356: administered by slaves (see below).
Page 357 and 358: later, they were both slaves and fr
Page 359 and 360: Fortuna Augusta are common in the A
Page 361 and 362: The association between non-elites
Page 363 and 364: society and was readily adopted by
Page 365 and 366: The inscriptional evidence for the
Page 367 and 368: demonstrates that the city became a
Page 369 and 370: society. The dialogue that began ce
Page 371 and 372: of plenty capped with a twin of Dru
Page 373 and 374: Sejanus and Galba represent two ind
Page 375 and 376: officially joined Fortuna Redux as
Page 377 and 378: The rise of the Flavians signaled a
Page 379 and 380: Hadrian, reminiscent of the scene f
Page 381 and 382: Many other episodes demonstrate the
Page 383 and 384: the cultural setting of Rome, accor
Page 385 and 386: Bibliography Abramenko, A. (1993).
Page 387 and 388: Bemmann, K. (1992). Füllhörner in
Page 389 and 390: Cahn, H. A. (1981). "Abundantia," L
Page 391 and 392: _________. (1993). Lazio, (Guide Ar
Page 393: Dohrn, T. (1960). Die Tyche von Ant
Page 397 and 398: Gersht, R. (1984). "The Tyche of Ca
Page 399 and 400: Hallett, C. H. (1995). “Kopienkri
Page 401 and 402: Hornum, M. B. (1993). Nemesis, The
Page 403 and 404: Koeppel, G. (1983). “Die historis
Page 405 and 406: Levi, M. A. (1980). “’Fortuna-f
Page 407 and 408: Martin, H. G. (1987). Römische Tem
Page 409 and 410: Naumann, F. (1983). Der Ikonographi
Page 411 and 412: Perry, B. E. (1967). The Ancient Ro
Page 413 and 414: ________. (1994). “Caesar: civil
Page 415 and 416: ________. (1992). “Der Capricorn
Page 417 and 418: ____________. (2000). “Nero and t
Page 419 and 420: Tobin, J. (1993). "Some new thought
Page 421 and 422: Viscogliosi, A. (1996). “Il tempi
Page 423 and 424: Zanker, P. (1984) Il Foro di August
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