Guidelines for Metals and Metalloids in Ambient ... - ARCHIVE: Defra

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Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards tract with no (or marginal) histological reaction then a factor of two to four may be applied to a NOAEL as a precautionary measure. This reflects the high level of confidence that these effects are unlikely to be more severe in humans than in animals. Where a minimal effect level is used for extrapolation an additional factor is applied as described in the “lung cancer” section. For respiratory irritation this factor may be at the level of two to four, again reflecting the significant information available to model this response and the relatively minor nature of the response in humans (ranging from “a tickle in the throat” to a cough at levels just above the no-effect threshold). For more severe effects such as chronic inflammation, a factor of ten would be more usual. 53. A further factor of ten is applied to animal data or to the NOAEL derived from human responses to reflect possible differences in susceptibility in the population as a whole. This factor may be reduced or eliminated if the data were derived from a susceptible group, for example, asthmatics. 1.4.2.3 Hypersensitivity 54. This response is usually induced by intermittent contact at high level. In contrast, continuous exposures, even at high levels, may protect against the development of allergy through the induction of immunological tolerance. Once sensitised an individual may respond to concentrations very much lower than those necessary to induce the initial reaction. There is only limited evidence for cross-reactivity between dermal and inhalation exposures, but it is reasonable to assume that this may be possible for soluble materials in sensitised individuals. 55. The Panel considered that the guideline values adopted for pollutants should prevent the development of hypersensitivity. The Panel did not consider it realistic to allow for idiosyncratic responses which could nonetheless be possible in a few individuals with extreme sensitivity. However, where available, literature values for the threshold of response were examined to assure that guideline values would not provoke a reaction in sensitised individuals. The values derived are considered to fulfil this requirement, with values well below those known to provoke reactions. 14
Introduction References Asikainen, T.M., Raivio, K.O., Saksela, M., and Kinnula, V.L. (1998). Expression and developmental profile of antioxidant enzymes in human lung and liver. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol; 19(6):942-9. EPAQS (2003). EPAQS statement on the use of an interim methodology for setting guideline values for environmental assessment level. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/panels/aqs/publications/pdf/ epaqs-0314.pdf Department of Health (1998). Communicating About Risks to Public Health – Pointers to Good Practice, London, UK, The Stationery Office. EPAQS (2006a). Halogens and Hydrogen Halides, Appendix 1, pp 67-69. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/publications/halogens/ index.htm EPAQS (2006b). Halogens and Hydrogen Halides, Section 1.2.3, pp 7-8. Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/publications/halogens/ index.htm EA (2003). Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control. Environmental Assessment and Appraisal of BAT: Horizontal Guidance Note H1. Environment Agency. Draft July 2003. Macnee, W. (2007). Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med; 28(3):479-513, v. WHO (2000). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe (Second edition). World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. 15
Page 1 and 2: Department for Environment, Food an
Page 3 and 4: Department for Environment, Food an
Page 5 and 6: Contents Contents Terms of Referenc
Page 7 and 8: 3.5 Justification for air quality g
Page 9 and 10: Terms of Reference The Expert Panel
Page 11 and 12: Dr Alison Searl BSc, MSc, PhD Insti
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgments We thank the follow
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Page 18 and 19: Expert Panel on Air Quality Standar
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Expert Panel on Air Quality Standar
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Chapter 5 Chromium 5.1 Background 5
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Chromium stations, industry and for
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Chromium 245. Occupational exposure
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Chromium 5.2.3 Tissue distribution
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Chromium occasionally reached level
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Chromium 5.3.4.2 Human studies 272.
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Chromium 282. The WHO (2000) classi
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Chromium 5.5. Justification for air
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Chromium 5.6. Recommendation 304. 0
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Chromium HSE (2002). EH64 Summary C
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Chromium Nethercott, J., Paustenbac
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Chromium Von Burg, R. and Liu, D. (
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Abbreviations ACGIH American Confer
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Glossary Acute toxicity / effects A
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Glossary Epidemiology Epithelium Fe
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Glossary Metalloid Mucocilliary tra
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Glossary Threshold Limit Values (TL
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Appendix 1 Setting air quality stan
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Appendix 1 hours per week for a 40
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Appendix 1 arrive at a single conce
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ISBN 978-0-85521-185-1 £10.00 Prod
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