Guidelines for Metals and Metalloids in Ambient ... - ARCHIVE: Defra

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Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (from coal combustion) was soluble and associated primarily with sulphate. Thus, nickel emissions to atmosphere from coal and oil combustion are likely to be composed mainly of (soluble) nickel sulphate, with smaller amounts of nickel oxide and nickel combined with other metals in complex oxides. Alterations in the chemical forms, following distribution in the atmosphere, have not been investigated. 116. The distribution of nickel among suspended particulate matter in air will determine the fraction that is inhalable. Data on the size distribution of nickel particles are limited. Lee and von Lehmden (1973) reported mass median diameters of nickel particles in urban air in the range of 0.83-1.67 µm, 28-55% of the particulate matter being
119. UK emissions of nickel are estimated to have declined by 82% between 1970 and 2004 as a result of reductions in the combustion of oil in power stations, industry and for domestic heating. 3.1.3 Ambient concentrations 120. Measured annual mean nickel concentrations in air in 2005 ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 ng/m 3 at rural locations, 1.9 to 4.5 ng/m 3 at urban locations and 2.3 to 19.6 ng/m 3 at monitoring sites close to metal industries. An annual mean concentration of 76 ng/m 3 was measured at a local authority-operated site south Wales in 2004 (Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council, 2006). Concentrations at rural monitoring sites have declined by about 80% between 1972 and 2001, reflecting the changes in UK emissions. 121. Figure 3.1 presents the time history of the available rural measurements of total nickel particulate from 1957 through to 2005. Annual mean levels fell from their maximum levels in the early 1960s to their current minimum levels. For recent years the figure shows the range of values measured at monitoring sites in the national networks. The highest measured concentrations in recent years in urban or industrial areas are generally similar to or lower than the historical rural concentrations. Current rural levels appear to be about a factor of 20 below their historical levels. The concentrations measured at the local authority monitoring site close to an industrial plant at Pontardawe in South Wales are considerably higher than at other monitoring sites. Figure 3.1: Time history of the available annual mean total nickel particulate concentrations in rural air from 1957 through to 1989 for Harwell, Oxfordshire (Cawse, 1987; Lee et al., 1994; Salmon et al., 1978), the maximum and minimum values measured in the national monitoring networks from 2000 to 2005 (NPL, 2006; CEH, 2006) and concentrations of airborne nickel monitored at Pontardawe (Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council, 2006). 100 90 Annual mean Ni , ng/m3 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Salmon et al. (1978) Cawse (1987) Lee et al. (1994) CEH minimum CEH maximum NPL minimum NPL maximum Pontardawe 2005 2001 1997 1993 1989 1985 1981 1977 1973 1969 1965 1961 1957 41
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Department for Environment, Food an
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Department for Environment, Food an
Page 5 and 6: Contents Contents Terms of Referenc
Page 7 and 8: 3.5 Justification for air quality g
Page 9 and 10: Terms of Reference The Expert Panel
Page 11 and 12: Dr Alison Searl BSc, MSc, PhD Insti
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgments We thank the follow
Page 16 and 17: xiv
Page 18 and 19: Expert Panel on Air Quality Standar
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 5 Chromium 5.1 Background 5
Page 101 and 102: Chromium stations, industry and for
Page 103 and 104: Chromium 245. Occupational exposure
Page 105 and 106: Chromium 5.2.3 Tissue distribution
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Chromium occasionally reached level
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Chromium 5.3.4.2 Human studies 272.
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Chromium 282. The WHO (2000) classi
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Chromium 5.5. Justification for air
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Chromium 5.6. Recommendation 304. 0
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Chromium HSE (2002). EH64 Summary C
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Chromium Nethercott, J., Paustenbac
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Chromium Von Burg, R. and Liu, D. (
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Abbreviations ACGIH American Confer
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Glossary Acute toxicity / effects A
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Glossary Epidemiology Epithelium Fe
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Glossary Metalloid Mucocilliary tra
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Glossary Threshold Limit Values (TL
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Appendix 1 Setting air quality stan
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Appendix 1 hours per week for a 40
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Appendix 1 arrive at a single conce
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ISBN 978-0-85521-185-1 £10.00 Prod
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