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Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards 226. The Panel recognises the uncertainties over the time period required to induce a disease characterised by sensitisation but considers that an annual averaging time would be appropriate. 4.6. Recommendation 227. 0.2 ng/m 3 total particulate beryllium in the PM 10 size fraction, as an annual mean. 228. This value is close to the highest level measured in a UK roadside site. Given the paucity of data, the Panel recommends that further and more extensive measurement of airborne particulate beryllium be made in urban and industrial centres across the UK to establish whether traffic or industrial sources are the more important. References ACGIH (2001). Beryllium and compounds. American Committee of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1-6. ACGIH (2006). TLVs and BEIs. Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemicals Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. American Committee of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. ISBN: 1-882417-62-3. Amicosante, M., Berretta, F., Franchi, A., Rogliani, P., Dott, C., Losi, M., Dweik, R. and Saltini, C. (2002). HLA-DP-unrestricted TNF-· release in beryllium-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur. Respir. J. 20, 1174-1178. Anderson, O. (1983). Effects of coal combustion products and metal compounds on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in a macrophagelike cell line. Environ. Health Perspect. 47, 239-253. Apostoli, P. and Schaller, K.H. (2001). Urinary beryllium – suitable tool for assessing occupational and environmental beryllium exposure? Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 74, 162-166. ATSDR (2002). Toxicological Profile for Beryllium. US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. CAS# 7440-41-7, 1-290. Benko, V., Vasileva, E. V. and Symon, K. (1980). Immunological aspects of exposure to emissions from burning coal of high beryllium content. Environ. Res. 22, 439-449. Boix, A., Jordan, M. M., Querol, X. and Sanfeliu, T. (2001). Characterization of total suspended particles around a power station in an urban coastal area in eastern Spain. Environ. Geol. 40, 891-896. Boukhalfa, H., Lewis, J. G., and Crumbliss, A. L. (2004). Beryllium(II) binding to ATP and ADP: potentiometric determination of the thermodynamic constants and implications for in vivo toxicity. BioMetals 17, 105-109. 76
Beryllium Bouska, V., (1981). Geochemistry of Coal. Akademia, Prague. Clary, J. J., Bland, L. S. and Stokinger, H. E. (1975). The effect of reproduction and lactation on the extent of latent chronic beryllium disease. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 33, 214-221. Cotes, J.E., Gilson, J.C., McKerrow, C.B., and Oldham, P. (1983). A long term followup of workers exposed to beryllium. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 40, 13-21. Cullen, M.R., Kominsky, J.R., Rossman, M.D., Cherniack, M.G., Rankin, J.A., Balmes, J.R., Kern, J.A., Daniele, R.P., Palmer, L., Naegel, G.P., et al. (1987) Chronic beryllium disease in a precious metal refinery. Clinical epidemiologic and immunologic evidence for continuing risk from exposure to low level beryllium fume. Am Rev Respir Dis. 135(1):201-208. Cunningham, L.D. (2003). Beryllium. U. S. Geol. Surv. Minerals Yearbook 2003. Day, G.A., Stefaniak, A.B., Weston, A. and Tinkle, S.S. (2006). Beryllium exposure: dermal and immunological considerations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 79:161-164. Deubner, D.C., Lockey, J.L., Kotin, P., Powers, M.B., Miller, F., Rogers, A.E. and Trichopoulos, D. (2001a). Re: Lung cancer case-control study of beryllium workers. Sanderson W.T., Steenland K., Petersen M.R. Letter to the editor. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40, 284-285. Deubner, D.C., Lowney, Y.W., Paustenbach, D.J., Warmerdam, J. (2001b). Contribution of incidental exposure pathways to total beryllium exposures. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hygiene 16, 568-578. Dore, C.J., Watterson, J.D., Goodwin, J.W.L., Murrells, T.P., Passant, N.R., Hobson, M.M., Baggott, S.L., Thistlethwaite, G., Coleman, P.J., King, K.R., Adams, M. and Cumine, P.R. (2004), UK Emissions of Air Pollutants 1970-2002. Netcen, AEA Technology, Harwell, Oxfordshire. Report AEAT/ENV/R/1933. ISBN 0954713648. Edmunds, W.M and Trafford, J.M. (1993). Beryllium in river baseflow, shallow groundwaters and major aquifers of the U.K. Appl. Geochem., Supp. 2, 223-233. Eisenbud, M. (1998). The standard for control of chronic beryllium disease. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13, 25-31. Eisenbud, M. and Lisson, J. (1983). Epidemiological aspects of beryllium-induced non-malignant lung disease. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 13, 25-31. Eisenbud, M., Berghout, C.F. and Steadman, L.T. (1948). Environmental studies in plants and laboratories using beryllium: the acute disease. J. Ind. Hyd. Toxicol. 30, 282-285. Eisenbud, M., Wanta, R.C., Dustan, C., Steadman, L.T., Harris, W.B. and Wolf, B.S. (1949). Non-occupational berylliosis. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 31, 282-294. Freise, R. and Israel, G.W. (1987). [Investigations into suspended dust load in Berlin (West)] Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz. (in German) 77
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Department for Environment, Food an
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Department for Environment, Food an
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Contents Contents Terms of Referenc
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3.5 Justification for air quality g
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Terms of Reference The Expert Panel
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Dr Alison Searl BSc, MSc, PhD Insti
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Acknowledgments We thank the follow
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Expert Panel on Air Quality Standar
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Page 99 and 100: Chapter 5 Chromium 5.1 Background 5
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Page 103 and 104: Chromium 245. Occupational exposure
Page 105 and 106: Chromium 5.2.3 Tissue distribution
Page 107 and 108: Chromium occasionally reached level
Page 109 and 110: Chromium 5.3.4.2 Human studies 272.
Page 111 and 112: Chromium 282. The WHO (2000) classi
Page 113 and 114: Chromium 5.5. Justification for air
Page 115 and 116: Chromium 5.6. Recommendation 304. 0
Page 117 and 118: Chromium HSE (2002). EH64 Summary C
Page 119 and 120: Chromium Nethercott, J., Paustenbac
Page 121 and 122: Chromium Von Burg, R. and Liu, D. (
Page 123 and 124: Abbreviations ACGIH American Confer
Page 125 and 126: Glossary Acute toxicity / effects A
Page 127 and 128: Glossary Epidemiology Epithelium Fe
Page 129 and 130: Glossary Metalloid Mucocilliary tra
Page 131 and 132: Glossary Threshold Limit Values (TL
Page 133 and 134: Appendix 1 Setting air quality stan
Page 135 and 136: Appendix 1 hours per week for a 40
Page 137 and 138: Appendix 1 arrive at a single conce
Page 139: ISBN 978-0-85521-185-1 £10.00 Prod
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