Conservation farming on steep lands - USAid

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13 T. F. SHAXSON At the western end of the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil, there are sn~all farmcrs growing annual crops in large areas with average slopes over 20 percent. The conibination of soil types (reddish clays derived Sroni basalts) and rainfall regime (some rain in most months of the ycar, but often very erosive) has allowed the development of nlinimum-tillage systems for annual crops, such as beans. maize, and soya. These systems are characterized by the maintenance of 100 percent cover practically throughout ihe year with living and dead niulches of vetches and other low-growing legumes. Annuals are contour-planted through these mulches either in narrow furrows or using punch planters. The farmer:; describe the soi!s as being "fatter" in terms of organic matter content and soil stnlcture, and they are able to maintain yields with less fertilizer and reduced pesticide use. In passing, they also mention that runoff and erosion is significantly less than before. Across the state border, in P~rana, on somewhat siniilar s~ils but lesser slopes, excessive use of disk equipinent in growing soya and wheat in rotation had caused serious problems of compaction at the bottom of the disk layer. This results in large volumes of runoff and removal of eroded soil and requires municipal authorities to spend large sums annually on rural road maintenance, to the detriment of financing other more positive social programs. Crops often suffered from mid-season moisture stress in dry periods during the summer rainy seasop because of shallow root systems. Winter wheat suffered similarly from moisture stress within its restricted root range. The local rivers and streams were choked with sediment end polluted with pesticides and fertilizers brought down by !he runoff and erosion. After extension agents promoted deep tillage to break up the ccmpacted layer and encouraged farmers not to hurn crop residues, road damage declined to a startling degree, springs that had dried up early in the dry season started to flow more strongly and longer, possibilities for fish-<strong>farming</strong> and irrigation have incr wed, and water quality in streams and rivers is greatly irnproved. Through programs aimed at improving water n~anagemerlt and making cropping more secure. conservation of the soil has been achieved as a consequence of improved land use. Satisfying land user aims Because erosion is a consequence of inappropriate land use, conservation of the soil in situ will be a consequence of appropriate land use. Our challenge is to devise ways in which the land users' aims can be satisfied with systems that are also conservation-effective.
Using this line of thought, we might invert the wording in the notice of this workshop. It now reads: "There are numerous examples around the world of successful systems for controlling soil erosion while increasing crop production ..." Should it not read: "There are numerous examples around the world of successful systems for increasing plant production while controlling soil erosion"? REFERENCES 1 Centro Nacional de Pcsquisa dc Soja. 1985. Prc.oarl)ucr~o corn o .solo. Londrina, Parma, Brazil. EMBRAPAICNPSoja. Press release. 2. Ccntro Nacional de Pesquisa em Trigo. 1986. Rc.conrnrenr1~1coc~s (la Conut~issao Sftl- Bmsileirrr clc Pesclliisa rle Trip-1986. Pr~sso fiotdo, Rio Grarlde (10 SIII, Bmiil. - pp. 18-24. a 3. Shaxson. T. F. 1087. C':~rtgblg uppn)aci~es to soil consenation. In I. Pla Santis [editor] Soil Conscnntir rl orld Frd~rctiritv, Pmeedi~gs of the Fourth International Conference on Soil Conserration. University of Venezuela, Maracay. pp. 11-27. 4. Stocking, M. A. 1985. Soil corr.sen.crtior~ polic-j..'n colot~inl Africr~. Agricultural History 54(2): 148-161. 5. Zambudio, S. 1986. Eclr~~ologii~ SCIII ECO 110 Ca~~lpo. Plantio Direto IV (17): 8.
Page 1 and 2: C O N S E R V A T I O N O N S T E E
Page 3 and 4: Foreword. ix Preface. xiii 1 Tiltin
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS vii Denionstration and ext
Page 7 and 8: Soil degradation is one of the majo
Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD xi tunities exist in both
Page 11 and 12: xiv PPEFACE Arledge, Max Schnepf. m
Page 13 and 14: Tilting at windmills or tighfing re
Page 15 and 16: TILTING AT WINDMILLS 5 tions is mor
Page 17 and 18: TILTING AT WINDMILLS 7 social issue
Page 19 and 20: Conserving soil by stealth T. F. Sh
Page 21 and 22: CONSERVING SOIL BY STEALTH 11 P Veg
Page 23 and 24: CONSERVING SOIL BL' STEALTH 13 To s
Page 25: CONSERVING SOIL BY STEALTH 15 on cl
Page 29 and 30: SOIL CONSERVATION ON STEEP LANES 19
Page 31 and 32: SOIL CONSERVATION ON STEEP LANDS 21
Page 33 and 34: A N D P R I I N C I L E S P R O G R
Page 35 and 36: 26 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MEIMAN
Page 37 and 38: 28 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MEIMAN
Page 39 and 40: 30 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MElMAd
Page 41 and 42: 32 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MElMAN
Page 43 and 44: 34 HANS HURNl In such systems any c
Page 45 and 46: 36 HANS HURNl Peru, and many other
Page 47 and 48: 38 HANS HURNl Knowledge of place of
Page 49 and 50: 40 HANS HURNl - - w - 3 m VI m S e
Page 51 and 52: 42 HANS HURNl Figure 5. Microbasins
Page 53 and 54: 44 HANS HURNl Abstracts X, In~crnat
Page 55 and 56: 46 R. LAL lcni more precisely. It i
Page 57 and 58: 48 R. LAL Erosion procossrs. it is
Page 59 and 60: I A. LAL of land that were once bio
Page 61 and 62: 52 R. LAL having similar interests
Page 63 and 64: Food and Agriculture Organization a
Page 65 and 66: 56 D. W. SANDERS vation standpoint.
Page 67 and 68: 58 D. W. SANDERS In practice. this
Page 69 and 70: 60 D. W. SANDERS ing simple gully c
Page 71 and 72: 62 D. W. SANDERS cct approaches hnv
Page 73 and 74: 64 RAYMOND E. MEYER in an agricultu
Page 75 and 76: 66 RAYMOND E. MEYER way? Is anyone
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68 RAYMOND E. MEYER preferred solut
Page 79 and 80:
International activities of the Soi
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72 JERRY HAMMOND tance to foreign c
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74 JERRY HAMMOND sent professional
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Sustainable agricultural developmen
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMEN
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z SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM
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Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
1 SLJSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOP
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- taining aid maintaining conservat
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Page 101 and 102:
Assessirig economic benefits of soi
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Table 1. Annual land and labor ~rod
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 97 BEFO
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 99 BEFO
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 10 1 -
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 103 tar
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 105 b D
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Institutional constraints soil cons
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INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS TO SOIL C
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that human beings are rational and
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developed societies to less develop
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A N D P R A C T I C E S P R O J E C
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118 N. W. HUDSON not to extrapo!ate
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120 N. W. HUDSON the focus on semia
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122 N. W. HUDSON e:eJ Bench Terrace
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124 N. W. HUDSON a grass tha: can b
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1 126 N. W. HUDSON Even if these de
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128 N. W. HUDSON it to try to elini
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130 ERIC ROOSE from individual farm
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132 ERIC ROOSE grcssivc terracing w
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134 ERIC ROOSE Groupcment Europecn
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136 ERIC ROOSE development of crops
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138 ERIC ROOSE allowing for reorgan
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Conservation of cr
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142 DONALD B. THOMAS Pererztrinl cr
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144 DONALD 8. THOMAS of teff (Eragr
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3 DONALD B. THOMAS ter content, fre
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148 DONALD 6. THOMAS Experimenz:iI
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A review of watershed development p
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152 8. C. JOHN until another is in~
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154 B. C. JOHN required. In Korea,
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156 6. C. JOHN trated in seven subw
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l!j8 B. C. JOHN tifying the full-ti
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Of'thc bur prc!jccts, Ethiopia had
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B. C. JOHN mental cffect on iiny co
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164 B. C. JOHN are available or can
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Demonstration and extension of soil
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168 JEROME E. ARLEDGE arc always in
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170 JEROME E. ARLEDGE not ncccl the
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Soil taxonomy and stees lands Thoma
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174 TI-IOMAS E. CALHOUN ET Al.. irr
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176 THOMAS E. CALHOUN ET AL. lands
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' '9 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J.
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out of the conservation office to a
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182 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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184 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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18t LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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Elephant grass for soil erosion con
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190 GRANT W. THOMAS visibility to c
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192 GRANT W. THOMAS siderably lower
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C A S E S T U D I E S A N D C O U N
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198 CARL G. WENNER for soil conserv
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200 CARL G. WENNER yields arc frequ
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TO2 CARL G. WENNER Figure 6. Terrac
Page 209 and 210:
204 CARL G. WENNER ing traditions.
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206 CARL G. WENNEH prograrii of fie
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208 TED C. SHENG caused a dilemma f
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Table 1. Specifications and applica
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Table 2. Maior tvues of protected w
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214 T. C. SHENG 1 produced on the p
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216 M. G. DOUGLAS (such as I;~nd. l
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218 M. G. DOUGLAS green manures, an
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220 M. G. DOUGLAS marker ridges, in
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apidly, prvduce protein rich leaves
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224 M. G. DOUGLAS fruit trees plant
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226 M. G. DOUGLAS b The social, pol
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The Eppalock catchment project: A s
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230 D. W. SANDERS to build a feelin
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232 D. W. SANDERS quarters. Staff r
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234 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Bccausc o
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236 v \ A0 ET AL. a broad, V-shaped
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238 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Bahiagrii
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240 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Figure 6.
Page 247 and 248:
Soill conservation in Peru Jeffrey
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244 JEFFREY VONK rnation and educat
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246 JEFFREY VONK l'liird, the lest-
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,248 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI this obl
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250 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI that thes
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252 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI 8 percent
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28 Watershed management in Java's u
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256 ACHMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MACK
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258 Act-IMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MA
Page 265 and 266:
260 ACHMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MACI
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Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
266 FREDERICK CHARLES TRACY ing sig
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268 FREDERICK CHARLES TRACY The cha
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270 RAFAEL A. VELOZ and TERRY J. LO
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272 L. DARRELL I'IOR'TON the IBM pe
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Sail and water conservation on stee
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SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ON STEE
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Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Jerome E. Arledge Director (retired
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CONTRIBUTORS 285 James R. Meini~tn
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Absorption terraces, 120 Acacia tre
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INDEX col1scrv;ltion juslific;~tion
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- INDEX Indonesia crop residue use
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Peruvian crop yields. 2541 pineappl
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INDEX Sustainability, soil conscrva
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Conservation farming on steep lands - USAid

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