Conservation farming on steep lands - USAid

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THE USAID APPROACH 69 I do feel, however, that if we can make it work it may wcll be a model for addressing many other problenis more effectively with our current financial const:aints. More questions than answers I have raised many more questions than answers herein. But this is the reality. There are many more questions than answers. A solid information base is needed for improving decisions on conservation investments. These decisioris must not be based solely oil the best presentations or rhetoric. USAID is assisting in the development of the information base in developing nations.
International activities of the Soil <strong>Conservation</strong> Service - - - - - - - - -- Jerry Hamrnond Many dcvcloping nations arc faced with low production of food and fiber during a pcriod of rapid population growth or overpopulation. The earth's population rcachcd 5 billion in July 1986 (2). Most of thcsc nations have li~~iitctl resources ;tvailablc to trade ir. the international markets for necessary food products. They have a labor-intensive society, little capital, and few technical resources. Tu the detrinicnt of world society, these problems oftcn lcad to national instability and turnioil. The nations are faced with problems of hunger and faniinc unlcss they receive help. Recently, U.S. policy has been moving more positively to help developing countries solve their food and income problems. The U.S. Department of Agriculture is playing an increasingly impoi-tant role in the international arena through the U.S. Agency for International Development and other international organizations. USDA, the largest single source of agricultural expertise in the United States, has unique capabilities af particular importance to developing nations. The goal is to help developing countries becot~ie more self-reliant in producing food and fiber from limited resources in order to improve the quality of life for their people. The Soil <strong>Conservation</strong> Service, a USDA agency, has a long history of international involvement. The agency's first chief, Hugh Hammond Bennett, and his assistant, Dr. Walter Lovdermilk, traveled throughout the world in the 1930s and 1940s to view soil and water conservation problems. Dr. Lowdermilk documented his pbservations in a bulletin, "Conquest of the Land Through 7,000 Years" 14). During this same period also, SCS hosted many visitors from other kountries to show them what was being done in the United States to combi~t serious soil erosion and land use problems (I). Not only did early SCS 1t':aders share their conservation knowledge with other countries, but they also learned what other nations were doing that would be applicable in the United States. C
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C O N S E R V A T I O N O N S T E E
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Foreword. ix Preface. xiii 1 Tiltin
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CONTENTS vii Denionstration and ext
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Soil degradation is one of the majo
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FOREWORD xi tunities exist in both
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xiv PPEFACE Arledge, Max Schnepf. m
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Tilting at windmills or tighfing re
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TILTING AT WINDMILLS 5 tions is mor
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TILTING AT WINDMILLS 7 social issue
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Conserving soil by stealth T. F. Sh
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CONSERVING SOIL BY STEALTH 11 P Veg
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CONSERVING SOIL BL' STEALTH 13 To s
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CONSERVING SOIL BY STEALTH 15 on cl
Page 27 and 28: Using this line of thought, we migh
Page 29 and 30: SOIL CONSERVATION ON STEEP LANES 19
Page 31 and 32: SOIL CONSERVATION ON STEEP LANDS 21
Page 33 and 34: A N D P R I I N C I L E S P R O G R
Page 35 and 36: 26 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MEIMAN
Page 37 and 38: 28 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MEIMAN
Page 39 and 40: 30 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MElMAd
Page 41 and 42: 32 TED C. SHENG and JAMES R. MElMAN
Page 43 and 44: 34 HANS HURNl In such systems any c
Page 45 and 46: 36 HANS HURNl Peru, and many other
Page 47 and 48: 38 HANS HURNl Knowledge of place of
Page 49 and 50: 40 HANS HURNl - - w - 3 m VI m S e
Page 51 and 52: 42 HANS HURNl Figure 5. Microbasins
Page 53 and 54: 44 HANS HURNl Abstracts X, In~crnat
Page 55 and 56: 46 R. LAL lcni more precisely. It i
Page 57 and 58: 48 R. LAL Erosion procossrs. it is
Page 59 and 60: I A. LAL of land that were once bio
Page 61 and 62: 52 R. LAL having similar interests
Page 63 and 64: Food and Agriculture Organization a
Page 65 and 66: 56 D. W. SANDERS vation standpoint.
Page 67 and 68: 58 D. W. SANDERS In practice. this
Page 69 and 70: 60 D. W. SANDERS ing simple gully c
Page 71 and 72: 62 D. W. SANDERS cct approaches hnv
Page 73 and 74: 64 RAYMOND E. MEYER in an agricultu
Page 75 and 76: 66 RAYMOND E. MEYER way? Is anyone
Page 77: 68 RAYMOND E. MEYER preferred solut
Page 81 and 82: 72 JERRY HAMMOND tance to foreign c
Page 83 and 84: 74 JERRY HAMMOND sent professional
Page 85 and 86: Sustainable agricultural developmen
Page 87 and 88: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMEN
Page 89 and 90: z SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM
Page 95 and 96: 1 SLJSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOP
Page 97 and 98: - taining aid maintaining conservat
Page 101 and 102: Assessirig economic benefits of soi
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Annual land and labor ~rod
Page 105 and 106: ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 97 BEFO
Page 107 and 108: ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 99 BEFO
Page 109 and 110: ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 10 1 -
Page 111 and 112: ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 103 tar
Page 113 and 114: ASSESSING ECONOMIC BENEFITS 105 b D
Page 115 and 116: Institutional constraints soil cons
Page 117 and 118: INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS TO SOIL C
Page 119 and 120: that human beings are rational and
Page 121 and 122: developed societies to less develop
Page 123 and 124: A N D P R A C T I C E S P R O J E C
Page 125 and 126: 118 N. W. HUDSON not to extrapo!ate
Page 127 and 128: 120 N. W. HUDSON the focus on semia
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122 N. W. HUDSON e:eJ Bench Terrace
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124 N. W. HUDSON a grass tha: can b
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1 126 N. W. HUDSON Even if these de
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128 N. W. HUDSON it to try to elini
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130 ERIC ROOSE from individual farm
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132 ERIC ROOSE grcssivc terracing w
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134 ERIC ROOSE Groupcment Europecn
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136 ERIC ROOSE development of crops
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138 ERIC ROOSE allowing for reorgan
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Conservation of cr
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142 DONALD B. THOMAS Pererztrinl cr
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144 DONALD 8. THOMAS of teff (Eragr
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3 DONALD B. THOMAS ter content, fre
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148 DONALD 6. THOMAS Experimenz:iI
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A review of watershed development p
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152 8. C. JOHN until another is in~
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154 B. C. JOHN required. In Korea,
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156 6. C. JOHN trated in seven subw
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l!j8 B. C. JOHN tifying the full-ti
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Of'thc bur prc!jccts, Ethiopia had
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B. C. JOHN mental cffect on iiny co
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164 B. C. JOHN are available or can
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Demonstration and extension of soil
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168 JEROME E. ARLEDGE arc always in
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170 JEROME E. ARLEDGE not ncccl the
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Soil taxonomy and stees lands Thoma
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174 TI-IOMAS E. CALHOUN ET Al.. irr
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176 THOMAS E. CALHOUN ET AL. lands
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' '9 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J.
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out of the conservation office to a
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182 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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184 LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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18t LYNDEN S. WILLIAMS and BOB J. W
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Elephant grass for soil erosion con
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190 GRANT W. THOMAS visibility to c
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192 GRANT W. THOMAS siderably lower
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C A S E S T U D I E S A N D C O U N
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198 CARL G. WENNER for soil conserv
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200 CARL G. WENNER yields arc frequ
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TO2 CARL G. WENNER Figure 6. Terrac
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204 CARL G. WENNER ing traditions.
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206 CARL G. WENNEH prograrii of fie
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208 TED C. SHENG caused a dilemma f
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Table 1. Specifications and applica
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Table 2. Maior tvues of protected w
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214 T. C. SHENG 1 produced on the p
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216 M. G. DOUGLAS (such as I;~nd. l
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218 M. G. DOUGLAS green manures, an
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220 M. G. DOUGLAS marker ridges, in
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apidly, prvduce protein rich leaves
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224 M. G. DOUGLAS fruit trees plant
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226 M. G. DOUGLAS b The social, pol
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The Eppalock catchment project: A s
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230 D. W. SANDERS to build a feelin
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232 D. W. SANDERS quarters. Staff r
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234 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Bccausc o
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236 v \ A0 ET AL. a broad, V-shaped
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238 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Bahiagrii
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240 MIEN-CHUN LlAO ET AL. Figure 6.
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Soill conservation in Peru Jeffrey
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244 JEFFREY VONK rnation and educat
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246 JEFFREY VONK l'liird, the lest-
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,248 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI this obl
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250 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI that thes
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252 DAVl NATHAN BENVENUTI 8 percent
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28 Watershed management in Java's u
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256 ACHMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MACK
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258 Act-IMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MA
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260 ACHMAD M. FAG1 and CYNTHIA MACI
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266 FREDERICK CHARLES TRACY ing sig
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268 FREDERICK CHARLES TRACY The cha
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270 RAFAEL A. VELOZ and TERRY J. LO
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272 L. DARRELL I'IOR'TON the IBM pe
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Sail and water conservation on stee
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SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ON STEE
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Jerome E. Arledge Director (retired
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CONTRIBUTORS 285 James R. Meini~tn
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Absorption terraces, 120 Acacia tre
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INDEX col1scrv;ltion juslific;~tion
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- INDEX Indonesia crop residue use
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Peruvian crop yields. 2541 pineappl
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INDEX Sustainability, soil conscrva
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Conservation farming on steep lands - USAid

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