A computational grammar and lexicon for Maltese

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constructions apply to Maltese too, such as verb phrase conjunction via the VPI category. • If the resource grammar is to be used for parsing of open-domain text, a specific parse grammar should be written which augments the current resource grammar with variants for spelling and word orders. • Perhaps the best way of testing the robustness of a resource grammar is to use it as a library in some domain-specific application grammar. Numerous application grammars in GF have been developed over the years in various sizes, and adding Maltese versions of these grammars can serve as a quick and fun way of testing the behaviour of the resource grammar. 4.4.2 Lexing solution The bind solution for affixation in GF is described in section 2.5.2. This solves a problem when linearising text, however introduces a problem when attempting to parse. These bind tokens need to be re-introduced during lexing, but this is not necessarily a trivial task. To date, no satisfactory and general solution exists for this problem within GF, which means that grammars using binding for affixation can perform very poorly when it comes to parsing. Having a solution to this lexing problem would benefit many of the languages in the RGL. Ideally this process should be handled internally by the GF runtime itself, using a grammar’s own rules to extract a lexer. Solving this within the GF runtime would mean that it would instantly benefit all languages using binding. 4.4.3 A linked Maltese WordNet Given a computational lexicon with English glosses, one could use this for reverse-lookup and attempt to create a linked version of the Princeton WordNet. This would involve looking up each entry from the English WordNet in the Maltese lexicon and using each result as a translation. Some work on using linked WordNets to bootstrap large-scale GF dictionaries has already been carried out with Bulgarian, German, Finnish and Hindi, with varying levels of success (Virk, 2013, ch. 5). 65
Appendix A Resource grammar structure A.1 Categories Figure A.1 shows the categories defined in the Resource Grammar Library and how they fit in the generalised linguistic hierarchy defined by the library. Table A.1 describes these categories, giving examples in English and Maltese for each. Text Punct Phr PConj U Voc Imp S QS Tense Ant Pol Cl ListS Conj QCl NP VP Adv IP IAdv ClSlash Predet Pron PN Det CN ListNP AdV V,V2,V3,V*,V2* AP Subj ListAdj IDet VPSlash Art ant Num Ord N,N2,N3 RS AdA A, A2 ListAP Iant Card RCl Numeral,Digits AdN RP CAdv Figure A.1: Principal dependencies of phrasal and lexical categories in the RGL. Lexical categories appear in boxes rather than ellipses. Taken from http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/synopsis.html 66
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A Computational Grammar and Lexicon
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The research work disclosed in this
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Abstract A Computational Grammar an
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Contents 1 Introduction and backgro
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4.3.1 Computational linguistics res
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B.2 Analysis of verb participles .
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Conventions The following conventio
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Maltese today is still Semitic in o
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The definite article is the proclit
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ible to the author (and thus not li
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tionary and making it available onl
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Abstract syntax At the language-ind
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Maltese concrete syntax For the Mal
Page 27 and 28: Foods> linearize Pred (These Cheese
Page 29 and 30: purposes. 1.4 Goals This section su
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Resource grammar This cha
Page 33 and 34: 2.2.2 Verb The verb is arguably the
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3: Derivational forms for t
Page 37 and 38: Verb : Type = { s : VForm => VerbSt
Page 39 and 40: one plural form. This change will b
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.11: Inflection table for tw
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.14 shows a few words from d
Page 45 and 46: fi (‘in’) il- bieb fil-bieb (
Page 47 and 48: oper Pronoun = { s : PronForm => St
Page 49 and 50: shows how each of them is expressed
Page 51 and 52: 2.3.6 Clauses The RGL covers three
Page 53 and 54: While designed primarily for applic
Page 55 and 56: 2.4.4 Coverage Abstract function im
Page 57 and 58: 2.5.2 Binding of runtime tokens Bin
Page 59 and 60: param P = P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 ; linca
Page 61 and 62: where the data structure does not i
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.1: Estimation of the number
Page 65 and 66: Importing data Importing of data in
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.3: Searching for a wordfor
Page 69 and 70: Anchored regex db.wordforms.find({"
Page 71 and 72: 3.4 Generating full forms After cre
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 4 Conclusions This final ch
Page 75 and 76: Web application • The user interf
Page 77: Head- driven Phrase Structure Gramm
Page 81 and 82: QS question where did she live fejn
Page 83 and 84: form6 VDerivedForm Binyan VI: twie
Page 85 and 86: mkV_VII Str -> Str -> Root -> V For
Page 87 and 88: Appendix B Lexicon analyses B.1 Ana
Page 89 and 90: computer_N 1 kompjuter - - kompjute
Page 91 and 92: plastic_N 3 plastik - - - - policem
Page 93 and 94: eathe_V respira - - burn_V ħaraq -
Page 95 and 96: tie_V2 qafel - maqful travel_V vvja
Page 97 and 98: Appendix C Inflectional forms of a
Page 99 and 100: Perf. P1 Pl P3 Sg Masc P1 Pl - - Pe
Page 101 and 102: Perf. P2 Pl P3 Sg Masc P3 Sg Fem ft
Page 103 and 104: Perf. P3 Sg Fem P3 Sg Fem P2 Sg fet
Page 105 and 106: Impf. P1 Sg P3 Sg Fem P3 Pl niftaħ
Page 107 and 108: Impf. P2 Sg P3 Pl P2 Pl - - Impf. P
Page 109 and 110: Impf. P3 Sg Fem - - tiftaħ tiftaħ
Page 111 and 112: Imp. P2 Sg P2 Pl - - - Imp. P2 Sg P
Page 113 and 114: Appendix D Links, source code and l
Page 115 and 116: s.t. something O object P1, P2, P3
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Angelov, Krasimir. 200
Page 119 and 120: Mangion, Gordon K. 1999. Spelling C
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A computational grammar and lexicon for Maltese

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