A computational grammar and lexicon for Maltese

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2.3.2 Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.3 Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.4 Tense-anteriority system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.5 Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.6 Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4 Development and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4.1 Development tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4.2 Test methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4.3 Treebanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.4.4 Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.5 Problems encountered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5.1 Large inflection tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5.2 Binding of runtime tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.3 Pattern matching on runtime strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.4 Non-existent forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.5.5 Parameters in tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3 Computational lexicon 47 3.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1.1 Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1.2 Heterogeneous data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.1.3 Full-forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.1 Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.2 Web application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.2.3 Web service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.2.4 Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3 Monolingual GF dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.1 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3.2 Dictionary modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4 Generating full forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4.1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4.2 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4.3 Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 Conclusions 60 4.1 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.1 Grammar limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.2 Lexicon limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.3 Related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 iv
4.3.1 Computational linguistics resources for Maltese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.3.2 GF resource grammars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.3.3 Grammar formalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.3.4 Rule-based translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4.1 Grammar extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4.2 Lexing solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.4.3 A linked Maltese WordNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 A Resource grammar structure 66 A.1 Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 A.2 Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 A.3 Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 B Lexicon analyses 74 B.1 Analysis of noun paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 B.1.1 Determinate and indeterminate plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 B.2 Analysis of verb participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 B.3 Vowel changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 B.3.1 Object suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 B.3.2 Vowel length and negation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 C Inflectional forms of a Maltese verb 84 D Links, source code and licenses 100 Glossary 101 Bibliography 104 v
Page 1 and 2: A Computational Grammar and Lexicon
Page 3 and 4: The research work disclosed in this
Page 5 and 6: Abstract A Computational Grammar an
Page 7: Contents 1 Introduction and backgro
Page 11 and 12: B.2 Analysis of verb participles .
Page 13 and 14: Conventions The following conventio
Page 15 and 16: Maltese today is still Semitic in o
Page 17 and 18: The definite article is the proclit
Page 19 and 20: ible to the author (and thus not li
Page 21 and 22: tionary and making it available onl
Page 23 and 24: Abstract syntax At the language-ind
Page 25 and 26: Maltese concrete syntax For the Mal
Page 27 and 28: Foods> linearize Pred (These Cheese
Page 29 and 30: purposes. 1.4 Goals This section su
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Resource grammar This cha
Page 33 and 34: 2.2.2 Verb The verb is arguably the
Page 35 and 36: Table 2.3: Derivational forms for t
Page 37 and 38: Verb : Type = { s : VForm => VerbSt
Page 39 and 40: one plural form. This change will b
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.11: Inflection table for tw
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.14 shows a few words from d
Page 45 and 46: fi (‘in’) il- bieb fil-bieb (
Page 47 and 48: oper Pronoun = { s : PronForm => St
Page 49 and 50: shows how each of them is expressed
Page 51 and 52: 2.3.6 Clauses The RGL covers three
Page 53 and 54: While designed primarily for applic
Page 55 and 56: 2.4.4 Coverage Abstract function im
Page 57 and 58: 2.5.2 Binding of runtime tokens Bin
Page 59 and 60:
param P = P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 ; linca
Page 61 and 62:
where the data structure does not i
Page 63 and 64:
Table 3.1: Estimation of the number
Page 65 and 66:
Importing data Importing of data in
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 3.3: Searching for a wordfor
Page 69 and 70:
Anchored regex db.wordforms.find({"
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3.4 Generating full forms After cre
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter 4 Conclusions This final ch
Page 75 and 76:
Web application • The user interf
Page 77 and 78:
Head- driven Phrase Structure Gramm
Page 79 and 80:
Appendix A Resource grammar structu
Page 81 and 82:
QS question where did she live fejn
Page 83 and 84:
form6 VDerivedForm Binyan VI: twie
Page 85 and 86:
mkV_VII Str -> Str -> Root -> V For
Page 87 and 88:
Appendix B Lexicon analyses B.1 Ana
Page 89 and 90:
computer_N 1 kompjuter - - kompjute
Page 91 and 92:
plastic_N 3 plastik - - - - policem
Page 93 and 94:
eathe_V respira - - burn_V ħaraq -
Page 95 and 96:
tie_V2 qafel - maqful travel_V vvja
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Appendix C Inflectional forms of a
Page 99 and 100:
Perf. P1 Pl P3 Sg Masc P1 Pl - - Pe
Page 101 and 102:
Perf. P2 Pl P3 Sg Masc P3 Sg Fem ft
Page 103 and 104:
Perf. P3 Sg Fem P3 Sg Fem P2 Sg fet
Page 105 and 106:
Impf. P1 Sg P3 Sg Fem P3 Pl niftaħ
Page 107 and 108:
Impf. P2 Sg P3 Pl P2 Pl - - Impf. P
Page 109 and 110:
Impf. P3 Sg Fem - - tiftaħ tiftaħ
Page 111 and 112:
Imp. P2 Sg P2 Pl - - - Imp. P2 Sg P
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix D Links, source code and l
Page 115 and 116:
s.t. something O object P1, P2, P3
Page 117 and 118:
Bibliography Angelov, Krasimir. 200
Page 119 and 120:
Mangion, Gordon K. 1999. Spelling C
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A computational grammar and lexicon for Maltese

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