chapter 3 - RiuNet

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Table 1. Main factors affecting the reproductive success using fish sperm (modified from Fauvel et al., 2010). Parental effect Activation medium Human interaction Temperature Photoperiod Domestication Reproductive age Nutrition Selection Temperature Ion composition Osmolality pH Hormonal induction Preservation Chilled storage Cryopreservation Xenobiotics 3.1 Basic parameters for assessing sperm quality Over the years a relatively high number of sperm parameters have been used to assess sperm quality. These sperm biomarkers have so far been documented in scientific papers, and several traits of the fish/sperm itself, such as osmolality, pH and chemical composition of the seminal plasma (Asturiano et al., 2005; Ciereszko, 2008); enzymatic activity (Burness et al., 2005); ATP concentration (Suquet el al., 2010); spermatocrit and sperm density (Harald et al., 2001; Sørensen et al., 2013); sperm motility (Ottesen et al., 2009); or sperm morphology and ultrastructure (Marco-Jiménez et al., 2006; Asturiano et al., 2007; Sadiqul and Akhter, 2011) have been linked to the ability of sperm to fertilize the ova. Some of these parameters can be scored relatively easily and are commonly used because no expensive equipment is needed and they are quick and easy to assess. On the other hand, other biomarkers need sophisticated laboratory analyses or expensive equipment, thus at themoment the application of these is not directly available to fish farms. On the other hand, despite it having been reported that it is the set of sperm biomarkers as a whole that contribute to determining sperm quality and that each one, by itself, is not a single predictive parameter, sperm motility is currently considered the most useful tool to assess sperm quality 17
GENERAL INTRODUCTION in fish (Kime et al., 2001; Fauvel et al., 2010; Boryspholets et al., 2013). However, the most used technique to assess sperm motion has been subjective evaluation, and some problems have emerged from this method. In this respect, the subjective assessment depends on an experienced observer, and several aspects such as sperm density, sperm velocity, drift, etc. can cause over- or underestimation readings. Therefore, the low reproducibility of this motility analysis through subjective evaluation, which can result in variations of 30 to 60% from the same sample, often makes it difficult to interpret and compare the results between labs (Verstegen et al., 2002; Rosenthal et al., 2010). In this sense, the gradual appearance of computerized techniques has provided us with an objective and rapid method for obtaining a correct and accurate evaluation of sperm motion features (Rurangwa et al., 2004, Cabrita et al., 2011). 3.2 New tools to determine sperm quality The appearance of Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) systems has made it possible to estimate a higher number of sperm motion parameters using an objective, sensitive and accurate technique. These systems are the evolution of multiple photomicrography exposure and video-micrography techniques for spermatozoa track, using a computer equipped with imaging software (Rurangwa et al., 2004). This technique was first introduced in the 80´s in mammalian sperm and only in the last few years have modern CASA systems been adapted for fish spermatozoa studies (Van Look et al., 2000; Wilson-Leedy and Ingermann, 2007). The differences in the biology of fish and mammalian spermatozoa may explain the delay in the release of adequate tools for the measurement of sperm motility in fish. To date, these systems have been used and validated in a wide range of animal groups such as marine invertebrates (Gallego et al., 2013), birds (Kleven et al., 2009), marine mammals (Montano et al., 2012), reptiles (Tourmente et al., 2011) or even insects (Al-lawati et al., 2009). A long time ago and by subjective assessment, the experimented observer was only able to estimate two sperm motion traits: the percentage of motile sperm cells and the total duration of spermatozoa movement. Then, 18
Page 2 and 3: SPERM PHYSIOLOGY AND QUALITY IN TWO
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Muchos años han p
Page 6 and 7: aunque tiene una alcachofa en la ca
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 RESUMEN
Page 10 and 11: SUMMARY SUMMARY The conservation st
Page 12 and 13: RESUMEN RESUMEN Las especies objeto
Page 14 and 15: RESUM RESUM Les espècies objecte d
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Page 19 and 20: GENERAL INTRODUCTION who postulated
Page 21 and 22: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. Sperm physi
Page 23 and 24: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Finally, the a
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Page 31 and 32: GENERAL INTRODUCTION future applica
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Page 36: OBJECTIVES The chapters presented b
Page 40 and 41: STANDARDIZATION OF SPERM MOTILITY E
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CHAPTER 2 treatment to that of the
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CHAPTER 2 Our results demonstrate t
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ROLE OF IONS IN THE SPERM ACTIVATIO
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CHAPTER 4 Study of pufferfish (Taki
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CHAPTER 4 2002) so Takifugu niphobl
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CHAPTER 4 carrying out sperm collec
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CHAPTER 4 Table 1. Activation media
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 100 A a a Und-PD a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 60 40 20 0 A a
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CHAPTER 4 TM (%) 80 A ASW100 GLU 60
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CHAPTER 4 although the activation m
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CHAPTER 4 dilution ratio and an opt
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CHAPTER 4 2006). Several studies in
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CHAPTER 4 5. Conclusions Some concl
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPERM MOTILIY
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GENERAL DISCUSSION 1. Improvements
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GENERAL DISCUSSION profiles induced
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GENERAL DISCUSSION more studies on
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GENERAL DISCUSSION sperm motility p
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CONCLUSIONS 133
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CONCLUSIONS vii. The coefficients o
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REFERENCES Aarestrup K, Økland F,
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REFERENCES Beirão J, Cabrita E, P
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REFERENCES Cabrita E, Robles V, Cu
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REFERENCES De Vos A, Van De Velde H
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REFERENCES Gallego V, Pérez L, Ast
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REFERENCES sperm competition and fe
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REFERENCES Liu QH, Li J, Xiao ZZ, D
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REFERENCES Mortimer ST. Effect of i
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REFERENCES Peñaranda DS, Marco-Jim
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REFERENCES Rurangwa E, Volckaert FA
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REFERENCES Tesch F. Telemetric obse
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REFERENCES Wong PYD, Lee WM, Tsang
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