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B Appendix 600 Idealized profile 400 600 Exponent idealized profile 400 550 350 550 350 500 500 450 300 450 300 400 250 400 250 Height [m] 350 300 200 β [1/(10 8 *srad*m)] Height [m] 350 300 200 β [1/(10 8 *srad*m)] 250 150 250 150 200 100 200 100 150 150 100 50 100 50 50 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 Time of day 0 50 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 Time of day 0 600 Vertical gradient 400 600 Critical treshold 400 550 350 550 350 500 500 450 300 450 300 400 250 400 250 Height [m] 350 300 200 β [1/(10 8 *srad*m)] Height [m] 350 300 200 β [1/(10 8 *srad*m)] 250 150 250 150 200 100 200 100 150 150 100 50 100 50 50 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 Time of day 0 50 00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 Time of day 0 Figure 56: The diurnal evolution of the ABL on 21 June 2010 shown with four different BLH detections methods. Black symbols indicate the BLH estimates from the 10 min data and magenta symbols the BLH estimates from the 10 s mean BLH. The error bars represent the standard deviation of the 10 s estimates within 10 minutes. DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis M-0039 73
References Batchvarova, E., X. Cai, S.-E. Gryning, and D. Steyn, 1999: Modelling the internal boundary layer in the lower fraser valley. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 90, 1–20. Batchvarova, E. and S.-E. Gryning, 1991: Applied model for the growth of the daytime mixed layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 56, 261–274. Betts, A. K., 1985: Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 42, 2751–2763. Cariou, J.-P. and M. Boquet, 2011: Leosphere pulsed lidar principles. Tech. Rep. Up- Wind Scientific Report WP6-D6.1.1, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, URL:www.upwind.eu. Cohn, S. A. and W. M. Angevine, 2000: Boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness measured by lidars and wind-profiling radars. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39, 1233– 1247. Davis, K., D. H. Lenschow, S. P. Oncley, C. Kiemle, G. Ehret, A. Giez, and J. Mann, 1997: Role of entrainment in surface-atmosphere interactions over the boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 29 219–29 230. Emeis, S., C. Münkel, S. Vogt, W. J. Müller, and K. Schäfer, 2004: Atmospheric boundarylayer structure from simultaneous SODAR, RASS, and ceilometer measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 273–286. Emeis, S., K. Schäfer, and C. Münkel, 2008: Surface-based remote sensing of the mixing-layer height, a review. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 17. Garratt, J., 1992: The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge atmospheric and space science series, Cambridge University Press. Gill-Instruments, 2013: Principle of operation. Gill-Instruments, URL www.gill.co.uk/products/anemometer/principleofoperation.htm. Grimsdell, A. W. and W. M. Angevine, 1998: Convective boundary layer height measurement with wind profilers and comparison to cloud base. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 15, 1331–1338. Gryning, S.-E. and E. Batchvarova, 1994: Applied model for the growth of the daytime mixed layer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 120, 47–58. Gryning, S.-E. and E. Batchvarova, 2002: Marine boundary-layer height estimated from the hirlam model. Boreal Environment Research, 229–233. Hennemuth, B. and A. Lammert, 2006: Determination of the atmospheric boundary layer height from radiosonde and lidar backscatter. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 120 (1), 181– 200. Hämeri, K., A. Laaksonen, M. Väkevä, and T. Suni, 2001: Hygroscopic growth of ultrafine sodium chloride particles. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 20 749–20 757. Høvsøre infofolder, 2013: Velkommen til Høvsøre. Nationallaboratoriet for bæredygtig energi. Klaus, C., 2005: Cloud types. Argonne National Laboratory, URL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud types.jpg. Klett, J., 1985: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios. Applied Optics, 24, 1638–1643. Kreyszig, E., 1999: Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley and Sons. 74 DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis M-0039
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DTU Wind Energy Master Thesis M-003
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Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Thesi
Page 5 and 6:
1.1 Thesis contents The content of
Page 7 and 8:
and Batchvarova, 1994; Stull, 1988)
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∂ē ∂t = g w ′ θ v ′ − u
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2.7 Boundary-layer clouds The prese
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the square root of the variance. Ro
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3 Site and measurements In this sec
Page 17 and 18:
occasionally use the term “radial
Page 19 and 20:
Ultrasonic Wind Sensor uSonic-3 Sci
Page 21 and 22: 4 Boundary-layer height detection T
Page 23 and 24: 90/(10 8 m srad), respectively). Fo
Page 25 and 26: 1400 β profile 16/04/2010 11:40 14
Page 27 and 28: 24/04/2010 06:20 1000 σ w 1000 ē
Page 29 and 30: Decoupled Clouds Clouds that are no
Page 31 and 32: 1600 Zero filter 23/07/2010 22:00 N
Page 33 and 34: 5.2 Continuous and average data The
Page 35 and 36: of the error bars during the day. T
Page 37 and 38: also be explained by the shape of t
Page 39 and 40: increases from 19:00-20:00. A resid
Page 41 and 42: 1400 1200 BLH estimations 01/05/201
Page 43 and 44: 5.4 Cold front passage On April 8 2
Page 45 and 46: Wind vectors at 10m height. Metmast
Page 47 and 48: 0.3 The inverse Obukhov length 1/L
Page 49 and 50: Wind vectors at 10m height. Metmast
Page 51 and 52: 0.1 The inverse Obukhov length 1/L
Page 53 and 54: 1400 BLH from minimum TKE 16 June 2
Page 55 and 56: 70 60 Threshold night day Easterly
Page 57 and 58: Threshold Westerly winds Ideal prof
Page 59 and 60: 140 120 Threshold night day Easterl
Page 61 and 62: Threshold Easterly winds Ideal prof
Page 63 and 64: 400 300 Threshold night day Easterl
Page 65 and 66: 5.9 Intra-annual variation The BLH
Page 67 and 68: wind lidar (Sathe et al., 2011). Ho
Page 69 and 70: distributions. It is clear that the
Page 71: A Appendix Abbreviations ABL Atmosp
Page 75: Sinclair, V. A., S. Niemelä, and M
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