Pasha Bulker 243 - Independent investigation into the grounding of ...

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APPENDIX D: METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION General information The information presented here includes terminology and descriptions used in marine weather reports. Such information is the recognised standard for mariners. Beaufort wind scale The Beaufort scale of wind force, developed in 1805 by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, enables sailors to estimate wind speeds through visual observations of sea states. The table below is reproduced from the Admiralty Mariner’s Handbook. Table 2: Beaufort wind scale and sea state - 75 -
Wind warnings The Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) website provides the following information: Definitions of wind strength used in coastal and high seas warnings • Strong Wind Warning (Coastal Waters only): from 26 knots and up to 33 knots • Gale Warning: from 34 knots and up to 47 knots • Storm Force Wind Warning: from 48 knots and up to 63 knots • Hurricane Force Wind Warning: 64 knots or more Note: These wind speeds are 10-minute averages Coastal waters wind warnings attempt to provide an initial warning about 24 hours in advance (sometimes 32 hours) and are normally renewed every six hours. All BoM weather reports are prefixed with the following note: Please be aware: Wind gusts may be a further 40 per cent stronger than the average given here, and maximum waves may be up to twice the height. Sea and swell Information provided on the BoM website is reproduced in the tables below. Table 3: Sea condition (in open sea) Description Height Effect (metres) Calm (glassy) 0 No waves breaking on beach Calm (rippled) 0 - 0.1 No waves breaking on beach Smooth 0.1 - 0.5 Slight waves breaking on beach Slight 0.5 - 1.25 Waves rock buoys and small craft Moderate 1.25 - 2.5 Sea becoming furrowed Rough 2.5 - 4 Sea deeply furrowed Very rough 4-6 Sea much disturbed with rollers having steep fronts High 6-9 Sea much disturbed with rollers having steep fronts (damage to foreshore) Very High 9-14 Towering seas Phenomenal Over 14 Precipitous seas (experienced only in cyclones) - 76 -
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ATSB TRANSPORT SAFETY INVESTIGATION
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CONTENTS DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMA
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DOCUMENT RETRIEVAL INFORMATION Repo
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THE AUSTRALIAN TRANSPORT SAFETY BUR
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS REPORT Occ
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At 0742 1 on 23 M
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A number of masters had deployed in
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1 FACTUAL INFORMATION 1.1 Pasha Bul
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een to Newcastle many times. The th
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Figure 3: Section of navigational c
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particular, with their extended fet
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At 0742, Pasha Bulker’s starboard
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oarding ground for its scheduled be
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By 0600, only 27 ships remained and
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Figure 6: Section of VTIC radar scr
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Figure 8: Section of navigational c
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mates suggested to the master that
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Figure 10: An aerial view of Pasha
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Figure 11: A visualisation of Pasha
Page 40 and 41: 2 ANALYSIS 2.1 Evidence From 9 to 1
Page 42 and 43: anchor dragged. The decision was ba
Page 44 and 45: enough and ascertain the effect of
Page 46 and 47: No one on the bridge, at any time,
Page 48 and 49: 2.2.3 The critical decisions A numb
Page 50 and 51: severe weather at the time, it is l
Page 52 and 53: While a number of masters probably
Page 54 and 55: and continued for about 12 hours wi
Page 56 and 57: the angle increases, the holding po
Page 58 and 59: For a bulk carrier, the tension in
Page 60 and 61: It is good practice for bulk carrie
Page 62 and 63: Along with its safety functions, NP
Page 64 and 65: decided to remain anchored in adver
Page 66 and 67: ‘afraid’ because the ‘wind wa
Page 68 and 69: In early 2004, when the ship queue
Page 70 and 71: While the coal producers pay demurr
Page 72 and 73: 3 FINDINGS 3.1 Context On 23 May 20
Page 74 and 75: minimum considered to be acceptable
Page 76 and 77: 4 SAFETY ACTIONS 4.1 Safety action
Page 78 and 79: assumed, incorrectly, that the appr
Page 80 and 81: MS20080018 A number of masters at N
Page 82 and 83: APPENDIX A: EVENTS AND CONDITIONS -
Page 84 and 85: APPENDIX B: SHIP INFORMATION Pasha
Page 86 and 87: APPENDIX C: SOURCES AND SUBMISSIONS
Page 88 and 89: Seamanship International Limited, B
Page 92 and 93: Table 4: Swell condition Descriptio
Page 94 and 95: APPENDIX E: SURVEY INFORMATION AND
Page 96 and 97: Question 4: When the weather worsen
Page 98 and 99: Factors considered in deciding to l
Page 100 and 101: Question 11: Where can you get the
Page 102 and 103: Comparison 2a One of the 42 masters
Page 104 and 105: APPENDIX F: MEDIA RELEASE ATSB rele
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