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Chapter 2 Ethernet 2.1 Introduction Ethernet is the basis of LAN networks. The current LAN market is characterised by an, up to now, unknown degree of standardisation on Ethernet. Due to its huge market share, Ethernet, despite some disadvantages, scores over all alternative technologies. A short historical overview: • 1980: Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox released the first Ethernet specification, version 1.0, under the name Ethernet Blue Book or DIX standard. It defines Thick Ethernet in case of 10Mbps CSMA/CD. The first Ethernet controllers, based on the DIX standard, were available starting from 1982. The second and final version of the DIX standard, version 2.0, was released in November 1982: Ethernet II. • 1983: The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) launches the first IEEE standard for Ethernet technology. It was developed by the 802.3 group of the IEEE802 committee and this under the name IEEE802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications. IEEE reworked some parts of the DIX standard, especially with regard to the definition of the frame determination. • 1985: IEEE802.3a; definition of thin Ethernet, cheapernet or 10Base2 • 1987: IEEE802.3d; Fiber Optic Inter Repeater Link (FOIRL). Use of two fibre optic cables to extend the distance between 10 Mbps repeaters up to 1000m. • 1987: IEEE802.3e; 1Mbps over twisted pair • 1990: IEEE802.3i; release of the popular 10Base-T; 10Mbps over UTP category 3 • 1993: IEEE802.3j; 10Base-F: distances greater than 2 km over fibre optic • 1995: IEEE802.3u; 100Base-T and 100Base-F • 1997: IEEE802.3x: full-duplex Ethernet • 1997: IEEE802.3y; 100Base-T2 • 1998: IEEE802.3z; 1000Base-X standard; generally known by the name Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet 6 • 1999: IEEE802.3ab; Gigabit Ethernet over twisted pair • 1999: IEEE802.3ac; 802.1Q: definition of the Q tag with VLAN and priority information. • 2003: IEEE802.3af; Power over Ethernet • 2006: IEEE802.3an; 10GBase-T • 2006: IEEE802.3aq; 10GBase-LRM, Ethernet over multimode fiber Ethernet is only a specification of layers 1 and 2 in the OSI model. It is not a complete network protocol but a subnet on which other protocols such as the TCP/IP suite can work. The most important functions of ETHERNET are: • Filling in of the physical layer – sending and receiving the serial bit streams over the medium. – detecting collisions. • Filling in of the data link layer – MAC sublayer: ∗ access mechanism to the network (CSMA/CD). ∗ building of the data frames. – LLC sublayer: ∗ data reliability. ∗ supply data channels for higher-level applications. 2.2 The physical implementations The most important implementations over the years are: • Thick Ethernet (10Base5) • Thick Ethernet (10Base2) • Broadband Ethernet (10Broad36) • Ethernet over twisted pair (10Base-T) • Ethernet over Fiber (10Base-F) • Fast Ethernet (100Base-T / 100Base-F) • Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-T) • Wireless Ethernet
Page 1 and 2: Ethernet Basics Rev. 02
Page 3 and 4: Contents ii 2.8.7 Parallel Redundan
Page 5 and 6: Contents iv 8 VPN 97 8.1 Introducti
Page 7 and 8: Introduction 2 The OSI model consis
Page 9: Introduction 4 • IEEE802.2 Logica
Page 13 and 14: Ethernet 8 Figure 2.1: The MAU for
Page 15 and 16: Ethernet 10 • Data transmission a
Page 17 and 18: Ethernet 12 Figure 2.4: Physical im
Page 19 and 20: Ethernet 14 Figure 2.6: The 5GHz ba
Page 21 and 22: Ethernet 16 2.3 The data link layer
Page 23 and 24: Ethernet 18 • TYPE: for the field
Page 25 and 26: Ethernet 20 a complete data frame s
Page 27 and 28: Ethernet 22 glass cabling are alway
Page 29 and 30: Ethernet 24 2.5 IEEE802.1Q tagged f
Page 31 and 32: Ethernet 26 According to the norm,
Page 33 and 34: Ethernet 28 2.7 VLAN A VLAN or Virt
Page 35 and 36: Ethernet 30 2.8 Network redundancy
Page 37 and 38: Ethernet 32 To create a network wit
Page 39 and 40: Ethernet 34 2.9.3 Link Aggregation
Page 41 and 42: Ethernet 36 Table 2.5: Environmenta
Page 43 and 44: TCP/IP 38 The second part of the an
Page 45 and 46: TCP/IP 40 Figure 3.4: Building of t
Page 47 and 48: TCP/IP 42 Table 3.2: IP addresses f
Page 49 and 50: TCP/IP 44 Table 3.4: Subnetting and
Page 51 and 52: TCP/IP 46 3.2.7 The IP packet The d
Page 53 and 54: TCP/IP 48 3.2.8 IPv6 General The mo
Page 55 and 56: TCP/IP 50 3.3.3 How reliability is
Page 57 and 58: TCP/IP 52 - the FIN bit that is use
Page 59 and 60: TCP/IP 54 Figure 3.14: Real time au
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TCP/IP 56 3.6 Communication over TC
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TCP/IP 58 number. This combination
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TCP/IP 60 3.6.5 Status of a socket
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Extension protocols and network app
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Chapter 5 The switch 5.1 General Th
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The switch 82 • mounted on DIN ra
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The switch 84 is indicated in the V
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Chapter 6 The router 6.1 Introducti
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The router 88 6.3 Types of routers
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The router 90 Figure 6.4: Adaptatio
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The router 92 Figure 6.6: Port forw
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The router 94 Figure 6.8: Principle
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The firewall 96 Packet filters are
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VPN 98 • Confidentiality: the pro
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VPN 100 Figure 8.4: Host to host ga
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Automation networks & Security 102
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