Linguistic Modeling for Multilingual Machine Translation

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' & ' & $ % $ % 46 CHAPTER 5. UNITS FOR TRANSLATION base conceptual inclusion conceptual overlap domain) and its linguistic label, which iscalledthebase. Aspects or parts of the notional domain, the situation as such (e.g. to paint, painting), to its complement (e.g. happiness vs. unhappiness) or participants (e.g. painter, a painting), results, tools and locations, receive linguistic labels which are derived from the base. This operation of derivation is an economy operation where a high number of concepts related via a common notional domain is expressed with a base plus a limited set derivational morpheme, reducing the amount of bases a language needs. Concepts related through the operation of derivation may stand in the following relations: (1) One concept is included in the referential space of the other, representing a lexicalized or grammaticalized opposition. unhappy, <strong>for</strong> example, bears in addition to the reference to the state of happiness a negative value. happy, on the other side is not yet marked negatively or positively as it may appear in He is happy and He is not happy. The same goes <strong>for</strong> to read and readable: Both refer to the event of reading. Readable bears in addition the modal value `possibility' by which theverb to read can be extended syntactically as in can be read. To paint and the painting (of pictures) refer both to the event of painting. The latter derivation however denotes only a possible subset compared to to paint since the temporal actualization* is not possible. The notional domain is indicated by the oval. read(X) (62) readable(X) (2) Concepts may partially overlap wrt the semantic space they occupy. This can be exemplied with the German Arzt (doctor) and Arztin (woman doctor), which dier only wrt gender. Arzt(X) (63) Arztin(X) (3) Two concepts, e.g. painter and to paint, may be disjunct. Since painter can only be paraphrased as the person who paints, where a new head and with
& ' $ % 5.1. CONCEPTS 47 it new semantic properties are introduced, painter and to paint refer to disjunct concepts. These concepts are however still linked through the notional domain. (64) to paint(X) painter(X) During the process of translation concepts of the SL may not be mapped directly onto the concepts of the TL. In example (4) page 5 anschaen is mapped onto acquisition (cf. 65)), in example (35) page 29 erpressbar is translated into blackmail, orotar into oat (cf. 66)) 6 . In (67) Arztin and Arzt is translated into Russian:vrac. anschaen(X) acquire(X) P PPPPPPPPq Anschaen(X) acquisition(X) (65) erpressen(X) mudarse(X) erpressbar(X) otar(X) - blackmail(X) oat(X) (66) Arzt(X) P PPPPPPPPq (67) Arztin(X) 1 vrac(X) 6 Although the opposition erpressen - erpressbar is grammaticalized and the opposition mudarse - otar is lexicalized, both represent relations of inclusion.
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Universitat des Saarlandes { Philos
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Contents Conventions, Transcription
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CONTENTS vii 8.2 The Hierarchy of A
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS ix
Page 11 and 12: transliteration Cyrillic characters
Page 13 and 14: CONVENTIONS TRANSCRIPTIONS ABBREVIA
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 About th
Page 17 and 18: 1.2. THE LINGUIST'S CONTRIBUTION TO
Page 19 and 20: 1.3. AN EXEMPLARY ANALYSIS 5 d. Nud
Page 21 and 22: 1.4. OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS 7 meani
Page 23 and 24: 1.4. OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS 9 A sum
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 CAT2: Formalism and Desig
Page 27 and 28: 2.1. THE FORMALISM 13 Tree structur
Page 29 and 30: 2.1. THE FORMALISM 15 (13) @rule(b)
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. MODULARITY 17 operator, it als
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. MODULARITY 19 (19) ___________
Page 35 and 36: 2.2. MODULARITY 21 8 Morphological
Page 37 and 38: 2.2. MODULARITY 23 macro OBLIGATION
Page 39 and 40: function words Chapter 3 Divergence
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. GRAMMATICALIZATION VS. LEXICAL
Page 43 and 44: 3.5. CHAIN TRANSPOSITION 29 b. Fren
Page 45 and 46: 3.7. DROPPING PRONOUNS 31 Equally,
Page 47 and 48: 3.9. INFLATION 33 (44) French: la t
Page 49 and 50: 3.10. INTERACTION OF PHENOMENA 35 A
Page 51 and 52: direct approach Chapter 4 Structure
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. THE INTERFACE APPROACH 39 (51)
Page 55 and 56: 4.3. THE LEXICAL APPROACH 41 (57) 2
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 Units for Translation For
Page 59: 5.1. CONCEPTS 45 according to the p
Page 63 and 64: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 49 An addit
Page 65 and 66: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 51 needed 8
Page 67 and 68: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 53 time (cf
Page 69 and 70: obligatory oppositions Chapter 6 F{
Page 71 and 72: 6.1. FUNCTIONAL HEAD{STRUCTURE 57 (
Page 73 and 74: 6.2. FUNCTIONAL COMPLETENESS 59 wit
Page 75 and 76: 6.2. FUNCTIONAL COMPLETENESS 61 (89
Page 77 and 78: 6.3. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONAL CATEGOR
Page 79 and 80: neutralization Chapter 7 Determinat
Page 81 and 82: 7.2. REFERENCE TYPE 67 7.2 Referenc
Page 83 and 84: 7.3. CONCEPTUAL BOUNDEDNESS 69 on t
Page 85 and 86: 7.4. CROSSING THE PART OF SPEECH 71
Page 87 and 88: 7.4. CROSSING THE PART OF SPEECH 73
Page 89 and 90: thematic role syntactic functions C
Page 91 and 92: 8.1. THEMATIC ROLES 77 In addition
Page 93 and 94: 8.2. THE HIERARCHY OF ARGUMENTS 79
Page 95 and 96: 8.3. ARGUMENT INHERITANCE 81 become
Page 97 and 98: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 83 8.4 Argument
Page 99 and 100: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 85 8.4.2 Semant
Page 101 and 102: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 87 The abstract
Page 103 and 104: 8.6. ACCESSIBILITY OF THE HEAD POSI
Page 105 and 106: contextual pronouns Chapter 9 Prono
Page 107 and 108: 9.2. TEXTUAL PRONOUNS 93 9.2 Textua
Page 109 and 110: 9.3. SUBJECT PRO-DROP 95 with the q
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9.4. IMPERATIVE CLAUSES 97 9.4 Impe
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9.5. CONTROL STRUCTURES 99 `He hope
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Chapter 10 M-Structures From a sema
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10.1. FROM INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL ARG
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10.3. M-STRUCTURES FOR TRANSLATION
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Chapter 11 Lexical Functions In the
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11.1. MAGNIFIER 113 (168) a. German
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11.3. GENERIC SUPPORT 115 (173) a.
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11.3. GENERIC SUPPORT 117 T2 n p b.
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11.4. SUPPORT VERB CONSTRUCTION 119
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11.6. COPULATIVE STRUCTURES 125 11.
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Summary and Conclusions Summary In
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 129 Conclus
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actualization ALEP ANTHEM Glossary
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GLOSSARY 133 sta of the Eurotra gro
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Bibliographical Abbreviations COLIN
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Bibliography [Abb and Maienborn94]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 [Bresnan82b] Joan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 [Danon-Boileau87]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 [Heylen et al.93]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 [Luckhardt and Zim
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 [Pereira and M.87]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 [Sharp91] Randall
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 [ Svedova80] N.Ju
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 151
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Subject Index ALEP pg. 131 ANTHEM p
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Linguistic Modeling for Multilingual Machine Translation

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