Linguistic Modeling for Multilingual Machine Translation

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70 CHAPTER 7. DETERMINATION atelicity telicity irrelevant for translation as mass and count nouns may becomemutual translation (cf. examples in (3, page 4 and in [Mufwene84]). The cumul/quant distinction on the other hand must necessarily be controlled in translation in order to ensure the translational equivalence. Cumulative concepts must be translated by cumulative concepts, and quantized concepts must be translated by quantized concepts, disregarding the mass/count classication, the number marking or article use in both languages 2 . A further advantage of the cumul/quant distinction is that it can be meaningfully applied to other parts of speech such as adjectives and verbs as explained in the following section. 7.4 Crossing the Part of Speech 7.4.1 Conceptual Boundedness I assume conceptual boundedness to be applicable to all parts of speech (cf. Krifka's theory of homomorphism of objects and events [Krifka91]). The cumul/quant distinction, extended to verbal semantics, captures the well-known distinction between bounded and unbounded processes. Just as water plus water is water, to run and to run means to run and not to run two times. [Vendler67] illustrates this with the following example (pg.101): "If it is true that someone has been running for half an hour, then it must be true that he has been running for every period within that half hour". Traditionally these verbs are referred to as atelic. Bounded verbal concepts, that is verbal concepts which are inherently lexically bounded (e.g. to reach, to attain), or which become bounded by the presence of an object (e.g. to run a mile, to drink a cup of tea) refer quantized (cf.[Verkuyl72]): to obtain plus to obtain means to obtain two times. These verbs are traditionally referred to as telic verbs (cf. [Dahl81], [Dahl85]). Controlling the conceptual boundedness in translation has repercussions when the part of speech changes during translation. If, for example, the event expressed byaverb is bounded, due to its inherent lexical semantics or contextual inuences, this boundedness is transferred to the target language, where, according to the monolingual specications, it may trigger the generation of a denite or indenite article on a noun (cf. (109a)). If the verb refers cumulative, the translation with a denite nominalization becomes impossible (cf. (109b)). 2 The relation between number marking and the cumul/quant distinction has already been discussed in Chapter 1 page 6.
7.4. CROSSING THE PART OF SPEECH 71 (109) English - German: a. He suggested to me to knit a pullover. Er schlug mir vor, einen Pullover zu stricken. Er schlug mir das Stricken eines Pullovers vor. b. He suggested to me to knit. Er schlug mir vor zu stricken. * Er schlug mir das Stricken vor. Er schlug mir Stricken vor. As the following examples show, conceptual boundedness is a property ofadjectives as well. Conceptual unbounded adjectives can be paraphrased only by cumulative PPs (110a-c) while conceptually bounded adjectives need a quantized paraphrase (110d). (110) German: a. Eine anspruchsvolle Waise a demanding orphan èine Waise mit Anspruch' èine Waise mit Anspruchen' * èine Waise mit den Anspruchen' * èine Waise mit dem/einem Anspruch' b. Eine bedeutsame Weise a meaningful tune èine Weise mit Bedeutung' * èine Weise mit der/einer Bedeutung` c. Die picklige Weise the pimply wise woman èine Weise mit Pickeln.' * èine Weise mit dem/einem Pickel' The conceptual boundedness is equally important for the choice of the derivation type. In example (111a) the conceptually unbounded verb wandern is translated into the gerund nominalization walking and not into the zeroderivation walk, due to the boundedness implied by this last derivation type, while in the case of the conceptual bounded predicate wandert nach Bonn in (111b), the zero-derivation is a legal translation. (111) German: a. Er wandert gerne. he walks likingly `He likes walking.' *`He likes the walk.'
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Universitat des Saarlandes { Philos
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Contents Conventions, Transcription
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CONTENTS vii 8.2 The Hierarchy of A
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CONTENTS ix
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transliteration Cyrillic characters
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CONVENTIONS TRANSCRIPTIONS ABBREVIA
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 About th
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1.2. THE LINGUIST'S CONTRIBUTION TO
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1.3. AN EXEMPLARY ANALYSIS 5 d. Nud
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1.4. OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS 7 meani
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1.4. OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS 9 A sum
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Chapter 2 CAT2: Formalism and Desig
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2.1. THE FORMALISM 13 Tree structur
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2.1. THE FORMALISM 15 (13) @rule(b)
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2.2. MODULARITY 17 operator, it als
Page 33 and 34: 2.2. MODULARITY 19 (19) ___________
Page 35 and 36: 2.2. MODULARITY 21 8 Morphological
Page 37 and 38: 2.2. MODULARITY 23 macro OBLIGATION
Page 39 and 40: function words Chapter 3 Divergence
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. GRAMMATICALIZATION VS. LEXICAL
Page 43 and 44: 3.5. CHAIN TRANSPOSITION 29 b. Fren
Page 45 and 46: 3.7. DROPPING PRONOUNS 31 Equally,
Page 47 and 48: 3.9. INFLATION 33 (44) French: la t
Page 49 and 50: 3.10. INTERACTION OF PHENOMENA 35 A
Page 51 and 52: direct approach Chapter 4 Structure
Page 53 and 54: 4.2. THE INTERFACE APPROACH 39 (51)
Page 55 and 56: 4.3. THE LEXICAL APPROACH 41 (57) 2
Page 57 and 58: Chapter 5 Units for Translation For
Page 59 and 60: 5.1. CONCEPTS 45 according to the p
Page 61 and 62: & ' $ % 5.1. CONCEPTS 47 it new sem
Page 63 and 64: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 49 An addit
Page 65 and 66: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 51 needed 8
Page 67 and 68: 5.3. REPRESENTING TERMS 53 time (cf
Page 69 and 70: obligatory oppositions Chapter 6 F{
Page 71 and 72: 6.1. FUNCTIONAL HEAD{STRUCTURE 57 (
Page 73 and 74: 6.2. FUNCTIONAL COMPLETENESS 59 wit
Page 75 and 76: 6.2. FUNCTIONAL COMPLETENESS 61 (89
Page 77 and 78: 6.3. TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONAL CATEGOR
Page 79 and 80: neutralization Chapter 7 Determinat
Page 81 and 82: 7.2. REFERENCE TYPE 67 7.2 Referenc
Page 83: 7.3. CONCEPTUAL BOUNDEDNESS 69 on t
Page 87 and 88: 7.4. CROSSING THE PART OF SPEECH 73
Page 89 and 90: thematic role syntactic functions C
Page 91 and 92: 8.1. THEMATIC ROLES 77 In addition
Page 93 and 94: 8.2. THE HIERARCHY OF ARGUMENTS 79
Page 95 and 96: 8.3. ARGUMENT INHERITANCE 81 become
Page 97 and 98: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 83 8.4 Argument
Page 99 and 100: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 85 8.4.2 Semant
Page 101 and 102: 8.4. ARGUMENT SLOTS 87 The abstract
Page 103 and 104: 8.6. ACCESSIBILITY OF THE HEAD POSI
Page 105 and 106: contextual pronouns Chapter 9 Prono
Page 107 and 108: 9.2. TEXTUAL PRONOUNS 93 9.2 Textua
Page 109 and 110: 9.3. SUBJECT PRO-DROP 95 with the q
Page 111 and 112: 9.4. IMPERATIVE CLAUSES 97 9.4 Impe
Page 113 and 114: 9.5. CONTROL STRUCTURES 99 `He hope
Page 115 and 116: Chapter 10 M-Structures From a sema
Page 117 and 118: 10.1. FROM INTERNAL TO EXTERNAL ARG
Page 119 and 120: 10.3. M-STRUCTURES FOR TRANSLATION
Page 125 and 126: Chapter 11 Lexical Functions In the
Page 127 and 128: 11.1. MAGNIFIER 113 (168) a. German
Page 129 and 130: 11.3. GENERIC SUPPORT 115 (173) a.
Page 131 and 132: 11.3. GENERIC SUPPORT 117 T2 n p b.
Page 133 and 134: 11.4. SUPPORT VERB CONSTRUCTION 119
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11.4. SUPPORT VERB CONSTRUCTION 121
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11.4. SUPPORT VERB CONSTRUCTION 123
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11.6. COPULATIVE STRUCTURES 125 11.
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Summary and Conclusions Summary In
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 129 Conclus
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actualization ALEP ANTHEM Glossary
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GLOSSARY 133 sta of the Eurotra gro
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Bibliographical Abbreviations COLIN
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Bibliography [Abb and Maienborn94]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 [Bresnan82b] Joan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 [Danon-Boileau87]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 [Heylen et al.93]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 [Luckhardt and Zim
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 [Pereira and M.87]
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 [Sharp91] Randall
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 [ Svedova80] N.Ju
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 151
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Subject Index ALEP pg. 131 ANTHEM p
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Linguistic Modeling for Multilingual Machine Translation

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