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scopes (financial resources) to observe the water quality performance during the period and the research ended before its completion due to an unavoidable circumstance. A schematic drawing of the biogas facilities in Bauniabad and a photo of a biogas facility under construction in Bauniabad are presented in Figure 2.5 and Photo 2.5. The Bauniabad option was arranged as a gravity flow based small-bore sewerage system by connecting the existing individual latrines on each plot; this system uses the power of gravity to aid the flow of the wastewater through the system. A schematic drawing of the layout of the tested sewerage system is presented in Figure 2.6. About 90 household latrines were connected to one biogas facility. The wastewater from 24 latrines is collected through a pipe 0.1 m in diameter, which directs the flow of the wastewater into a square type connection pit at the end of each lane; this type of connection pit at the end of each lane is about 1 m 3 in volume. The wastewater from all the connection pits, at the end of each lane, is then collected by a pipe 0.15 m in diameter and guided into the inlet tank of the biogas facility. There are also other pits within the system, which are used to aid the direction of flow, cleaning blockages and other maintenance purposes. Experimental biogas facilities originally included an inlet tank, a biogas chamber, a hydraulic chamber, and a soak pit. Mr. Jainal, a local contractor, was trained to construct the first system and contracted to construct all the systems. He was trained as a part of a community participation and local capacity building effort. The wastewater quality characteristics of the all options studied in Bauniabad and Agargao systems were only observed over a period of approximately 6 months due to financial limitations. During this time, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were measured because they indicate the rates of organic pollution concentrations (the COD was measured using the potassium dichromate method). It was observed that the average BOD and COD of influent (wastewater before entering the biogas chamber) were 1950 mg/l and 2800 mg/l, respectively, and the average BOD and COD of effluent (wastewater after exiting the soak pit) were 210 mg/l and 301 mg/l, respectively (Hoque, 1999). The overall removal of the total BOD and COD varied from 62%-87% and 70%-81%, respectively. Overall, the biogas based sewerage system was found to be the most acceptable option; the per capita installation cost was the lowest, it was assumed that there was no/minimum operation and maintenance requirement, and it also produced biogas for cooking for about 12 families. A survey concerning the willingness to pay for the installation, operation and maintenance of various options for WS was conducted before the testing of the options. The median value for baseline willingness to pay for a sanitary latrine per household/plot was almost nothing. Therefore, the first biogas based sewerage system and other tested options were installed free, and two more systems were installed on a cost-sharing basis. The clients/users of the system, installed on a cost-sharing basis, contributed an average of approximately $US 4 per household towards the sharing of costs for the installation of the biogas based sewerage system, and agreed to bear 100% of the costs associated with the maintenance of the drainage systems and pipelines. 2.3.2 Water supply The people of Bauniabad were simultaneously facing extreme scarcity of domestic water. They demanded piped water supply for a sustainable solution. DWASA had no provision to install deep tube-well and supply piped water to the slum at that time. The installation of a deep tube-well and a distribution system was estimated to cost about $US 10,000. At that time, more than 11 other NGOs were in Bauniabad working on health and welfare issues, with most of the organizations also carrying out micro-credit and saving-loan related activities. Various possible arrangements or investments for the capital costs were discussed with the communities and the many NGOs that were working there. However, none worked out to be acceptable to the stakeholders, as there was no way that the local people could pay that amount of funds needed for the installation of a piped water system to DWASA. The Investigator of the project, the elected Ward Commissioner (the then Chairperson of the local Environmental Health Committee), members of the Environmental Health Committee, people and senior officials of DWASA approached Mr. Z. Rahman, Mr. Maya and Mr. Hanif, the then Honorable Ministers and State Ministers of Ministry of LGRD&C (lead ministry of water and sewerage) and DCC, with the request for piped water under the applied research project. The Ministers, senior political leaders and government officers visited the area. After the visit, the Ministers approved a piped water system, but announced a condition that the people will pay 100% of the connection fees 26
and bills to DWASA like other common consumers in the city. After the people of the settlement accepted this, DWASA installed a pump in 1999. The installation of the distribution system and informal household connections is still on-going. 2.4 Promotion and Installation of Options: 1999-ongoing The applied research and service initiatives at this stage, included: (i) handing over of the responsibility of applied research of sanitation to another NGO during late 1999, (ii) promotion and installation of sanitation systems by the NGO; the investigator (ICDDR,B) handed over the schematic drawings of the biogas facility and other related documents to them, and (iii) continuation of the installation of household connections to the biogas based sewerage systems. There was minimum initiative to institutionalize the piped water system; particularly to form a mechanism for collecting and submitting revenues to DWASA. Several biogas based sewerage systems were installed from 1999 by the NGO (Plan International). Each system was connected to about 100 existing household latrines, irrespective of the number of users per latrine. The old pits of the connected latrines were covered-up with cement, and the environmental condition of the area, in particular related to the human fecal matter, significantly improved. As of 2002, the required amount for the sharing of costs for the installation of the system shifted from about 20% to 40%, with the NGO (Plan International) providing the rest of the cost. Currently about 100% of the cost is being asked for, and people have expressed inability to pay the amount, so the installation has almost stopped. There are no soak pits in most of the biogas facilities that have been installed recently. 2.5 WS Case Study: 2002-2004 EPRC and <strong>UNU</strong>-<strong>IAS</strong> conducted this case study between 2002 and 2004. The main objective of this study was to document and describe the water and sanitation situations and options from 1993 to 2003. The case study also aimed to determine the functioning conditions of the then existing water and sanitation options during the case study period. Furthermore, the study aimed to gain the peoples’ perceptions of the available options and their willingness and ability to pay for improved options. Their knowledge regarding both general WS practices and the relation between sanitation and health was also of major concern, and thus it also was studied as another major objective of the case study. The final objective of this study, once completely documented, was to disseminate the findings and outcomes to local, national and international stakeholders in order to assess the effectiveness of the earlier options and the later introduced improved options. It also aimed to evaluate the overall acceptance of the old and new technologies by the people of the settlement. The aim of both these evaluations is to see if it is viable to replicate the installations of the options that were installed in Bauniabad to other urban poor settlements facing similar situations and conditions. 27
Page 2 and 3: Authors Dr. Bilqis Amin Hoque, Envi
Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword 5 Executive Summa
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Water and sanitation (WS)
Page 9 and 10: drinking water. All the various sam
Page 11 and 12: Lessons Learned and Recommendations
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables, Figures, Maps and P
Page 15: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 18 and 19: Photo 1.1 : A Street in Bauniabad P
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
Page 22 and 23: Bauniabad was established as a spec
Page 24 and 25: 2.2 Water and Sanitation Educationa
Page 26 and 27: system in Bauniabad. For the trial
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 3 Methodology The cross-sec
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 4 Social Variables The soci
Page 34 and 35: when the people found the biogas ba
Page 36 and 37: Table 5.1: Physical performance and
Page 38 and 39: As the supply was not continuous, t
Page 40 and 41: It was observed that initially thos
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 6 Sanitation Sanitation pro
Page 44 and 45: 6.3 Costs and Financial Aspects The
Page 46 and 47: and E in different years (1996-2002
Page 48 and 49: The effluents from the systems of B
Page 50 and 51: 48 • There should be research and
Page 52 and 53: 7.4 Observations of Water Use Pract
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 8 Lessons Learned and Recom
Page 56 and 57: the people had access to safe hygie
Page 58 and 59: Appendix 1 Summary Report of the Fi
Page 60 and 61: 14:00-15:30 Technical Session II co
Page 62 and 63: Appendix 2 Base Line Survey Form St
Page 64 and 65: SANITATION S-1: Use of Latrine:
Page 66 and 67: Table A-3.1: Results of the analysi
Page 68 and 69: 66 Table A-4.1: Sources of water us
Page 70 and 71: Table A-4.3: Sanitation practices i
Page 72: 70
Page 75 and 76: human poverty. UNDP, New York. UNIC
Page 77: Edited by L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Green

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