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Chapter 3 Methodology The cross-sectional survey was conducted by systematically choosing households to interview. In addition, focus group discussions, in-depth consultations, and environmental laboratory analyses were adopted based on the types of indicators. 3.1 Household Based Survey There were approximately 22 lanes and 24 plots per lanes (12 plots on each side of a lane) in a block. As the number of families on a plot varied, plot based systematic and proportional sampling was conducted as shown in Table 3.1. As mentioned earlier, although 1 plot was allotted to 1 family there were sometimes more than 3 families on a plot, as some families grew from the children of the owners, and some owners rented out a part of their household. Table 3.1: Sampling arrangement. Block A B C D E Total Total number of plots in each block 528 528 528 576 528 2688 Number of families interviewed inside blocks 44 44 44 47 43 222 A lottery system was used in order to find the first respondent, and then every 12th household was interviewed. If there was more than one family in a plot, the first family on the right side of the plot was approached for an interview. The housewife or main female member of the first family from the selected plot was requested for the interview. When the woman was not interested or not at home at the selected plot, the woman in the adjacent household was approached for the interview. Thirty families outside the blocks, from the neighborhoods of the respective blocks were interviewed to investigate their WS practices. However, due to budget constraints, an effective and in-depth analysis could not be conducted, therefore only vital information concerning the neighborhood is referred to throughout the text. The neighborhood consisted of dwellings on the side of each block, whose owners are even more poverty stricken than the residents of the blocks; their dwellings appeared and disappeared on a regular basis, as they do not have rights to the land. Six neighborhood households from each block were systematically selected to be interviewed using the same systematic sampling technique used to find respondents in the block. A Semi-structured draft questionnaire was prepared, pre-tested and improved after 3 key informants (2 female and 1 male) conducted in-depth consultations, before it was finalized for conducting the survey. Trained female interviewers in teams of two conducted the surveys. The surveys were conducted between 10am and 1pm, and between 3.30pm and 5pm. Each survey required approximately 1 hour, including explaining the purpose of the survey. The questions in the survey concerning WS were grouped into three periods where WS projects were undertaken: before 1995, from 1996 to 1999 and from 1999 to Present. The information was collected mainly concerning the current socio-economic status of the respondents, practices about drinking water, types of latrines, cost and financial aspects, local community participation, hygiene practices, and other WS issues. The original survey questionnaire is presented in Appendix 2. 3.2 Participatory Information Collection Two rounds of focus group discussions were conducted among the local women. The purpose was to understand their views and refine the historical information. The first round of focus group discussions were conducted before the household interview. It helped in the collection of information as well as both developing the survey questionnaire and planning the survey. The women were targeted for the household surveys based on claims made during the first round of focus groups discussions, where they claimed that they managed the WS practices and options while men were often busy earning incomes. The second round of focus group discussions were done after the interview survey to further collect data and clarify certain views expressed in the surveys. 3.3 Supplementary Information Collection Besides the focus group discussions that were held among the residents of the settlement, two rounds of key informant interviews were held. The first and second rounds were held respectively before and after the 28
household surveys were conducted. In addition to aiding the authors in creating the household survey questions, these interviews also gave the authors the opportunity to verify the historical information concerning all the efforts that had taken place in the community. Other than these purposes, another purpose of these interviews was to aid the authors in observing how effective the efforts had been from the perspective of the organizations/people involved. These interviews were held individually with NGO workers, local Environmental Health Committee members, social leaders, and DCC workers that worked in the area. In addition to these participants, a local contractor was also interviewed. In total 9 participants were interviewed for this process. 3.4 Environmental Laboratory Analysis Environmental laboratory analyses were conducted in order to check water samples from water supply systems and wastewater samples from biogas based sewerage systems and pit latrines. In total, 17 drinking water samples were collected, from the main pump (1), taps (6), tanks (4) and storage containers (6), and were tested for fecal coliform (FC) bacteria counts following the standard methods (APHA et al., 1989); the sampling points in the drinking water supply system are presented in Chapter 5. The samples were collected between 9am and 12pm, stored at a temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius in a sampling-box and transported to the ICDDR,B laboratory within 30 minutes. The standard method of using the membrane filter technique for the FC count was applied on the same day. Every test was performed in two dilutions (1:4 and 1:1 per 100 ml water). The count was determined based on the average of the two dilutions. Wastewater samples were tested from 4 different biogas based sewerage systems. Five to six samples were collected from various locations of a tested system. The locations included the connection pit at the end of a lane, an inlet tank before entering the biogas chamber (influent), hydraulic chamber, the soak pit or just after hydraulic chamber when there was no soak pit (effluent), and the canal or water body into which the effluent was discharged. Four samples were collected from pit latrines; the description of the locations of the samples, and the results of the samples themselves, are presented in Chapter 6. The wastewater samples were tested for BOD, COD, nitrogen compounds, FC count and other variables. The samplings were done in different bottles and in different amounts as suggested in the standard method for the different parameters (APHA et al., 1989). The BOD, COD and nitrogen tests were done by the Bangladesh University of Engineering Technology (BUET). The test for pH, electric conductivity (EC), and temperature were all done on-site, and the FC count was conducted at the environmental laboratory at EPRC. The physical and general observations were performed on site by the EPRC research team during the sample collection. The important results are analyzed and presented in the relevant sections of the report. The detailed results of the test samples are included in the Appendix 3. 3.5 Dissemination Workshops Two separate types of workshops were held to disseminate and discuss the findings of all the WS projects that were undertaken. The first series of workshops were held at the local level in each block to inform all the residents of each respective block of the outcomes of the study. Then, on 19 February 2004, a workshop was held at the national level, where politicians and other decision and policy makers at the national level along with representatives from international organizations were invited. In addition to these participants, local specialists in the area of WS, senior members of the Bauniabad community and both local and international NGOs were also invited to attend. The workshop, jointly organized by UNU-IAS, EPRC and DWASA, was entitled “Water and Sanitation Issues of Urban Poor” and was attended by 78 participants. The workshop had three main objectives, they were: (1) To share and discuss the water and sanitation experience in Bauniabad. (2) To discuss water and sanitation issues facing the urban poor among policy and programme professionals. (3) To develop recommendations for water and sanitation improvement among the urban poor. After the many informative presentations about the WS conditions of Bangladesh, and Bauniabad in particular, there was a discussion session where many recommendations were derived with the aim of improving the conditions of Bauniabad. The programme and the summary report including the recommendations of this workshop are included in the Appendix 1. 29
Page 2 and 3: Authors Dr. Bilqis Amin Hoque, Envi
Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword 5 Executive Summa
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Water and sanitation (WS)
Page 9 and 10: drinking water. All the various sam
Page 11 and 12: Lessons Learned and Recommendations
Page 13 and 14: List of Tables, Figures, Maps and P
Page 15: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 18 and 19: Photo 1.1 : A Street in Bauniabad P
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Backgrou
Page 22 and 23: Bauniabad was established as a spec
Page 24 and 25: 2.2 Water and Sanitation Educationa
Page 26 and 27: system in Bauniabad. For the trial
Page 28 and 29: scopes (financial resources) to obs
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 4 Social Variables The soci
Page 34 and 35: when the people found the biogas ba
Page 36 and 37: Table 5.1: Physical performance and
Page 38 and 39: As the supply was not continuous, t
Page 40 and 41: It was observed that initially thos
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 6 Sanitation Sanitation pro
Page 44 and 45: 6.3 Costs and Financial Aspects The
Page 46 and 47: and E in different years (1996-2002
Page 48 and 49: The effluents from the systems of B
Page 50 and 51: 48 • There should be research and
Page 52 and 53: 7.4 Observations of Water Use Pract
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 8 Lessons Learned and Recom
Page 56 and 57: the people had access to safe hygie
Page 58 and 59: Appendix 1 Summary Report of the Fi
Page 60 and 61: 14:00-15:30 Technical Session II co
Page 62 and 63: Appendix 2 Base Line Survey Form St
Page 64 and 65: SANITATION S-1: Use of Latrine:
Page 66 and 67: Table A-3.1: Results of the analysi
Page 68 and 69: 66 Table A-4.1: Sources of water us
Page 70 and 71: Table A-4.3: Sanitation practices i
Page 72: 70
Page 75 and 76: human poverty. UNDP, New York. UNIC
Page 77: Edited by L.S. Clesceri, A.E. Green

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