RADIATION PROTECTION - ILEA

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents Historical Prologue 1 1 In the Beginning 1 2 The Discovery of Invisible, Unbelievably Energetic Radiations 3 3 The Development of a Radiation Technology 7 4 The Need for Radiation Protection 7 PART ONE Energy—The Unifying Concept in Radiation Protection 9 1 Radiation’s Dual Identity 9 1.1 From Energy to Radiation Dose 10 2 Energy Relationships in the Hydrogen Atom 11 3 Energy Levels in Atoms with Higher Z 13 4 Energy Levels in Molecules 14 5 Energies of Motion Associated with Temperature 14 6 Bonding Energies 15 7 Energy from Mass—The Ultimate Energy Source 16 8 Some Interesting Energy Values 17 PART TWO Principles of Protection against Ionizing Particles 18 1 The Approach 18 2 Energy and Injury 19 3 Charged and Uncharged Ionizing Particles 20 4 Energy Transfer by Charged Particles 20
Page 1: RADIATION PROTECTION
Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 1972, 1981, 1990, 2002
Page 7 and 8: Preface This manual explains the pr
Page 9 and 10: Preface ix information, primarily f
Page 11: Preface xi cluded Internet addresse
Page 15 and 16: Contents xv 16 Exposure from Intern
Page 17 and 18: Contents xvii 3 Calculation of the
Page 19 and 20: Contents xix 4.5 Calibration of Sur
Page 21 and 22: Contents xxi Appendix A: Emergency
Page 23 and 24: Contents xxiii 3.2 Electromagnetic
Page 25 and 26: Historical Prologue 1 In the Beginn
Page 27 and 28: Historical Prologue 3 of the electr
Page 29 and 30: Historical Prologue 5 science of ra
Page 31 and 32: Historical Prologue 7 P.3A Decay of
Page 33 and 34: PART ONE Energy—The Unifying Conc
Page 35 and 36: 2 | Energy Relationships in the Hyd
Page 37 and 38: 3 | Energy Levels in Atoms with Hig
Page 39 and 40: 6 | Bonding Energies 15 ture is a m
Page 41 and 42: 8 | Some Interesting Energy Values
Page 43 and 44: 2 | Energy and Injury 19 2 Energy a
Page 45 and 46: 4 | Energy Transfer by Charged Part
Page 47 and 48: 6 | Beta Particles 23 Z = atomic nu
Page 49 and 50: 6 | Beta Particles 25 lion eV, and
Page 51 and 52: 6 | Beta Particles 27 2.3 Decrease
Page 53 and 54: 6 | Beta Particles 29 2.4 Distribut
Page 55 and 56: 6 | Beta Particles 31 must be taken
Page 57 and 58: 8 | Gamma Rays 33 ters are sufficie
Page 59 and 60: 8 | Gamma Rays 35 ergy in an encoun
Page 61 and 62: 8 | Gamma Rays 37 a factor of two.
Page 63 and 64:
8 | Gamma Rays 39 the nucleus of fl
Page 65 and 66:
8 | Gamma Rays 41 by the transfer i
Page 67 and 68:
8 | Gamma Rays 43 der of the initia
Page 69 and 70:
8 | Gamma Rays 45 nuclides. We note
Page 71 and 72:
8 | Gamma Rays 47 8.5 Calculation o
Page 73 and 74:
8 | Gamma Rays 49 2.14 Illustration
Page 75 and 76:
9 | Heavy Charged Ionizing Particle
Page 77 and 78:
9 | Heavy Charged Ionizing Particle
Page 79 and 80:
10 | The Neutron 55 2.15 Energy spe
Page 81 and 82:
10 | The Neutron 57 10 Attenuation
Page 83 and 84:
10 | The Neutron 59 Table 2.7 Remov
Page 85 and 86:
11 | The Absorbed Dose 61 2.17 Ioni
Page 87 and 88:
12 | The Equivalent Dose 63 The gra
Page 89 and 90:
12 | The Equivalent Dose 65 Since t
Page 91 and 92:
13 | Tissue Weighting Factors and t
Page 93 and 94:
13 | Tissue Weighting Factors and t
Page 95 and 96:
14 | The Roentgen 71 Example 2.11 W
Page 97 and 98:
15 | The Significance of External R
Page 99 and 100:
15 | The Significance of External R
Page 101 and 102:
16 | Exposure from Internal Radiati
Page 103 and 104:
16 | Exposure from Internal Radiati
Page 105 and 106:
18 | Limit for the Concentration of
Page 107 and 108:
19 | Levels of Radioactivity inside
Page 109 and 110:
21 | Some Simple Calculations in Ra
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
22 | X Rays—Radiation Made by Mac
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
23 | Dose Measurements in Diagnosti
Page 151 and 152:
24 | Reference Levels in Diagnostic
Page 153 and 154:
25 | Protection of the Patient in X
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
26 | Working Areas around X-Ray Mac
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
29 | Protection of the Patient in R
Page 169 and 170:
29 | Protection of the Patient in R
Page 171 and 172:
31 | Occupational Exposures in the
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
32 | Comments for Users of X-Ray Di
Page 179 and 180:
33 | Particle Accelerators 155 3. S
Page 181 and 182:
33 | Particle Accelerators 157 volt
Page 183 and 184:
33 | Particle Accelerators 159 2.33
Page 185 and 186:
33 | Particle Accelerators 161 2.34
Page 187 and 188:
33 | Particle Accelerators 163 leak
Page 189 and 190:
34 | Regulation of Radiation Source
Page 191 and 192:
PART THREE Radiation Dose Calculati
Page 193 and 194:
1 | Dose from Beta-Emitting Radionu
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
2 | A Closer Look at the Dose from
Page 201 and 202:
2 | A Closer Look at the Dose from
Page 203 and 204:
3 | Absorbed Dose from Gamma Emitte
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
4 | Summary of Formulas 189 4 Summa
Page 215 and 216:
5 | Dose Calculations for Specific
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
6 | Dose Rates from Small, Highly R
Page 251 and 252:
6 | Dose Rates from Small, Highly R
Page 253 and 254:
7 | The Radioactive Patient as a So
Page 255 and 256:
8 | Radiation Doses in Nuclear Medi
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
9 | Evaluation of Doses within the
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
10 | Survey Results, Handbooks, and
Page 271 and 272:
11 | Optimum Radiation Field for Tr
Page 273 and 274:
11 | Optimum Radiation Field for Tr
Page 275 and 276:
1 | Radiation Counting with a Geige
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
2 | Energy Measurements with a Scin
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
3 | Detectors for Special Counting
Page 305 and 306:
3 | Detectors for Special Counting
Page 307 and 308:
4 | Measuring Radiation Dose Rates
Page 309 and 310:
4.18 Count rate and dose rate monit
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
5 | Measuring Accumulated Doses ove
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
6 | Specifying Statistical Variatio
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
7 | Comments on Making Accurate Mea
Page 347 and 348:
1 | Obtaining Authorization to Use
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
2 | Training Required for Working w
Page 359 and 360:
2 | Training Required for Working w
Page 361 and 362:
4 | Standards for Protection agains
Page 363 and 364:
6 | Personnel Subject to Intakes of
Page 365 and 366:
6 | Personnel Subject to Intakes of
Page 367 and 368:
7 | Annual Limits on Intake and Air
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
8 | Posting of Areas 349 and based
Page 375 and 376:
9 | Laboratory Facilities 351 aroun
Page 377 and 378:
10 | Protective Clothing 353 Table
Page 379 and 380:
12 | Special Handling Precautions f
Page 381 and 382:
15 | Delivery of Radionuclides 357
Page 383 and 384:
18 | Waste Disposal 359 area signs
Page 385 and 386:
18 | Waste Disposal 361 area of the
Page 387 and 388:
18 | Waste Disposal 363 Table 5.6 R
Page 389 and 390:
18 | Waste Disposal 365 approval by
Page 391 and 392:
18 | Waste Disposal 367 process wor
Page 393 and 394:
18 | Waste Disposal 369 nuclear pow
Page 395 and 396:
18 | Waste Disposal 371 doses in th
Page 397 and 398:
20 | Transportation of Radionuclide
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
21 | Contamination Control 381 fect
Page 407 and 408:
23 | Leak Tests of Sealed Sources 3
Page 409 and 410:
25 | Termination of Work with Radio
Page 411 and 412:
Appendix A: Emergency Instructions
Page 413 and 414:
Appendix B: The Regulatory Process
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Appendix C: Control of Airborne Rel
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
PART SIX Ionizing Radiation and Pub
Page 431 and 432:
1 | Formulation of Standards for Ra
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
2 | Medical Findings on Humans Expo
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
3 | Risks to Health from Exposure t
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
4 | Results of Animal Experiments 4
Page 477 and 478:
5 | Sources Producing Population Ex
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Sources: UNSCEAR, 1977; NCRP, 1975;
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
6 | Population Exposure from Radiat
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
7 | Nuclear Weapons 505 achieve the
Page 531 and 532:
7 | Nuclear Weapons 507 Table 6.23
Page 533 and 534:
7 | Nuclear Weapons 509 6.8 Fallout
Page 535 and 536:
7 | Nuclear Weapons 511 1976; CFR,
Page 537 and 538:
1 | Electromagnetic Fields 513 havi
Page 539 and 540:
1 | Electromagnetic Fields 515 1.2
Page 541 and 542:
1 | Electromagnetic Fields 517 term
Page 543 and 544:
2 | Fields from Electric Power Line
Page 545 and 546:
3 | The Physics of Radiating Electr
Page 547 and 548:
3 | The Physics of Radiating Electr
Page 549 and 550:
4 | Absorption of Electromagnetic R
Page 551 and 552:
5 | Specifying Dose to Tissue from
Page 553 and 554:
6 | Devices That Produce Electromag
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
7 | Measurements of ELF and RF Elec
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
9 | Medical Findings on Humans 545
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
10 | Effects on Animals 555 publish
Page 581 and 582:
11 | Exposures from Environmental F
Page 583 and 584:
11 | Exposures from Environmental F
Page 585 and 586:
5 | Exposures to Patients and Staff
Page 587 and 588:
15 | Beyond Microwaves 563 and 65 m
Page 589 and 590:
15 | Beyond Microwaves 565 As wavel
Page 591 and 592:
1 | On Electromagnetic Fields 567 T
Page 593 and 594:
2 | On the Hazards of Exposure to I
Page 595 and 596:
3 | On Reducing Exposure from Medic
Page 597 and 598:
4 | On the Safety of Nuclear Power
Page 599 and 600:
4 | On the Safety of Nuclear Power
Page 601 and 602:
5 | On Nuclear Weapons Tests and Un
Page 603 and 604:
6 | On the Consequences of Thermonu
Page 605:
7 | A Personal Statement 581 We are
Page 608 and 609:
584 appendix i rate from a 30 mCi 1
Page 610 and 611:
586 appendix i the soft tissues (60
Page 612 and 613:
588 appendix i (c) How long could a
Page 614 and 615:
APPENDIX II Data on Selected Radion
Page 616 and 617:
592 appendix ii Radionuclide Half-l
Page 618 and 619:
APPENDIX III Some Constants, Conver
Page 620 and 621:
596 appendix iii Physiological data
Page 622 and 623:
598 selected bibliography Tsoulfani
Page 624 and 625:
600 selected bibliography www.nrc.g
Page 626 and 627:
602 references Ahrens, L. H. 1965.
Page 628 and 629:
604 references Bair, W. J., and R.
Page 630 and 631:
606 references BRH. 1969. Populatio
Page 632 and 633:
608 references Chilton, A. B., J. K
Page 634 and 635:
610 references DCPA. 1973. What the
Page 636 and 637:
612 references Epp, E. R., and H. W
Page 638 and 639:
614 references Frigerio, N. A., and
Page 640 and 641:
616 references ——— 1978. Sr-9
Page 642 and 643:
618 references Topical Symposium of
Page 644 and 645:
620 references ——— 1965. Reco
Page 646 and 647:
622 references [The application of
Page 648 and 649:
624 references Johnson, D. W., and
Page 650 and 651:
626 references Lanza, F., O. Gautsc
Page 652 and 653:
628 references of radiation workers
Page 654 and 655:
630 references Modan, B., D. Baidat
Page 656 and 657:
632 references Council on Radiation
Page 658 and 659:
634 references ——— 1993a. Eva
Page 660 and 661:
636 references tion No. ORAU 92/F8.
Page 662 and 663:
638 references Reissland, J. A. 197
Page 664 and 665:
640 references Roy, C. R. 1988. Ult
Page 666 and 667:
642 references Sheline, G. E., S. L
Page 668 and 669:
644 references Children in the Unit
Page 670 and 671:
646 references Volchok, H. L., M. S
Page 672 and 673:
648 references etary iodine levels
Page 674 and 675:
650 index Animals, 372; ionized par
Page 676 and 677:
652 index Crookes tubes, 4 Curie un
Page 678 and 679:
654 index Equations (continued) con
Page 680 and 681:
656 index Integral bias curves, 273
Page 682 and 683:
658 index Nuclear medicine (continu
Page 684 and 685:
660 index Radiofrequency (RF) field
Page 686 and 687:
662 index Survey meters: ionization
show all

RADIATION PROTECTION - ILEA

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?