RADIATION PROTECTION - ILEA

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<strong>RADIATION</strong> <strong>PROTECTION</strong> A GUIDE FOR SCIENTISTS, REGULATORS, AND PHYSICIANS fourth edition Jacob Shapiro HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England 2002
Page 1: RADIATION PROTECTION
Page 5: To Shirley with love
Page 8 and 9: viii Preface radiation protection w
Page 10 and 11: x Preface they gave quite similar n
Page 13 and 14: Contents Historical Prologue 1 1 In
Page 15 and 16: Contents xv 16 Exposure from Intern
Page 17 and 18: Contents xvii 3 Calculation of the
Page 19 and 20: Contents xix 4.5 Calibration of Sur
Page 21 and 22: Contents xxi Appendix A: Emergency
Page 23 and 24: Contents xxiii 3.2 Electromagnetic
Page 25 and 26: Historical Prologue 1 In the Beginn
Page 27 and 28: Historical Prologue 3 of the electr
Page 29 and 30: Historical Prologue 5 science of ra
Page 31 and 32: Historical Prologue 7 P.3A Decay of
Page 33 and 34: PART ONE Energy—The Unifying Conc
Page 35 and 36: 2 | Energy Relationships in the Hyd
Page 37 and 38: 3 | Energy Levels in Atoms with Hig
Page 39 and 40: 6 | Bonding Energies 15 ture is a m
Page 41 and 42: 8 | Some Interesting Energy Values
Page 43 and 44: 2 | Energy and Injury 19 2 Energy a
Page 45 and 46: 4 | Energy Transfer by Charged Part
Page 47 and 48: 6 | Beta Particles 23 Z = atomic nu
Page 49 and 50: 6 | Beta Particles 25 lion eV, and
Page 51 and 52: 6 | Beta Particles 27 2.3 Decrease
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6 | Beta Particles 29 2.4 Distribut
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6 | Beta Particles 31 must be taken
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8 | Gamma Rays 33 ters are sufficie
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8 | Gamma Rays 35 ergy in an encoun
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8 | Gamma Rays 37 a factor of two.
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8 | Gamma Rays 39 the nucleus of fl
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8 | Gamma Rays 41 by the transfer i
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8 | Gamma Rays 43 der of the initia
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8 | Gamma Rays 45 nuclides. We note
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8 | Gamma Rays 47 8.5 Calculation o
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8 | Gamma Rays 49 2.14 Illustration
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9 | Heavy Charged Ionizing Particle
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9 | Heavy Charged Ionizing Particle
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10 | The Neutron 55 2.15 Energy spe
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10 | The Neutron 57 10 Attenuation
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10 | The Neutron 59 Table 2.7 Remov
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11 | The Absorbed Dose 61 2.17 Ioni
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12 | The Equivalent Dose 63 The gra
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12 | The Equivalent Dose 65 Since t
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13 | Tissue Weighting Factors and t
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13 | Tissue Weighting Factors and t
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14 | The Roentgen 71 Example 2.11 W
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15 | The Significance of External R
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15 | The Significance of External R
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16 | Exposure from Internal Radiati
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16 | Exposure from Internal Radiati
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18 | Limit for the Concentration of
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19 | Levels of Radioactivity inside
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21 | Some Simple Calculations in Ra
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22 | X Rays—Radiation Made by Mac
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23 | Dose Measurements in Diagnosti
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24 | Reference Levels in Diagnostic
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25 | Protection of the Patient in X
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26 | Working Areas around X-Ray Mac
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29 | Protection of the Patient in R
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29 | Protection of the Patient in R
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31 | Occupational Exposures in the
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32 | Comments for Users of X-Ray Di
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33 | Particle Accelerators 155 3. S
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33 | Particle Accelerators 157 volt
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33 | Particle Accelerators 159 2.33
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33 | Particle Accelerators 161 2.34
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33 | Particle Accelerators 163 leak
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34 | Regulation of Radiation Source
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PART THREE Radiation Dose Calculati
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1 | Dose from Beta-Emitting Radionu
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2 | A Closer Look at the Dose from
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2 | A Closer Look at the Dose from
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3 | Absorbed Dose from Gamma Emitte
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4 | Summary of Formulas 189 4 Summa
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5 | Dose Calculations for Specific
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6 | Dose Rates from Small, Highly R
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6 | Dose Rates from Small, Highly R
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7 | The Radioactive Patient as a So
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8 | Radiation Doses in Nuclear Medi
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9 | Evaluation of Doses within the
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10 | Survey Results, Handbooks, and
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11 | Optimum Radiation Field for Tr
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11 | Optimum Radiation Field for Tr
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1 | Radiation Counting with a Geige
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2 | Energy Measurements with a Scin
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3 | Detectors for Special Counting
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3 | Detectors for Special Counting
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4 | Measuring Radiation Dose Rates
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4.18 Count rate and dose rate monit
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5 | Measuring Accumulated Doses ove
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6 | Specifying Statistical Variatio
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7 | Comments on Making Accurate Mea
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1 | Obtaining Authorization to Use
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2 | Training Required for Working w
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2 | Training Required for Working w
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4 | Standards for Protection agains
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6 | Personnel Subject to Intakes of
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6 | Personnel Subject to Intakes of
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7 | Annual Limits on Intake and Air
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8 | Posting of Areas 349 and based
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9 | Laboratory Facilities 351 aroun
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10 | Protective Clothing 353 Table
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12 | Special Handling Precautions f
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15 | Delivery of Radionuclides 357
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18 | Waste Disposal 359 area signs
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18 | Waste Disposal 361 area of the
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18 | Waste Disposal 363 Table 5.6 R
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18 | Waste Disposal 365 approval by
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18 | Waste Disposal 367 process wor
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18 | Waste Disposal 369 nuclear pow
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18 | Waste Disposal 371 doses in th
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20 | Transportation of Radionuclide
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21 | Contamination Control 381 fect
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23 | Leak Tests of Sealed Sources 3
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25 | Termination of Work with Radio
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Appendix A: Emergency Instructions
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Appendix B: The Regulatory Process
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Appendix C: Control of Airborne Rel
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PART SIX Ionizing Radiation and Pub
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1 | Formulation of Standards for Ra
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2 | Medical Findings on Humans Expo
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3 | Risks to Health from Exposure t
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4 | Results of Animal Experiments 4
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5 | Sources Producing Population Ex
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Sources: UNSCEAR, 1977; NCRP, 1975;
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6 | Population Exposure from Radiat
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7 | Nuclear Weapons 505 achieve the
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7 | Nuclear Weapons 507 Table 6.23
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7 | Nuclear Weapons 509 6.8 Fallout
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7 | Nuclear Weapons 511 1976; CFR,
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1 | Electromagnetic Fields 513 havi
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1 | Electromagnetic Fields 515 1.2
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1 | Electromagnetic Fields 517 term
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2 | Fields from Electric Power Line
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3 | The Physics of Radiating Electr
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3 | The Physics of Radiating Electr
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4 | Absorption of Electromagnetic R
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5 | Specifying Dose to Tissue from
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6 | Devices That Produce Electromag
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7 | Measurements of ELF and RF Elec
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9 | Medical Findings on Humans 545
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10 | Effects on Animals 555 publish
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11 | Exposures from Environmental F
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11 | Exposures from Environmental F
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5 | Exposures to Patients and Staff
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15 | Beyond Microwaves 563 and 65 m
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15 | Beyond Microwaves 565 As wavel
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1 | On Electromagnetic Fields 567 T
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2 | On the Hazards of Exposure to I
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3 | On Reducing Exposure from Medic
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4 | On the Safety of Nuclear Power
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4 | On the Safety of Nuclear Power
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5 | On Nuclear Weapons Tests and Un
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6 | On the Consequences of Thermonu
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7 | A Personal Statement 581 We are
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584 appendix i rate from a 30 mCi 1
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586 appendix i the soft tissues (60
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588 appendix i (c) How long could a
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APPENDIX II Data on Selected Radion
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592 appendix ii Radionuclide Half-l
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APPENDIX III Some Constants, Conver
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596 appendix iii Physiological data
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598 selected bibliography Tsoulfani
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600 selected bibliography www.nrc.g
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602 references Ahrens, L. H. 1965.
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604 references Bair, W. J., and R.
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606 references BRH. 1969. Populatio
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608 references Chilton, A. B., J. K
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610 references DCPA. 1973. What the
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612 references Epp, E. R., and H. W
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614 references Frigerio, N. A., and
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616 references ——— 1978. Sr-9
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618 references Topical Symposium of
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620 references ——— 1965. Reco
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622 references [The application of
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624 references Johnson, D. W., and
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626 references Lanza, F., O. Gautsc
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628 references of radiation workers
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630 references Modan, B., D. Baidat
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632 references Council on Radiation
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634 references ——— 1993a. Eva
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636 references tion No. ORAU 92/F8.
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638 references Reissland, J. A. 197
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640 references Roy, C. R. 1988. Ult
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642 references Sheline, G. E., S. L
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644 references Children in the Unit
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646 references Volchok, H. L., M. S
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648 references etary iodine levels
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650 index Animals, 372; ionized par
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652 index Crookes tubes, 4 Curie un
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654 index Equations (continued) con
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656 index Integral bias curves, 273
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658 index Nuclear medicine (continu
Page 684 and 685:
660 index Radiofrequency (RF) field
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662 index Survey meters: ionization
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