RADIATION PROTECTION - ILEA

Contents
xvii
3 Calculation of the Absorbed Dose from Gamma Emitters in the
Body 178
3.1 Dose Rate from a Point Source of Photons—The Specific Dose-Rate
Constant for Tissue 178
3.2 Evaluation of the Specific Dose-Rate Constant 179
3.3 Dose Rate from Distributed Gamma Sources 183
3.4 The Absorbed-Fraction Method—Dose within the Source Volume 183
3.5 Dose to Targets outside the Source Volume by the Absorbed-Fraction
Method 184
3.6 The Specific Absorbed Fraction—Sparing the Need to Divide
by the Target Mass 185
3.7 Use of the Equilibrium Dose Constant—Computer-Generated Source
Output Data 186
3.8 The S Factor—Doses from Cumulated Activity 188
4 Summary of Formulas 189
4.1 Radioactive Decay 189
4.2 Physical Decay and Biological Elimination 189
4.3 Dose from Nonpenetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters 189
4.4 Dose from Penetrating Radiation from Internal Emitters 190
4.5 Inverse Square Law 190
4.6 Dose Rates at a Distance from Gamma Sources 190
4.7 Attenuation of Radiation 191
4.8 Equivalent Dose 191
5 Dose Calculations for Specific Radionuclides 191
5.1 Hydrogen-3 (Tritium) 192
5.2 Iodine-131 and Iodine-125 197
5.3 Strontium-90 → Yttrium-90 → Zirconium-90 202
5.4 Xenon-133 and Krypton-85 205
5.5 Uranium-238 and Its Decay Products 213
5.6 Radon-222 and Its Decay Products 216
5.7 Plutonium-239 and Plutonium-240 221
6 Dose Rates from Small, Highly Radioactive Particles 224
6.1 Evaluation of the Dose from Beta Particles 225
6.2 Biological Effects of Hot Particles 225
6.3 Risk of Cancer from Hot Particles 227
6.4 Highly Radioactive Particles in Fallout 228
6.5 Recommendations of the NCRP on Limits of Exposure
to Hot Particles 228
6.6 NRC Enforcement Policy for Exposures to Hot Particles 229
7 The Radioactive Patient as a Source of Exposure 229