Clinical Examination of Farm Animals - CYF MEDICAL DISTRIBUTION

Clinical Examination of the Skin
Large subcutaneous
abscess
Hair loss through rubbing in
feed passage
Skin damage
sustained in
parlour or
cubicle
house
Figure 4.1 Skin of cow showing damage sustained in her environment. Note areas of hair loss and a large subcutaneous abscess.
their diagnosis and treatment may provide a useful
background of information which will assist in the
evaluation of the present case.
The history of the patient, including recent contacts
with other cattle at shows or markets, may also be
important. Recent changes in diet and management
should be noted. Poor nutrition can give rise to a dull,
dry, thin and brittle coat. Loss of condition may have
contributed to poor skin health which can itself then
lead to further deterioration in the animal’s general
health. Specific points in the history of the patient
may be useful. The stockperson may report frequent
rubbing by the animal, suggesting pruritus. Failure
to ensure an adequate supply of minerals and vitamins
can contribute to poor skin health. Details of
previous treatment given and the response to such
treatment may also provide useful information.
The environment of modern cattle, especially the
dairy cow, contains many features that may damage
the skin. The cubicles, the parlour and the floor may
have abrasive surfaces or sharp corners that can
cause injury to the skin, often repeatedly. Such problems
in the environment are especially likely to be
important if a number of cattle in the herd are seen
with identical superficial injuries. Overcrowding
and insufficient feeding facilities may also contribute
to poor coat condition including superficial skin
damage (Fig. 4.1).
Abnormalities such as a very poor coat, evidence
of excessive self-grooming or large areas of alopecia
may be seen from a distance, but the areas of the
skin must be closely examined too. Opportunities
to examine the skin arise as each part of the body is
examined, but in order to get a general impression
of the skin it can be assessed separately before the
more detailed examination of each area begins.
Visual appraisal of the skin
The whole body surface is methodically inspected
initially from a distance and then more closely, looking
for areas of abnormal skin or hair which will later
be subjected to closer scrutiny. Healthy animals have
lick marks on their skin, especially over the flank
and shoulders. Pruritus, for example that caused by
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