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Ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As Layers and ... - OPUS Würzburg

Ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As Layers and ... - OPUS Würzburg

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Contents<br />

Zusammenfassung 5<br />

Summary 9<br />

1 Introduction 11<br />

2 The (<strong>Ga</strong>,<strong>Mn</strong>)<strong>As</strong> Material System 15<br />

2.1 Ferromagnetism in (<strong>Ga</strong>,<strong>Mn</strong>)<strong>As</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

2.2 B<strong>and</strong> Structure Calculations in (<strong>Ga</strong>,<strong>Mn</strong>)<strong>As</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18<br />

2.3 Magnetic Anisotropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.3.1 Transport Measurements <strong>and</strong> AMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

2.3.2 Anisotropy Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

2.4 Post Growth Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

3 MBE Growth of <strong>Ferromagnetic</strong> (<strong>Ga</strong>,<strong>Mn</strong>)<strong>As</strong> <strong>Layers</strong> 27<br />

3.1 The UHV MBE Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.2 Epitaxial Growth of (<strong>Ga</strong>,<strong>Mn</strong>)<strong>As</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.2.1 The <strong>Mn</strong> Cell Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.2.2 The Growth Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

3.2.3 V/III Flux Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

3.2.4 Growth Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

3.2.5 Typical Growth Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

3.3 Crystal Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

3.4 RHEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33<br />

3.5 X-Ray Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

3.5.1 ω-2Θ Scans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />

3.5.2 Reciprocal Space Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

4 Finite Element Simulations of Strain Relaxation 43<br />

4.1 Derivation of the Equation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />

4.1.1 The Strain Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />

4.1.2 Hooke’s Law <strong>and</strong> Equilibrium Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

4.1.3 Lattice Mismatch Strain as Isotropic Internal Pressure . . . . . 46<br />

4.2 The FlexPDE Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />

4.2.1 The Simulation File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47<br />

4.2.2 Simulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />

4.2.3 Graphical Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

4.3 Simulation Results – Physical Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

3

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