Optical Coatings

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Fundamental Optics Material Properties Optical Specifications Gaussian Beam Optics Introduction Even though several thousand different optical components are listed in this catalog, performing a few simple calculations will usually determine the appropriate optics for an application or, at the very least, narrow the list of choices. The process of solving virtually any optical engineering problem can be broken down into two main steps. First, paraxial calculations (first order) are made to determine critical parameters such as magnification, focal length(s), clear aperture (diameter), and object and image position. These paraxial calculations are covered in the next section of this chapter. Second, actual components are chosen based on these paraxial values, and their actual performance is evaluated with special attention paid to the effects of aberrations. A truly rigorous performance analysis for all but the simplest optical systems generally requires computer ray tracing, but simple generalizations can be used, especially when the lens selection process is confined to a limited range of component shapes. In practice, the second step may reveal conflicts with design constraints, such as component size, cost, or product availability. System parameters may therefore require modification. Because some of the terms used in this chapter may not be familiar to all readers, a glossary of terms is provided beginning on page 1.29. Finally, it should be noted that the discussion in this chapter relates only to systems with uniform illumination; optical systems for Gaussian beams are covered in Chapter 2, Gaussian Beam Optics. ENGINEERING SUPPORT Melles Griot maintains a staff of knowledgeable, experienced applications engineers at each of our facilities worldwide. The information given in this chapter is sufficient to enable the user to select the most appropriate catalog lenses for the most commonly encountered applications. However, when additional optical engineering support is required, our applications engineers are available to provide assistance. Do not hesitate to contact us for help in product selection or to obtain more detailed specifications on Melles Griot products. THE OPTICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS Determine basic system parameters, such as magnification and object/image distances Using paraxial formulas and known parameters, solve for remaining values Pick lens components based on paraxially derived values Determine if chosen component values conflict with any basic system constraints Estimate performance characteristics of system Determine if performance characteristics meet original design goals Optical Coatings 1.2 1 Visit Us OnLine! www.mellesgriot.com
Paraxial Formulas SIGN CONVENTIONS The validity of the paraxial lens formulas is dependent on adherence to the following sign conventions: For lenses: (refer to figure 1.1) s is 1 for object to left of H (the first principal point) s is 5 for object to right of H s″ is 1 for image to right of H″ (the second principal point) s″ is 5 for image to left of H″ m is 1 for an inverted image m is 5 for an upright image For mirrors: When using the thin-lens approximation, simply refer to the left and right of the lens. Figure 1.1 h front focal point f object v H H″ F s f principal points f f is 1 for convex (diverging) mirrors f is 5 for concave (converging) mirrors s is 1 for object to left of H s is 5 for object to right of H s″ is 5 for image to right of H″ s″ is 1 for image to left of H″ m is 1 for an inverted image m is 5 for an upright image rear focal point Note location of object and image relative to front and rear focal points. f = lens diameter m = s″/s = h″/h = magnification or conjugate ratio, said to be infinite if either s″ or s is infinite v = arcsin (f/2s) h = object height h″ = image height Sign conventions F″ s″ image s = object distance, positive for object (whether real or virtual) to the left of principal point H s″ = image distance (s and s″ are collectively called conjugate distances, with object and image in conjugate planes), positive for image (whether real or virtual) to the right of the principal point H″ f = effective focal length (EFL) which may be positive (as shown) or negative. f represents both FH and H″F″, assuming lens to be surrounded by medium of index 1.0 h″ Fundamental Optics Gaussian Beam Optics Optical Specifications Material Properties Optical Coatings Visit Us Online! www.mellesgriot.com 1 1.3
Page 1: Fundamental Optics 1 Introduction 1
Page 5 and 6: object F 2 Figure 1.4 image Example
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 f f 2 object
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 INDIVIDUAL EL
Page 11 and 12: Performance Factors After paraxial
Page 13 and 14: third-order, monochromatic, spheric
Page 15 and 16: Positive lens elements usually have
Page 17 and 18: Lens Shape Aberrations described in
Page 19 and 20: ay f-numbers 2.7 3.3 4.4 6.7 13.3 S
Page 21 and 22: AIRY DISC DIAMETER = 2.44 l f/# Fig
Page 23 and 24: Lens Selection Having discussed the
Page 25 and 26: Example 4: Diffraction-Limited Perf
Page 27 and 28: Aberration Balancing To improve sys
Page 29 and 30: Definition of Terms FOCAL LENGTH (f
Page 31 and 32: infinity (which is a comfortable vi
Page 33 and 34: For symmetric lenses (r 2 = 4r 1 ),
Page 35 and 36: Separation of Nodal Point from Corr
Page 37 and 38: Gaussian Beam Optics 2 Introduction
Page 39 and 40: Even if a Gaussian TEM 00 laser-bea
Page 41 and 42: eam expander INCORPORATING M 2 INTO
Page 43 and 44: M 2 AND THE LENS EQUATION For real-
Page 45 and 46: employed when laser power must be c
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13 Keplerian beam expander
Page 49 and 50: Optical Specifications 3 Wavefront
Page 51 and 52: Centration The mechanical axis and
Page 53 and 54:
PERFECT RECTANGULAR LENS The MDMTF
Page 55 and 56:
The permissible number of maximum-s
Page 57 and 58:
Material Properties 4 Material Prop
Page 59 and 60:
Introduction Glass manufacturers pr
Page 61 and 62:
maximum value for homogeneity withi
Page 63 and 64:
Melles Griot Lens Materials Melles
Page 65 and 66:
Refractive Index of Five Schott Gla
Page 67 and 68:
Synthetic Fused Silica Fused silica
Page 69 and 70:
PERCENT INTERNAL TRANSMITTANCE 99.9
Page 71 and 72:
Low-Expansion Borosilicate Glass Th
Page 73 and 74:
ZERODUR ® Many optical application
Page 75 and 76:
Optical Coatings 5 Optical Coatings
Page 77 and 78:
OEM and Special Coatings Melles Gri
Page 79 and 80:
PERCENT REFLECTANCE 100 90 80 70 60
Page 81 and 82:
will depend on the ratio of optical
Page 83 and 84:
v = angle of incidence PERCENT REFL
Page 85 and 86:
PERCENT REFLECTANCE PER SURFACE 2.0
Page 87 and 88:
Two-Layer Coatings of Arbitrary Thi
Page 89 and 90:
ION-ASSISTED BOMBARDMENT Ion-assist
Page 91 and 92:
Single-Layer MgF 2 Antireflection C
Page 93 and 94:
PERCENT REFLECTANCE 5 4 3 2 1 norma
Page 95 and 96:
EXTENDED-RANGE HEBBAR ANTIREFLECTIO
Page 97 and 98:
V-Coatings V-coatings are multilaye
Page 99 and 100:
Metallic High-Reflection Coatings W
Page 101 and 102:
INTERNAL SILVER (/036) $ For intern
Page 103 and 104:
Dielectric High-Reflection Coatings
Page 105 and 106:
PERCENT REFLECTANCE 100 80 60 40 20
Page 107 and 108:
MAXBRIte Coatings MAXBRIte (multi
Page 109 and 110:
Laser-Line MAX-R Coatings These mu
Page 111 and 112:
Ultrafast Coating Melles Griot has
show all

Optical Coatings

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?