Optical Coatings

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Fundamental Optics Material Properties Optical Specifications Gaussian Beam Optics Surface Accuracy When attempting to specify how closely an optical surface conforms to its intended shape, a measure of surface accuracy is needed. Surface accuracy can be determined by interferometric techniques. Traditional techniques involve comparing the actual surface to a the test plate gage. In this approach, surface accuracy is measured by counting the number of rings or fringes and examining the regularity of the fringe. The accuracy of the fit between the lens and the test gage (as shown in figure 3.4) is described by the number of fringes seen when the gage is in contact with the lens. Test plates are made flat or spherical to within small fractions of a fringe. The accuracy of a test plate is only as good as the means used to measure its radii. Extreme care must be used when placing a test plate in contact with the actual surface to prevent damage to the surface. Modern techniques for measuring surface accuracy utilize phasemeasuring interferometry with advanced computer data analysis software. Removing operator subjectivity has made this approach considerably more accurate and repeatable. A zoom function can increase the resolution across the entire surface or a specific region to enhance the accuracy of the measurement. SURFACE FLATNESS Surface flatness is simply surface accuracy with respect to a plane reference surface. It is used extensively in mirror and optical flat specifications. POWER AND IRREGULARITY During manufacture, a precision component is frequently compared with a test plate that has an accurate polished surface that is the inverse of the surface under test. When the two surfaces are brought together and viewed in nearly monochromatic light, Newton’s rings (interference fringes caused by the near-surface standard surface in contact contact) appear. The number of rings indicates the difference in radius between the surfaces. This is known as power or sometimes as figure. It is measured in rings that are equivalent to half wavelengths. Beyond their number, the rings may exhibit distortion that indicates nonuniform shape differences. The distortion may be local to one small area, or it may be in the form of noncircular fringes over the whole aperture. All such nonuniformities are known collectively as irregularity. test surface maximum deviation air gap between surfaces reference surface surface accuracy Optical Coatings Figure 3.4 Surface accuracy 3.8 1 Visit Us OnLine! www.mellesgriot.com
Material Properties 4 Material Properties Overview 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Optical Properties 4.4 Mechanical and Chemical Properties 4.6 Melles Griot Lens Materials 4.7 Five Schott Glass Types 4.8 Synthetic Fused Silica 4.11 Optical Crown Glass 4.14 Low-Expansion Borosilicate Glass 4.15 Sapphire 4.16 ZERODUR ® 4.17 Calcium Fluoride 4.18 4.1 1 Fundamental Optics Gaussian Beam Optics Optical Specifications Material Properties Optical Coatings
Page 1 and 2:
Fundamental Optics 1 Introduction 1
Page 3 and 4:
Paraxial Formulas SIGN CONVENTIONS
Page 5 and 6: object F 2 Figure 1.4 image Example
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 f f 2 object
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 INDIVIDUAL EL
Page 11 and 12: Performance Factors After paraxial
Page 13 and 14: third-order, monochromatic, spheric
Page 15 and 16: Positive lens elements usually have
Page 17 and 18: Lens Shape Aberrations described in
Page 19 and 20: ay f-numbers 2.7 3.3 4.4 6.7 13.3 S
Page 21 and 22: AIRY DISC DIAMETER = 2.44 l f/# Fig
Page 23 and 24: Lens Selection Having discussed the
Page 25 and 26: Example 4: Diffraction-Limited Perf
Page 27 and 28: Aberration Balancing To improve sys
Page 29 and 30: Definition of Terms FOCAL LENGTH (f
Page 31 and 32: infinity (which is a comfortable vi
Page 33 and 34: For symmetric lenses (r 2 = 4r 1 ),
Page 35 and 36: Separation of Nodal Point from Corr
Page 37 and 38: Gaussian Beam Optics 2 Introduction
Page 39 and 40: Even if a Gaussian TEM 00 laser-bea
Page 41 and 42: eam expander INCORPORATING M 2 INTO
Page 43 and 44: M 2 AND THE LENS EQUATION For real-
Page 45 and 46: employed when laser power must be c
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.13 Keplerian beam expander
Page 49 and 50: Optical Specifications 3 Wavefront
Page 51 and 52: Centration The mechanical axis and
Page 53 and 54: PERFECT RECTANGULAR LENS The MDMTF
Page 55: The permissible number of maximum-s
Page 59 and 60: Introduction Glass manufacturers pr
Page 61 and 62: maximum value for homogeneity withi
Page 63 and 64: Melles Griot Lens Materials Melles
Page 65 and 66: Refractive Index of Five Schott Gla
Page 67 and 68: Synthetic Fused Silica Fused silica
Page 69 and 70: PERCENT INTERNAL TRANSMITTANCE 99.9
Page 71 and 72: Low-Expansion Borosilicate Glass Th
Page 73 and 74: ZERODUR ® Many optical application
Page 75 and 76: Optical Coatings 5 Optical Coatings
Page 77 and 78: OEM and Special Coatings Melles Gri
Page 79 and 80: PERCENT REFLECTANCE 100 90 80 70 60
Page 81 and 82: will depend on the ratio of optical
Page 83 and 84: v = angle of incidence PERCENT REFL
Page 85 and 86: PERCENT REFLECTANCE PER SURFACE 2.0
Page 87 and 88: Two-Layer Coatings of Arbitrary Thi
Page 89 and 90: ION-ASSISTED BOMBARDMENT Ion-assist
Page 91 and 92: Single-Layer MgF 2 Antireflection C
Page 93 and 94: PERCENT REFLECTANCE 5 4 3 2 1 norma
Page 95 and 96: EXTENDED-RANGE HEBBAR ANTIREFLECTIO
Page 97 and 98: V-Coatings V-coatings are multilaye
Page 99 and 100: Metallic High-Reflection Coatings W
Page 101 and 102: INTERNAL SILVER (/036) $ For intern
Page 103 and 104: Dielectric High-Reflection Coatings
Page 105 and 106: PERCENT REFLECTANCE 100 80 60 40 20
Page 107 and 108:
MAXBRIte Coatings MAXBRIte (multi
Page 109 and 110:
Laser-Line MAX-R Coatings These mu
Page 111 and 112:
Ultrafast Coating Melles Griot has
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